Professional Documents
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Readings in Philippine History
Readings in Philippine History
Each week has lessons for you to tackle. There is one prettiest and one post-test
per week for you to answer. There is also an activity for you to accomplish in
every module. Everything inside is student friendly so don’t get apprehensive. At
the end of the semester, you compile your quizzes in one folder and all the
outputs in your activities in another folder
I. Basic Concepts and Information
Meaning and Relevance of History
Sources of history
Types of Sources
External and Internal Criticism
Repositories of Primary Sources
Kinds of Primary Sources
Readings for Primary Vs. Secondary Sources On Tejeros Convention
III. One Past but Many Histories: Controversies and Conflicting Views in
Philippine History
Site of the First Mass: Is it in Limasawa or is it in Masao?
Cavite Mutiny: Which Is True the Spanish Version or Filipino Version
Retraction of Rizal: Did Rizal Retract or Did He Not?
First Cry of Philippine Revolution:Is it in Pugadlawin or is it in
Balintawak?
REFERENCES
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 4. They are documents or works made by individuals who are not directly
__________ 5. Its purpose is to ensure that the documents are not mere forgeries
or inventions.
__________ 6. Its purpose is to evaluate the accuracy and the worth of data.
__________ 9. As a record of events, it shows the evolution of man and his society
__________ 10. He states that the primary source directly talks about the subject
matter.
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Before we proceed to the next lesson, please try to answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
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Before we proceed to the next topics, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
I. Enumeration
1-10. Aside from the given examples of primary sources, give at least 10 more
examples.
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following Quiz
Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 2. It was March 18, 1521 when the Spaniards saw a boat towards them
__________ 3. It was noted in the voyage of Magellan that the Filipinos got
__________ 4. It was how the group of Magellan called this island known today as
Homonhon.
__________ 5. How did the Filipinos call the boat (baroto) according to Pigafetta?
Tagalog term.
__________ 7. They were the nobles of the barangay who were the “free-born”
__________ 8. They were the gifts given by the man to the parents of the woman
__________9. The ancient Filipinos worshipped him whom they believed his duty was
__________ 10. They dug a deep, perpendicular hole, and placed the deceased within
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Learning Outcomes:
Upon the arrival in Cebu, he befriended the chieftain and erected a cross for the
natives to adore every day. Then, he proceeded to the island of Mactan where he
met his death from Lapulapu and his men. With heavy hearts, the crew of the two
remaining ships, Trinidad and Victoria, left the archipelago and returned to
Spain. Passing by Portugal, the ship Trinidad was confiscated by the Portuguese.
Only the ship Victoria successfully reached their origin and completed the
circumnavigation of the world.
One of the crew members who returned to Spain, Antonio Pigafetta, who wrote
“Chronicles of Magellan’s Expedition” a narrative and cartographic record of the
journey, including 23 hand-drawn watercolor charts from Patagonia to Indonesia,
from the Philippines to the Cape of Good Hope, Pigafetta’s The First Voyage around
the World is a classic of discovery and exploration literature. The readings
regarding the first voyage around the world was from Antonio Pigafetta, (1969)
(Grey & Biong, 2017).
First Voyage Around the World, Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild is the source. This
can also be found in the book of Grey and Biong 2017 edition. Please try to read
this article with contextualization. This might also be found in the internet.
Every society has their own bundles of customs and traditions which are handed
down from one generation to another. The Philippine society is not an exception
to this. Filipinos too, have these customs and traditions even before the coming
of the colonizers. The bayanihan spirit pervades among the people of the
Philippines, specifically the Tagalogs. This spirit is best known during their
wake for the dead and in some occasions in their daily lives.
Right after the death of a person, his friends and relatives would make a
shed made of bamboo in his yard or on the street fronting his home, and put long
benches for all condolers. In the entire duration of the wake, those who stay
with the family of the deceased are served with food. The immediate family members
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of the deceased do not do anything during this time. Everything is done for them
by their relatives, neighbours and friends, including providing financial support
to help the family.
The community often functions through Bayanihan, such as building a nipa hut,
house repairing, moving a small nipa house from one barrio to another, planting
rice and harvesting palay, and preparing food for feast. The friends and relatives
would offer their services and are not paid but are given free lunch and snacks.
Free service is extended and reciprocity is expected (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Juan de Plasencia was able to write down his observations about the customs of
the Tagalogs. You can read the article from the book of Garcia Mauro (1979),
Readings in Philippines Prehistory, Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. You can also
open the book of Grey and Biong (2017), Readings in Philippine history. Likewise,
do not forget the written documents about “The Worship of the Tagalogs.” Please
contextualize after reading the suggested documents.
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Before we proceed to the next topic to discuss, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 4. Something we must strive to perform to set a good example for others
to follow.
__________ 5. To whom shall we share whatever we can?
__________ 8. He was the one who designed the Philippine National Flag which was
unfurled during the Declaration of the Philippine Independence.
__________ 9. He composed the Marcha Filipina Magdalo which was played by the San
Francisco de Malabon band.
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Try to read the Kartilla ng Katipunan from Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan
by Richardson (2013. You may try to look for this article in the internet. You
may also read this document which ca be found in the book of Grey and Biong
(2017). Read and contextualize.
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Before we proceed to the next topic, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
98 persons.
__________ 2. The amount involved when the Spanish government ceded the
__________ 3. Marcela Agoncillo with her two daughters designed and sewed the
__________ 5. America was defeated in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.
__________ 8. Cartilla says “defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.”
__________ 9. Emilio Jacinto was the one who wrote the Kartilla ng Katipunan.
__________ 10. The Philippine National Flag was made by the three women in Hawaii.
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Before we proceed to the next topic, please answer the quiz below.
Date:
Student No: Name:
I. Enumeration.
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The following are titles of some caricatures researched by Alfred McCoy. Try
to open the internet and look for their descriptions. Do not forget to understand
the meaning of each caricature, contextualize and relate them to the situations
during the American period with focus on its historical background. You can also
look for some Philippine History books where the political caricatures are
included.
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Date:
Student No: Name:
1. The caption __________ is an illusion to the most famous libel case in the
Renacimiento.
3. __________ was the publisher of The Independent and kept on attacking the
Catholic church.
alone.
5. __________ refers to the private cars which the owners used them for leasing
6. Due to the American sugar market, the Negros __________ industry grew
8. __________ was a mysterious informant who wrote in the Philippine Free Press
alleging policemen who accepted bribe money from Chinese gambling houses.
10. In 1906, the Philippine Supreme Court had ruled that the __________
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Before the start of the topic, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
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Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860-August 7, 1927) was a United States Army officer.
He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military governor of
Cuba, and governor General of the Philippines. He began his military career as an
army doctor on the frontier, where he received the Medal of Honor. He was bypassed
for a major command in World War I, but then became a prominent Republican Party
leader and a candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination. He served as civilian
Governor General in the Philippines in the 1920s, where he quarrelled with
Filipinos who wanted home rule (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Please look for the document expressing the Filipinos’ Grievances against governor
wood which was approved by the Commission on Independence on November 17, 1926.
It can be in the internet or can be found in some of the Philippine History books.
The Readings in the Philippine History authored by Grey and Biong (2017) has this
written document. Study and make your contextualization.
President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress, September 18, 1986.
The speech of President Corazon C. Aquino was delivered before the joint session
of the United States Congress (1986) on September 18 at the United States Capitol,
Washington D.C., United States of America. Please listen and internalize her
speech in the internet youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bavnuT4RlU .
You can also try to read the document in the Philippine History books.
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Date:
Student No: Name:
Completion. Please complete the paragraph provided below, an excerpt from the
speech of Former President Corazon C. Aquino.
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
I. Enumeration.
1-5 - List down at least five examples of paintings of Fernando Amorsolo.
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Fernando Amorsolo
Fernando Amorsolo was the son of Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto. His parents
gave him life and saw the world on May 30, 1892 at Paco, Manila. He spent most of
his childhood in the small town of Daet, Camarines Norte where his love for rural
life became the foundation of his artistic outlook. He is one of the significant
figures in the world of painting in the Philippines. His favorite themes as a
painter are the rural sceneries and the Philippine rural landscapes (Grey & Biong,
2017).
Here are the works of Fernando Amorsolo. You may look for the descriptions through
the internet and relate them to the history of the Philippines. You have some
books, try to read all about his works. They are:
1. Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano
2. Along the Mountain Trail
3. Rice Harvesting
4. The Making of the Philippine Flag
5. El Ciego (The Blind Man)
6. Afternoon Meal of the Rice Workers
7. A Basket of Mangoes
8. The Palay Maiden
9. Washing Scene
10. Princess Urduja
11. Baguio
12. Landscape
13. Lavandera
14. Man with Cockerel
15. Market Scene
16. Old Spanish Church
17. Portrait of an Old Lady
18. Under the Arbor
19. Washing the Carabao
20. Water Carrier
Juan Luna
A native of Badoc, Ilocos Norte, was born on October 23, 1857 to Don Joaquin Luna
de San Pedro y Paredes and Doña Laurena Novicio. His interest in art was due to
the influence of his brother, Manuel, who was also a painter. He took lessons
under the famous painting teacher Lorenzo Guerero and also enrolled at Academia
de Dibiyo y Pintura under the Spaniard artist Agustin Saez. Juan Luna is considered
as one of the greatest Filipino artists in history with masterpieces such as the
Spoliarium, The Death of Cleopatra, and Blood Compact. He was mostly known for
his works as being dramatic and dynamic, focusing on romanticism and realism
styles of art (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Here is the list of Luna’s works. You can try to look for their descriptions with
deep understanding on the message of his every work. If you have some history
books, you can study about his works.
1. Spoliarium
2. The Parisian Life
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3. La Bulaquena
4. Governor Ramon Blanco
5. Souvenir de 1899
6. Odalisque
7. Ensueños de Amor
8. El Pacto de Sangre
9. Damas Romanas
10. The Battle of Lepanto
11. Portrait of Rizal
12. Esopo
13. Mi Hermana
14. Tampuhan
15. Espana y Filipinas
16. La Muerte de Cleopatra
17. En el Balcon
18. Puesta Del Sol
19. La Marquesa de Monte Olivar
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Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 1. A famous painter and a son of Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto.
__________ 2. The town in Camarines Norte where Fernando Amorsolo was born.
__________ 4. Juan Luna took his painting lessons under this famous painter.
__________ 5. A painting that depicts a Roman Circus where the dying gladiators
are stripped of weapons and garments.
__________ 6. It is also known as interior d’lum Café’ which means the coffee
shop.
__________ 7. One of Luna’s painting depicting a woman who was rumored as the one
he courted after his wife’s death.
__________ 10. The painting which was completed by Luna on May 21, 1899 in
Leitmeritz.
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Date:
__________ 3. Bonifacio went into exile in the last quarter of 1897 when he
surrendered to the American forces.
__________ 4. The river when Aguinaldo described its water as reddened with blood
was Zapote River.
__________ 6. The Sangguniang Magdalo in Cavite el Viejo was under the leadership
of General Baldomero Aguinaldo.
__________ 10. The Filipino-American War broke out in the year 1942.
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Aguinaldo went into exile in late 1897, after surrendering to the Spanish, but
was brought back to the Philippines by American forces in 1898 to join in the
fight that ousted Spain after almost four centuries. Aguinaldo was recognized as
the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines but was forced
back into the mountains as a rebel leader once more when the Filipino-American
War broke out in 1901 (Grey & Biong, 2017).
The Memoir of Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan was written by General Emilio Aguinaldo.
You look for it in the internet and peruse. If you have books in Readings in
Philippine History, there is a document in it.
After the perusal of the different readings such as First Voyage Around the World,
Customs of the Tagalogs, Kartilla of the Katipunan, Act of the Declaration of the
Philippine Independence, Political Caricatures of the American Era, Filipino
Grievances Against Governor Wood, Works of Amorsolo and Luna, and Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan, or watching video on President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the
U.S. Congress let us try to have an activity.
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After performing the activity, let us have another quiz. Try to answer.
Date:
Enumeration
1-10 - Give at least 10 towns in the Province of Kabite that were recovered by
the Sangguniang Magdiwang from the Spanish rule.
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Before we start our next topic, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
2. __________ was the date when the Spaniards first discovered the island of
3. __________ had its fruit admired by the Spaniards as resembling the fruit
of an almond.
4. The first Holy Mass in the Philippines marked the birth of __________.
7. __________
8. __________ were the two debatable places where the first holy mass in the
9. __________ was the Andalusian chaplain of the Spanish fleet during their
expedition.
10. __________ was the place where they found two springs, where there
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III. “One Past but Many Histories” Controversies and Conflicting Views in
Philippine History
Learning Outcomes:
There are again several readings for you to examine and contextualize. After
reading all those documents, you may proceed to the activity. This is for you to
side on what you are going to support. You will peruse Site of the First Mass,
Cavite Mutiny, Retraction of Rizal, and First Cry of Philippine Revolution.
You may retrieve the documents on “First Voyage Around the World”, and other
supporting documents from the internet. You may also try to some other books if
you have Readings in Philippine History. Make your stand on where was the first
mass officiated. But wait, just keep all your documents intact for the next
activity.
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After retrieving and reading the documents, prepare yourself for the quiz.
Date:
1-6 - The six presents offered by Magellan to the first Filipino natives they
met las March 18, 1521.
7-10 - The four presents given by the natives to the Spaniards in return.
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Date:
__________ 1. The Filipino priests Gomburza were executed due to the charges in
relation to the Cavite mutiny.
__________ 2. Governor General Rafael Izquierdo blamed the Cavite mutiny on the
existence of the Chinese Mestizos.
__________ 3. Jose Rizal dedicated his novel Noli Me Tangere to the three Filipino
priests who were executed after the Cavite mutiny.
__________ 6. The mutiny was initiated by the three priests according to Dr. Pardo
de Tavera.
__________ 8. The three priests Father Gomez, Father Burgos and Father Zamora
were executed on February 17, 1872.
__________ 10. During the Cavite mutiny of 1872, Montero Y Vidal was an official
of the government who was residing in Manila.
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Cavite Mutiny: Which is True, the Spanish Version or the Filipino Version?
The Cavite mutiny of 1972 was an uprising of military personnel at Fort San
Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, on January 20, 1872. Around
200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would escalate to a
national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed
many of the participants and began to crackdown on a burgeoning nationalist
movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite mutiny of 1872 was the beginning
of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution
of 1896. This event was meaningful to the following Filipino priests, the GOMBURZA.
They were executed on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines, by
Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite
mutiny. In fact, Jose Rizal, dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the martyr
priests (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Look for the documents about the Cavite mutiny and compare the Spanish version
and the Filipino version. Open the internet or the Philippine History books.
Gather all the evidences thus you may be able to conclude what version tells the
truth. Keep all the retrieved documents for the activity.
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Date:
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Matching Type. Match column A with Column by writing a letter of the corresponding
correct answer found in column B.
A B
_____ 1. Jose Rizal a. The last Woman of Rizal
_____ 2. Josephine Bracken b. Our National Hero
_____ 3. To my Countrymen c. defender of Rizal
_____ 4. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade d. A Farewell poem
_____ 5. Ultimo Adios e. written at Fort Santiago
_____ 6. December 26, 1896 f. Rizal’s execution
_____ 7. December 30, 1896 g. Rizal was accused and tried
_____ 8. Dapitan h. Gov. General affirmed Rizal’s death
sentence
_____ 9. Calamba i. The place Rizal was exiled
_____ 10. December 28, 1896 j. Rizal’s Birthplace
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Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through ha
document which states: “I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings,
publications and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the
Catholic Church.” However, there are doubts of its authenticity given that there
is no certificate of Rizal’s Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken. Also, there
is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery (Grey & Biong).
Look for more evidences to find out whether Rizal retracted or not. Documents
may include analysis of the handwriting, internal evidence, eyewitnesses, etc.
Make your stand whether there is retraction or Rizal remained to be anti-Catholic.
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Date:
__________ 1. The priest who became God’s instrument in the conversion and
retraction of Rizal.
__________ 2. Colonel of the Manila Garrison and judge advocate in Rizal’s trial.
__________ 3. A military who was on duty at Fort Santiago, on December 29 and 30,
1896.
__________ 4. The priest who brought to Rizal the statuette of the Sacred Heart
of Jesus.
__________ 9. A student of the Ateneo de Manila at the time of Rizal’s death who
testified on retraction.
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Date:
__________ 1. “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas” was shouted by the Katipuneros as the First
Cry of the Revolution.
__________ 2. Rizal joined the Cry and requested the members to tear their
residence certificates.
__________ 3. Teodoro Plata was in not certain if the revolution becomes successful
because for him it was not in the exact time.
__________ 5. August 23, 1896 was the date of the discussion of the revolutionary
members on when is the exact time to wage war against the Americans.
__________ 6. Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Emilio Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan.
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News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and the nearby suburbs,
and Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting. In Balintawak,
Bonifacio hurriedly changed the Code of the Katipunan, hoping that he could save
the society. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos
in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. Ramos was the son of Melchora Aquino, known as
“Tandang Sora” who was later acknowledged as the Mother of the Katipunan.
In there, Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter
end. Everyone shouted approval, except Teodoro Plata, who thought that it was too
soon for a revolution. Heartened by his men’s response, Bonifacio then asked them
to tear their “cedulas” (residence certificates) to pieces, as assign of defiance
and determination to rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up their
cedulas, shouting, “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas” (Long Live the Philippines): This is
known as the First Cry of the revolution (Grey and Biong, 2017).
To deepen your understanding about the disputed place on where the First Cry was
held, please look for some documents in the internet or in the History Books. You
can read Pio Valenzuela’s “Cry of Pugad Lawin”, The “Cry of Bahay-Toro”, Gregoria
de Jesus’ Version of the “First Cry”, The Guardia Civil’s Report of the “Cry of
Balintawak”, or any other documents that can give you an idea.
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Now, let us have an activity to perform. After the perusal and examination of the
documents of Site of the First Mass, Cavite Mutiny, Retraction of Rizal, and the
First Cry of the Revolution, please follow some instructions given below:
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Congratulations for another job well done. Let us now have another quiz.
Date:
__________ 1. She was also known as “Tandang Sora” and the “Mother of the
Katipunan”.
__________ 3. He was Bonifacio’s brother-in-law who did not agree to start the
revolution earlier.
__________ 4. The governor General of the Philippines during the First Cry of the
Revolution.
__________ 6. A Spanish commander of the Guardia Civil who reported that the
First Cry occurred at Balintawak on August 25, 1896.
__________ 7. She was the custodian of the secret documents, seal, and some
weapons of the Katipunan.
__________ 8. The shout of the Katipuneros together with the tearing up of the
cedulas.
__________ 9. The son of Melchora Aquino who hosted the gathering of the
Katipuneros in Pugadlawin.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Know how to identify and use primary sources;
2. Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres, their
historical analysis of a particular event or issue that could help other
people understand the chosen topic; and
3. Propose recommendations/solutions to present day problems based on their
own understanding of their root causes, and their anticipation of future
scenarios.
There are several topics for you to read and contextualize by researching documents
related to the articles in this module. The purpose is to let you understand more
and deepen the analysis in relation to the big picture of the Philippine History.
The topics are Evolution of the Philippine Constitution, Agrarian Reform and
Legislations in the Philippines, and Taxation in the Philippines. Students let us
start now digging up the assigned topics.
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PROCLAMATION NO. 3
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Now you have finished internalizing the evolution of the Philippine Constitutions,
please answer the following quiz.
Date:
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I will discuss brief description and other inputs on the legislations and agrarian
reform in the Philippines but I will give you responsibility to research more.
That is in the preparation of an activity and the quiz as well. You can search
documents whether primary or secondary in order to strengthen your knowledge about
the history on land reforms and laws in the Philippines to start from the Pre-
Spanish period.
Please include to search and read the following under Spanish period:
a. Encomienda system
b. Rise of the cacique class
c. Early rebellions
d. Conflicts over land ownership
e. Friar lands
f. The Philippine revolution
3) The Land Tenure Situation under the American Rule, 1898 – 1935 – At the
beginning of the period, the Spanish land records that had existed were
either destroyed or lost, leaving the legal situation with regard to
holdings very complicated. It was a period when the unscrupulous were able
to wrest control of land away from the small holders. Many caciques who had
maintained their position during the Spanish period were able to keep and
even strengthen their positions under the Americans (Grey & Biong, 2017).
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Please include to study the following as more inputs under the American rule:
4) During the Commonwealth Period – Indeed, the agrarian problem festered for
so long a time that the 1935 constitution incorporated the cardinal
principle on social justice: “The promotion of the social justice to ensure
the well-being and economic security of all the people shouldbe the concern
of the state.” To give substance and meaning to this principle, several
laws were enacted to protect the working class both in industry and
agriculture (Grey & Biong, 2017).
6) Rise of the HUKBALAHAP – after the war, the HUKS were able to take advantage
of the social unrest plaguing the country, the complete demoralization of
the people after the war, and the surge of the lawlessness that swept the
country and the continuing peasant struggle for agrarian reform which the
HUKS had become identified with during the war. The Huks were able to
establish a “shadow” or “visible” government in Central Luzon, carried on
elections, expropriated lands of collaborators, and took crops from the
division among peasants. The chaotic economic situation at the time and the
use of the military by the landlords further discredited the government in
the eyes of the people. It was this kind of situation that made the Huks
stronger and closer to the people (Grey & Biong, 2017).
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providing for a 70-30 crop sharing arrangement and regulating share tenancy
contracts and R. A. No. 1160 of 1954 establishing the National Resettlement
and Rehabilitation administration to settle landless dissidents and other
landless farmers (Grey & Biong, 2017).
8) Under Martial Law and the 1973 Constitution – On September 21, 1972,
President Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed Martial Law all over the Philippines.
The laws under his administration on Agrarian reforms were Presidential
Decree No. 2, Presidential Decree No. 27, and other decrees or laws under
the Amendments No. 6 to the 1973 constitution. Please refer to other sources
of readings those stated laws.
Please take your time to open topics on Agrarian Laws under the President
Corazon Aquino including the Comprehensive Agrarian Program (CARP) and the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL).
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After you have learned the evolution of Agrarian Reforms and legislations, please
pause for a while and take this quiz.
Date:
Enumeration.
1-3 - The three social classes of the Pre-Spanish barangay.
4-6 - The three religious orders during the Spanish period who shared in large
tracts of land.
7-10 - Four provinces near Manila where most extensive friar holdings were
located.
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Please answer the following quiz before the discussion of the lesson.
Date:
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Taxes are the enforced proportional contributions from persons and property
levelled by the state by virtue of its sovereignty, for the support of the
government and for all public needs and purposes. A tax is a charge by the
government on the income of an individual, corporations, or trust, as well as the
value of an estate or a gift. The objective in assessing the tax is to generate
revenue to be used for the needs of the public. The essential characteristics of
a tax are that it is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced
contribution exacted pursuant to legislative authority.
The power of taxation proceeds from the theory that without funds, the government
cannot meet the various essential expenses it has to incur to enable the government
to exist and function effectively. The existence, therefore, of the government is
anchored on necessity, that is, the government cannot continue to function without
the means to pay its expenses. Along this line, therefore, the government has to
call upon its citizens and residents to assume monetary burdens and pay taxes so
that it can perform its functions and perform services to its people.
It is the power of the state to impose and collect revenues for the operation of
the government. The money generated from the people in the form of different taxes
shall be used in the operations of government, for infrastructure programs, and
other expenditures of the state. Generally, the revenues collected shall go back
to the people in the form of services.
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The importance of taxation derives from the unavoidable and inevitable obligation
of the government to protect the people and extend the benefits in the form of
public projects and services. In return, the people are subjected to the reciprocal
duty of sharing the expenses in the form of taxes.
1. “The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The congress shall
evolve a progressive system of taxation.
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2. The congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified
limits, and subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may
impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage
dues, and other duties or imposts within the framework of the national
development program of the government.
In this portion, you may look for the documents whether primary or secondary
comprising the history of taxation in our country. Use books or internet as
sources which can be used in our activity later. The topics given below will
serve as your guide or basis to look for readings on the evolution of taxation.
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When you have completed with your research on the documents or readings about the
evolution of taxation in the Philippines, let us try to do an activity covering
the whole Topic 4. Just select one topic among the three given readings in Topic
4 and follow instructions provided below:
1. Make the epitome of the evolution with important points and events
included based on the selected topic.
2. Synthesize the history of its evolution with your analysis.
3. Make your recommendations which can serve as valuable to the Filipino
people.
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Before we end the Topic let’s find out how much you have learned. You answer the
quiz provided below.
1. Contribuciones directas
2. Contribuciones Indirectas
3. Rentas Estancadas
4. Padron de tasas
5. Sangleyes
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Now you have consummated all your tasks in Topic 4; but, before we proceed to the
next Topic, you may answer first the following quiz.
Select the best answer by writing the letter of the corresponding correct answer.
8. (a. Fort Pilar b.Fort San Pedro c.Fort Santiago d.Fort Agustin) is
a 17th century military defense fortress built by the Spanish colonial
government in Zamboanga.
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Learning Outcome
Manifest interest in local history and show concern in promoting and preserving
the country’s historical and cultural heritage.
We will have a virtual tour. You try to visit the different places as mentioned
in this module through the internet and try to examine very carefully its story
as part of the history of the Philippines. Include in your research the structural
design like the façade, the stored historical materials like frames tools, etc.
Try to look at some written documents if there are some as provided by the
internet. Describe them. You may go beyond whatever you want to examine like the
culture of the inhabitants while embracing the sites. Feel free because they are
all valuable to us and can add to our learnings as evidences in the big picture
of the Philippine history.
The center of Regional Offices is in Iloilo City. There are 16 cities in the
region that make it as the region with the highest number of cities. There are
also two highly urbanized cities that make this up: Bacolod City and the Iloilo
City (Grey & Biong, 2017).
1. Nelly’s Garden
2. Casa Mariquit
3. Lizares Mansion
4. Balantang Shrine
5. Santa Barbara Centennial Museum
6. Church of Sta. Barbara
7. Bantayan Towers
8. Museo Iloilo
9. Old Capitol Building
10. Molo Church
11. Arevalo Church
12. Miag-ao Church
13. Church of San Joaquin
14. Camina Balay nga Bato
15. Plaza Libertad
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is the territorial focus. Its region comprises of the three Zamboanga regions and
the City of Zamboanga, and the limit between the promontory and territory is
falsely set apart by the outskirt between the areas of Zamboanga del Sur and Lanao
del Norte (Grey & Biong, 2017).
The suggested historical places for you to research are the following:
1. Rizal Shrine
2. Fortaleza del Pilar
3. Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral
4. Zamboanga City Hall
5. Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
6. Rizal Landing site
7. Plaza Pershing
8. St. James Parish Church
9. Pettit Barracks
10. San Ramon Prison
11. Yellow Beach
12. Taluksangay Mosque
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After you have done with the thorough investigation and examination of the
different historical sites, Let us try to have an activity. What you have to do
is just follow the instruction written below:
1. Select one site among all that you have done with your virtual tour.
2. Make a reflection paper of 10-15 pages of yellow pad consisting of the
following:
a. Location map and picture of the facade
b. Background that may include a builder, purpose, evolution.
c. Descriptions of tis collections
d. Prominent primary sources
e. Pictures
f. Evaluation that includes the strengths and weaknesses of the site.
Make your own views freely if in what aspects it is strong and
weak.
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---END---
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REFERENCES:
De Viana, Augusto, V. (2015). Stories Rarely Tod. New Day Publishers, Quezon City,
Philippines.
Gottshalk, Louis. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method.
New York: Alfred Knopf.
Grey, Evelyn and Ryan Biong. (2017). Readings in Philippine History. E. Lopez
St., Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines: Malones Printing Press & Publishing House.
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Each week has lessons for you to tackle. There is one prettiest and one post-test
per week for you to answer. There is also an activity for you to accomplish in
every module. Everything inside is student friendly so don’t get apprehensive. At
the end of the semester, you compile your quizzes in one folder and all the
outputs in your activities in another folder
I. Basic Concepts and Information
Meaning and Relevance of History
Sources of history
Types of Sources
External and Internal Criticism
Repositories of Primary Sources
Kinds of Primary Sources
Readings for Primary Vs. Secondary Sources On Tejeros Convention
III. One Past but Many Histories: Controversies and Conflicting Views in
Philippine History
Site of the First Mass: Is it in Limasawa or is it in Masao?
Cavite Mutiny: Which Is True the Spanish Version or Filipino Version
Retraction of Rizal: Did Rizal Retract or Did He Not?
First Cry of Philippine Revolution:Is it in Pugadlawin or is it in
Balintawak?
REFERENCES
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 4. They are documents or works made by individuals who are not directly
__________ 5. Its purpose is to ensure that the documents are not mere forgeries
or inventions.
__________ 6. Its purpose is to evaluate the accuracy and the worth of data.
__________ 9. As a record of events, it shows the evolution of man and his society
__________ 10. He states that the primary source directly talks about the subject
matter.
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Before we proceed to the next lesson, please try to answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
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Before we proceed to the next topics, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
I. Enumeration
1-10. Aside from the given examples of primary sources, give at least 10 more
examples.
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following Quiz
Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 2. It was March 18, 1521 when the Spaniards saw a boat towards them
__________ 3. It was noted in the voyage of Magellan that the Filipinos got
__________ 4. It was how the group of Magellan called this island known today as
Homonhon.
__________ 5. How did the Filipinos call the boat (baroto) according to Pigafetta?
Tagalog term.
__________ 7. They were the nobles of the barangay who were the “free-born”
__________ 8. They were the gifts given by the man to the parents of the woman
__________9. The ancient Filipinos worshipped him whom they believed his duty was
__________ 10. They dug a deep, perpendicular hole, and placed the deceased within
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Learning Outcomes:
Upon the arrival in Cebu, he befriended the chieftain and erected a cross for the
natives to adore every day. Then, he proceeded to the island of Mactan where he
met his death from Lapulapu and his men. With heavy hearts, the crew of the two
remaining ships, Trinidad and Victoria, left the archipelago and returned to
Spain. Passing by Portugal, the ship Trinidad was confiscated by the Portuguese.
Only the ship Victoria successfully reached their origin and completed the
circumnavigation of the world.
One of the crew members who returned to Spain, Antonio Pigafetta, who wrote
“Chronicles of Magellan’s Expedition” a narrative and cartographic record of the
journey, including 23 hand-drawn watercolor charts from Patagonia to Indonesia,
from the Philippines to the Cape of Good Hope, Pigafetta’s The First Voyage around
the World is a classic of discovery and exploration literature. The readings
regarding the first voyage around the world was from Antonio Pigafetta, (1969)
(Grey & Biong, 2017).
First Voyage Around the World, Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild is the source. This
can also be found in the book of Grey and Biong 2017 edition. Please try to read
this article with contextualization. This might also be found in the internet.
Every society has their own bundles of customs and traditions which are handed
down from one generation to another. The Philippine society is not an exception
to this. Filipinos too, have these customs and traditions even before the coming
of the colonizers. The bayanihan spirit pervades among the people of the
Philippines, specifically the Tagalogs. This spirit is best known during their
wake for the dead and in some occasions in their daily lives.
Right after the death of a person, his friends and relatives would make a
shed made of bamboo in his yard or on the street fronting his home, and put long
benches for all condolers. In the entire duration of the wake, those who stay
with the family of the deceased are served with food. The immediate family members
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of the deceased do not do anything during this time. Everything is done for them
by their relatives, neighbours and friends, including providing financial support
to help the family.
The community often functions through Bayanihan, such as building a nipa hut,
house repairing, moving a small nipa house from one barrio to another, planting
rice and harvesting palay, and preparing food for feast. The friends and relatives
would offer their services and are not paid but are given free lunch and snacks.
Free service is extended and reciprocity is expected (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Juan de Plasencia was able to write down his observations about the customs of
the Tagalogs. You can read the article from the book of Garcia Mauro (1979),
Readings in Philippines Prehistory, Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. You can also
open the book of Grey and Biong (2017), Readings in Philippine history. Likewise,
do not forget the written documents about “The Worship of the Tagalogs.” Please
contextualize after reading the suggested documents.
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Before we proceed to the next topic to discuss, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 4. Something we must strive to perform to set a good example for others
to follow.
__________ 5. To whom shall we share whatever we can?
__________ 8. He was the one who designed the Philippine National Flag which was
unfurled during the Declaration of the Philippine Independence.
__________ 9. He composed the Marcha Filipina Magdalo which was played by the San
Francisco de Malabon band.
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Try to read the Kartilla ng Katipunan from Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilla ng Katipunan
by Richardson (2013. You may try to look for this article in the internet. You
may also read this document which ca be found in the book of Grey and Biong
(2017). Read and contextualize.
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Before we proceed to the next topic, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
98 persons.
__________ 2. The amount involved when the Spanish government ceded the
__________ 3. Marcela Agoncillo with her two daughters designed and sewed the
__________ 5. America was defeated in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.
__________ 8. Cartilla says “defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.”
__________ 9. Emilio Jacinto was the one who wrote the Kartilla ng Katipunan.
__________ 10. The Philippine National Flag was made by the three women in Hawaii.
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Before we proceed to the next topic, please answer the quiz below.
Date:
Student No: Name:
I. Enumeration.
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The following are titles of some caricatures researched by Alfred McCoy. Try
to open the internet and look for their descriptions. Do not forget to understand
the meaning of each caricature, contextualize and relate them to the situations
during the American period with focus on its historical background. You can also
look for some Philippine History books where the political caricatures are
included.
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Date:
Student No: Name:
1. The caption __________ is an illusion to the most famous libel case in the
Renacimiento.
3. __________ was the publisher of The Independent and kept on attacking the
Catholic church.
alone.
5. __________ refers to the private cars which the owners used them for leasing
6. Due to the American sugar market, the Negros __________ industry grew
8. __________ was a mysterious informant who wrote in the Philippine Free Press
alleging policemen who accepted bribe money from Chinese gambling houses.
10. In 1906, the Philippine Supreme Court had ruled that the __________
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Before the start of the topic, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
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Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860-August 7, 1927) was a United States Army officer.
He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military governor of
Cuba, and governor General of the Philippines. He began his military career as an
army doctor on the frontier, where he received the Medal of Honor. He was bypassed
for a major command in World War I, but then became a prominent Republican Party
leader and a candidate for the 1920 presidential nomination. He served as civilian
Governor General in the Philippines in the 1920s, where he quarrelled with
Filipinos who wanted home rule (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Please look for the document expressing the Filipinos’ Grievances against governor
wood which was approved by the Commission on Independence on November 17, 1926.
It can be in the internet or can be found in some of the Philippine History books.
The Readings in the Philippine History authored by Grey and Biong (2017) has this
written document. Study and make your contextualization.
President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress, September 18, 1986.
The speech of President Corazon C. Aquino was delivered before the joint session
of the United States Congress (1986) on September 18 at the United States Capitol,
Washington D.C., United States of America. Please listen and internalize her
speech in the internet youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bavnuT4RlU .
You can also try to read the document in the Philippine History books.
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Date:
Student No: Name:
Completion. Please complete the paragraph provided below, an excerpt from the
speech of Former President Corazon C. Aquino.
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Before we start with our discussion, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
Student No: Name:
I. Enumeration.
1-5 - List down at least five examples of paintings of Fernando Amorsolo.
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Fernando Amorsolo
Fernando Amorsolo was the son of Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto. His parents
gave him life and saw the world on May 30, 1892 at Paco, Manila. He spent most of
his childhood in the small town of Daet, Camarines Norte where his love for rural
life became the foundation of his artistic outlook. He is one of the significant
figures in the world of painting in the Philippines. His favorite themes as a
painter are the rural sceneries and the Philippine rural landscapes (Grey & Biong,
2017).
Here are the works of Fernando Amorsolo. You may look for the descriptions through
the internet and relate them to the history of the Philippines. You have some
books, try to read all about his works. They are:
1. Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano
2. Along the Mountain Trail
3. Rice Harvesting
4. The Making of the Philippine Flag
5. El Ciego (The Blind Man)
6. Afternoon Meal of the Rice Workers
7. A Basket of Mangoes
8. The Palay Maiden
9. Washing Scene
10. Princess Urduja
11. Baguio
12. Landscape
13. Lavandera
14. Man with Cockerel
15. Market Scene
16. Old Spanish Church
17. Portrait of an Old Lady
18. Under the Arbor
19. Washing the Carabao
20. Water Carrier
Juan Luna
A native of Badoc, Ilocos Norte, was born on October 23, 1857 to Don Joaquin Luna
de San Pedro y Paredes and Doña Laurena Novicio. His interest in art was due to
the influence of his brother, Manuel, who was also a painter. He took lessons
under the famous painting teacher Lorenzo Guerero and also enrolled at Academia
de Dibiyo y Pintura under the Spaniard artist Agustin Saez. Juan Luna is considered
as one of the greatest Filipino artists in history with masterpieces such as the
Spoliarium, The Death of Cleopatra, and Blood Compact. He was mostly known for
his works as being dramatic and dynamic, focusing on romanticism and realism
styles of art (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Here is the list of Luna’s works. You can try to look for their descriptions with
deep understanding on the message of his every work. If you have some history
books, you can study about his works.
1. Spoliarium
2. The Parisian Life
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3. La Bulaquena
4. Governor Ramon Blanco
5. Souvenir de 1899
6. Odalisque
7. Ensueños de Amor
8. El Pacto de Sangre
9. Damas Romanas
10. The Battle of Lepanto
11. Portrait of Rizal
12. Esopo
13. Mi Hermana
14. Tampuhan
15. Espana y Filipinas
16. La Muerte de Cleopatra
17. En el Balcon
18. Puesta Del Sol
19. La Marquesa de Monte Olivar
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Date:
Student No: Name:
__________ 1. A famous painter and a son of Pedro Amorsolo and Bonifacia Cueto.
__________ 2. The town in Camarines Norte where Fernando Amorsolo was born.
__________ 4. Juan Luna took his painting lessons under this famous painter.
__________ 5. A painting that depicts a Roman Circus where the dying gladiators
are stripped of weapons and garments.
__________ 6. It is also known as interior d’lum Café’ which means the coffee
shop.
__________ 7. One of Luna’s painting depicting a woman who was rumored as the one
he courted after his wife’s death.
__________ 10. The painting which was completed by Luna on May 21, 1899 in
Leitmeritz.
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Date:
__________ 3. Bonifacio went into exile in the last quarter of 1897 when he
surrendered to the American forces.
__________ 4. The river when Aguinaldo described its water as reddened with blood
was Zapote River.
__________ 6. The Sangguniang Magdalo in Cavite el Viejo was under the leadership
of General Baldomero Aguinaldo.
__________ 10. The Filipino-American War broke out in the year 1942.
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Aguinaldo went into exile in late 1897, after surrendering to the Spanish, but
was brought back to the Philippines by American forces in 1898 to join in the
fight that ousted Spain after almost four centuries. Aguinaldo was recognized as
the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines but was forced
back into the mountains as a rebel leader once more when the Filipino-American
War broke out in 1901 (Grey & Biong, 2017).
The Memoir of Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan was written by General Emilio Aguinaldo.
You look for it in the internet and peruse. If you have books in Readings in
Philippine History, there is a document in it.
After the perusal of the different readings such as First Voyage Around the World,
Customs of the Tagalogs, Kartilla of the Katipunan, Act of the Declaration of the
Philippine Independence, Political Caricatures of the American Era, Filipino
Grievances Against Governor Wood, Works of Amorsolo and Luna, and Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan, or watching video on President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the
U.S. Congress let us try to have an activity.
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After performing the activity, let us have another quiz. Try to answer.
Date:
Enumeration
1-10 - Give at least 10 towns in the Province of Kabite that were recovered by
the Sangguniang Magdiwang from the Spanish rule.
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Before we start our next topic, please answer the following quiz.
Date:
2. __________ was the date when the Spaniards first discovered the island of
3. __________ had its fruit admired by the Spaniards as resembling the fruit
of an almond.
4. The first Holy Mass in the Philippines marked the birth of __________.
7. __________
8. __________ were the two debatable places where the first holy mass in the
9. __________ was the Andalusian chaplain of the Spanish fleet during their
expedition.
10. __________ was the place where they found two springs, where there
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III. “One Past but Many Histories” Controversies and Conflicting Views in
Philippine History
Learning Outcomes:
There are again several readings for you to examine and contextualize. After
reading all those documents, you may proceed to the activity. This is for you to
side on what you are going to support. You will peruse Site of the First Mass,
Cavite Mutiny, Retraction of Rizal, and First Cry of Philippine Revolution.
You may retrieve the documents on “First Voyage Around the World”, and other
supporting documents from the internet. You may also try to some other books if
you have Readings in Philippine History. Make your stand on where was the first
mass officiated. But wait, just keep all your documents intact for the next
activity.
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After retrieving and reading the documents, prepare yourself for the quiz.
Date:
1-6 - The six presents offered by Magellan to the first Filipino natives they
met las March 18, 1521.
7-10 - The four presents given by the natives to the Spaniards in return.
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Date:
__________ 1. The Filipino priests Gomburza were executed due to the charges in
relation to the Cavite mutiny.
__________ 2. Governor General Rafael Izquierdo blamed the Cavite mutiny on the
existence of the Chinese Mestizos.
__________ 3. Jose Rizal dedicated his novel Noli Me Tangere to the three Filipino
priests who were executed after the Cavite mutiny.
__________ 6. The mutiny was initiated by the three priests according to Dr. Pardo
de Tavera.
__________ 8. The three priests Father Gomez, Father Burgos and Father Zamora
were executed on February 17, 1872.
__________ 10. During the Cavite mutiny of 1872, Montero Y Vidal was an official
of the government who was residing in Manila.
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Cavite Mutiny: Which is True, the Spanish Version or the Filipino Version?
The Cavite mutiny of 1972 was an uprising of military personnel at Fort San
Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, on January 20, 1872. Around
200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would escalate to a
national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed
many of the participants and began to crackdown on a burgeoning nationalist
movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite mutiny of 1872 was the beginning
of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution
of 1896. This event was meaningful to the following Filipino priests, the GOMBURZA.
They were executed on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines, by
Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite
mutiny. In fact, Jose Rizal, dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the martyr
priests (Grey & Biong, 2017).
Look for the documents about the Cavite mutiny and compare the Spanish version
and the Filipino version. Open the internet or the Philippine History books.
Gather all the evidences thus you may be able to conclude what version tells the
truth. Keep all the retrieved documents for the activity.
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Date:
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Matching Type. Match column A with Column by writing a letter of the corresponding
correct answer found in column B.
A B
_____ 1. Jose Rizal a. The last Woman of Rizal
_____ 2. Josephine Bracken b. Our National Hero
_____ 3. To my Countrymen c. defender of Rizal
_____ 4. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade d. A Farewell poem
_____ 5. Ultimo Adios e. written at Fort Santiago
_____ 6. December 26, 1896 f. Rizal’s execution
_____ 7. December 30, 1896 g. Rizal was accused and tried
_____ 8. Dapitan h. Gov. General affirmed Rizal’s death
sentence
_____ 9. Calamba i. The place Rizal was exiled
_____ 10. December 28, 1896 j. Rizal’s Birthplace
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Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through ha
document which states: “I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings,
publications and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the
Catholic Church.” However, there are doubts of its authenticity given that there
is no certificate of Rizal’s Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken. Also, there
is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery (Grey & Biong).
Look for more evidences to find out whether Rizal retracted or not. Documents
may include analysis of the handwriting, internal evidence, eyewitnesses, etc.
Make your stand whether there is retraction or Rizal remained to be anti-Catholic.
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Date:
__________ 1. The priest who became God’s instrument in the conversion and
retraction of Rizal.
__________ 2. Colonel of the Manila Garrison and judge advocate in Rizal’s trial.
__________ 3. A military who was on duty at Fort Santiago, on December 29 and 30,
1896.
__________ 4. The priest who brought to Rizal the statuette of the Sacred Heart
of Jesus.
__________ 9. A student of the Ateneo de Manila at the time of Rizal’s death who
testified on retraction.
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Date:
__________ 1. “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas” was shouted by the Katipuneros as the First
Cry of the Revolution.
__________ 2. Rizal joined the Cry and requested the members to tear their
residence certificates.
__________ 3. Teodoro Plata was in not certain if the revolution becomes successful
because for him it was not in the exact time.
__________ 5. August 23, 1896 was the date of the discussion of the revolutionary
members on when is the exact time to wage war against the Americans.
__________ 6. Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Emilio Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan.
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News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and the nearby suburbs,
and Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting. In Balintawak,
Bonifacio hurriedly changed the Code of the Katipunan, hoping that he could save
the society. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos
in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. Ramos was the son of Melchora Aquino, known as
“Tandang Sora” who was later acknowledged as the Mother of the Katipunan.
In there, Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter
end. Everyone shouted approval, except Teodoro Plata, who thought that it was too
soon for a revolution. Heartened by his men’s response, Bonifacio then asked them
to tear their “cedulas” (residence certificates) to pieces, as assign of defiance
and determination to rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up their
cedulas, shouting, “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas” (Long Live the Philippines): This is
known as the First Cry of the revolution (Grey and Biong, 2017).
To deepen your understanding about the disputed place on where the First Cry was
held, please look for some documents in the internet or in the History Books. You
can read Pio Valenzuela’s “Cry of Pugad Lawin”, The “Cry of Bahay-Toro”, Gregoria
de Jesus’ Version of the “First Cry”, The Guardia Civil’s Report of the “Cry of
Balintawak”, or any other documents that can give you an idea.
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Now, let us have an activity to perform. After the perusal and examination of the
documents of Site of the First Mass, Cavite Mutiny, Retraction of Rizal, and the
First Cry of the Revolution, please follow some instructions given below:
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Congratulations for another job well done. Let us now have another quiz.
Date:
__________ 1. She was also known as “Tandang Sora” and the “Mother of the
Katipunan”.
__________ 3. He was Bonifacio’s brother-in-law who did not agree to start the
revolution earlier.
__________ 4. The governor General of the Philippines during the First Cry of the
Revolution.
__________ 6. A Spanish commander of the Guardia Civil who reported that the
First Cry occurred at Balintawak on August 25, 1896.
__________ 7. She was the custodian of the secret documents, seal, and some
weapons of the Katipunan.
__________ 8. The shout of the Katipuneros together with the tearing up of the
cedulas.
__________ 9. The son of Melchora Aquino who hosted the gathering of the
Katipuneros in Pugadlawin.
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Learning Outcomes
1. Know how to identify and use primary sources;
2. Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres, their
historical analysis of a particular event or issue that could help other
people understand the chosen topic; and
3. Propose recommendations/solutions to present day problems based on their
own understanding of their root causes, and their anticipation of future
scenarios.
There are several topics for you to read and contextualize by researching documents
related to the articles in this module. The purpose is to let you understand more
and deepen the analysis in relation to the big picture of the Philippine History.
The topics are Evolution of the Philippine Constitution, Agrarian Reform and
Legislations in the Philippines, and Taxation in the Philippines. Students let us
start now digging up the assigned topics.
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PROCLAMATION NO. 3
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Now you have finished internalizing the evolution of the Philippine Constitutions,
please answer the following quiz.
Date:
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I will discuss brief description and other inputs on the legislations and agrarian
reform in the Philippines but I will give you responsibility to research more.
That is in the preparation of an activity and the quiz as well. You can search
documents whether primary or secondary in order to strengthen your knowledge about
the history on land reforms and laws in the Philippines to start from the Pre-
Spanish period.
Please include to search and read the following under Spanish period:
a. Encomienda system
b. Rise of the cacique class
c. Early rebellions
d. Conflicts over land ownership
e. Friar lands
f. The Philippine revolution
3) The Land Tenure Situation under the American Rule, 1898 – 1935 – At the
beginning of the period, the Spanish land records that had existed were
either destroyed or lost, leaving the legal situation with regard to
holdings very complicated. It was a period when the unscrupulous were able
to wrest control of land away from the small holders. Many caciques who had
maintained their position during the Spanish period were able to keep and
even strengthen their positions under the Americans (Grey & Biong, 2017).
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Please include to study the following as more inputs under the American rule:
4) During the Commonwealth Period – Indeed, the agrarian problem festered for
so long a time that the 1935 constitution incorporated the cardinal
principle on social justice: “The promotion of the social justice to ensure
the well-being and economic security of all the people shouldbe the concern
of the state.” To give substance and meaning to this principle, several
laws were enacted to protect the working class both in industry and
agriculture (Grey & Biong, 2017).
6) Rise of the HUKBALAHAP – after the war, the HUKS were able to take advantage
of the social unrest plaguing the country, the complete demoralization of
the people after the war, and the surge of the lawlessness that swept the
country and the continuing peasant struggle for agrarian reform which the
HUKS had become identified with during the war. The Huks were able to
establish a “shadow” or “visible” government in Central Luzon, carried on
elections, expropriated lands of collaborators, and took crops from the
division among peasants. The chaotic economic situation at the time and the
use of the military by the landlords further discredited the government in
the eyes of the people. It was this kind of situation that made the Huks
stronger and closer to the people (Grey & Biong, 2017).
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providing for a 70-30 crop sharing arrangement and regulating share tenancy
contracts and R. A. No. 1160 of 1954 establishing the National Resettlement
and Rehabilitation administration to settle landless dissidents and other
landless farmers (Grey & Biong, 2017).
8) Under Martial Law and the 1973 Constitution – On September 21, 1972,
President Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed Martial Law all over the Philippines.
The laws under his administration on Agrarian reforms were Presidential
Decree No. 2, Presidential Decree No. 27, and other decrees or laws under
the Amendments No. 6 to the 1973 constitution. Please refer to other sources
of readings those stated laws.
Please take your time to open topics on Agrarian Laws under the President
Corazon Aquino including the Comprehensive Agrarian Program (CARP) and the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL).
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After you have learned the evolution of Agrarian Reforms and legislations, please
pause for a while and take this quiz.
Date:
Enumeration.
1-3 - The three social classes of the Pre-Spanish barangay.
4-6 - The three religious orders during the Spanish period who shared in large
tracts of land.
7-10 - Four provinces near Manila where most extensive friar holdings were
located.
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Please answer the following quiz before the discussion of the lesson.
Date:
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Taxes are the enforced proportional contributions from persons and property
levelled by the state by virtue of its sovereignty, for the support of the
government and for all public needs and purposes. A tax is a charge by the
government on the income of an individual, corporations, or trust, as well as the
value of an estate or a gift. The objective in assessing the tax is to generate
revenue to be used for the needs of the public. The essential characteristics of
a tax are that it is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced
contribution exacted pursuant to legislative authority.
The power of taxation proceeds from the theory that without funds, the government
cannot meet the various essential expenses it has to incur to enable the government
to exist and function effectively. The existence, therefore, of the government is
anchored on necessity, that is, the government cannot continue to function without
the means to pay its expenses. Along this line, therefore, the government has to
call upon its citizens and residents to assume monetary burdens and pay taxes so
that it can perform its functions and perform services to its people.
It is the power of the state to impose and collect revenues for the operation of
the government. The money generated from the people in the form of different taxes
shall be used in the operations of government, for infrastructure programs, and
other expenditures of the state. Generally, the revenues collected shall go back
to the people in the form of services.
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The importance of taxation derives from the unavoidable and inevitable obligation
of the government to protect the people and extend the benefits in the form of
public projects and services. In return, the people are subjected to the reciprocal
duty of sharing the expenses in the form of taxes.
1. “The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. The congress shall
evolve a progressive system of taxation.
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2. The congress may, by law, authorize the President to fix within specified
limits, and subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may
impose, tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage
dues, and other duties or imposts within the framework of the national
development program of the government.
In this portion, you may look for the documents whether primary or secondary
comprising the history of taxation in our country. Use books or internet as
sources which can be used in our activity later. The topics given below will
serve as your guide or basis to look for readings on the evolution of taxation.
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When you have completed with your research on the documents or readings about the
evolution of taxation in the Philippines, let us try to do an activity covering
the whole Topic 4. Just select one topic among the three given readings in Topic
4 and follow instructions provided below:
1. Make the epitome of the evolution with important points and events
included based on the selected topic.
2. Synthesize the history of its evolution with your analysis.
3. Make your recommendations which can serve as valuable to the Filipino
people.
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Before we end the Topic let’s find out how much you have learned. You answer the
quiz provided below.
1. Contribuciones directas
2. Contribuciones Indirectas
3. Rentas Estancadas
4. Padron de tasas
5. Sangleyes
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Now you have consummated all your tasks in Topic 4; but, before we proceed to the
next Topic, you may answer first the following quiz.
Select the best answer by writing the letter of the corresponding correct answer.
8. (a. Fort Pilar b.Fort San Pedro c.Fort Santiago d.Fort Agustin) is
a 17th century military defense fortress built by the Spanish colonial
government in Zamboanga.
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Learning Outcome
Manifest interest in local history and show concern in promoting and preserving
the country’s historical and cultural heritage.
We will have a virtual tour. You try to visit the different places as mentioned
in this module through the internet and try to examine very carefully its story
as part of the history of the Philippines. Include in your research the structural
design like the façade, the stored historical materials like frames tools, etc.
Try to look at some written documents if there are some as provided by the
internet. Describe them. You may go beyond whatever you want to examine like the
culture of the inhabitants while embracing the sites. Feel free because they are
all valuable to us and can add to our learnings as evidences in the big picture
of the Philippine history.
The center of Regional Offices is in Iloilo City. There are 16 cities in the
region that make it as the region with the highest number of cities. There are
also two highly urbanized cities that make this up: Bacolod City and the Iloilo
City (Grey & Biong, 2017).
1. Nelly’s Garden
2. Casa Mariquit
3. Lizares Mansion
4. Balantang Shrine
5. Santa Barbara Centennial Museum
6. Church of Sta. Barbara
7. Bantayan Towers
8. Museo Iloilo
9. Old Capitol Building
10. Molo Church
11. Arevalo Church
12. Miag-ao Church
13. Church of San Joaquin
14. Camina Balay nga Bato
15. Plaza Libertad
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is the territorial focus. Its region comprises of the three Zamboanga regions and
the City of Zamboanga, and the limit between the promontory and territory is
falsely set apart by the outskirt between the areas of Zamboanga del Sur and Lanao
del Norte (Grey & Biong, 2017).
The suggested historical places for you to research are the following:
1. Rizal Shrine
2. Fortaleza del Pilar
3. Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary Cathedral
4. Zamboanga City Hall
5. Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
6. Rizal Landing site
7. Plaza Pershing
8. St. James Parish Church
9. Pettit Barracks
10. San Ramon Prison
11. Yellow Beach
12. Taluksangay Mosque
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After you have done with the thorough investigation and examination of the
different historical sites, Let us try to have an activity. What you have to do
is just follow the instruction written below:
1. Select one site among all that you have done with your virtual tour.
2. Make a reflection paper of 10-15 pages of yellow pad consisting of the
following:
a. Location map and picture of the facade
b. Background that may include a builder, purpose, evolution.
c. Descriptions of tis collections
d. Prominent primary sources
e. Pictures
f. Evaluation that includes the strengths and weaknesses of the site.
Make your own views freely if in what aspects it is strong and
weak.
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---END---
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REFERENCES:
De Viana, Augusto, V. (2015). Stories Rarely Tod. New Day Publishers, Quezon City,
Philippines.
Gottshalk, Louis. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method.
New York: Alfred Knopf.
Grey, Evelyn and Ryan Biong. (2017). Readings in Philippine History. E. Lopez
St., Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines: Malones Printing Press & Publishing House.
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