E-Cosh Manual 073020
E-Cosh Manual 073020
Basic Occupational Safety & Health ASPREC – MANALO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
VENUE: ______________________________
Absolutely true: Every worker has the right to a SAFE and HEALTHY workplace!
Course Title:
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(COSH)
Duration: 5-Days
Course Description
• Mandatory 40-Hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training for Safety Officers 2
• Pursuance with Republic Act No. 11058 and DOLE Department Order 198-2018.
Course Objectives
To provide the participants the basic knowledge and skills on the basic concepts and principles of
occupational safety and health (OSH) that will enable safety officers to develop and implement their
company’s construction safety and health program (CSHP).
OSH encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers - the “Whole Person”. ILO
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
2
IMPORTANCE OF SAEFTY AND HEALTH
Let us ask ourselves: Why the need for OSH? Because every worker has the right to a SAFE &
HEALTHY workplace!
1. OSH Situationer
2. Roles of Safety Officers
3. Compliance?
4. Career growth
OBJECTIVES:
At the the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Understand the current Philippine OSH situation
2. Describe the OSH situation in their own workplaces
3. Define unsafe or unhealthy acts and conditions
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
3
Global OSH Data: ILO 2015
• 2.3M men and women die at work
• 350,000 death due to accident
• 2M death due to work-related diseases.
• 313M non-fatal injuries
• 160M non-fatal occupational diseases (causing more than 4 days absence)
• Average of 6,400 people die every day due to work-related accidents/ illnesses every year
Furthermore, as estimates show, work-related diseases represent the main cause of death at work,
killing almost six times more workers than occupational accidents. This should highlight the need for a
new paradigm of prevention: one that also focuses on work-related diseases, not only on occupational
injuries. Statistics for diseases will become higher due to COVID-19 infection at work!
Locally, the plight of health and safety of the Filipino is somewhat challenging. As a third world country
we have shifted from an agricultural background to an industrial front. As the 21st century unfolds, more
emphasis is placed by the government and private sector on OSH concerns to take us out of that hole into
a brighter future. This is the situation of OSH in the Philippines
Goals:
1. Develop OSH Champions (advocates) from all sectors
2. Increase the level of recognition and respect for OSH as essential to the productivity & sustainability
of any enterprise.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
4
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
All Industries (Establishments employing 20 and over) except Agriculture 2003, 2007, 2009
COVID-19 Tracker
(as of 14 July 2020 / 1600H) - 57,545
Total Number of Cases
Deaths: 1,603 - Mortality Rate: 2.8%
Recovered: 20,459 - Recovery Rate: 35.6%
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
5
Percentage of Establishments Employing 20 or More Workers by Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH) Policy/Program Implemented and Major Industry, 2015-2016 (n= 28,799)
(Source: Philippine
Statistics Authority,
Integrated Survey on Labor
and Employment)
Role of employers to
comply with the
established OSHS.
Thus, the need for
enforcement. - Birth of
RA11058
Role of employers to
comply with the
established OSHS.
Thus, the need for
Vision 1 Million: Be an OSH Champion enforcement. - Birth of
1. A dynamic, holistic, and sustainable program that aims to develop OSH Champions
RA11058
(advocates) beginning in 2018 until 2022.
2. Program to continue create and raise awareness, understanding and passion for
OSH among Filipinos.
3. Increase the number of OSH advocates will help achieve decent work and
accident and illness free workplaces in the Philippines.
Goals:
1. Develop OSH Champions (advocates) from all sectors
2. Increase the level of recognition and respect for OSH as essential to the productivity & sustainability
of any enterprise.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
6
OSH Compliance and Violations 2018
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage
required for a chain reaction is completed.
• Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
7
• Fault of Person: The second domino
also deals with worker personality
traits. Heinrich explains that inborn or
obtained character flaws such as bad
temper, inconsiderateness, ignorance,
and recklessness contribute at one
remove to accident causation.
According to Heinrich, natural or
environmental flaws in the worker's
family or life cause these secondary
personal defects, which are
themselves contributors to Unsafe
Acts, or and the existence of Unsafe
Conditions.
• Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition:
The third domino deals with Heinrich's direct cause of incidents. As mentioned above, Heinrich
defines these factors as things like "starting machinery without warning ... and absence of rail guards.
" Heinrich felt that unsafe acts and unsafe conditions were the central factor in preventing incidents,
and the easiest causation factor to remedy, a process which he likened to lifting one of the dominoes
out of the line. These combining factors (1, 2, and 3) cause accidents.
• Accident: Heinrich says, "The occurrence of a preventable injury is the natural culmination of a
series of events or circumstances which invariably occur in a fixed and logical order." He defines
accidents as, "events such as falls of persons, striking of persons by flying objects are typical
accidents that cause injury."
• Injury: Injury results from accidents, and some types of injuries Heinrich specifies in his
"Explanation of Factors" are cuts and broken bones.
Heinrich defines four reasons why people commit unsafe acts “improper attitude, lack of knowledge or
skill, physical unsuitability, [and] improper mechanical or physical environment.” He later goes on to
subdivide these categories into “direct” and “underlying” causes. For example, he says, a worker who
commits an unsafe act may do so because he or she is not convinced that the appropriate preventative
measure is necessary, and because of inadequate supervision. The former he classifies as a direct cause,
the latter as an underlying cause. This combination of multiple causes, he says, create a systematic chain
of events leading to an accident. (Source: http://www.hrdp-idrm.in/e5783/e17327/e24075/e27357/)
Therefore:
98% Accidents are Preventable
2% Non-Preventable
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
8
So Why OSH?
LEGAL REASON FOR OSH is related ,to the compensatory, punitive, and preventive effects of laws,
that protect the safety and health of workers. OSH legislation requires aII organizations to ensure the
safety, welfare and health of employees and to conduct all work related activities in such a manner that
they should not pose any harm to them.
ECONOMIC There are powerful economic reasons for decreasing work concerning accidents as well
as ill health and diseases related to work can result in many days of absence from work. Accidents can
hinder normal operations and is a. possible addition to the operating costs of a company. Additionally,
the strain and stress on other employees can demotivate them, or might lead to more mishaps. The
medical expense incurred by injured and ill workers in hospitals will be borne by the company
MORAL it is morally right to safeguard worker from any kind of harm. It is the duty of all companies
to provide the best care for their employees. Friends & families expect their love ones to go out and make
their livelihood to come back home safe. The grief, pain, suffering of people who have their affected or
hurt while working for their companies are felt by workers as well as their family members.
CLEAR POINTS:
Occupational Safety and Health Is important because:
1. It provides safety and health measures in different work environments and sectors.
2. It is an area that is concerned with the safety, health, as well as the welfare of people engage in
organization
3. It also increases productivity when employees are healthy and happy.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
9
UNSAFE ACTS & UNSAFE CONDITIONS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Identify the two immediate causes of accidents
2. Explain the differences between the following OSH Concepts:
a) Unsafe Act VS Unsafe Condition
b) Accident VS Incident
c) Hazard VS Risk
3. Relate some examples of unsafe acts and condition to the construction industry
4. Practice identifying unsafe acts and unsafe condition in the workplace
1) Unsafe Condition
• Physical or Chemical property of a workplace'sLEnvironment, Equipment / Machine, Material
• Deviation from standard physical / chemical condition
• Likely to cause injury, illness, relative property damage
• An unsafe condition is any situation or condition (whether physical or chemical in nature) in a
workplace's environment, equipment/machine, or material that is likely to cause injury, illness, and even
property damage.
What will you look for in a construction as a Safety Officer? (Examples of Unsafe Condition)
1. Defective tools, equipment, or supplies
2. Inadequate machine guards
3. Inadequate support and bracing for scaffolds
4. Inadequate warning system
5. Conditions or situation which may lead to fire or explosion
6. Poor housekeeping
7. Uneven walking surfaces
8. Excessive noise
9. Poor ventilation
10. Poor illumination
2) Unsafe Act
Unsafe act is a performance of a task conducted in a manner that may cause injury, illness, property
damage. This includes improper action or behavior. Unsafe act is also defined as a human action that
deviates from standard practices.
In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object,
person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a
powerful influence over behavior. While attitudes are enduring, they can also change.
(https://www.verywellmind.com/attitudes-how-they-form-change-shape-behavior-2795897).
These factors can greatly affect how a worker behaves or acts in the workplace. Changing a person's
behavior is a challenge for most safety officers. Knowing these factors that contribute to unsafe acts may
help safety officers to change a workers' behavior. Punishment does not always work, sometimes
punishment will only make a person deliberately perform an unsafe action with the absence of a
supervisor. Motivating a worker towards OSH can greatly help in affecting a worker's behavior.
So both events are unplanned, both may or may not present damage to places or things or may or may
not cause environmental impact, but only accidents result in illness or injury to a person. Basically, by
definition, all accidents are incidents, but not all incidents are accidents.
Incident does not result to any injury or illness to a person but an accident results to an injury or illness
to a person. But both incident and accident may or may not result to property damages or environmental
impact.
A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.
Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse effect (for example, to people as health effects,
to organizations as property or equipment losses, or to the environment).
Sometimes the resulting harm is referred to as the hazard instead of the actual source of the hazard. For
example, the disease tuberculosis (TB) might be called a "hazard" by some but, in general, the TB-
causing bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) would be considered the "hazard" or "hazardous
biological agent".
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
11
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if
exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss, or harmful effects
on the environment.
Risk is a combination of the probability of the contact of a person to the hazard and the severity of the
effect when a person comes into contact with a hazard. The risk is lowered either if it is unlikely that a
person may come into contact with a hazard or the severity of the effect due to contact is low.
Hazard Statement
1) When we talk about hazard, it is important to create a proper hazard statement
2) Hazard statement is a phrase that describes the nature of the hazard
3) Hazard statement consists of 3 Parts:
a. Who is exposed
b. What is the hazard
c. What are the possible effects of the hazard (injury, illness, property damage, environmental
impact)
CLEAR POINTS
1. Unsafe condition is the deviation from the standard physical / chemical condition
2. Unsafe act is the deviation from the standard practices
3. Unsafe condition and acts are not only encountered in the construction industry but also in everyday
life
4. Accident results to harm to a person while incident does not result to harm to a person
5. Hazard is anything the has the potential to cause harm, damage, health effect, or environmental
impact
6. Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed if exposed to a hazard
7. Accidents are caused and accidents can be prevented
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
12
CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES
Economy is driven by workers and businesses. The construction industry is one clear index.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the things to consider in ensuring a safe and healthy construction site premise
2. Relate some government regulations to the needed requirements in having a safe and healthy
construction site premise
3. Explain some OSH requirements in construction site premise
This module will give you the important and relevant parts of DO 13 related to construction site premises.
Some parts of DO 13 have already been amended by RA 11058 which will be discussed in the last day.
What are the things to consider in ensuring a safe and healthy construction site premise?
• Strategic planning of location of TemFacils, welfare facilities, entrances/exits, access, staging areas,
parking areas, evacuation area, etc.
• Strategically posted on-site and can easily be understood with labels and legends
Planning for site layout is very crucial for the success for the project. Every project has its unique layout.
Apart from other uncertainties like project designs, environmental effects and time constraints, site layout
planning in itself is a typical multi objective problem.
Layout planning helps to set the relation between the proposed site and its surrounding with respect to
existing facilities, communication and approaches. It ensures that the construction of the site will not be
impeded by thoughtless storage of materials on particular site locations.
It is important to acquire proper knowledge of the site and it’s surrounding before setting out the layout.
Site layout is an important management function which has influence over all aspects of work on
construction site. These aspects also include health, safety and productivity. For managing safety,
organizations must carry out a framework that can reduce the chances of inadequate structures and
facilities.
In many situations, engineers and managers tend to focus on optimizing productivity without giving
attention to health and safety implications. A layout with safety precautions on construction site for
workers and whole organization members will be best to implement for construction.
Source (http://omglifestyle.co.uk/significance-layout-planning-site-construction/)
1) For many property owners, a perimeter fence is the first line of defense when it comes to internal
security.
2) Protecting the public is also one of the most important functions that construction site fencing fulfils.
Most people wouldn't knowingly trespass onto a dangerous construction site, but they might wander onto
one accidentally, especially if they're in a hurry to get somewhere else. If your construction site is in a
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
13
heavily-populated area, it's vital that you fence it off to prevent people walking across it enroute to their
destinations.
3) If your security site isn't fenced off, someone may enter it and injure themselves. Regardless of their
reasons for entering the site, you could be held legally responsible for their injuries because you failed
to take the necessary steps to keep people off the site. Setting up security fencing eliminates this risk.
4) The building or site that is under construction isn't likely to become a target for thieves and vandals
until it's finished. However, the on-site construction equipment may be targeted instead. Construction
equipment and materials are very valuable and can be very tempting for criminals who have the means
to transport them off your site.
(Source: https://www.zaun.co.uk/blog/importance-security-fencing-construction-sites/)
Security Personnel
• Protects the life of people within the construction site and the property by avoiding common threats
such as theft or robbery, property vandalism, etc.
• To minimize damage and help protect and secure the property immediately
• Preventing public from entering the construction area
Their main goal is to monitor and protect assets and act as a deterrent to violence. Construction site
security is extremely important to anyone involved in the construction process, the contractor, the
property owner, even people who work on the site or live by the site. Armed security and skilled,
experienced construction site security cannot only protect all of the property that is on site, but they can
identify potential problems that may cause an issue or address any issue that arises at any time of the
day.
They will be on site to minimize damage and help protect and secure the property immediately. A skilled
construction site security team CAN prevent theft, stop vandals, save property damage, and even prevent
or quickly address calamities such as fires if they are trained in fire security. They can certainly find
hidden issues in dark corners of large sites when policing the grounds, and can monitor the site with
surveillance equipment at ALL times, even potentially preventing costly and dangerous construction
accidents, or accidents that occur when children or vagrants or other neighbors wander onto an
unattended site. (Source: https://fastguardservice.com/why-construction-site-security-is-important/)
Temporary Facilities
• Temporary facilities like offices should be constructed in a way that it is not easily damaged by strong
winds or typhoon
• Provide and maintain an adequate weathertight temporary office
• Shall have the necessary basic facilities, like water, light, etc.
A Temporary Facility is needed for the limited time or purpose only such as for the construction duration.
The Temporary Facilities in the construction site consist of: buildings (construction offices,
accommodation buildings, warehouse, etc.); utilities (water and electricity, etc.); and infrastructures
(access way, and site security systems) to be used during the construction activities.
The Contractor shall, taking into account the location and size of the site, at all times provide and maintain
an adequate weathertight temporary office. At the minimum, the office shall have the necessary basic
facilities, like water, light, etc. (Source: http://www.ciap.dti.gov.ph/content/section-iv-premises-and-
temporary-structures)
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
14
Welfare Facilities
1. Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
2. Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes
3. Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter
4. Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable
5. Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers
6. Adequate supply of safe drinking water
7. it should be stored in closed containers
7.1. dispensed through taps or cocks
7.2. containers should be cleaned and disinfected at regular intervals not exceeding fifteen (15) days
7.3. notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water supply that is not fit for
drinking
8. In compliance with DOLE DO 13, Section 16: Workers' Welfare Facilities
Traffic Management
1) Organize a construction site so that vehicles and pedestrians using site routes can move around safely
2) Vehicles include construction heavy equipment
3) We must organize a construction site so that vehicles and pedestrians using site routes can move
around safely.
4) The routes need to be suitable for the persons or vehicles using them, in suitable positions and
sufficient in number and size.
5) The term ‘vehicles’ includes: cars, vans, lorries, low-loaders and mobile plant such as excavators, lift
trucks and site dumpers etc.
6) The key message is: construction site vehicle incidents can and should be prevented by the effective
management of transport operations throughout the construction process.
7) Keeping pedestrians and vehicles apart - The majority of construction transport accidents result
from the inadequate separation of pedestrians and vehicles. This can usually be avoided by careful
planning, particularly at the design stage, and by controlling vehicle operations during construction
work.
a) Entrances and exits - provide separate entry and exit gateways for pedestrians and vehicles;
b) Walkways - provide firm, level, well-drained pedestrian walkways that take a direct route where
possible;
c) Crossings - where walkways cross roadways, provide a clearly signed and lit crossing point where
drivers and pedestrians can see each other clearly;
d) Visibility - make sure drivers driving out onto public roads can see both ways along the footway
before they move on to it;
e) Obstructions – do not block walkways so that pedestrians have to step onto the vehicle route; and
f) Barriers - think about installing a barrier between the roadway and walkway.
8) Minimizing vehicle movements - Good planning can help to minimise vehicle movement around
a site. For example, landscaping to reduce the quantities of fill or spoil movement. To limit the number
of vehicles on site:
a) provide car and van parking for the workforce and visitors away from the work area;
b) control entry to the work area; and
c) plan storage areas so that delivery vehicles do not have to cross the site.
9) Visibility - If vehicles reverse in areas where pedestrians cannot be excluded the risk is elevated
and visibility becomes a vital consideration. You should consider:
a) Aids for drivers - mirrors, CCTV cameras or reversing alarms that can help drivers can see
movement all-round the vehicle;
b) Plant and vehicle marshallers - who can be appointed to control manoeuvres and who are trained
in the task;
c) Lighting - so that drivers and pedestrians on shared routes can see each other easily. Lighting
may be needed after sunset or in bad weather;
d) Clothing - pedestrians on site should wear high-visibility clothing.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
15
10) Signs and instructions - Make sure that all drivers and pedestrians know and understand the routes
and traffic rules on site. Use standard road signs where appropriate. Provide induction training for drivers,
workers and visitors and send instructions out to visitors before their visit.
Good Housekeeping
1. Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times
2. Through cleanliness of building, yards, machines, equipment,
3. Regular waste disposal, and
4. Orderly arrangement of processes, operations, storage and filing of materials.
5. Shitsuke
(Self-Discipline – Sariling-Kusa)
A condition where all members practice the above 4S spontaneously and willingly as a way of life
Definition as per RA 9003: An Act Providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program
- In construction, MRF should be used as a laydown area for materials which can still be re-used or
recycled. There should be a separate Garbage Yard for construction wastes with proper segregation.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
16
Segregation in Construction Sites
- Refers to a solid waste management practice of separating different materials found in solid waste in
order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and
disposal
Emergency Exits (As per OSH Standards Rule 1940: Fire Protection and Control)
1) At least two exits shall be provided in every floor and basement of every workplace capable of
clearing the work area in five (5) minutes
2) Additional exits shall be provided if the travel distance from any occupied space in a high hazard
occupancy exceeds twenty-three (23) meters
3) At least two exits shall be provided in every floor and basement of every workplace capable of
clearing the work area in five (5) minutes
4) Additional exits shall be provided if the travel distance from any occupied space in a high hazard
occupancy exceeds twenty-three (23) meters
5) Safe, continuous and unobstructed passageways with a minimum width of at least one meter, but not
less than the width of the exist, shall be provided and maintained
6) No steps or stairs shall be used in horizontal exits. When there is a difference in level between
cemented floor areas, ramps or inclines of not more than one to ten (1 to 10) slopes shall be installed
7) The construction of the exits, including stairs and means of illumination, shall be in accordance with
the provisions of the Building Code, Electrical Code of the Philippines, and Fire Code of the
Philippines
As per OSH Standards Rule 1940: Fire Protection and Control on Portable Fire Extinguishers
A. All places of employment shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers for protection against
incipient fires and approved fire extinguishers shall be used
B. Portable extinguishers shall be maintained in fully charged and operable condition and kept in their
designated places at all times when not in use
C. Extinguishers shall be installed on hangers or brackets conspicuously located in unobstructed areas
readily accessible in the event of fire
D. Extinguishers having group weight not exceeding 18 kilograms shall be installed so that the top is
not more than 1.5 meter above the floor. Those exceeding 18 kgs., except wheeled types, shall be
installed not more than 1 m. above the floor
E. Extinguishers shall be inspected monthly or at more frequent intervals when circumstances require
to ensure they are in their designated places, to determine physical damages and that they are in good
operable condition
F. Mandatory monthly inspection of fire extinguishers shall be documented on fire extinguisher tags
attached to the fire extinguisher
G. At regular intervals of not more than one year, or when specifically indicated by an inspection,
extinguishers shall be thoroughly examined, recharged or repaired
H. On the place where extinguishers are located, the type and use of the extinguishers and instructions
on its proper use shall be marked in visible and easily readable letters
I. Extinguishers shall be hydrostatically tested before use and periodically tested at least once in every
five (5) years or as may be required by the enforcing authority
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
17
Construction Safety Signages - In compliance with DOLE DO 13, Section 9
1) Mandatory requirement on the use of PPE prior to entry to the project site.
2) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
3) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.
4) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
5) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances
may exist which should indicate the name of the contaminant/substance involved and the type of
respiratory equipment to be worn.
6) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used or stored.
7) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment can cause danger.
8) All places where workers may come in contact with dangerous moving parts of machineries or
equipment.
9) Location of fire alarms and fire-fighting equipment.
10) Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment.
11) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
Standard Color of Signs (As per OSH Standards, Table 11: Standard Colors of Signs for Safety
Instructions and Warnings in Building Premises)
1) Red Fire Protection. To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus and facilities;
Examples:
- Fire stations and equipment (extinguishers, pumps, buckets, hose, hydrants)
- Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinkler, piping, etc.)
- Fire protection materials (doors, blankets, extinguishing agents)
- To identify Danger, Stop Signals (red lights placed on barricades at temporary obstruction or on
temporary construction; stop buttons for electrical switches used for the emergency stopping of
machinery; emergency stop bards on hazardous machines such as rubber mills.
3) White Traffic. White, black, or a combination of these are the basic colors for the designation of traffic
and housekeeping marking. Solid white, solid black, single color stripping or alternate stripes of black
and white.
Examples:
- (housekeeping) location of refuse cans; white corners for rooms or passageways, drinking fountains
and food dispensing equipment location
- (traffic) location and width of aisleways; dead ends of aisles or passageways; stairways and
directional signs
4) Yellow Caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against,
stumbling, falling, tripping, and “caught in between”. Solid yellow, yellow and black stripes, yellow and
black checkers or yellow with suitable contrasting background shall be used in interchangeably, using
the combination which will attract the most attention in the particular environment.
Examples:
- construction equipment, such as bull-dozers, tractors, handrails, guardrails or top and bottom treads
or stairways where caution is needed lower pulley blocks and cranes; piping systems containing
dangerous materials; waste container for explosive or highly combustible materials.
5) Orange Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines or energized equipment which may cut,
crush, shock or otherwise injure, and to emphasize such hazards when enclosure doors are open or when
gear, belt or other guards around moving equipment are open or removed, exposing unguarded hazards.
Examples:
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
18
- To designate the sign “Do not open or remove” (the inside of movable guards; safety starting
buttons and boxes; exposed parts of gears, pulleys, rollers, cutting devices; inside of the box door or
cover of open fuse, power and electrical switch boxes).
6) Blue Precaution. To designate caution, limited to warning against starting, use of, or the movement
of equipment which is under repair or being worked upon.
Examples:
- “Men at Work” - signals for railroad tracks (if men are working or if tank cars are connected, or
similar work)
- “Under Repair” -signals warning of danger against use while undergoing repairs (elevators, kiln,
boilers, electrical controls, ladders, scaffolding, vaults, etc.)
7) Purple Radiation. To designate hazards. Yellow is used in combination with purple for markers, such
as tags, labels, signs and floor markers.
Electrical Safety
The employer must train employees in safe work practices in working with electrical equipment
Grounding
- creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current
- when short circuit or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground protecting you from electrical shock,
injury, and death
CLEAR POINTS
1. Although work processes are high risk, but a construction site can be managed to maintain a safe
and healthy work environment
2. Layout plan, perimeter fences, and security personnel are vital to keep the people safe and to keep
the property secured
3. Welfare facilities are needed to promote the health and well-being of workers
4. A good traffic management plan prevents accidents of people and the public near any construction
activities
5. Good housekeeping eliminates accident and fire hazards
6. Proper segregation of wastes in construction is needed to comply with RA 9003
7. Emergency exits and portable fire extinguishers in a construction should comply with OSH
Standards Rule 1940
8. Construction Safety Signages in a construction should comply with DOLE DO 13 Section 9
9. Electrical hazards should be identified and controlled in the construction site
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
19
EXCAVATION SAFETY
Roads traverse the country, bringing people and goods to places. The infrastructure is still construction.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
1. Highlight the hazards of working in an excavation
2. Explain how to protect employees from cave-ins / soil collapse
3. Identify the factors that pose a hazard to the employees working in excavations
4. State the role of a competent person at an excavation site
1. Open Excavation
a. An excavation in an open ground and can vary in shape and size
b. Usually wider and is intended for basement floors of buildings
2. Pit Excavation
a. Generally excavated to install manholes, pump stations, or underground tanks to construct pile
caps and other types of foundations
b. Pit excavations are usually four-sided and deeper than the narrowest horizontal dimension at the
surface.
c. Pits are generally excavated to install manholes, pump stations, or underground tanks. They are
also excavated to construct pile caps and other types of foundations or to access or locate existing
services.
d. Pit excavations are usually four-sided and deeper than the narrowest horizontal dimension at the
surface.
e. Pits are generally excavated to install manholes, pump stations, or underground tanks. They are
also excavated to construct pile caps and other types of foundations or to access or locate existing
services
3. Trench
a. Is a long narrow excavation which is deeper than it is wide, and open to the surface along its length
(no wider than 15 ft / 4.5 m)
b. To install or maintain underground services
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
20
Why is Excavation a High Risk?
1. Excavation works are high risk because excavation failures like a soil collapse occur quickly, limiting
the ability of workers to escape.
2. The soil that collapsed can bury or crush any person in its path resulting in death by suffocation or
internal crush injuries
3. Excavation failures are particularly dangerous because they may occur quickly, limiting the ability
of workers (and in some cases others nearby) to escape, especially if the collapse is extensive.
4. The speed of an excavation collapse increases the risk associated with this type of work. The
consequences are significant as the falling earth can bury or crush any person in its path resulting in
death by suffocation or internal crush injuries.
Tension Cracks
1. Usually form at a horizontal distance of 0.5 to 0.75 times the depth of the trench, measured from the
top of the vertical face of the trench
2. These are the parts of an excavation susceptible to forming cracks which may then lead to soil
collapse
Types of Soil
1. Solid Rock – Rock formations (Adobe)
2. Type A – Most stable; clay
3. Type B – Medium stability; silt and unstable rock; disturbed soil
4. Type C – Least stable; gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely seeping
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
21
Sloping
Benching
A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one
or more series of horizontal steps with rise between steps. 2 Basic Types:
CLEAR POINTS
1. Types of Excavation Works include open excavation, pit excavation, and trench
2. Excavation works are high risk because excavation failures like a soil collapse occur quickly, limiting
the ability of workers to escape
3. There are safety and health risks in excavation works that need to be controlled
4. The causes of soil collapse are steep cutting angle, super-imposed load, shock and vibration, water
accumulation, drying, and lack of regular monitoring and inspection
5. There are several methods to protect and excavation and prevent soil collapse
6. The type of soil should be considered in choosing the appropriate excavation protection
7. Minimum Berm for excavated material is 1/3 of the depth of the excavation
8. Tools, materials, and machineries should be kept at a safe distance away from the edge of the
excavation
9. Excavation more than 2 m deep shall be barricaded to a height of 1 m
10. Ladders should be deployed in every 50 ft of length
11. Excavation should be inspected daily by a competent person
12. If there are harmful dusts, gases, or fumes, an excavation should be tested for hazardous atmosphere
using a gas detector
13. There should be public protection and traffic management during excavation works
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
24
TOOLS & EQUIPMENT : HAND & POWER TOOLS
The difference between men and boys are the price of their toys (and tools).
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Identify the difference between hand tools and portable power tools
2. Learn the hazards associated with hand and power tools
3. Apply safety control measures to avoid the hazards associated with hand tools and power tools
Types of Tools
1. Hand Tools
a. non-powered, Operated manually by bare hands
2. Portable Power Tools
a. are operated through an additional power source
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
25
Power Tools - General Control Measures
1. Never carry a tool by the cord or hose
2. Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle
3. Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges
4. Disconnect tools when not in use
5. Observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area
6. Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button
7. Tools should be maintained with care - keep sharp and clean
8. Follow instructions in the user's manual
9. Keep good footing and maintain good balance
10. tools that are damaged should be removed from use and tagged “Do Not Use”
11. Loose clothing, ties, jewelry can become caught in moving parts
12. Always wear proper PPE for the job
Machine Guarding
1. Is a static / fixed protective covering
2. Placed on the moving part of the tool to prevent contact to body parts
3. Also prevents dust, flying particles, or disintegrated cutting disc from splashing to the worker
4. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating,
rotating, or moving parts of equipment must be guarded
Hydraulic Tools
1. Operated through pressurized liquid fluid / hydraulic pressure (brakes, hammer drills, impact
wrenches)
CLEAR POINTS
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
27
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (MOBILE EQUIPMENT SAFETY)
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Know what is a heavy equipment
2. Learn the legal basis of heavy equipment safety
3. Identify the hazards related to heavy equipment operations and the persons at risk
4. Identify some of the blind spots of heavy equipment
5. Explain the responsibilities of workers on foot and heavy equipment operators
Used for:
1. Lifting 5. Compacting
2. Excavating 6. Transporting
3. Leveling 7. Breaking works
4. Drilling
Bulldozer
Machinery for leveling, earth moving, and clearing
Motor Grader
Leveling aggregates, grading wide expanses and roads, preparing roadbeds for the laying of pavement
Wheel Loader
Used for scooping and loading excavated dirt and rocks, and can also be used for carrying loads for short
distances
Dump Truck
Used for hauling excavated dirt and rocks
Excavator
Used for excavation and loading work by an extendible working device and rotating function, while
the main body of the machine itself generally remains stationary
Legal Basis of Heavy Equipment Safety - DOLE Department Order 13, Series of 1998: Guidelines Governing
Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry
Section 10: Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
28
Pre-construction
1. The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from DOLE duly
accredited organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in accordance
with a standard trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) in
coordination with its accredited organization/s.
b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance with the standards prepared by DOLE
or its recognized organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.
Certified Operators
1. Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment
2. All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment
During Construction
Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment
1) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment
2) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by DPWH for all roads and bridges to be
utilized during transport
3) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer
4) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer
5) The General Constructor must ensure that the following conditions are met or complied with:
6) 10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment.
a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment.
b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) for all roads and bridges to be utilized during transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer.
Routine Inspection
1. Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection of all heavy equipment
deployed at the site
2. The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance,
repairs, tests and inspections for each heavy equipment
3. Such logbook shall be used as a necessary reference during the conduct of equipment inspection
4. In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine
inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in accordance with standards set by TESDA in
coordination with the Association of Construction Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
5. a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by DOLE accredited professionals in
accordance to standards set by DOLE recognized equipment suppliers.
6. b) All equipment which do not comply with the minimum safety
7. standards for equipment certification shall be immediately removed from the work site for restoration or
repair until they meet said standards or requirements.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
29
Safety Concern
1. Many types of mobile construction heavy equipment are being used in a construction site doing a wide variety
of work
2. Most of these machines operate within close proximity to persons on foot
3. Many people are exposed to hazards associated with these equipment
4. We have a congested construction site with personnel on foot, and mobile machines working in the same area
at the same time!
Persons at Risk
1. Equipment Operator
2. Spotters
3. Workers on foot
4. Supervisors and Management People
5. Other construction site personnel
Blind Spot
1. This is the area around a vehicle or piece of construction equipment that is not visible to the operator, either
by direct line-of sight or indirectly by use of internal and external mirrors
2. Small heavy mobile equipment have small blind spots and heavy mobile equipment have large blind spots,
both can cause serious injury or death
3. The taller and wider the machine is, the bigger is the blind spot area
4. Operators, spotters, and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
30
Spotters for Heavy Equipment
1. serves as an extra set of eyes for drivers, equipment operators and individual workers on the site
2. making sure that a truck that’s backing up doesn’t run into anything or anyone
3. A properly trained spotter is needed if:
a. Anytime an equipment operator doesn’t have a clear view of the site
b. Is operating near workers on foot
c. Is operating around energized power lines or equipment
d. Is working on varied terrain
4. The spotter must be highly visible, and everyone on the job site should be aware of his or her role
5. Remaining visible to the equipment operators when they are moving
6. If the operator cannot see the spotter, he or she must stop moving immediately and not resume movement
until contact has been established
7. Spotters must be aware of their surroundings and should never walk into the path of a vehicle, moving
equipment or a swinging load
8. Need to scan the ground to become aware of any trip or fall hazards
Communication
1. A standardized set of hand signals should be used
2. Operators should always know exactly where all ground based workers are located and make them give
signals before proceeding
3. Spotters should always keep their attention focused on moving equipment and should be in constant
communication with the operator
CLEAR POINTS
1. Heavy equipment is a machine with engine or electric motor as prime mover, with minimum operating weight
of 1,000 kg and horsepower of 10 HP
2. Heavy equipment are powerful machines that are useful in construction, however they are hazardous which
may result to various accidents
3. DOLE DO 13, Section 10 requires all operators to have a TESDA NC and all heavy equipment to have a
third-party testing
4. One additional safety officer must be provided for every 10 units of heavy equipment
5. The taller and wider the heavy equipment is, the bigger is its blind spot
6. All heavy equipment operating should have a designated spotter who is properly trained
7. Good communication between the operator and spotter is vital for the prevention of accidents
8. Workers on foot and heavy equipment operators both have responsibilities in making themselves and others
safe
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
32
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY (CRANE SAFETY)
Overhead while we travel the streets, we see steel giants, moving to and fro, building each city.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Learn the types of cranes
2. Identify the hazards related to crane operations
3. Know the factors that cause crane accidents
4. Learn the basic crane safety based from OSH Standards, DO 13, and Code of Practice for Tower Crane
Safety
Types of Crane
Telescopic Crane
A telescopic crane offers a boom that has a number of tubes that are
fitted inside each other. Then hydraulic mechanisms extend or retract
the tubes to length or shorten the boom anywhere within the jib's
radius.
Mobile Cranes
This is the most basic type of crane and consists of a steel
truss or telescopic boom mounted on some kind of mobile
platform. This platform could be wheeled, a rail or even
a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be
raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
33
Rough Terrain Crane
The crane is mounted on an
undercarriage that has four rubber
tires and is designed to be use off
road. The outriggers can extend
vertically and horizontally to
stabilize and level the crane when it
is lifting a large load.
1. Crane Safety
• The most important aspect that the operator, employer, and worker of should learn
• Ensure that all workers and subcontractors comply with all provisions of the OSH Standards and Code
of Practice for Tower Crane Safety from DOLE-OSHC
2. Maintenance
• Erection, dismantling, and transportation, and use of cranes affect its operable condition and lifespan
• Metal parts corrode and electrical parts wear out
• Cranes also naturally want to fall down
• All engineering reports and maintenance records regarding the tower crane should be kept
3. Training
• Operators, riggers, workers erecting and dismantling cranes, and even appointed people responsible for
the lifting operations (foremen, engineers, supervisors) need to be trained not only about technicalities but
also safe operations of crane
• Cranes are designed to stay upright but the fact that accidents continue to happen is proof that many
people are not fully aware of the risks or how to manage them
4. Planning
• This stage is very important since this is to ensure that all parties involved have an understanding of what
they want to do and how they will do it
• There should be close coordination of movements and actions in the site
• Planning will also ensure that the crane is use correctly and that the right crane is use for the job
5. Supervision
• Once a plan is in place, there needs to be effective supervision to ensure that it is strictly followed
• Regardless of pressures of time or money
• Training and Experience play a big factor to ensure proper supervision of crane's safe operation
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
35
Basic Crane Safety: (Questions to ask)
1. Do we have the right crane for the job?
2. Is the operator qualified on that crane?
3. Has the crane been inspected?
4. Is the crane set up on solid ground?
5. Are power line clearances known?
6. Do we know the weight of the load?
7. Is everyone aware that a lift is being made?
8. Is the load properly rigged for a stable, vertical lift?
9. Is there a high wind condition?
10. Is the swing radius barricaded?
11. Can a tagline be properly used?
12. Can the crane make the lift and set the load without interference?
Load Rating Chart - Make sure it is available and the Crane Operator can see it:
1. Rated Load Capacities
2. Telescopic Arm Length and Angle
3. Operating Speeds
4. Special Hazard Warning or Instruction
Sling Angle
The safest sling angles are greater than 450 from the horizontal
Sling Angle – Spreader Beam
• Distributes load evenly without excessive sling angles
• Requires greater headroom clearance
Never move any part of the crane or load rope into the “absolute limit of approach” or the area
surrounding every live power line unless the power line has been de-energized or properly insulated
Rigging - this is the process where a load is prepared for lifting using a lifting machine.
Rigging Equipment - Slings
1. Types of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope, and
synthetic web.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
36
Slings Inspection Requirements
Inspect slings and all fastening and attachments:
1. Each day before use
2. Where service conditions warrant
3. Remove them from service if damaged or defective:
4. Broken Wires
5. Bird Caging
6. Abrasion
7. Crushed Strands
8. Corrosion
9. Kinks
Drop Zone
1. When lifting activity and there is risk of falling any materials, a drop zone should be established,
barricaded and controlled.
2. Two signalmen should be assigned where loads are picked up at one point and lowered at another, such
may occur when placing concrete, one signalman to direct the lift and the other to direct the descend.
Competent Person
The competent person must inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use, and during use, to make
sure it is in safe operating condition. If it needs fixing, take it out of service and don’t use it until it is fixed
Pre - Construction
Section 10.1-a “All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its accredited
organization/s”
Section 10.1-b “All heavy equipment tested and certified by DOLE or its recognized organizations prior to
commissioning”
During Construction
Section 10.3. In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct
daily routine inspection of all heavy equipment deployed at the site in accordance with standards set by
TESDA in coordination with the ACEL.
CLEAR POINTS:
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
37
LADDER SAFETY AND FALL PROTECTION
Zero accidents with ladders is best achieved with the right training and equally sound equipment.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1) At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
2) Identify safe and unsafe ladder practices
3) Describe correct practices when ascending and descending a ladder
4) Describe correct practices for using extension ladders
Ladder Safety
“No matter how quickly a job can be done, there is always time to fall”
Safe
Unsafe
Types of Ladders
Ladder Don'ts:
1. Overreach from a ladder
2. Use the top two rungs
3. Move a ladder while on it
4. Climb while holding a material
5. Share a ladder
Ladder Do's:
1. Instead of overreaching, move the ladder
2. Instead of using the top two rungs, get a taller ladder
3. Instead of moving a ladder while on it, get down and move the ladder
4. Instead of climbing while holding a material, use a toolbelt
5. Instead of sharing a ladder, get a second ladder
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
38
Always Remember:
1. Use the right ladder for the job
2. Inspect the ladder before use
3. Set-up the ladder properly
4. Follow the safety rules for climbing and using ladders
4:1 Rule
Follow 4:1 Rule when setting-up and using extension ladders
“Using the wrong ladder will bring you back down to Earth...THE HARD WAY!”
CLEAR POINTS
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
39
FALL PROTECTION
As we ascend to greater heights, we are faced with a risk hiding in the shadows: falling to the ground below.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Anatomy of a Fall
Fall are unexpected and the time it takes to strike a lower level surface is frightfully fast.
1. It takes most people about 1/3 of a second to become aware
2. It takes another 1/3 of a second for the body to react
3. A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
Legal Basis
DO 128-13, Amending Rule 1414 on Scaffoldings of the 1989 OSH Standards\
Rule 1414.12: Fall Protection
1. For supported scaffolds: Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any scaffold 2m (6 feet) or more
above ground
2. Shall be protected by guardrail from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold
3. Open sides and ends shall be allowed when the scaffold distance is 25 cm (10 in) or less from the structure
being worked on
4. For suspended scaffold: Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any suspended scaffold 2m (6
feet) or more above ground
5. Employers shall provide fall protection for personnel erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds
6. The employer shall designate a competent person, who shall be responsible for determining the
feasibility and safety of providing fall protection
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
40
Hierarchy of Fall Protection
Let us focus on: Fall Prevention System, Fall Restraint, and Personal Fall Arrest Systems
\
For work on forms or steel
reinforcing over 6 feet in
height
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
41
Fall protection is required for vertical
ladders without cages over 24 feet
Safe
Unsafe
Unsafe Safe
Fall Distances
Deceleration Distance
The distance between the location of an body harness attachment point at the moment of activation of the
deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a full
stop.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
43
Minimizing Free Fall Distance
Using an anchorage above the D-ring and a standard lanyard may still allow an employee to fall a distance
that may be difficult to rescue from. Using a retractable minimizes forces on the body, and may make rescue
easier (and therefore more timely). Persons using fall arrest equipment should always position their anchorage
point above the D-ring to minimize the free fall distance. The illustration above demonstrates how
minimizing the free fall distance can be achieved. The use of retractable lanyards is always preferred when
using fall arrest equipment because the total fall distance is usually two feet or less.
This diagram shows the way to calculate the total fall distance. You add the length of the lanyard, plus the
deceleration distance, plus the height of the worker (which generally is the height of the D ring and harness
stretch), plus the safety factor. In the diagram the total fall distance would be calculated to eighteen and half
feet.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
44
Watch Swing Falls
When using retractable lanyards be aware of the
hazard of swing falls. When the retractable lanyard
is out, make sure you are not able to fall where the
lanyard cannot stop you from falling more the two
feet.
1. This worker is tied off using a retractable lifeline.
2. There is a major swing fall potential if he fell to
either side.
Anchorages
Depending on the application and type of
personal fall arrest system, the strength of the
anchorage point can vary. When using fall
arrest equipment where the is the potential to
fall the anchorage point must withstand 2,500
pounds of pull per employee. If two people
are attached to the same anchorage point the
strength must be at least 5,000 pounds.
1. Fall arrest anchor points must support 2,500 lbs per employee attached
2. Fall restraint anchor points must support at least 1000 lbs per employee attached
3. Ask your Supervisor, Safety Officer, or Engineers if you need assistance in determining an adequate
anchorage point
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
45
Full Body Harness
Full Body harnesses must be inspected by the user before use. A documented annual inspection by a
competent person is required as well. It is the responsibility of each Division/ Section to perform these annual
inspections on their equipment.
1. Need to be inspected before use by the worker, and at least annually (documented) by a Competent
Person
2. Harnesses should never be modified
3. Do not write on or paint harnesses unless material is approved for use
4. Should be taken out of service immediately if defective or exposed to an impact
Harness Fitting
A properly fitted harness is essential to minimize the shock to the body if you were exposed to a fall arrest.
Harnesses do have limitations, if you are over three hundred ten pounds and under one hundred thirty pounds
you will need specialized equipment.
Deceleration Devices
Deceleration devices, also known as shock absorbing or energy absorbing lanyards are designed to slow the
free fall before coming to a stop thereby reducing the impact on the body. Even with these type of lanyards
the force on the body can be up to eighteen hundred pounds.
Any mechanism with a maximum length of 3.5 feet, such as a rope grab, rip stitch lanyard, tearing or
deforming lanyards, self-retracting lifelines, etc. which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of energy
during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
46
Lanyards
Only use the lanyard in accordance with
the manufactures recommendations. Do
not tie the lanyard back to itself unless it
is design to do so. The clips must be
designed for the type of anchorage point
you are using. And as with any synthetic
material equipment, do not use against
sharp edges or objects.
1. A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or
strap which generally has a connector
at each end for connecting the body
belt or body harness to a deceleration
device, lifeline or anchorage.
2. Must not be tied back to themselves unless specifically designed for such use
3. Should have the appropriate clip for the intended anchorage points
4. Do not knot or wrap around sharp objects
Retractable Lifelines
Retractable lifelines are devices design to lock on the onset of a fall. It works similar to a vehicle safety belt
in that it locks when the line is pulled at a rate faster than normal movement. The length of retractables vary
so you must be aware of the potential swing fall hazards since you can have many feet of line extended out.
Never use energy absorbing lanyards with this type of equipment.
1. Deceleration devices containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted
onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall,
automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.
2. Do not use with energy absorbing lanyards.
Lifelines
The lifeline is used to connect a personal fall arrest system (consisting of a harness and deceleration lanyard)
to an anchor point that cannot be reached by the short lanyard. The lanyard/lifeline connection point in a
sense becomes the anchor point. The lifeline is not intended to stretch to add to the length of a fall.
The lifeline can be made of a flexible line such as a rope or cable, or it can be made of a strap or webbing
material.
Lifelines can hang vertically from an anchor point and horizontally between two anchor points.
Restraint Devices
If guardrails are not feasible then fall restraint is the next best way to work if you are exposed to a fall hazard.
Restraint systems must be installed and used under the supervision of a competent person. Because no free
fall hazard is possible in restraint systems, the anchorage point requirement is one thousand pounds.
1. Provide access but prevent the fall
2. Limit anchorage requirement to 1000 lbs
3. May be more suitable for loading areas,
scaffold erection and dismantling
4. Should be installed and used under the
supervision of a Competent Person
5. Fall restraint assumes the employee
cannot reach the edge, they are basically
on a short leash.
6. If the employee can fall over the edge,
then a personal fall arrest system must be
used.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
47
Use of Restraint Cables
Here are two photographs of actual applications of a fall restraint system.
Whenever working at heights where there is a potential of hanging from a harness after a fall, a written job
hazard analysis is required. In the JHA, there must be a rescue plan to retrieve someone hanging from a
harness within a short period of time.
The goal of any rescue is to limit the hanging/suspension time of the fallen employee. With a harness, the
suspension time is a maximum of 15 minutes, less is desirable.
The plan should address the fact the worker may be unconscious.
Ensure all the rescue equipment is in place or ready to be put in place.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Fall protection is a series of steps and safety measures conducted to eliminate or control the injurious
effects of an unintentional fall while working at heights
2. A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
3. Fall protection should be part of the planning process prior to construction
4. DO 128-13, Rule 1414.12 is the legal basis of fall protection
5. Fall protection methods are: fall prevention, work positioning and fall restraint, and personal fall arrest
system
6. Fall prevention includes: guardrail systems and floor coverings
7. PFAS includes: anchorage point, full body harness, deceleration devices, and connectors
8. Restraint devices prevents the fall of a worker by providing a short leash so that workers cannot reach
the edge
9. There should be a rescue plan whenever working with the potential of hanging by a harness
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
48
TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
Destiny awaits those who take the first step. When done safely, it marks the beginning of an adventure.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this learning session, the participants will be able to:
1. Identify the Hazards, Risks, Advantages, and Consequences in using Scaffoldings
2. Know the Basic Concepts of Scaffoldings
3. Learn the Legal Basis of Scaffolding Safety and its General and Specific Requirements
What is a Scaffolding?
This refers to a temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or suspended, used for access and/or
working at considerable heights above ground
Classification of Scaffoldings
1. Supported Scaffoldings
1.1. are platforms supported by legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames, or
similar rigid support
2. Suspended Scaffoldings
2.1. contain one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead
structure
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
49
1) Supported Scaffoldings types
Cross Brace
Joint Pin
Main Frame
Ladder / Step Ladder
(H-frame / A-frame)
Catwalk / Platform
Adjustable Base Mudsill
Plate
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
50
Legal Basis of Scaffolding Safety
Specific Requirements
1. Timber/bamboo Scaffolds – limited to a height of 6 meters from the ground or base. Over 6 meters
height, steel scaffolds shall be used
2. Manufactured Scaffolds – more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by structural engineer and
approved by appropriate authority
3. Site fabricated / conventional supported Scaffolds – exceeding 6m in height or a working load of 150
kg/sqm shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer and approved by the appropriate
authority
4. Suspended Scaffolds – shall be designed and inspected by a structural engineer if site fabricated
5. No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantled or altered except under the supervision of a competent
person
6. Fall protection equipment and Personal Fall Arrest System – required when working in a height of 2m
and above
7. All personnel involved in scaffolding activities shall have appropriate training and certification
Competent Person
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
51
Design
1. Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting at least 4 times the maximum
intended load
2. Suspended scaffolds shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times the maximum intended load
3. All scaffolds designed by structural engineer shall be approved by appropriate authority
3.1. Strength and Stability
4. Any damaged or weakened scaffold members from any cause shall be immediately repaired, replaced or
discarded
5. Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for which they are intended
6. Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent or rigid structures. In the absence of permanent
structures, guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall be used
7. Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the components
fit together without force
8. Shall likewise not be modified in order to intermix them, unless designed by the structural engineer
9. Front-end loaders and similar types of equipment shall not be used to support scaffold platforms unless
they have been specifically designed by the manufacturer for such use. Forklifts shall not be used to support
scaffold platforms
Scaffold Erection
As per DO 128-13, Section 1, Rule 1414.06: Scaffold Erection
1. No scaffold work shall be undertaken without the direct supervision of a competent / qualified person
2. Always maintain the base width to height ratio of 1:4 during erection forstabi_x0002_lity. If the height
exceeds what is allowed, refer to Rule 1414.3.2.7 (Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent
or rigid structures. In the absence of permanent structures guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall
be used)
3. No scaffold activity shall be undertaken if the wind velocity exceeds 48 kph.
4. For erected scaffold, additional precaution shall be considered during typhoon
5. No other work shall be allowed to commence below the scaffold during erection phase
Footings
1. Standards require that every scaffold should have footings, sills or supports that are sound, rigid and
capable of supporting twice the maximum load to which the scaffold may be subjected without settlement
or deformation
2. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose bricks shall not be used to support scaffolds
3. DO 128-13 Rule 1414.3.2. Strength and Stability of Scaffolds: The footing, sills or anchorage for
scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying twice the maximum intended load without settling
or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick, or concrete blocks shall not be used
to support scaffolds;
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
52
Mudsills
1. Use 2” x 10” planks for mudsills
2. Lay planks under at least two posts, either along the scaffold or across its width
3. Center scaffold baseplates on the mudsill and extend mudsills two feet past the last scaffold frame
4. Use leveling screws to compensate for uneven ground and to ensure that scaffold is level and plumb
Frame Scaffolding
1. Restrained from tipping by guys, ties, or equivalent when higher than 4:1 ratio
2. Must be capable of supporting 4 times the maximum intended load
3. Plumb and level scaffold frames until connections can be made with ease
4. Do not force members to fit
5. DO 128-13 Rule 1414.3.2.7: Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent or rigid structures. In
the absence of permanent structures guys and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall be used
6. DO 128-13 Rule 1414.3.2.8: Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be
intermixed unless the components fit together
7. without force and the scaffold’s structural integrity is maintained by the user. It shall likewise not be
modified in order to intermix them unless designed by the structural engineer;
8. Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the
components fit together without force
Stair Access
DO 128-13 Rule 1414.6.2
6.2 Material and Personnel Access
6.2.1. Scaffold with one section height shall be provided with safe access.
6.2.2. Supporting members used in the construction of runways, ramps,
stairs and ladders shall be securely fastened and braced.
6.2.3. When hooked-on ladder is used, a rest platform with a minimum width of 60cm (2 ft)shall be provided
every 4m in height.
6.2.4. Ladders used for access shall protrude at least 1m above the landing place.
6.2.5. When major components are removed for the purposes of access it shall be designed.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
53
Scaffold Inspection and Tagging
1. All scaffoldings shall be inspected prior to use
2. Inspection and tagging shall be performed by a qualified or competent person
3. Inspections should be carried out daily and every shift
4. All scaffold identification tags shall be of a solid green, yellow, or red color with black lettering
5. All scaffold tags shall be hanged in every scaffold access points
6. Direct connections shall be evaluated by a qualified or competent person who shall confirm, based on the
evaluation, that the supporting surfaces are capable of resisting the loads to be imposed. (DO 128-13 Rule
1414.07: Scaffold Inspection and Tagging)
Yellow tags shall be placed whenever special requirements for safe use are required. Situation requiring
yellow tags may include whenever scaffold has been modified to meet work requirements, and as a result
could present a hazard to the user. Situation requiring Yellow tags shall be closely supervised
Red “DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE” tags shall be used during erection and dismantling when the
scaffold is left unattended or when scaffold is inspected to be unsafe or defective
Suspended Scaffoldings
1. Suspended scaffold and its accessories should be able to withstand 6 times its maximum intended load
2. Outrigger beams and accessories shall rest on surfaces capable of supporting at least 4 times the
maximum intended load
3. Must be attached to the roof, tied to secured anchorage, or secured with counterweights
Counterweights:
1. made of non-flowable material
2. Secured and not removed until scaffold disassembled
Suspension Ropes
1. Support at least 6 times maximum load
2. Protected from friction during direction changes
3. Replace if there are physical damages like kinking, flattening
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
54
Proper Use of Scaffoldings
DON'TS
1. Never overload
2. Do not erect, move, dismantle and alter near power lines
3. No barrels, boxes, ladders on top of scaffolds
4. Do not use platform covered with mud/debris
DO'S
1. Repair in place or replace damaged components
2. Prohibit work activities during high winds
3. Remove whole scaffold from service until repaired
4. Maintain safe clearance from electrical cables
Rusting Couplers
Contributing factor: Drum has no drain holes, accumulating rain water, drum not painted promoting rust
Corrective Actions
1. Storage drums for couplers to have their bottom drilled with drain holes
2. Metal drums if used for storage should be cleaned, painted and labeled
3. Retain adequate quantity of drums
4. Sort out and isolate corroded couplers/components, clean and treat them anti-rust solution.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Scaffolding is a temporary or movable platform used for access and/or working at considerable heights
above the ground
2. Scaffoldings are useful in construction but they pose hazards and risks which may result to accidents
3. Classification of scaffoldings: supported and suspended
4. Legal basis of scaffolding safety is DOLE DO 128-13
5. Every scaffold shall be of good construction and sound materials
6. Timber/bamboo scaffold is limited to a height of 6m
7. Manufactured and site fabricated/conventional scaffolds exceeding 6m in height shall be designed and
inspected by the structural engineer
8. Suspended scaffolds shall be designed by a structural engineer
9. Persons involved in scaffoldings should be either competent or scaffold erector (qualified)
10. Supported scaffold shall be capable of supporting at least 4 times the maximum intended load
11. Suspended scaffolds shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times the maximum intended load
12. Scaffoldings should be inspected and tagged prior to use
13. Remember the safe clearance of a scaffolding used near power lines
14. Do not move mobile scaffoldings while a person is on it
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
55
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
As we do our jobs each day, the way we address a hazard determines our work for tomorrow.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lecture, the participants would be able to:
1. Identify the different environmental hazards;
2. Identify the specific measuring equipment for particular hazards; and
3. Discuss the fundamental concepts of IH and describe the functions of an industrial hygienist and roles
of Safety Officer in Environmental Safety.
An environmental hazard is a substance, state or event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding
natural environment and/or adversely affect human's health
Industrial Hygiene
The science and art devoted to the Identification, Evaluation, and Control of environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community.”
Hazard Statement - Is a phrase that describes the nature of the hazard. It will also be determined by the
application of the classification criteria.
PHYSICAL HAZARD
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Illumination
4. Temperature Extreme
5. Pressure
6. Radiation
I. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Ear Anatomy
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
56
Permissible Noise Exposure Level (OSHA 1981) – maximum sound level for a given amount of time, where
a worker need not wear hearing protection, provided
2. VIBRATION
• It is a physical factor that acts on man by transmission of mechanical energy from sources of oscillation.
• Usually refers to the inaudible acoustic phenomena, which are recognized by the tactile experience of
touch and feeling.
• It is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction.
• Continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than heard
• Affects the body through direct contact
SOURCES OF VIBRATION:
• Segmental vibration: Chain Saw, Portable Grinder, Jackhammer, Polishers, hand held power tools,
• Whole Body Vibration: Tower Crane, Cars, Buses, Train, places with floor mounted machines
3. ILLUMINATION
GENERAL LIGHTING
Sometimes referred to as ambient light fills in between the two and is intended for general illumination of
an area.
LOCAL LIGHTING – NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
Type of lighting which illuminates a relatively small area without illuminating the general surroundings
significantly.
Importance of Illumination – it is important that we see what we are doing. There are recommended
illumination standards based on the visual demands of different activities. Below is a summary of
illumination required based on activity. (Please refer to the table of Illumination Levels in the OSHS for the
complete listing)
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
57
VISUAL FATIGUE
• Double vision
• Headache
• Painful irritation
• Production of excess tears
• Redness of eyes
HEAT STRESS – when the workplace heat causes the body’s temperature to go higher than 37.5°C, like in the
following exposure settings:
a) High temperature
b) High humidity
c) Poor ventilation
d) Multiple heat sources
Thermoregulatory Mechanism
A defense system of the body where heat is first removed from the organs producing it (metabolic heat)
to the skin by the blood to maintain a temp of 37°C (+/- 0.5°C) by SWEATING. It enhances:
1. Conduction – transfer of heat through direct contact (from a warm to a cool area)
2. Convection – thru air currents
3. Radiation – outward transfer of heat from a high temp level to lower temp level
4. Evaporation – conversion of liquid to gas
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
Skin Anatomy
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
58
Acute Health Effects of Heat
• Prickly heat - immature sweat glands
• Heat fatigue - bad mood (water loss)
• Heat cramps - muscle spasm (loss of water + salts)
• Heat exhaustion - fatigue, dehydration, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting
(loss of water + salts + electrolytes)
• Heat stroke - overheating, seizures (failure of thermoregulatory system)
COLD STRESS - when the workplace temp causes the body’s temperature to go lower than 36.5°C as in ice
plants, Broadcast Industry, Semiconductor Industry, Food processing plants, Ice Cream plants, Deep sea
diving, Laboratories. Thermoregulatory mechanism to raise temperature is by CHILLING / SHIVERING.
PRESSURE HAZARD
This is the atmospheric force that is constantly applied on the body, which may be affected by changes
in altitude or artificially induced work conditions.
Pressure is defined as the force exerted against an opposing fluid or thrust distributed over a surface,
expressed in force or weight per unit of area (like pounds per square inch or “psi”. Critical injury and
damage can occur with extremes of pressure. We perceive pressure in relation to the earth’s
atmosphere—at sea level, about 14.7 psi.
Pressure changes cause body stress. In human physiology studies, the typical unit of measure is in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
When pressure decreases, air expands and when pressure increases, air compresses
âpressure = air expands and á pressure = air compresses (becomes compact)
Physiologic loss of hearing both is experienced as one increases altitude, and as one decreases altitude
because inside the middle ear, this expanding air pushes the eardrum outward; or the vacuum created
during compressing air pulls the eardrum inward. It has been recognized as from the beginning of caisson
work (work performed in a watertight structure) that men working under pressures greater than at a
normal atmospheric one, are subject to various illnesses connected with the job.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
59
Hyperbaric (greater than normal pressures) environments are also encountered by divers operating under
water, whether by holding the breath while diving, breathing from a self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus (SCUBA), or by breathing gas mixtures supplied by compression from the surface (Muro-ami
divers of Davao and Palawan).
Occupational exposures occur also in building the foundation of bridges in bodies of water, or tunnels
using Caisson method, where a compressed gas environment is used to exclude water or mud and to
provide support for structures. Man can withstand large pressures due to the free access of air to the
lungs, sinuses, and middle ear. The problem begins when the openings (access) of these internal air
spaces to the outside becomes obstructed (as in sinusitis).
RADIATION
The motion of electrically charged particles produces electromagnetic waves. These waves are also called
“electromagnetic radiation” because they radiate from the electrically charged particles. They travel
through empty space as well as through air and can penetrate some other substances. Radio waves,
microwaves, visible light and X-rays are all examples of electromagnetic waves.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into two at a wavelength of about 10 nm, which
distinguishes Non-Ionizing Radiation and Ionizing Radiation. Visible light, infrared and microwaves are
types of non-ionizing radiation. X-rays and Gamma rays are examples of ionizing radiation. The
distinction between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation is simply one of associated energy. For the
ionizing region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the energy incident upon a material is large enough to
remove an electron from an atom orbit to produce ionization, whereas for the non-ionizing region the
energy is not normally sufficient to produce ion pairs.
IONIZING RADIATION A radiation consisting of particles, x-rays, or gamma rays with sufficient
energy to cause ionization in the medium through which it passes.
NON-IONIZING RADIATION refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry
enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or
molecule
Chemicals are important in daily operations, including the life of a person. They exist as solids, liquids
and gases. Their presence and use in the workplace are synonymous with growth and production.
However, chemicals can still cause reactions when these come in contact with objects, people and/ or
other chemicals. It is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to substances in the workplace.
Occupational health hazards also arise from contact with chemical agents in the form of vapors, gases,
dusts, fumes, and mists, or by skin contact with these materials. The degree of risk of handling a given
substance depends on the magnitude and duration of exposure.
a. Gases are substances in gaseous state are airborne at room temperature. Examples are chlorine,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and formaldehyde.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
60
b. Vapor results when substances that are liquid at room temperature evaporate. Examples are the
components of organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and xylene.
c. Mist is fine particles of liquid that float in air (particle size of 5 to 100 um approximately. Examples:
nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
d. Dust is a solid harmful substance, sometimes ground, cut or crushed by mechanical actions and fine
particles float in air (particle size of about 1 to 150 um). Examples are metal dusts and asbestos.
e. Fume is a gas (such as metal vapor) condensed in air, chemically changed and becomes fine solid
particles which float in air (particles size of about 0.1 to 1 um). Examples are oxides generated from
molten metal such as cadmium oxide, beryllium oxide, etc.
B. Ingestion
• Accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated area
• Smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands
• Ingestion of inhaled materials
C. Inhalation
Most “important” route of industrial chemical exposure
Determinants:
• Concentration in the air
• Duration of exposure
• Amount of air inhaled
Vapors
A substance diffused or suspended in the air, especially one normally liquid or solid. Occupational
exposure is from:
• Degreasing of metals
• Printing
• Dry-cleaning
• Painting
• Laboratory Analysis
Mist
A water in the form of particles floating or falling in the atmosphere at or near the surface of the earth
and approaching the form of rain. Occupational exposure is via:
• Wastewater treatment
• Acids from electroplating
• Oil mists from cutting & grinding operation
• Mist from Spray painting operation
Fumes
Volatilized solid that condenses when they contact air:
• Soldering operation
• Welding
• Lead-battery making
• Mining operation
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
61
Dust
Refers to the suspension of solid particles in air.
Dust are classified according to size:
• Total Dust – all dust particles in the area
• Respirable Dust – fraction of total dust which passes through a selector which can be inhaled and
deposited in the lungs
WOOD DUST
• Flooring
• Wood fixtures
3. At the Receiver
• Enclosing workers in control rooms • Training and Education
• Rotation of workers • Use of PPE
Ergonomics is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems arising from work
and the working environment. Ergos- work; Nomos- natural way
• Ergonomic hazards cause pain and fatigue from various sources.
• Lead to low productivity and output (mental and physical performance)
The ILO defines ergonomics as “... The application of human biological science in conjunction with the
engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual adjustment of man, and his work, the benefits being
measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being.” “Ergonomics is the science of fitting jobs to
the people who work in them”
The ergonomics approach goes beyond productivity, health, and safety. It includes consideration of the
total physiological and psychological demands of the job upon the worker. It deals with the interaction
between humans and traditional environmental elements as atmospheric contaminants, heat, light, sound,
and all tools and equipment used in the workplace.
The human body can endure considerable discomfort and stress and can perform many awkward and
unnatural movements for a limited period of time. However, when awkward conditions or motions are
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
62
continued for prolonged periods, the physiological limitations of the worker can be exceeded. To ensure
a continued high level of performance, work systems must be tailored to human capacities and
limitations.
In a broad sense, the benefits that can be expected from designing work systems to minimize ergonomic
stress on workers are as follows:
• More efficient operation;
• Fewer accidents;
• Lower cost of operation;
• Reduced training time; and
• More effective use of personnel.
Components of Ergonomics:
1) Job (trabahong ginagawa)
a. The task needed to achieve a result
b. Governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
c. Requires learning, training and skill
2) Workstation (lugar na pinag-tatrabahuhan)
a. Place of deployment where duties are carried out Job
b. Where equipment, machines, tools are located
3) Tool (kasangkapan). These are:
a. Powerful, fast and tireless
b. Enables man to accomplish his job with less effort Man
c. An extension of the workers body Work
Tool
d. Enables him to handle less-structured equipment station
4) Man (manggagawa)
a. An integral part of the man-machine-system.
b. Intelligent, adaptive and versatile
c. Man (with his limited capacity to adapt) adjusts to the job, workstation and tool, so he ends up with
injuries (Musculo-skeletal disorders or MSD’s).
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
63
III. BIOLOGIC HAZARDS
Biologic hazards are the cause of infectious disease that can originate from people, animals and plants.
They are characterized by 2 parameters: 1) can reproduce or replicate; 2) living or dead organisms. They
come in the form of Bacteria, Viruses, Molds, Fungi & Parasites even Plants..
They can be a part of the total environment or associated with certain occupations such as medical
professions, food preparation and handling, livestock raising, etc.
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans are commonly infectious and parasitic which can also result
from exposure to contaminated water, insects, or infected people. Occupational exposure is via:
The SDS should conform to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of
chemicals. The GHS is an international standard for classifying chemicals and communicating its
hazards. It is a basis for establishing a comprehensive national chemical safety program, and a
comprehensive approach to defining and classifying hazards and communicating information on labels
and safety data sheets.
The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) held in Brazil in 1992.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
64
physical, heath, and environmental hazards. Based on the three
classifications of hazards, the following compose the GHS criteria:
* Physical hazards – explosives, flammable gases/aerosols, oxidizing
gases, corrosive to metal, substances and mixtures which, in contact
with water, emit flammable gases, and others.
Employers must:
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
65
Safety Data Sheet (Global Harmonization System) – as the biodata of a chemical, it contains:
EVALUATION OF HAZARDS
Accepted Standards:
1. Occupational Safety and Health Standards
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH (Threshold Limit Values
(TLV) (Biological Exposure Indices (BEI))
3. Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA)
4. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
66
Equipment used for environmental monitoring
Physical agents:
1. Noise/sound (sound level meters, -waveband analyzers, audiometer)
2. Light (photometer, illumination meter)
Heat and stress (Wet bulb globe thermometer)
3. Radiation (radiation survey meter)
Light meter
Noise meter Heat Stress WBGT Radiation meter
Action Level
• The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity which requires medical surveillance, increased
industrial hygiene monitoring, or biological monitoring. (NIOSH and OSHA)
• Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50% of its TLV
CLEAR POINTS
The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses would depend on the
following:
• Nature of the material involved • Duration of exposure
• Intensity of exposure • Individual susceptibility
Control of Hazards
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ENGINEERING
ADMINISTRATIVE
PPE
CONTROL OF LAST
RESORT
Hierarchy of Controls
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
69
Control Measures Mitigating Hazards at the Source
• Eliminate the source
• Substitution using a less harmful or less hazardous chemical or
• process
• Isolation – enclose sources or the employee, or the source and some
employees together rather than all employees, use machine guards
• Modification of the source or process
• Automation – use robotic, remote or computer aided products
• Separation – place the source in a different location to the employee
• Local Exhaust Ventilation – using ventilation to capture contaminant at the
source to prevent it from dispensing
VENTILATION
The process of supplying and removing air by natural or mechanical means to and from any space
1. General or Dilution
• Natural Ventilation
• Mechanical Ventilation
General Ventilation – is classified into mechanical ventilation which utilizes fans and blowers and
natural ventilation which uses natural airflow (wind) caused by difference in temperature, room air
pressure through open doors or windows, roof ventilators, and chimneys, etc.
General Exhaust Ventilation (Mechanical Ventilation) – utilizing supply and exhaust fans
General ventilation is used when:
- Only small quantities of air contaminants are released into the workroom at fairly uniform
rates.
- There is sufficient distance between the worker and the contaminant source to allow sufficient air
movement to dilute the contaminant to safe levels.
- There is no air cleaning device to collect or filter the contaminants before the exhaust air is
discharged into the community environment (no dust collector used).
- There is no corrosion or other damage to equipment in the workroom as a result of
contaminated room air (no. scrubber used).
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) - Local exhaust ventilation system incorporating hoods, ductworks,
air cleaning device, fans and blowers and exhaust ducts is commonly used in industrial ventilation.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
70
Purpose of Ventilation
• Ensure condition of thermal comfort
• To renew the air in the workplace.
• Prevent generation of hazardous air contaminants in the workplace.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS (also called work practice controls) are used in the workplace to
reduce or limit the exposure to a specific hazard. This kind of hazard control works by changing how
work is done when elimination, substitution, or the use of engineering controls is not enough.
Training
Workers should be trained to identify hazards, monitor hazard exposure, and safe procedures for
working around the hazard. Additionally, employees should know how to protect themselves and their
co-workers.
• Education of Supervisors
Procedures
The steps in a job process may need to be rearranged or updated to keep the worker for encountering
the hazard. Developing standardized safe work practices is an important step.
• Reduction of work periods
• Adjusting work schedules
• Job Rotation
Housekeeping
Sustaining a clean and clutter-free space will greatly reduce the risk of injury and can minimize the
severity of an accident.
Signs
Wall signs and floor signs can be posted or installed to enforce administrative controls. Visual cues can
remind workers which areas are prohibited from entering, when breaks need to be taken to limit heat
exposure, and much more.
CLEAR POINTS
1. Industrial Hygiene is the identification, evaluation, and control of environmental hazards in the
workplace.
2. Safety Data Sheets provides information for Identification, Evaluation, Control of Chemical
Hazards.
3. Work Environment Measurement is needed for proper evaluation of Environmental Hazards.
4. Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause adverse effects to humans.
5. All hazards can be controlled (Engineering, Administrative & PPE), some situations will require
more than one control measure to obtain optimum results.
6. As Safety Officer, we need to understand the Identification & Evaluation of Hazards for
appropriateness of Controls to be recommended.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
71
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:
• Explain the basic concept of occupational health
• Identify health effects of common hazards in construction work
• Recommend appropriate health interventions to prevent and control occupational or work-related
health problems
• Rule 1960 of OSHS; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
“The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations by…
• PREVENTING workers from getting sick,
• PROTECTING workers from health risks,
• PLACING worker in tasks adapted to his ability.”
Workplace Hazards
1. Safety Hazard
Something that has a potential for harm or injury
a) Tripping, falling and slipping hazards. (Poor Housekeeping)
b) Mechanical hazards
c) Electrical hazards
d) Fire
e) Material Handling
2. Health Hazard
Something that has a potential to cause illness or ill health
a) Physical Hazards
b) Chemical Hazards
c) Biological Hazards
d) Ergonomic Hazards
Safety hazards encompass any type of substance, condition or object that can injure workers. Many types
of workplaces they can include spills on floors, walkways blocked by cords or boxes, falls from heights,
machinery with moving parts, confined spaces and electrical hazards such as frayed cords.
Workplace Factors
1. Exposure duration or the length of time of being vulnerable to work hazards.
Constant exposure to amounts, which have low levels in the workplace over a prolonged period of time,
increases the risk of disease after a latency period (the interval between exposure to a hazard(s) and the
clinical appearance of disease);
2. Magnitude, level or dose of exposure. As the concentration or amount of a hazard is increased the
likely it can do more harm.
3. Timing of exposure. This is related to exposure duration. A worker who is exposed to a hazard
continuously or for several periods in a day is more at risk than those with less exposure
4. Multiplicity of exposure. Exposures to mixtures of hazards or several chemicals at the same time
can cause synergistic or cumulative effects.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
72
Personal Factors
1. Age is an important factor since elderly and young workers have poor metabolic processes, which
allow a buildup of toxic substances. In a normal adult, these substances can be easily neutralized.
2. Sex is a very important consideration, too. A hazardous agent may be toxic to female workers and
not toxic to male workers or vice versa. For pregnant women, some toxins may cause developmental
problems in the fetus. Lead and mercury have been documented to cause neurological defects in the
offspring of exposed pregnant women. In both men and women, other toxins may affect their
reproductive systems.
3. The genetic make-up of a worker should also be considered because those with history of allergies
will find it difficult to work in an environment where their allergies would likely flare up. Also those
with enzyme deficiencies may not be able to handle toxic substances that enter the body.
4. Your medical history is important to identify previous illnesses, which may be aggravated by
substances, or agents found in the workplace. An anemic (weak and pale) worker who will be employed
in a company using lead may continue suffering from anemia (condition characterized by an abnormally
low number of red blood cells in the circulating blood) due to lead exposure. A worker diagnosed with a
liver disease should be closely monitored if he/she would be working with solvents since which may
compromise the liver functions.
5. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, drug
abuse, among others can alter a worker’s natural defense mechanisms and increase the chance of
developing ill-effects. For example, higher risk of liver disease in a worker exposed to solvents and a
history of alcohol consumption; or increased risk of hypertension in a worker with occupational stress
who is also eating high salt and high fat diet. The risk of lung cancer is much greater in workers who
have workplace exposure to asbestos fibers and who also
Monitoring
1. Surveillance in occupational health practice covers periodic, systematic and continuous hazard
assessment and medical examination.
2. Surveillance data will provide trends or emerging patterns in workplace hazards and illnesses.
3. Surveillance has to be followed by preventive action (appropriate control measures) and evaluation
of the effectiveness of intervention.
4. Surveillance is conducted to meet regulatory requirements.
Types of Monitoring
1. Ambient / Environmental (Work Environment Monitoring)
2. Biological (Blood, Urine, Stool, Chest X-ray, Tissue cultures)
3. Medical Surveillance (Employment Medical Examinations)
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
73
Monitoring Strategies
Physiological - related to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms
and their parts. Medico-Physiologic - Medical
Medical Surveillance
1. Pre-employment or Entrance Exam
1.1. Medical history
1.2. Physical examination
1.3. Medical history and P.E.
1.4. Baseline blood levels of chemicals or their metabolites
3. Special examination
• X-ray of affected body part
• CT-scan of affected body part
• Other appropriate laboratory examinations
• May include random Drug Testing; Biological Monitoring, COVID-19 Testing
4. Transfer examination:
• Base line health status prior to transfer.
• comorbidity cases
• results will determine the transfer.
In medicine, comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional conditions often co-
occurring (that is, concomitant or concurrent with) with a primary condition. Comorbidity
describes the effect of all other conditions an individual patient might have other than the primary
condition of interest, and can be physiological or psychological. In the context of mental health,
comorbidity often refers to disorders that are often coexistent with each other, such
as depression and anxiety disorders.
5. Separation examination:
• Medical history and PE.
• Blood levels of chemicals or their metabolites
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
74
*done prior to resigning/retiring.
Biological Monitoring
• Measurement and assessment of agents or their metabolites either in tissues, secreta,
excreta, expired air, or any combination.
• Assessment to overall systemic exposure to chemicals by measurement of the
chemicals or their metabolites in blood, urine or breath.
• Evaluates exposure compared to reference.
ü Biological exposure
ü Chemical absorbed- acute/chronic
Occupational Health - The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all occupations by PREVENTING workers from getting sick,
PROTECTING workers from health risks, and PLACING worker in tasks adapted to his ability.”
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
75
Example of Hazards in Construction Industry
Cement, awkward posture, heavy loads Irritation of Respiratory Tract, Skin and/or Eyes,
Masons
Pneumoconiosis, MSD’s
Pipefitters, plumbers Lead fumes and particles, asbestos Red Blood Cells, Kidneys, CNS (Brain)
Ears, HAVS, Disorders of the spine,
Drillers Noise, vibration, dust
Pneumoconiosis
Truck and equipment Ears, Disorders of the spine, Skin, Circulatory
Noise, vibration, engine exhaust
operators System
Highway and street Ears, Disorders of the spine, Skin, Circulatory
Asphalt emissions, heat, engine exhaust
construction workers System
Welders, solderers Welding emissions, metal fumes, lead Red Blood Cells, Kidneys, CNS (Brain), MSD’s
Narcosis (depresses the normal function of CNS-sensory, integration, and motor-most functions of the
body and mind) Headache, dizziness, drunken feeling, disorientation, confusion, loss of consciousness,
short term memory, Mesothelioma (a malignant growth in the pleural lining of the lung)
PHYSICAL HAZARD is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm without contact. Physical
hazards include ergonomic hazards, radiation, heat and cold stress, vibration hazards, and noise hazards.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
76
CHEMICAL HAZARD is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the
workplace. These hazards can cause physical and/or health risks.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS, also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a threat
to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples
of a microorganism, virus or toxin that can affect human health.
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS are physical factors in the environment that may cause musculoskeletal
injuries.
*Improper Lifting, Twisting, Excessive Standing/seating of the body
I. NOISE
It’s harmful and unwanted sound (e.g. Noise from Construction Industry)
Acute Effects:
1. Acoustic Trauma (explosion, gunshot)
• It is an injury to the inner ear that's often caused by exposure to a high-decibel noise.
This injury can occur after exposure to a single, very loud noise or from exposure to noises
at significant decibels over a longer period of time
3. Tinnitus
4. Poor communication
Psychosomatic means mind (psyche) and body (soma). A psychosomatic disorder is a disease which
involves both mind and body. Some physical diseases are thought to be particularly prone to being made
worse by mental factors such as stress and anxiety.
Causal relationships have been discovered between noise and psychological effects such as
annoyance, psychiatric disorders, and effects on psychosocial well-being.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
77
- The body’s attempt to maintain a temperature of 37.0ºC (+0.5ºC) at all times, in the response to
change of outside temperature
2. Heat Exhaustion – a condition whose symptoms may include heavy sweating and a rapid pulse,
a result of your body overheating; Cold, pale, clammy skin, nausea and vomiting, weakness,
dizziness, weak pulse, fainting.
3. Heat Stress – is the most serious heat-related illness. It occurs when the body becomes unable
to control its temperature: the body’s temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails,
and the body is unable to cool down; High Body Temp (39°C or 103°F), Hot, Red, Dry or Damp
Skin, Fast & Strong Pulse, Losing Consciousness.
LABOR ADVISORY NO. 3-16 – Safety and Health Measures to Prevent and Control Heat Stress at the
Workplace
2. Frostbite – Freezing of the deep layers of skin (usually fingers, ears, nose, hands, feet, toes).
Skin turns pale, numb and hard.
3. Hypothermia – Body loses heat faster than it can produce it. It is sneaky and often kills before
people are aware of the danger. Symptoms include shivering, poor body coordination, being
groggy or having slurred speech and the inability to think or pay attention.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
78
Control Measures for Heat Stress
• Engineering Control – Isolation by provision of Heated Shelter / Temporary shelter or break
areas
• Administrative Control – Job rotation / breaks / Shifting/serving hot foods / Medical
Surveillance
• PPE – Cotton uniform, Jackets, Raincoat, Gloves, etc.
IV. VIBRATION
Physical factor which affects man by transmission of mechanical energy from oscillating sources.
Segmental Vibration
Adverse Health Effects:
1. Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
2. Tingling
3. Numbness
4. Blanching of fingers
5. Pain
Spinal diseases often cause pain when bone changes put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. They can
also limit movement.
Quadriplegia / Tetraplegia: is when a person has a spinal cord injury above the first thoracic vertebra,
paralysis usually affects the cervical spinal nerves resulting in paralysis of all four limbs.
Paraplegia: is when the level of spinal cord injury occurs below the first thoracic spinal nerve. The
degree at which the person is paralyzed can vary from the impairment of leg movement, to complete
paralysis of the legs and abdomen up to the nipple line. Paraplegics have full use of their arms and hands.
Anti-vibration gloves are made using a layer of viscoelastic material. Actual measurements have shown
that such gloves have limited effectiveness. When the vibration hazard cannot be removed or controlled
adequately, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as anti-vibration gloves may be used.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
79
V. Illumination
Excess or Inadequate Illumination can be describe as the following:
Chipping, Grinding, Fine core making, Machine shop bench work 1000
Fine inspection, fine woodworking, welding, Core Making, Shearing, Stamping,
Punch press, Spinning, Woodworking, Planning, First aid station. 500
General Lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also known as ambient lighting, general
lighting radiates a comfortable level of brightness, enabling one to see and walk about safely. A basic
form of lighting that replaces sunlight, general lighting is fundamental to a lighting plan
Local/Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks such as reading, sewing, cooking, homework,
hobbies, games, or balancing your checkbook. It can be provided by under cabinet, tape and track
lighting, pendant lighting, and portable lamps. Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and
shadows and should be bright enough to prevent eyestrain.
Ionizing is caused by unstable atoms giving off X-rays Cancer, congenital defects, death
energy to reach a more stable state.
Non-ionizing is described as a series of energy Ultraviolet Skin redness, Premature skin ageing,
waves composed of oscillating electric and Welding Arcs and Skin cancer
magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light Infrared Corneal and Conjunctival burns,
Laser Retinal injury and Cataract
Microwaves
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
80
Ionizing Radiation (as wave/particles) produces electrically charged particles or ions when it interacts
with material. Ionization is the result of a collision between ionizing radiation and matter. Air and space
travel and transport (i.e., in-flight) operations, especially at high altitude, Radon (a naturally
occurring radioactive gas that comes from the natural breakdown in uranium in soil, rocks and water)
found in Foundations, Security operations.
Non-Ionizing Radiation produces changes in the human body mainly through thermal effects.
Extremely Low Frequency Radiation (ELF), Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation, Infrared
Radiation (IR), Visible Light Radiation, Laser Hazards.
2. Joint Pain – link between changes in barometric pressure and ambient temperature and changes in
knee pain severity. It's not clear why a falling barometer would exacerbate joint pain and arthritis,
but studies such as this one confirm that they do. It could be that barometric pressure affects the
viscosity of the fluid that lines joint sacs, or it could be that it triggers the pain responses in the nerve
endings of the joint.
3. Blood Pressure – our blood moves through our bodies using a pressure system created by the heart.
So it makes sense that this pressure would be affected by the pressure in the air around us, when the
barometric pressure drops, so does your blood pressure. For some, this might mean a feeling of
dizziness or even blurred vision.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
81
Sx: Unusual Fatigue, Skin itch, pain joints and/or muscle of the arms, legs or torso, dizziness,
vertigo, tinnitus, paresthesia’s, paralysis, and shortness of breath.
Construction of tunnels and bridge foundations below the water table requires laborers (known as
sandhogs) to work in pressurized environments to keep out the water. “Caisson disease”
(decompression sickness) was first observed in these workers.
3 Types
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Workers can be exposed to chemicals in liquids, gases, vapors, fumes and particulate materials. Chemical
hazards include acids, pesticides, carbon monoxide, flammable liquids, welding fumes, silica dust
and fiberglass fibers.
a. Gases are substances in gaseous state are airborne at room temperature. Examples are chlorine,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, phosgene and formaldehyde.
b. Vapor results when substances that are liquid at room temperature evaporate. Examples are the
components of organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, and xylene.
c. Mist is fine particles of a liquid float in air (particle size of 5 to 100 um approximately.
Examples: nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
d. Dust is solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed by mechanical actions and fine
particles float in air (particle size of about 1 to 150 um). Examples are metal dusts and asbestos.
e. Fume is a gas (such as metal vapor) condensed in air, chemically changed and becomes fine
solid particles, which float in air (particles size of about 0.1 to 1 um). Examples are oxides
generated from molten metal such as cadmium oxide, beryllium oxide, etc.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
82
Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
ACUTE CHRONIC
Represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems
Occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an
exposure Many months or years to have recognizable clinical disease
Toxicity is the intrinsic capacity of a chemical agent to adversely affect an organism, including humans.
Chemical Hazards Adverse Health OutcomesAs stated in Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Toxicological
Information section:
• Neurologic (brain, nerves)
• Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels)
• Hematologic (blood)
• Respiratory (airway, lungs)
• Renal (kidneys)
• Urologic (bladder)
• Gastrointestinal (stomach, intestines)
• Dermatologic (skin)
• Teratogenic (birth defects)
• Carcinogenic (cancer)
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
DUST: Cement
Sources / Exposure Routes of Entry Health Effects
Cement Mfg. Inhalation WET POWDER
Construction Skin Absorption Skin - irritation
Eyes – abrasion, irritation
DRY POWDER
Eyes – irritation
Respiratory Tract – irritation, small airway
disease, pneumoconiosis (accumulation of dust in
lungs)
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
83
CONTROL measures for chemical hazards
Chemical safety is the practice of handling chemicals in a safe manner, minimizing the hazard to public
and personal health.
1. Ensure appropriate/correct environment where chemicals are being used and stored (good
ventilation, with exhaust system, etc.)
2. Read and understand the SDS*- a guide used to control/manage chemical hazards.
3. Only trained chemical handlers are allowed to handle chemicals
4. Know and understand the Health Impact and HAZARD of Chemicals being handled;
5. Be focused and implement correct handling, storage and use of PPEs
Engineering Control
Isolation / Proper Enclosure of Work Area, Proper Application of Local Exhaust Ventilation System and
General Ventilation System
Administrative Control
Shifting / Proper Labeling, Orientation of SDS in chemicals exposed, Biological Monitoring
PPE
Safety Data Sheets (under No. 7 & 8)
Section 7 – Handling and storage provides guidance on the safe handling practices and conditions for
safe storage of chemicals, including incompatibilities.
Section 8 – Exposure controls/personal protection indicates the exposure limits, engineering controls,
and personal protective equipment (PPE) measures that can be used to minimize worker exposure.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
1. TUBERCULOSIS
Ø When a person with contagious TB disease coughs, sings, sneezes, or laughs, TB germs can
be forced from the lungs into the air
Ø Another person MAY breathe in the bacteria
Ø If the bacteria make it into the lungs and are not killed by the body’s immune system, the person
becomes “infected”
Ø DOLE - Department order no. 73-05 “Guidelines for the implementation of policy and
program on Tuberculosis prevention and control in the workplace”
2. HIV / AIDS
• HIV is the virus which causes AIDS.
• AIDS is a serious and usually fatal condition in which the body’s immune system is severely
weakened and cannot fight off infection.
DOLE – Department Order NO.102-10 Guidelines for the implementation of policy and program on
HIV/AIDS prevention and control in the workplace
ELISA, which stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is used to detect HIV infection
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
84
3. HEPATITIS B
This is a general term referring to inflammation of the liver from risk factors:
Infectious- Viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic
Non-Infectious - alcohol, auto-immune, drugs and metabolic disease
Mode of transmission:
• Sexual contact
• Mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth (vertical transmission)
• Blood (Contaminated)
4. COVID-19
What is COVID-19
• is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for
virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel
coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.'
COVID-19 Detection
COVID-19 RT-PCR test is a “real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR)”
test for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower respiratory
specimens (such as nasal, nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract
aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal aspirate) collected from
individuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
85
DTI and DOLE INTERIM GUIDELINES ON WORKPLACE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF COVID-19
1. Coverage – all workplaces, employers, workers in the private sectors
2. Workplace safety and health
A. Increasing physical and mental resilience – diet, rest, exercise
B. Reducing transmission – physical distancing, wearing of face mask, disinfection of
vehicles
C. Minimize contact rate – WFH, physical distancing, online instead of face-to face meetings
D. Reducing risk of infection – employees with symptoms to be checked immediately, proper
PPE (esp. front-liners), decontamination of workplace
3. Duties of employers and workers – Policies, resources, designation of SO, local hiring, Covid-
19 hotline
PPE: Mask, gloves, face shield, chemical suit, rubber boots, shoe cover
Ergonomics
“The science of adapting the workplace, job, and tool to the worker, not just the other way around
We can optimize HUMAN WELL-BEING by proper implementation of Human
Biological Science and Engineering Science
RISK FACTORS:
• Static posture, Awkward posture, Extreme range of motion
• Forceful exertion
• Repetitive movement
HEALTH EFFECTS:
• Low back pain
• muscle strain, soreness and damage
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, De Quervain’s disease
• Hand-arm vibration syndrome
• Psychological-affecting/arising in the mind-related to mental and emotional state of person.
Engineering methods
• Workplace or Tools
• Modification
Administrative Control
• Take regular breaks, from work,
• Alternate work tasks,
• Regular stretching
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
86
Substance Abuse
RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the Implementation of a “Drug-Free Workplace Policy
and Program” for the Private Sector
Top 3 major drugs of abuse: Shabu, Marijuana, Rugby
Impacts of Alcohol and Drugs at Work - Physical, Mental, Safety and Productivity
CLEAR POINTS
1. The purpose of medical surveillance in occupational health is to Identify, Evaluate and Control
Occupational Illnesses in the workplace.
2. We can refer to Safety Data Sheet on the health effects and control of chemicals used in the
workplace.
3. Occupational diseases and work-related illnesses can be prevented
4. Development of Company policies and programs are important to promote, protect and monitor
workers’ health in compliance to Laws, standards and guidelines exist to promote health and
well-being of workers; serves as legal basis for putting up a health program
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
87
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Seen as the last resort in controlling hazards, we now discuss the familiar term called PPE.
OBJECTIVE:
1. The participant is expected to know the functions of PPE, the different types and their limitations.
2. They are also expected to know the components to prepare a PPE Program to serve as a guide in
managing PPE’s.
If the hazard cannot be removed, and a worker is needed for the operation (or equipment), then the last
resort is to put a barrier between the worker and the hazard – thus the PPE. Actually, PPE can be used
in conjunction with engineering controls and administrative methods.
Uses of PPEs
1. Where temporary control measures are necessary before engineering controls are installed
2. To supplement engineering controls in reducing exposure during maintenance and repair
3. During emergencies
4. It is the last line of defense
However, PPEs protective devices have one serious drawback - they do not reduce or eliminate the
hazard. The fact that a protective device may become ineffective when the wearer lacks sufficient
knowledge on how to use it, adds to the limitation of these PPE.
PPEs vary in design, equipment specifications, application and protective capability. Proper selection
depends on the toxic substance involved, conditions of exposure, human capabilities and equipment fit.
In this module though, we will be giving particular attention to respiratory protective equipment.
During exposure to hazards, as a last resort, workers turn to protect themselves with a barrier – called
Personal Protective Equipment or PPE. The degree of risk depends on the severity of the hazard, and
the degree of exposure. PPE is the last line of defense in Industrial Hygiene control; it does not eliminate
the hazard; it aids in controlling individual exposure.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
88
Eye and Face Protection
Employees can be exposed to a large number of hazards that pose
danger to their eyes and face. OSH Standards requires employers to
ensure that employees have appropriate eye or face protection if they
are exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles, molten metal,
liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors,
potentially infected material or potentially harmful light radiation. Goggles
Many occupational eye injuries occur because workers are not wearing any eye protection while others
result from wearing improper or poorly fitting eye protection. Employers must be sure that their
employees wear appropriate eye and face protection and that the selected form of protection is
appropriate to the work being performed and properly fits each worker exposed to the hazard. Spectacles,
Goggles, Safety goggles, Face shields
Head Protection
Protecting employees from potential head injuries is a key element of any safety program. A head injury
can impair an employee for life or it can be fatal. Wearing a safety helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest
ways to protect an employee's head from injury. Hard hats can protect employees from impact and
penetration hazards as well as from electrical shock and burn hazards.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
89
Body Protection
Employees who face possible bodily injury of any kind that cannot be
eliminated through engineering, work practice or administrative controls,
must wear appropriate body protection while performing their jobs. In
addition to cuts and radiation, the following are examples of workplace
hazards that could cause bodily injury:
Temperature extremes;
Hot splashes from molten metals and other hot
liquids; Potential impacts from tools, machinery and materials; Hazardous
chemicals.
Hearing Protection
Determining the need to provide hearing protection for employees can be
challenging. Employee exposure to excessive noise depends upon a number of
factors, including:
EARPLUGS
Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly
into the ear canal. Discuss
EARMUFFS
A device composed of a headband with two cushioned ear cups that form a seal around the outer ear,
covering it completely and blocking out the noise.
Formula:
• Earplugs - Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
• Earmuffs - Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]
Respiratory Protection
When employees must work in environments with insufficient oxygen or where
harmful dusts, fogs, smokes, mists, fumes, gases, vapors, or sprays are present, they
need respirators. These health hazards may cause cancer, lung impairment, other
diseases, or death.
Where toxic substances are present in the workplace
and engineering controls are
inadequate to reduce or eliminate them, respirators are necessary. Some atmosphere-
supplying respirators can also be used to protect against oxygen-deficient Respirator
atmospheres. Increased breathing rates, accelerated heartbeat, and impaired thinking or coordination
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
90
occur more quickly in an oxygen-deficient or other hazardous atmosphere. Even a momentary loss of
coordination can be devastating if it occurs while a worker is performing a potentially dangerous activity
such as climbing a ladder.
Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which are present in the atmosphere before they are inhaled by the worker.
• Filter- type
• Cartridge- type
R-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid aerosol. Used only for single shift
(8 hours of continuous or intermittent use)
P-SERIES FILTERS
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil-based liquid aerosols. Should be used and re-
used for not more than 40 hours or 30 days whichever comes first
Air Supplying
Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated air also known as -
(Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus [SCBA]) Used in:
• Confined spaces or oxygen deficient areas
• Concentration of contaminant is high
• Fire-fighting
If PPE is to be used, a PPE program should be implemented. This program should address the hazards
present; the selection, maintenance, and use of PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the
program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
91
1. Determination of Control Needs
• Know the hazards in the workplace associated with specific jobs
• Consider normal operations, maintenance activities, foreseeable emergencies
• Know the risk to persons doing those jobs
2. Hazard Identification
• Agent • Route of Entry
• Physical Characteristic • Effect from exposure
Role of Management
1. Development of PPE Program
2. Implementation
3. Evaluation based on guidelines, standards
4. Revision, refinement
Limitations of PPE
It does not reduce or eliminate the hazard. PPE is provides no protection if it is Defective, Used
incorrectly, incorrect Size, wrong Type. The wearer may be exposed to the hazard without knowledge
of it. Protection provided to the wearer only
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
92
PPE Program is composed of the following elements: (SHRIMP DISC FC)
1. Selection
2. Fitting
3. Health Aspects
4. Issue
5. Proper Use
6. Compatibility
7. Maintenance
8. Disposal
9. Information & Training
10. Supervision
11. Reviews
12. Checklist
Explanation:
1. Selection
To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task, hazards, personnel,
materials, etc.
2. Fitting
When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the equipment is used.
Ensure an adequate fit under supervision
3. Health Aspects
Use of PPE can affect employees’ health (e.g. skin irritation, heat stress)
A number of medical conditions may make it difficult to use certain equipment
4. Compatibility - If more than one type of PPE is required to be worn simultaneously, then the harmony
of the individual items needs to be evaluated.
The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved
5. Issue
Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees, remembering that several
types of equipment may be available.
PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart from hygiene
considerations, employees are then more willing to accept responsibility for the care and
maintenance of the equipment.
A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is recommended and can
provide another check on the use of correct equipment.
6. Proper Use
PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE programs
Equipment that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly used, may provide no
protection at all
Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
93
8. Disposal
Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures need careful
consideration. Depending on the circumstances, equipment may need to be treated as toxic waste
10. Supervision
A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as appropriate and ensure its use by others as
required
11. Reviews
Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and being followed
Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
12. Checklist
To ensure use of properly fitted, effective PPE for specific jobs
PPE is the last line of defense, hence, its effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the workers
CLEAR POINTS
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
94
DEMOLITION and EXPLOSIVES SAFETY
Prevention of accidents is the motivation for skilled demolition and safe use of explosives. Demolition
is the complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and controlled methods
or procedures. Safe Demolition Requires Adequate Planning (Rule 1417 OSHS)
OBJECTIVES:
At the close of the session, the participant is expected to:
1. List the hazards related to demolition activities; and
2. To cite control methods to be free from its dangers.
3. Know the Regulatory Requirements during demolition activities
Introduction
Prior to permitting employees to start demolition operations, an engineering survey of the structure
shall be made by a competent person to determine the condition of the framing, floors, and walls, and
possibility of unplanned collapse of any portion of the structure.
1. Any adjacent structures where employees may be exposed shall also be similarly checked.
2. The employer shall have evidence that such survey has been performed.
What is DEMOLITION?
1. Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned or controlled methods or
procedures.
2. Safe Demolition Requires Adequate Planning (Rule 1417 OSHS).
OUTLINE
1. Demolition Planning
2. Hazards Associated with Demolition
3. Demolition Techniques
4. Demolition Methods
5. Demolition Regulatory Requirements
6. Explosive Proper Handling
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
95
Demolition Technique
1. Sequential – gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction
2. Induced – key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the
structure to collapse.
Methods of Demolition
1. Manual – use of hand held tools
2. Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc.
3. Explosives – use of explosives
Controls needed
1. Engineering (Elimination, Isolation, Substitution)
1.1. Install screen on equipment to protect from dust and noise
1.2. Install barriers and fences
1.3. Mark off hazardous areas
1.4. Disconnect services to the demolition site
1.5. Ensure there are no sparks or ignition sources where there is risk of fire or explosion
1.6. Ensure separation between the public and demolition activities
1.7. Use power shears, in place of grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting, where there is a risk of fire
1.8. Install safe working platforms (scaffolds and elevating work platforms)
1.9. Install edge protection to open edges of landings, stairways and fixed platforms
1.10. Use shoring and bracing to support loads
1.11. Modify tools or equipment
1.12. Provide guarding to machinery or equipment
1.13. Provide shatterproof/guarded widescreens on equipment
1.14. Install anchor points for fall arrest systems
1.15. Spray water to suppress dust
1.16. Use chutes for dropping debris and cranes for lowering loads
1.17. Install vehicle buffers where equipment is exposed to an open edge
1.18. Provide flash arresters on gauges and hoses of welding equipment
2. Administrative Tools
2.1. Limit the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard
2.2. Implement and document safe working procedures for all hazardous tasks
2.3. Train and instruct all personnel
2.4. Identify hazardous substances prior to work
2.5. Implement safe procedures for handling hazardous substances
2.6. Implement procedures
2.7. For disconnecting services to the site
2.8. Use lookouts at the site
2.9. Implement confined space entry procedures ensure all loads to be lifted are accurately
calculated
3. Personal Protective Equipment
3.1. Hard Hats
3.2. Full Body Harnesses and Lanyards
3.3. Boots
3.4. Gloves
3.5. Respirators
3.6. Hearing Protectors
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
97
EXPLOSION - An Explosion is:
1. a sudden increase in volume and
2. release of energy in an extreme manner,
3. usually with the generation of high temperatures
4. and the release of gases
5. shock wave (also spelled shockwave), is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster
than the local speed of sound in the medium.
6. Shock wave, strong pressure wave in any elastic medium such as air, water, or a solid
substance, produced by supersonic aircraft, explosions, lightning, or other phenomena
that create violent changes in pressure.
•
Transport of Explosives
1. Vehicles shall have tight doors covered w/ wood
2. Explosives and Blasting implements shall not be transported with other materials
3. Transport permit required by law
Storage
1. All explosives must be accounted for
2. Follow manufacturer’s instruction
3. Detonators should be stored in a separate magazine
4. Storage should be fire and bullet resistant
Proper Use
1. Operation between Sunup and Sundown
2. Precaution on the use of f mobile radio transmitting equipment.
3. Suspension of operation during electrical storm
After Blasting
1. Disconnect firing line from blasting machine
2. Allow dust and smoke to subside
3. Inspect if all charges have been exploded
CLEAR POINTS
1. Risk from Hazards in Demolition in Safety can be mitigated by proper planning prior to the start of
Demolition and applications of Controls (Engineering, Administrative, PPE)
2. Compliance to Regulatory Requirements during demolition activities facilitates Safe Demolition
Activity.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
98
ROUTINE SITE SAFETY INSPECTION
Routine Site Safety Inspection is a daily task to keep ones’ construction site free from hazards.
OBJECTIVES
Safety Inspection is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a
health and safety problem.
Creating Checklists:
1. Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area.
2. Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that need to be checked, and
note the locations of the hazards already listed.
4. Have employees your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and identified the locations
of each one.
Written Records:
1. Previous inspection reports
2. Job Hazard Analysis
3. Maintenance records
4. Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
5. Accident investigation reports
6. Work environment monitoring
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
99
Scheduling:
1. Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection.
2. Inspect as often as possible.
3. Make sure each inspection is thorough.
4. If conditions don’t improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase inspection frequency.
5. If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections.
6. Stick to the schedule.
Hazard Recognition
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Ergonomic
4. Safety Hazard
Absence of the PPE is not a hazard, the reason why the PPE was required in the first place is the
hazard.
Specific Specific action that needs to be done and how will you know it is being done.
Measurable “How will you know it meets expectations?" and defines the objective
using assessable terms (quantity, quality, frequency, costs, deadlines, etc.). It
refers to the extent to which something can be evaluated against some standard
Attainable Achievable answers the questions "can the person do it?" "Can the measurable
objective be achieved by the person?" "Does he/she have the experience,
knowledge or capability of fulfilling the expectation?" It also answers the
question "Can it be done giving the time frame, opportunity and resources?
Relevant Relevant answers the questions, "should it be done?", "why?" and "what will be
the impact?" Is the objective aligned with the company’s implementation and
strategic plan?
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
100
RE-ENTRY FORM
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
101
HIRAC - Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Control
L SEVERITY
RISK ASSESSMENT is a term used to describe the overall process or I
K 3 2 1
method where you:
1. Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause E
L 3 H H M
harm (hazard identification).
2. Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard (risk I
analysis, and risk evaluation) H 2 H M L
3. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the O
risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated (risk control). O
1 M L L
D
LIKELIHOOD (PAGKAKATAON)
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
102
RISK MATRIX
SEVERITY
L
I 3 2 1
K
E
3 H H M
L
I
H
2 H M L
O
O
D
1 M L L
2. Risk Assessment
1. Hazard Identification 3. Risk Control
(Evaluation)
Hazard(s) Possible Effects Probability Severity Risk Proposed Control Measure (s)
Madilim sa Minor 3 3 (9) Engr Control-
Elevator Shaft Illness/Injury to High Magkabit ng karagdagan ilaw sa shaft
at maaring may Permanent Admin Control-
madapa o Partial/Total Maglagay ng “Warning Signs”.
mahulog Disability or Magbigay ng kaalaman sa
(Physical Fatality pangangalaga ng mata.
Hazard) PPE-
Not applicable - remember that the
barrier you recommend should control
the risk/hazard. Bear in mind that
there is no barrier for darkness
(walang panangga sa kadiliman)
Summary
An Inspection Program becomes effective through routine inspection and Follow-up on corrective
actions.
CLEAR POINTS
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
104
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Every valuable HIRAC is achieved with a Job Hazard Analysis or JHA. It is a collective effort that
focuses both on the different jobs in a company, and a group of people tasked to identify them.
OBJECTIVE:
By the end of this module, the participant will be able to list the steps for a Job Hazard Analysis, and cite
guides in observing different job procedures.
The process of determining the hazards associated with a job is often referred to as a JHA or a Job Hazard
Analysis. Hazards that present risks to:
1. Environment
2. Safety
3. Health
Uses of a JHA
1. Create / improve SOP’s
2. Guide in observing employee performance
3. Accident investigation
4. Safety inspection
Prioritizing JHA’s
1. High Frequency of Accidents
2. Increase occurrence of Near-Misses
3. History of Serious Accidents / Fatalities
4. Potential for Serious Harm
5. New Jobs
6. Changes in Procedures or Standards
Step 1. Identify the Basic Job Steps -Watch carefully as a worker performs the entire job at least once
1) As the operator performs the job again, list the individual steps on the left-hand column.
2) Using simple action phrases that are short and to the point
3) Steps should always be numbered to indicate the order
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
105
Problem: Most common error: describing the job in too much or too little detail.
Solution: List the steps in a way that you would instruct someone to do the task.
Step 2. Determine the Hazards: - Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that
could lead to an injury or illness, or harm to the environment.
Hazard Guide:
1) The method or physical actions required for that specific step.
2) The materials used.
3) The machine / equipment used.
4) The environmental conditions under which the step is normally performed.
Physical Action:
1) Force (weight)
2) Frequency (repetition)
3) Posture (prolonged)
4) Position (distance)
Materials (Chemicals)
1) Corrosive
2) Flammable
3) Is the MSDS available
4) Volatile
Equipment
1) Mechanical hazard
2) Electrical hazard
Conditions
1) Noisy environment
2) Temperatures extremes
3) Vibration present
4) Poor or high Illumination
5) Pressure (atmospheric force)
6) Prolonged hours
Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to perform the job in
the safest & healthiest way possible.
Employee Training
1. Ensuring that each job step is performed safely & efficiently
2. To point out particular job steps or hazards that require special precautions.
3. Refresher training (infrequent jobs)
4. Increase awareness on hazards
Employee Observations
1. Guide in employee performance observations
2. Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
3. Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP
Inspections
When developing inspection checklists, supervisors can use JHA’s to help identify hazardous conditions
that may need to be included.
Accident Investigations
1) To determine if the job was being performed incorrectly
2) To tell if a hazard was overlooked in the initial analysis.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
107
Operation Title:
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
Steps In Making 3 In 1 Coffee Drink
Dept./Division: Job Location: Employee Position:
HSE Department Canteen Safety Officer
Performed by: Incident: Verified By:
Luzviminda Santos Hand Injury Juan dela Cruz
BASIC JOB STEP EXISTING & POTENTIAL RECOMMENDED CORRECTIVE
HAZARD ACTION
1.1.A Engg.: N/A
1.1 Fall of the cup due to
1. Get a cup 1.1.B Admin: Put “Wet Floor” Signage
slippery floor
1.1.C PPE: N/A
1.1.A Engg.: Use scissors to cut the sachet
2. Open & Pour the Coffee 2.1 Finger cut in opening the
1.1.B Admin: Training in opening sachet
sachet into the cup coffee sachet
1.1.C PPE: wear kitchen gloves
2.1.A Engg.: Use cup with handle & saucer
3. Pour Hot Water into the
3.1The cup falls to the floor 2.1.B Admin: Put “Hot Water” Signage
cup
2,1,C PPE: N/A
3.1.A Engg.: Use cup with handle & saucer
3.2 Contact with the Splash of
3.1.B Admin: Put “Hot Water” Signage
Hot Water
3.1.C PPE: wear kitchen mittens
4. Stir the Coffee Mixture 4.1 Contact with the Splash of
Hot Water
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
108
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Construction site related accidents are considered serious but these can be eliminated once analyzed.
Suffice it to say that Accidents rank the fifth leading cause of death in the Philippines (June 2015 The
Medical Grind Medical News) worldwide. Employee safety records speak of man-hours worked safely,
while Lost Time, on the other hand, is the technical term for an accident. It can maim or kill a worker
and put a halt to the construction project.
OBJECTIVES:
Accidents are the result of Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Condition. Identifying the causative factors can
prevent recurrence and save valuable lives.
1. Accident is unplanned, uncontrolled and undesirable.
2. Disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or damage to
property.
3. Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
Accident Causation:
1. Refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an accident.
2. For occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation factors in any workplace
injury or accident is the key.
1. MAN
1.1. Workforce
1.2. Management of the workforce
1.3. Policies Method
1.4. Behavior
2. MATERIAL
2.1. Used or Worked or made
3. METHOD MAN
3.1. Policies Environment Equipment
3.2. Programs
3.3. Work Methods
4. MACHINE
4.1. Tools Materials
4.2. Machinery
5. ENVIRONMENT
5.1. Physical surroundings
5.2. Natural environment
5.3. Community, social & legal influences
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
109
Heinrich's Domino Theory
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in a sequence that may lead to an injury.
• The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage
required for a chain reaction is completed.
• Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding factor.
Heinrich’s Triangle
1. UNSAFE CONDITION
The physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment that may result in injury
to a person, damage or destruction to property and other losses; these could have been guarded or
prevented.
• Unnoticed
• Uncorrected
2. UNSAFE ACT
• A human action that departs from a standard or written job procedure or common practice, safety
rules, regulations, or instructions.
• A violation of a commonly-accepted safe procedures and or processes.
• Unaware
• Unable
• Unmotivated
Cost of Accidents
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
110
Accident Investigation
1. A methodical effort to collect and interpret the facts of accident.
2. An inquiry as to how and why the accident occurred in order to explore actions that should be
taken to prevent or minimize recurrence of the accident.
Important Feature of an Accident Investigation - Formal Policy requiring the proper and consistent
reporting of all accidents is one of the most important principles of any accident investigation program
Sources of Information
1. Witnesses
2. Physical evidence at the scene
3. Existing records
Witnesses (these satisfy the 5 senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste)
1. Victim and onlookers
2. Those who heard what happened
3. Saw area prior to incident
4. Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or circumstances
Physical Evidence
These are the objects that the witness saw, heard, felt, tasted and smelled. Provides information about
an accident that witnesses may overlook or take for granted. In absence of the objects, there are 2
additional tools that serve as physical evidence:
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
112
a. Sketches
To record details at the accident site for later study Include everything that could be important:
1. Floor plan from overhead view
2. Location of involved man, machine, tool
3. Size/location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)
b. Photographs – these tools capture (take pictures in .raw format)
1. detail
2. color differences
3. complex shapes difficult to recall
How the task was done How it should be done Complied / Not complied
These are the information you If YES, put an ✖, meaning
gathered: this IS NOT one of the causes
These are the standards:
1) Witness statements
Minimum and maximum
2) Physical evidence If NOT, put a ✔,
3) Existing records Means this IS one of the causes
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
113
Review Records:
1. Check training records
1.1. Was appropriate training provided?
1.2. When was training provided?
2. Check equipment maintenance records
2.1. Is regular PM or service provided?
2.2. Is there a recurring type of failure?
3. Check accident records
3.1. Has there been similar incidents or injuries involving other employees?
Mandatory Reports: OSHS Rule 1050 Notification and Keeping of Records of Accident and/ or
Occupational Illness
1053.01 Notification - All work accidents or occupational illnesses resulting in disabling conditions or
dangerous occurrence shall be reported by the employer to the Regional Labor Office
1. Employers Work
Accident/Illness Report
(DOLE/BQF/WAIR)
2. 2 copies to concerned
Regional Office & copy
furnished BWC
3. Shall be submitted by the
employer on or before
the 30th day of the month
following the date of the
occurrence of the
accident.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
114
Actual Loss Measurements (injuries):
• Disabling injury frequency rate (FR)
• Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report (AEDR) (DOLE/BWC/IP-6)
• 2 copies to concerned Regional Office & copy furnished BWC
• Submitted on or before January 20 of the following year with or without accident
• Disabling injury severity rate (SR)
• Disabling injury index
• Serious injury frequency rate (FR)
• Non-LTI frequency rate (FR)
AEDR Computations.
Assume:
• # of Disabling Injuries = 10
• Total Emp-Hr Exp = 200,000
FREQUENCY RATE:
Frequency Rate (FR) = No. of disabling injury X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Frequency Rate (FR) = 10 X 1,000,000
200,000
Frequency Rate (FR) = 50
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
115
Assume:
• Total days lost = 200
• Total Emp-Hr. Exp = 200,000
SEVERITY RATE:
Severity Rate (FR) = Total days lost X 1,000,000
Total Employee-Hour Exposure
Severity Rate (FR) = 200 X 1,000,000
200,000
Severity Rate (FR) = 1,000
Other Requirements:
The following are examples of grounds of work stoppage due to condition or stage of being in
imminent danger
2. Increase temperature of tank due to hot work & Explosion of a storage container
absence of inert gas inside tank.
3. No proper enclosure of the workplace & absence Bursting of a revolving wheel, grinding stone
of machine guard
4. Outriggers of crane are not placed on stable ground Collapse of a crane, hoist and other equipment
5. Oxygen acetylene gas cylinders exposed to Explosion or fire causing damage to the structure
excessive heat
6. Defective over-current protective Electrical short circuit or failure
device of electrical machinery
CLEAR POINTS:
1. Accidents disrupts normal function of the organization due to injuries/ fatality of workers or
damage to property.
2. Accident can be prevented from recurring through an efficient root cause investigation.
3. Primary causes of accidents are unsafe/unhealthy acts & conditions
4. Basic procedures in the conduct of accident investigation must be followed
5. Results of accident investigation must be documented properly and thoroughly.
6. Make recommendations based on the investigation.
7. Dangerous occurrences in the workplace must be addressed.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
116
COMMUNICATING OSH
Many successful meetings begin with a simple checklist or agenda, and the ability to talk and listen.
Communication:
1. The process of communication is what allows us to interact with other people;
2. Without it, we would be unable to share knowledge or experiences with anything outside of
ourselves.
3. Communication is what we do to give and get understanding.
Channels
1. Language
2. Noise
3. Hearing
Communicating OSH
“How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy workplace?”
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
117
Conduct HIRAC
- Proper communication to all workers and employers
- Workers will take part and help implement OSH program\
How will efficient OSH communication help in achieving a safe and healthy workplace?
OSH Program Implementation
• Clients and Stakeholders
• DOLE & other government agencies
DO 198-18 SECTION 14: Safety Officer (DO13 Section 12: Safety and Health Information)
DO 198-18 SECTION 16: Safety and Health Training (Workers’ OSH Seminar)
The Mandatory 8-hour Module conducted by the Safety Officer of the workplace as prescribed by
the OSH Standards
1. Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH committee;
2. Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being undertaken with
the participation of supervisors and workers;
3. Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time whenever
work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident investigation by providing necessary
information and OSH reports as required by the OSH standards and
4. 4.Issue Work Stoppage Order (when necessary based on the requirements and procedures provided
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
118
DO 198-18 SECTION 11: OSH Information (DO13 Section 12: Safety and Health Information)
The employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide the workers in all establishments,
projects and all other places where work is being undertaken adequate and suitable information on
Occupational Safety & Health
DO 198-SECTION 12: OSH Program (OSHS Rule 1966 – Occupational Health Program)
1. Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
2. General Safety and Health Programs
3. Safety and health Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
4. Medical Surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related
diseases
5. First aid and emergency medical services
6. Promotion of Drug Free workplace, Mental health Services in the Workplace, Healthy lifestyle
7. Prevention and Control of HIV AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
8. Composition and Duties of Health and Safety Committee
9. OSH Personnel and Facilities
10. Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education
11. Orientation of all workers on OSH
12. Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation and Control
13. Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel
14. Work permit System
15. Toolbox/Safety Meetings, job safety analysis
Safety Briefings
1. Useful way to keep health and safety forefront in the minds of workers and make them aware of
the current risk and hazards.
2. Daily safety briefings by supervisors to all workers that help foster good safety and health culture
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
119
Tips for Effective Toolbox Talks
1. TALK DIRECTLY to your audience
2. Keep it BRIEF
3. Stay! POSITIVE & use encouraging language
4. Explain WHY to Demonstrate your point
5. Tell STORIES
6. Encourage PARTICIPATION from your audience
7. Use VISUALS
8. Be AUTHENTIC
9. End with ACTION
FACILITATION
DIRECT BALANCE
*Not Control Planning and
Intuition
Observe
Training
Training is concerned with the teaching of specific, factual, narrow scoped subject matter and skills. It
is a formal classroom learning activity.
1. Is a learning intervention;
2. Improves match between job requirements and individual’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes;
3. After training, the individual is able to apply learning immediately
4. Examples : BOSH, COSH, PCO Training etc.
Training Goals
Aims for a favorable change in perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors in a positive direction of an
individual, group or organization.
• Learning
- Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skill through study, experience or
teaching. It is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in
behavior potential.
• Improved Performance
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
120
Trainer Roles within the Training Cycle:
1. Training Needs Analysis (Needs Analyst)
2. Curriculum Development (Program Designer)
3. Dev’t. of Training Materials (Material Developer)
4. Training Implementation (Facilitator)
5. Monitoring & Evaluation (Administrator)
Presentation Skills
Fear of presenting or public speaking is universal!
Remember
1. Think of your audience in advance;
2. Anticipate questions;
3. Take a breath, pause!
4. Speak slowly especially when you have participants who are non-native speakers
5. Make eye contact; use appropriate hand gestures
6. Sweep the room as you enter and deliver your opening spiel
7. Stand confidently, dress neatly and appropriately
8. Smile and the world will smile with you
Body Language
1. Eye contact
2. Posture
3. Hand gestures
4. Arms
5. Legs
6. Blocking
Answering Questions
1. Listen actively
2. Repeat the question
3. Keep answers short and direct
4. Watch the person’s body language for satisfaction
5. If you don’t know the answer, state your options
Stephen Covey – the biggest communication problem is we do not listen to understand, we listen to
respond
Example: emphatic listening
IF YOU DON’T KNOW THE ANSWER, Do say what you know
1. Offer to follow up
2. Direct them to expert
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
121
13. Avoid getting personal.
14. Refer the question to the group and then to him.
15. Try to win this person over by finding some good reasons to agree with some points.
16. Pretend not to hear him.
Visual Aids
1. Any device used to help or aid in communicating ideas
2. You are your number 1 visual
Non-Projected Visuals
- Writing Board
- Flip Chart
- Flash Card
Projected Visuals
- Video Projector
- Slides
- Films
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
122
5. How long will the training be?
6. When to conduct the training?
7. What materials will be needed?
Training Venue:
1. Adequate lighting
2. Comfortable temperature
3. As little noise as possible
4. Clear audio-visual arrangements
REMEMBER:
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
VERBALIZE; Hear your presentation out loud
CLARITY make your points and move on
OWNERSHIP take responsibility for your presentations
CLEAR POINTS:
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
123
WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Disaster readiness has now evolved to become Workplace Emergency Preparedness because it was
determined that the best response can be mounted by employees when trained properly.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Enumerate the different types of emergencies
2. Explain the elements of an emergency preparedness program
3. Discuss basic preparations for common emergencies
4. Explain the fire brigade concept and organization
Definition of Terms:
Emergency
A serious situation or occurrence that demands immediate action.
Disaster
It is the result of a calamitous event causing massive death, injury or damage.
Natural emergencies
1. Flood
2. Volcanic eruption
3. Earthquake
4. Typhoon
5. Drought
6. Tsunamis
Man Made Emergencies - These can be a result of human error or willful intent
1. Industrial fires
2. Chemical spills / leaks
3. Chemical threat
4. Bomb threats / explosions
5. Structure collapse
6. Construction cave-in
7. Biological threats
Most developed countries operate three core emergency services: Emergency services providing
assistance in dealing with any emergency:
POLICE
The agency who deal with security of person and property, which can cover all the categories of
emergency. They also to some extent deal with punishment of those who cause an emergency through
their deliberate actions.
FIRE SERVICE
Who deal with potentially harmful fires, but also often rescue operations such as dealing with road traffic
collision. Their actions help to prevent loss of life, damage to health and damage to or loss of property.
Advance planning for emergencies - the best way to minimize potential loss
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
124
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
The objectives of this are to ensure that the company has developed and communicated plans that will
allow for the effective management of emergencies.
EVALUATE RESOURCES
• Emergency Equipment
• Transportation
• Emergency Supplies
• Employees Training & Capabilities
• External Help Capabilities
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
125
SPECIAL RESPONSES
1. FLOOD
Evacuation Procedures
• During an earthquake people at most workplaces are at greatest risk from:
§ Collapsing ceilings,
§ Window
§ Light fixtures and
§ Other falling objects.
What to do:
• Stay indoors.
• Never attempt to walk or drive through flood waters.
• Look for NEWS updates
• Await instructions from emergency management officials.
2. EARTHQUAKE
Evacuation Procedures
• During an earthquake people at most workplaces are at greatest risk from:
§ Collapsing ceilings and other falling objects.
§ Light fixtures and Windows
What to do:
• If indoors, stay there. Take cover under sturdy furniture or against an inside wall.
• Stay away from window, skylights and other objects that could fall.
• Use stairways to leave the workplace if ordered to evacuate & Do not use the elevator.
• Be ready to rescue victims & move victims to a triage area if possible.
3. EXPLOSION
Any workplace that handles, stores or processes flammable gasses, liquids and solids is vulnerable to
explosion. Explosions offer no warning, causing disorganization and panic.
What to do:
• Try to establish communication with emergency scene coordinators.
• Assess damage to the workplace and estimate human casualties.
• Administer first aid if it is safe to do so.
• Do not use elevators.
• Evacuate following an established procedure.
4. MEDICAL CASES
The most likely workplace emergency is a medical emergency. A serious medical emergency such as
cardiac arrest requires immediate attention – Response Time Is Critical.
What to do:
• Inform the Nurses & First Aiders.
• Evacuate the area surrounding the release.
• Call the local emergency number, tell location and the nature of the emergency.
5. SPILL RESPONSE
Any workplace that handles, stores or processes flammable gasses, liquids and solids is vulnerable to
explosion. Explosions offer no warning, causing disorganization and panic.
What to do:
• Call the local emergency hotline. Tell the dispatcher the workplace location and the nature of the
emergency. Do not move the victim.
• Notify an emergency scene coordinator for CPR or other first aid tasks.
• Inform the Incident Commander.
• Assist Professional Medical Responders when they arrive.
• Inform the victim's Supervisor.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
126
6. THREATS OF VIOLENCE
Threats of violence maybe delivered in any form:
• Face-to-face
• By Fax or Telephone
• Email
• Threats can be directed toward the workplace or toward a specific person)
What to do:
• Activate a silent alarm if your workplace has one.
• Isolate the threatening person if it is possible to do so safely.
• Inform the Incident Commander.
7. BOMB THREATS
• Take threats seriously.
• Don't use firearms or phones in the building- they generate radio waves that could trigger a bomb.
What to do:
• If someone find a package that may contain, or that may be a bomb, he or she should note its size,
shape and whether it emits a sound, then notify the Incident Commander.
• Call your local police station from outside the building to report the emergency and determine if an
evacuation is necessary.
• Use a communication method that does not generate radio waves to order the evacuation.
• Although terrorist acts pose minimal risks to most workplaces, the devastating of recent acts have
changed the perception of a "SECURE WORKPLACE" and added a new dimension to emergency
planning.
• What distinguishes terrorist acts is the use of threats and violence to intimidate or force.
8. FIRE
What to do:
• Activate appropriate alarms.
• Stay calm and do not panic. Alert others in your area.
• Evacuate as directed by your supervisor to your designated evacuation area. Walk, do not run.
Remain in the evacuation area until the supervisor has accounted for everyone and you have been
instructed otherwise.
• Never use an elevator during a fire. Always use the stairwell.
• If there is smoke in the room, stay low (the air is cooler and cleaner closer to the floor); hold a wet
clothe over your mouth and nose; and only break windows as a last resort.
What to do:
• If a door is hot, do not open it. Use an alternate door if one is available and safe to use. If an
alternate door is not available, contact someone (if possible) and give them your exact location.
• Close all doors as you leave. Do not lock them.
• If trained to use a fire extinguisher, and the fire is in the incipient stage, you may attempt to
extinguish the fire. Remember that your own safety is of primary concern.
• Never attempt to put out a fire alone.
Suggestions include:
• Personal items
• Water and food, needed medications, clothing …
• Financial and legal documents
• Water proof container that cannot be easily replaced
• Name and phone numbers of contacts out of area
• Personal Preparedness Plan
• Food
• Extra Clothing
• Sleep Bags
• Personal Protective Equipment
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
127
FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND ORGANIZATION
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
128
PURPOSE
1. Familiarize, train and rehearse the occupants with evacuation procedures so that order and
control is maintained in actual emergency.
2. To determine if emergency escape facilities are sufficient for orderly evacuation of all occupants
3. When you hear an alarm, stop work activities and prepare to evacuate as directed by your
supervisor.
4. Proceed promptly to the nearest emergency exit. Walk quickly, but do not run.
5. Do not Use elevators, instead use stairways to the designated safe assembly area. Safe assembly
areas should generally be away from the building, upwind and out of the way of incoming
emergency personnel.
6. Remain in the safe assembly area location so that the supervisory personnel may conduct a
survey to account for all building personnel. Do not disperse or move to other assembly
locations.
7. Do not re-enter the building until the emergency response team leader has deemed it safe and
supervisory personnel have given permission to go back into the facility.
EVACUATION MAP
CLEAR POINTS:
1. The best way to minimize potential loss is Advance Planning for Emergencies
2. Practicing your emergency responses avoids panic and confusion
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
129
ROLES OF CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH OFFICERS
Mitigation of hazards is spearheaded by the Safety Officer, and delegated to all emoployees.
OBJECTIVE:
1. List the Duties and Responsibilities of Occupational Safety and Health Officer.
2. Advocate and monitor the Company Safety & Health Program in construction and promote safe
work practices.
3. Maintain the Safety & Health of workers
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
130
2. With Department Heads and Supervisors
The Safety Officer is responsible for providing advice and guidance about safety and industrial
hygiene appropriate to their processes, installations, and procedures of the construction site.
4. With Employees
The Safety Officer is responsible for providing advice and guidance about any employee's specific
job or work area in the interest of preventing accidents and controlling property damage.
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
131
1.1.3. Safety Publicity
1.2. Negative Approach
1.2.1. Disciplinary Action Program
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
132
HOW TO MAKE THINGS HAPPEN? - M.A.X.I.M.I.Z.E.R.S.
M - Make things happen, I take charge of my life and am a difference maker.
A - Achieve personal significance, I live my life with a sense of destiny.
X - Cross out the negatives, I embrace problems as positive opportunities
I - Internalize right principles, I center my life on bedrock principles.
M - March to a mission, I passionately pursue my mission.
I - Integrate all of Life, I keep all vital area of my life in balance.
Z - Zero in on caring for people, I put others first and honestly serve them.
E - Energize internally, I cultivate my character and spirit.
R - Realign rigorously, I keep adjusting to needs.
S - Stay the course, I never, never, never quit.
EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW ABOUT LIFE? I LEARNED FROM NOAH’S ARK.
CLEAR POINTS:
1. The Occupational Safety and Health Officer is the key person to developing a safety program
2. Promoting safe work practices improves employee motivate and participation on health and safety
activities
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
133
EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM
On to Employees’ Compensation Program (ECP), here to address workers who suffer injuries, illnesses
and death when work-related. It was established as an improvement over the old Workmen’s
Compensation Program (WCP), as created by a written policy (P.D. 626) under the Labor Code of the
Philippines. Both programs provide benefits to workers in case of work-connected contingencies.
OBJECTIVE:
By the end of the ECC Module, the participant will be able to list the different compensable diseases and
injuries under the law. He can also point out the instances that will label the injury as work-related.
WCP provides for a litigious process between the employee and employer where the responsibility of
compensating the employee is with the employer. ECP is simple and non-litigious, benefits are paid from
a fund that is managed and guaranteed by the government.
ECP is the present compensation package for public and private sector employees and their dependents
in the event of work-related contingencies. It was created under Presidential Decree No. 626, which was
made effective on January 1975.
The ECP is for public and private sector employees and their dependents. All sectors in industry are
covered. All employers are required by law to have their employees covered by the SSS or GSIS, which
is a requirement for them to be covered by the ECP
Compensable Diseases:
Under Annex “A” of PD 626 as amended: For an occupational disease and the resulting disability or
death to be compensable, all of the following conditions must be satisfied:
1. The employee’s work and / or the working conditions must involve risk/s that caused the
development of the illness;
2. The disease was contracted as a result of the employee’s exposure to described risks;
3. The disease was contracted within a period of exposure and under such other factors necessary to
contract it;
-14 Mahinhin St., U.P. Village, Quezon City 1101. ( (02) 7903-5489 * [email protected] ý www.amosh.net
134
4. There was no deliberate act on the part of the employee to disregard the safety measures or ignore
established warning or precaution
5. Not any disease is compensable
6. Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable
7. List of 32 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set - conditions or risk factors on the job
must be present for the disease to be compensable
Compensable injuries:
For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the result of
an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.
Excepting Instance:
1. Intoxication
2. Notorious negligence
3. Willful intent to injure oneself or another
ECP Benefits:
1. Loss of Income Benefit
2. Medical Benefit
3. Carer’s allowance
4. Death benefit
5. Rehabilitation service
135
1. Loss of income benefit - It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury
that is being compensated.
Types of Disability:
1. Total Temporary Disability TTD
2. Partial Total Disability PTD
3. Partial Permanent Disability PPD
One thumb 10
One index finger 8
One middle finger 6
One ring finger 5
One little finger 3
One big toe 6
Any other toe 3
One hand 39
One arm 50
One foot 31
One leg 46
One ear 10
Both ears 20
Hearing of one ear 25
Hearing of both ears 50
Sight of one eye 25
136
2. Medical Benefits
§ Ward services for hospital confinement
§ Medical attendance by an accredited doctor
§ Surgical expense benefit
§ Reimbursement of cost of medicines
3. Carer’s Allowance
• Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally disabled and has difficulty taking care of
basic personal needs
• PhP1,000/month allowance for the private sector employees only (for public sector employees
starting 2018)
4. Death Benefits
• Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent child not exceeding
five
• Funeral benefit of PhP20,000 for private sector; PhP3,000 for public sector (PhP20,000 for public
sector starting May 31, 2013)
What is the KAGABAY Program? It is a component of the ECP that extends Rehabilitation services
to Occupationally Disabled Workers (ODW’s)
Prescriptive Period
No claim for compensation shall be given due course unless said claim is filed with the Systems within
THREE (3) years from the time the cause of action occurred.
• Enjoyed only by those with Employee - Employer relationship
• Coverage/entitlement to benefits begin on first day of employment
• Benefits are in addition to SSS and Phil Health benefits
CLEAR POINTS:
137
SALIENT FEATURES of OSH LEGISLATIONS
Health and Safety Legislation is best discussed with the understanding provided through four (4)
references, namely:
Section 2 – COVERAGE
• All private establishments where work is being undertaken
• Includes establishments located inside special economic zones and other investment promotion
agencies (e.g. Philippine Economic Zone [PEZA], Clark Development Corporation [CDC])
Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) 1-2000; signed March 4, 2020, effective May 22, 2020: The
Rule covers the public sector such as national government agencies, government-owned and controlled
corporations, government financial institutions, state universities and colleges and local gov’t units.
138
The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high-risk activities:
1. Chemical works and chemical production plants;
2. Construction;
3. Deep sea fishing;
4. Explosives and pyrotechnics factories;
5. Firefighting;
6. Healthcare facilities;
7. Installation of communication accessories, towers and cables;
8. LPG filling, refilling, storage and distribution;
9. Mining;
10. Petrochemical works and refineries;
11. Power generation, transmission and distribution in the energy sector;
12. Storage and distribution center for toxic or hazardous chemicals;
13. Storage of fertilizers in high volume;
14. Transportation;
15. Water supply, sewerage, waste management, remediation activities;
16. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk; and
17. Activities closely similar to those enumerated above and other activities as determined by DOLE in
accordance with existing issuances on the classification of establishments.
WORKERS’ RIGHTS
Section 5 - THE RIGHT TO KNOW:
The different types of hazards in the workplace; Be provided with training, education and orientation;
139
Section 8 - THE RIGHT TO PPE:
To be provided barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the process or
environment.
Basic Components of Company OSH Program and Policy (DO 198-18, Chapter IV, Section 12)
2) Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
3) General Safety and Health Programs
a) Safety & Health Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Control (HIRAC) -
b) Medical Surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related disease
c) First-aid and emergency medical services
4) Promotion of Drug Free workplace, Mental health Services in the Workplace, Healthy lifestyle
5) Prevention and Control of HIV-AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
6) Composition and Duties of health and safety Committee
7) OSH Personnel and Facilities
8) Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education
a) Orientation of all workers on OSH
b) Conduct of Risk Assessment, evaluation, Control -*Continuing training on OSH for OSH Personnel -
*Work permit System
9) Toolbox/Safety Meetings, job safety analysis
10) Accident/Incident/illness Investigation, Recording and Reporting
140
11) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
12) Safety signage
13) Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of temporary structures and
lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical, communications system and other requirements.
14) Welfare Facilities
15) Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the organization and creation of
disaster control groups, business continuity plan, and updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability
assessment (as required)
16) Solid waste management system
17) Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirement (refer to Item 9.0)
18) Control and Management of Hazards (refer to Item 2-HIRAC)
19) Prohibited Acts and Penalties for Violations
20) Cost of Implementing Company OSH program
a) For establishments with less than 10 workers and low risk establishments with 10 - 50 workers. –
A SO1 shall establish an OSH committee composed of the following:
Chairperson Company owner or manager
Secretary Safety officer of the workplace
Member At least one (1) worker, preferably a union member if organized
b) For medium to high risk establishments with 10-50 workers and low to high risk establishments
with 51 workers and above. – The OSH committee of the covered workplace shall be composed of
the following:
Ex-officio Employer or his/her representative
Chairperson
Secretary Safety officer of the workplace
Ex-officio Certified first-aider, OH nurse, OH dentist, and OH
members physician, as applicable
Members Safety officers representing the contractor or subcontractor, as the case may be, and
representative/s of workers who shall come from the union, if the workers are
organized, or elected workers through a simple vote of majority, if they are
unorganized
c) For 2 or more establishments housed under one building or complex including malls. – When two
or more establishments are housed under one building or complex, the health and safety committee
organized in each workplace shall form themselves into a Joint Coordinating Committee to plan and
implement programs and activities concerning all the establishments.
Chairperson Building owner or his/her representative such as the building administrator
Secretary Safety officer of the building or complex appointed by the Chairperson
Members At least two safety officers from any of the establishment housed under one
building or complex
At least two workers’ representatives, one of which must be from a union if
organized, from any of the establishment housed under one building or complex
141
Safety officer/s of all workplaces must possess the necessary training and experience requirement
according to its category as contained herein.
The Safety Officer shall be certified by the company's Human Resource (HR) unit/section based on the
qualification requirements such as completion of the prescribed training and minimum years of OSH
experience as provided for under Section 14. Thus, the appointment of its own safety officers and the
appropriate category level of Safety Officer ( i.e. Safety Officer 1, Safety Officer 2, Safety Officer 3 and
Safety Officer 4) shall be issued by the company.
The engagement of the services of a certified OSH Consultant (SO4) shall be allowed for a period not
longer than one (1) year for establishments whose designated safety officer has to be trained or is in the
process of completing the prescribed training courses and relevant experience.
142
Section 15 - OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES
The employer may not establish an emergency hospital or dental clinic in the workplace where there is
a hospital or dental clinic which is located not more than five (5) kilometers away from the workplace,
accessible in not more than twenty-five (25) minutes travel time.
The employer has facilities readily available for transporting workers to the hospital or clinic in cases of
emergency. For this purpose, the employer shall enter into a written contract with the hospital or dental
clinic for the use of such hospital or dental clinic for the treatment of workers in cases of emergency.
However, this shall not excuse the employer from maintaining in his/her workplace a first aid treatment
room or clinic for workers.
143
Section 19 - WORKERS’ WELFARE FACILITIES
1. All establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being undertaken shall have the
following free welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working conditions:
2. Adequate supply of safe drinking water;
3. Adequate sanitary and washing facilities;
4. Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be applicable such as in construction, shipping,
fishing and night workers;
5. Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for all gender, as may be applicable;
6. Lactation station except those establishments as provided for under DOLE Dept. Order No. 143-15;
7. Ramps, railings and the like; and
8. Other workers’ welfare facilities as may be prescribed by the OSH standards and other issuances.
144
A worker may file claims for compensation benefit arising out of work-related disability or death. Such
claims shall be processed independently of the finding of fault, gross negligence or bad faith of the
employer in a proceeding instituted for the purpose. The employer shall provide the necessary assistance
to employees applying for claims.
1. A record on the safety report of SO or minutes of the meeting of the OSH committee that there’s a
violation of the OSH standards but no action has been made despite findings of OSH violation/s,
2. Repeated simple refusal or failure to comply following a report to DOLE by the worker of prohibited
act/s committed by employer, or Presence of risk or danger in plain view.
3. Should there be non-compliance of two (2) or more items, all penalties shall be imposed; however, the
total daily penalty shall not exceed One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱ 100,000.00).
4. Fines for micro establishments with one (1) to nine (9) workers, and small establishments with ten (10)
to fifty (50) workers shall have a 0.5 factor if OSH violation has been corrected not later than forty-eight
(48) hours.
5. When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable penalty
shall be One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱100,000.00).
6. The Secretary of Labor and Employment may issue additional violations and corresponding fines
following consultation with stakeholders.
7. An employer, contractor or subcontractor who was found to be a repeat violator of the above prohibited
acts shall have the penalty of additional fifty percent (50%) thereof and shall be compounded for every
instance of repeat violation.
Section 34 – EFFECTIVITY
This Rules shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
Signed: 06 December 2018 / Published: 09 January 2019 / Effectivity: 25 January 2019.
145
\DEVELOPMENT OF AN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM
OBJECTIVE:
To develop an OSH Program based on the guidelines of DOLE D.O. 198-18
OGRAM
146
Role of Management in OSH Programming
Effective safety program can be achieved basically through control of people’s actions. Only top
management has the authority to implement such controls.
A. For establishments with less than 10 workers and low risk establishments with 10-50 workers. –
The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:
1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements;
2. General safety and health programs, including:
• Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control (HIRAC),
• Medical surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related diseases, and
• First aid and emergency medical services;
3. Promotion of the following health domains:
147
• Drug-free workplace (RA 9165),
• Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036), and
• Healthy lifestyle;
Medical Surveillance
148
4. Prevention and control of the following health domains:
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (RA 8504),
• Tuberculosis (EO 187-03), and
• Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010);
5. Complete company or project details;
6. Composition and duties of the OSH committee;
7. OSH personnel and facilities;
8. Safety and health promotion, training and education, including:
• Orientation of all workers on OSH, and
• Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control;
9. Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis, if applicable;
10. Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and reporting;
11. Provision and use of PPE;
149
Workplace Policy on Tuberculosis Sample
150
9. Provision of safety signage;
10. Provision of workers’ welfare facilities;
11. Emergency and disaster preparedness and mandated drills;
12. Solid waste management system; and
13. Control and management of hazards.
B. For medium to high risk establishments with 10–50 workers and low to high risk
establishments with 51 workers and above. – The OSH program, which shall be duly signed by
the employer, must include at least the following:
13. Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as building of
temporary structures, and lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,
communications system, and other equipment;
CLEAR POINTS:
151
Job or Operation Title (Trabaho o Gawain)
Department / Division (Sangay) Job Location (Lugar ng Trabaho) Title of Employee Doing Job (Tawag sa Manggagawa
Date Performed (Petsa na Ginawa ang JHA) JHA Performed by (Sino ang gumawa ng JHA) Verified by
Basic Job Steps Existing and Potential Hazards Recommended Corrective Action
(Mga Hakbang) (Mga Panganib sa Bawa’t Hakbang) (Mga Panlunas)
152
WorkshopTemplate
153
BOSH / COSH
Mandatory SO1RE-ENTRY PLAN
Basic OSH Training Course
ASPREC & MANALO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
RE‐ENTRY PLAN
1. As a Safety Officer, you are required to conduct the Mandatory Worker’s OSH Seminar
to all the workers in your company. When do you propose to conduct the said OSH
seminar?
ACTIVITY TIME FRAME OR DATE NO. OF PARTICIPANTS
2. Aside from the conduct of Worker’s OSH Seminar, how do you intend to share the
learnings of this training to your co‐workers? Check all that apply.
a. Conduct 10‐15 minutes daily safety talk
b. Conduct monthly or quarterly general assembly
c. Prepare memo or reports
d. Organized Safety and Health Committee
e. Prepare simple information materials
f. Others (Please specify)
3. Indicate timeline or person/s, department, STO who can help you in sharing your
learnings in this course
ACTIVITY INDICATIVE TIME FRAME PERSON OR DEPARTMENT
Prepared by:
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
(Signature over Printed Name) Company
______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
Date Industry
154