LCA Lab Manual
LCA Lab Manual
Circuit Analysis
Department of Electrical
Engineering University of the
Punjab, Lahore
Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Do’s:
Don’ts:
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book CONTENTS
2 To find and measure the value of Resistors through color-code and multimeter
5 To find the value of current of given circuit by applying current division rule
11 To find the initial voltage across the capacitor and time constant
12 To find the initial current through the inductor and time constant
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 1
OBJECTIVE:
To study the equipment used in Electronic laboratory
A. Bread Board
B. Digital Multimeter
C. Power Supply
D. Function Generator
E. Oscilloscope
PROCEDURE:
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 2
OBJ ECTIVE:
To find and measure the value of Resistors through colour-code and
multimeter
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Determine the Ohmic value and tolerance of resistors by using color bands
as shown in fig. 2.1.
2. Calculate the resistance value using colour code chart shown in Table 1.
Fig 2.1
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Table 1
Color Significant Figure Multiplier Tolerance
(First and second (Third Band) (Fourth Band)
Band)
Black 0 1 1%
Brown 1 10 2%
Red 2 100 -
Orange 3 1,000 -
Yellow 4 10,000 -
Green 5 100,000 -
Violet 7 - -
Gray 8 -
White 9 -
Gold - 0.1 5%
No Color - 20%
3. Measure the resistances by using DMM and note the value of actual
resistances.
Table 2
Values 1kΩ 4.7kΩ 5.6KΩ 10kΩ 100KΩ
Calculated
Measured
………………………………………………………………………………………
…
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…
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…
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…
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…
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…
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 3
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Fig 3.1
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the resistances used in Fig 3.2 by using DMM and note the value of
actual resistances.
Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
2. Connect the series-parallel circuit on breadboard as per Fig 3.2 and observe
the equivalent resistance Req.
3. Now calculate the Req by applying series-parallel resistance equivalence
theory.
4. Note that the observed value and calculated value of the equivalent resistance
Req are equal or not.
EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
In many circuits, resistors are neither in series nor in parallel, so can’t the rules for
series or parallel circuits described in previous chapters be applied. For these circuits,
it may be necessary to convert from one circuit form to another to simplify the
solution. Two typical circuit configurations that often have these difficulties are the
wye (Y) and delta (∆) circuits. They are also referred to as tee (T) and pi (Π) circuits,
respectively.
Fig 4.1
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
The equations can be presented in an alternate form based on the total resistance (Rd)
of R1, R2, and R3 (as though they were placed in series):
Rd = R1+R2+R3
and:
RA = (R1*R3) / Rd
RB = (R2*R3) / Rd
RC = (R1*R2) / Rd
An alternate set of equations can be derived based on the total conductance (Gy) of
RA, RB, and RC (as though they were placed in parallel):
Gy = 1/RA+1/RB+1/RC
and:
R1 = RB*RC*Gy
R2 = RA*RC*Gy
R3 = RA*RB*Gy
The first example uses the delta to wye conversion to solve the well-known
Wheatstone bridge.
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Fig 4.3 Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the resistances used in Fig 4.3 using DMM and note the value of
actual resistances.
2. Connect the series-parallel circuit on breadboard as per Fig 4.3 and observe
the equivalent resistance Req.
3. Now calculate the Req by applying star to delta resistance equivalence theory.
4. Note that the observed value and calculated value of the equivalent resistance
Req are equal or not.
…………………………………………………………………...............................
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 5
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
The formula describing a current divider is similar in form to that for the
voltage divider. However, the ratio describing current division places the impedance
of the unconsidered branches in the numerator, unlike voltage division where the
considered impedance is in the numerator. This is because in current dividers, total
energy expended is minimized, resulting in currents that go through paths of least
impedance, therefore the inverse relationship with impedance. On the other hand,
voltage divider is used to satisfy Kirchoff's Voltage Law. The voltage around a loop
must sum up to zero, so the voltage drops must be divided evenly in a direct
relationship with the impedance.
Fig 5.1
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the resistances used in Fig 5.2 using DMM and note the value of
actual resistances.
2. Connect the above circuit on breadboard as per Fig 5.2 and observe the current
passing through different branches in the network.
3. Now calculate the branch currents by applying current division rule. 4. Note
that the observed value and calculated value of the branch currents are equal or
not.
Table 1
Values IT I1 I2
Calculated
Measured
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 6
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 1KΩ, 2.7KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 10KΩ, 12KΩ
THEORY:
Mesh is loop which doesn’t have any sub loops. Mesh analysis is a technique
used primarily when we are interested in loop current rather than node voltages as in
nodal analysis. It is an extension of Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). According to
KVL “sum of all voltages around the loop is zero”. Selection between nodal and
mesh analysis is solely based on which technique reduces the number of simultaneous
equations. Circuit shown in fig.1 can be best solved with nodal analysis where it
results in 2 rather than 3 equations for mesh analysis.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the values of given resistors and fill in the corresponding columns of
Table.1
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1
3. Measure the currents through R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 in such a way that multi
meter reads positive value and mark arrow` from red probe of the multi-meter to
black one. Fill the values in Table 2 and also mark current divisions i.e.
4. Calculate I1, I2 and I3 and fill in corresponding columns of Table 3. Mark proper
directions (only for positive current values) as per sign.
5. Compare Table 2 and Table 3 and give your comment.
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Table 1
Values 1KΩ 2.7KΩ 5.6KΩ 10KΩ 12KΩ
Calculated
Measured
Table 2
Values IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5
Calculated
Measured
…………………………………………………………………................................
………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 7
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 1KΩ, 2.7KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 10KΩ, 12KΩ
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the values of given resistors and fill in the corresponding columns
of Table.1
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 7.1
3. Measure the voltages V 1 and V 2 and fill in the corresponding columns of
Table 2. Calculate the Voltage Values.
4. Measure the currents through R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 in such a way that
multi-meter reads positive value and mark arrow from red probe of the
multi-meter to black one. Fill the values in Table 3.
5. Calculate I1, I2 and I3 and fill in corresponding columns.
6. Compare Table 2 and Table 3 and give your comment.
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Table 1
Values 1KΩ 2.7KΩ 5.6KΩ 10KΩ 12KΩ
Calculated
Measured
Table 2
Values V1 V2
Calculated
Measured
Table 3
Values IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5
Calculated
Measured
…………………………………………………………………...............................
.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
…………………………………………………………………...............................
.
…………………………………………………………………...............................
.
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…
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.
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 8
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 1KΩ, 2.7KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 10KΩ, 12KΩ
THEORY:
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the values of given resistors and fill in the corresponding columns of
Table1
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 8.1
3. Move SW1 to position 3 and measure V11 (Voltage at node 1 due to source V1)
and V21 (Voltage at node 2 due to source V2) and fill corresponding columns in
Table 2. All remaining switches should be at position 1.
4. Repeat above step for SW2 and SW3 and measure corresponding values V 12
and V 13 and fill in corresponding columns of Table 2.
5. What conclusions you draw from the readings of Table 2.
6. Repeat Step 3, 4 and 5 for node 2 and fill the values in corresponding columns
of Table 3.
7. Comment the results.
8. Move all switches to position 3 simultaneously and measure voltages V 1 and V 2
and record in the corresponding columns of Table 2 and Table 3. 9. Give
comments on your results.
Table 1
Values 1KΩ 2.7KΩ 5.6KΩ 10KΩ 12KΩ
R (Nominal)
R (Actual)
Table 2
Values V11 V21 V12 V22 V13 V23
Measured
calculated
Table 3
Values V1 V2 V1 = V2 =
V11+V12+V13 V21+V22+V23
Measured
calculated
…………………………………………………………………...............................
.
……………………………………………………………………………………
…
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 9
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 5.6KΩ, 10KΩ, 15KΩ
THEORY:
Thevenin theorem states that “Given any linear circuit, it can be rearranged to
form two networks A and B. If now network B is disconnected than voltage across
open terminals of network A is termed as Voc (open circuit voltage) and when both
network. The terminals are shorted out; the current through them is called Isc (Short
circuit current). The whole network A can be replaced by a voltage source equal to
Voc (Thevenin voltage) and resistor in series as Rth (Rth=Voc/Isc ). The remaining
circuit be is connected with the series circuit as earlier with network A”. This whole
scheme is represented in Fig.1a, Fig.1b, Fig.1c and Fig.1d.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the values of given resistors and fill in the corresponding columns of
Table 1
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1a
3. Measure voltage VL and IL and record in Table2 corresponding row.
4. Measure Voc and I sc as shown in Fig.1b and Fig. 1c
5. Calculate the above values for actual values and fill in the corresponding
columns of Table 3
6. Give your comments for Table 3 entries.
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
Table 1
Values 5.6KΩ 10KΩ 10KΩ 15KΩ
Calculated
Measured
Table 2
Values VL IL
Calculated (Actual)
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.
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…
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. …………………………………………………………………………
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 10
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 1KΩ
THEORY:
Norton’s Theorem states that "Any linear circuit containing several energy
sources and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current generator in
parallel with a Single Resistor". In some ways Norton's Theorem can be thought of as
the opposite to "Thevenins Theorem", in that Thevenin reduces his circuit down to a
single resistance in series with a single voltage. Norton on the other hand reduces his
circuit down to a single resistance in parallel with a constant current source. As far as
the load resistance, RL is concerned this single resistance, RS is the value of the
resistance looking back into the network with all the current sources open circuited
and IS is the short circuit current at the output terminals as shown below.
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
PROCEDURE:
…………………………………………………………………...............................
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……………………………………………………………………………………
…
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 11
OBJECTIVE:
To find the initial voltage across the capacitor and time constant
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 1KΩ
5. Capacitors: 2.2 μF
PROCEDURE:
2. For t < 0, the switch is closed; the capacitor is an open circuit to dc. Find the
capacitor voltage Vc (0) by connecting the Voltmeter probes across the
terminals.
Vc (0) = -----------------------
3. For t >0, the switch is opened, and we have the source free RC circuit. Find
Rth = -------------------------
Time Constant (τ = RC) = -------------------
4. Find the initial energy stored in the capacitor (Wc(0) = CVC2(0) )
Wc (0) = ----------------------
5. Determine the voltage response V(t)
V (t) = -----------------------
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 12
OBJECTIVE:
To find the initial current through the inductor and time constant
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Resistors: 1KΩ, 2.2KΩ
5. Inductor: 1mH
6. Jumpers
PROCEDURE:
2. For t < 0, the switch is closed; the inductor acts as a short circuit to dc. The
1KΩ resistor across the inductor is short-circuited. Find the inductor current
IL(0) by connecting the Ammeter probes.
IL(0) = ----------------------
3. For t >0, the switch is opened, and we have the source free RL circuit. Find
4. Determine the current response
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 13
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Capacitors: 1μF
PROCEDURE:
Table 1
T = RC Vc = Vs – Vm Vc Calculated
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
EXPERIMENT 14
OBJECTIVE:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Breadboard
2. DC Power Supply
3. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
4. Capacitors: 0.1μF, 0.47μF
5. Jumpers
THEORY:
The output of the capacitive voltage divider in the figure shown will be some
fraction of the input voltage. This fraction is referred to as the voltage division ratio
and it is a function of the size of the capacitors used in the circuit. The voltage
division ratio for this circuit is given by the next expression
Vi = Vin*(C 1 / C1 + C2)
To obtain the output voltage you should multiply the voltage division ratio by the
input voltage.
PROCEDURE:
VI ---------------------
3. Using the capacitors values given in the Figure l calculate the voltage
division ratio. Record this value:
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Circuit Analysis I Laboratory Work Book
4. Calculate the output voltage using the input voltage that you measured in
step 2 and the voltage division ratio that you found in the previous step.
Record this value:
Vo = ----------------
5. Measured the voltage across C2. This is the output voltage of the voltage
divider. Record this value:
Vo = ----------------