Answers Math M

Answers
Answers
1A → 1D
Chapter 1 Exercise 1B
10
1 a x + 2 = 6, 4 b 3x = 10,
Exercise 1A 3
16 20
1 a3 b9 c 1 d −8 c 3x + 6 = 22, d 3x − 5 = 15,
3 3
5 −7 19 x+5
e5 f2 g h e 6(x + 3) = 56, f = 23, 87
3 2 3 4
7 20 −10 14 2 A = $8, B = $24, C = $16 3 14 and 28
i j k l
3 3 3 5 4 8 kg 5 1.3775 m2 6 49, 50, 51
b 7 17, 19, 21, 23 8 4200 L 9 21
2 a a+b b a−b c d ab
a 10 3 km 11 9 and 12 dozen
bc 12 7.5 km/h 13 3.6 km 14 30, 6
e
a
3 Exercise 1C
3 a y=5 b t=5 c y=− d x=2
2
11 8 1 a x = −1, y = −1 b x = 5, y = 21
e t= f y= g y = 136 h t = 1 c x = −1, y = 5 d x = 5, y = 19
2 3
9 8 2
i x = 12 j y=− k x = −7 l y = 2 e x = −4, y = −13 f x=− ,y=−
5 5 5
4 2 a x = 8, y = −2 b x = −1, y = 4
4 a b −5 c 2
3 1
6 c x = 7, y =
5 a −1 b 18 c d 23 2
5 3 a x = 2, y = −1 b x = 2.5, y = −1
e0 f 10 g 12 h 8 c m = 2, n = 3 d x = 2, y = −1
14 12 7 e s = 2, t = 5 f x = 10, y = 13
i− j k
5 5 2 4 7
g x= ,y= h p = 1, q = −1
−b e−d c b 3 2
6 a b c −b d
a c a c−a 5
i x = −1, y =
ab b−d bd − c 2
e f a+b g h
b+a a−c a 4 a No solutions b Infinitely many solutions
7 a −18 b −78.2 c 16.75 d 28 c One solution d One solution
3
e 34 f Exercise 1D
26
a2 + b2 + 2ab a + b 1 25, 113 2 22.5, 13.5
8 x= =
ac + bc c 3 a $70 b $12 c $3
ab
9 x= 4 a $168 b $45 c $15
a−b−c
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
764 Answers
c F I
1E → 1 review
5 17 and 28 6 44 and 12 4 a V= b a= c P=
7 5 pizzas, 25 hamburgers p m rt
8 Started with 60 and 50; finished with 30 each w−H S −P R(V − 2)
d r= e t= f r=
7 C Pr V
9 134 adults, 16 children 10
10 5a T = 48 b b = 8 c h = 3.82 d b = 10
11 26 12 420 adults, 540 children 6 a (4a + 3w) m b (h + 2b) m
13 $17 000 14 120 shirts, 300 ties c 3wh m2 d (4ah + 8ab + 6wb) m2
15 360 Outbacks, 300 Bush Walkers
7 a i T = 2π(p + q) + 4h ii 88π + 112
16 2800 in Mydney, 3200 in Selbourne
A
17 20 kg at $10, 40 kg at $11 and 40 kg at $12 b p= −q
πh
Exercise 1E 2 60
8 a D= b b=2 c n= d r = 4.8
Answers
3 29

1 a x<1 b x > 13 c x≥3 d x ≤ 12
1 2D
e x ≤ −6 f x > 3 g x < −2 h x ≥ −8 9 a D = bc(1 − k2 ) b k = 1−
3 2 √ bc
i x≤ 2 6
2 c k= =
2 a x<2 3 3
A + c2
–2 –1 0 1 2 10 a P = 4b b A = 2bc − c2 c b=
2c
b x < −1
a2 − a −ay
–2 –1 0 1 2 11 a b= b x=
2 b

c x < −1
x2
–2 –1 0 1 2 c r = ± 3q − p2 x2 d v = ± u2 1 − 2
y
d x≥3
Chapter 1 review
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
e x<4 Technology-free questions
−3 −2
1 a 1 b c d −27
2 3
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 44 1
e 12 f g h 31
f x>1 13 8
cd − b d
2 a t =a−b b c +c
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 a a
g x < 3 12 cb − a 2b 1 − cd
d e f
c−1 c−a ad
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 2 22 −7
3 a x< b x ≤ −148 2 c x <
1
d x≥
h x≥3 3 29 17
4 x = 2(z + 3t), −10
d − e2 1
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 a d = e2 + 2 f b f = c f =
2 2
i x> 1
6 6 400π cm2
975π
0 1 2 3
7 a 196π b
2
−1 A T −P
3 a x> b x<2 c x > −5 8 a r= b w=
2 πs Pr
20 n− p ac − b2
4 3x < 20, x < , 6 pages 5 87 c r= d x=
3 v2 b
9 a s = 75 b t = 8
Exercise 1F √
10 5 2 cm
1 a 18 b9 c 3 d −18
11 12 m and 17 m
e 3 f 81 g 5 h 20
12 m = 2 and n = 15
2 a S =a+b+c b P = xy c C = 5p
d T = d p + cq e T = 60a + b 13 Mr Apollo earns $100 000, Mr Adonis earns
$107 200 and Ms Aphrodite earns $96 000
3 a 15 b 31.4 c 1000 d 12
28 9 11 33
e 314 f 720 14 a a = ,b=− b a=− ,b=−
11 11 5 5
15 5 hours travelling on highways
Answers 765
Answers
Multiple-choice questions 2 Any line parallel 3 y
1D 2 D 3C 4A 5C 6C to the one shown
7 B 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 E 12 B y= x−1
y (1, 6)
Extended-response questions
−10 x
1 aC= b F = 86 c x = −40 0
9
−160 0
x
d x = −62.5 e x = f k=5 –1
1
13
2uv v
2 a r= b m= 1 5
2A → 2C
u+v u 4 a− b − c −2 d −8 e 0 f −1
4 2
3 a T = 6w + 6 g 7 h 11 i −13 j 11 k 111 l 61
25
b i T = 8w ii = , w = 12 12 2
6 5 a −2 b
L − 6x 5
c i y= ii y = 22
8 5
d x = 10, y = 5 6 a 54 b
6
4 a Distance Tom travelled = ut km 7 a 45◦ b 45◦ c 26.57◦ d 135◦
Distance Julie travelled = vt km
d 8 a 45◦ b 26.57◦ c 161.57◦ d 49.4◦
b i t= h e 161.57 f 135◦
◦
u+v √ √
ud 9 a 1 b −1 c 3 d − 3
ii Distance from A = km
u+v
c t = 1.25 h, distance from A = 37.5 km Exercise 2C
2uv
5 a Average speed = 1 a m = 3, c = 6 b m = −6, c = 7
u+v c m = 3, c = −6 d m = −1, c = −4
uT vT + uT
b i ii 2 a y = 3x + 5 b y = −4x + 6 c y = 3x − 4
v v
3 3 2ab 40 3 a m = 3, c = −6 b m = 2, c = −4
6 a + c i c= ii 1 1 5
a b a+b 3 c m = , c = −2 d m= ,c=−
x y 80(x + y) 2 3 3
7 a , b 3 5
8 10 10x + 8y 4 a m = 2, c = −9 b m=− ,c=
4 2
320 310 1 5
c x= ,y= c m = − , c = −2 d m = , c = −2
9 9 3 2
8 The three lines intersect at the point (4, 3) 5 a y = 3x − 11 b y = −2x + 9
1 11 7
6 a y=− x+ b y=− x+4
3 3 5
Chapter 2 c y = −2x + 4 d y=
11
x−
61
3 3
Exercise 2A 7 a 2 b y = 2x + 6
1 1 8 a y = 2x + 4 b y = −2x + 8
1 a (5, 8) b 2, 2 c (1.6, 0.7)
d (−0.7, 0.85) 9 a y = 2x + 6 b y = −2x + 4
c y = −5x + 15
2 MAB (3, 3), MBC (8, 3 12 ), MAC (6, 1 12 )
2
3 Coordinates of C are (6, 8.8) 10 a y=− x+4 b y = −2x − 6
3
4 a (4, 4) b (2, −0.2) c (−2, 5) d (−4, −3) 3x
1 + a 4 + b c y = −x + 4 d y=− +3
5 , , a = 9, b = −6 2
2 2 2 2 2
√ √ 11 a y= x+4 b y= x−
6 a 5√ 2 ≈ 7.07 b 17 ≈ 4.12 3 3 3
c 34 ≈ 5.83 d 13 1 1
√ √ √ c y = x + 12 1
d y=− x+2
7 97 + √ 85 + 104 ≈ 29.27 2 2
8 PM = 145 ≈ 12.04 9 DN e y = x + 3.5 f y = −0.5x + 0.25
2
12 a y = 4x + 4 b y = − x c y = −x − 2
Exercise 2B 3
1 1
1 a4 b2 c d −4 e 1 f −1 d y = x − 1 e y = 3 12 f x = −2
4 2
13 Yes 14 Only c
5 −5 4
g h −2 i j k0 15 a x=4 b y = 11 c x = 11 d y = −1
4 4 3
766 Answers
2D
Exercise 2D c y d y
1 a (0, 4), (4, 0) b (0, −4), (4, 0) 1 1

c (0, −6), (−6, 0) d (0, 8), (−8, 0) x
– x
Answers
1 0 1
2 a y b y 2
0
2
x x
0 6 0 8 6 a y b y
–4 –2
1
y y 1 x
c d 0 x
0 1
6 10 –1
c y d y
x
–8 0 x
–4 0 1
e y f y x
x –1 0
–1 0
–1
x x
0 15 0 15
–5
4 – 15
2
7
7 a y b y
3 a y b y 3 3
2 x 1
–3 0 0
x
x x 1 1
0 1 –2 0 –
3
–1 c y d y
c y
1
4 8 x
x 0 2 1
x 0 3
0 2
–2
–4
e y f y
4 a y b y
5 3 2 4
x x 6
0 0 3 x x
0 0
–10 –9
g y h y
c y d y
x
6 0 3
10 10
x x –8
x
–2 0 0 5 –4 0
8 a y b y
y y (0, 3)
5 a b
y=3
2 (-2, 0)
2 x x
0 0
x x = -2
x 0 2
–2 0
Answers 767
12
Answers
y
c y d 7 a x = 4a b m= c i a=6 ii a = −6
a
x=5 c 1
8a x= b c=9 c c≤2 d y= x+c
(5, 0) 2 2
0
x
0
x e i c = 12 ii c = 4 iii c = 8
y = -2
12 3 3
(0, -2) 9a b − c i b = −3 ii b =
b b 2
b 4b
9 a 45◦ b 135◦ c 45◦ d 135◦ d y= x−
◦ ◦ 3 3
e 63.43 (to 2 d.p.) f 116.57 (to 2 d.p.)
2E → 2H
10 a 71.57◦ b 135◦ c 45◦ d 161.57◦ Exercise 2G
4 14
11 a = −4, b = , d = −1, e = 1 w = 20n + 350 for n ∈ N ∪ {0}
3 3
2 a d1 = 50t b d2 = 80 − 40t
Exercise 2E c Gradient = 50 Gradient = −40
1 d1 d2
1 a y = 2x − 10 b y=− x
2 200 (4,200) 80
1 150 60
c y = −2x + 6 d y= x−4
2 100 40
2 14 3 50 50
e y= x− f y=− x+4 0 t 0 t
3 3 2 0 2 4 0 2
1 2
g y=− x− h y = 3x − 14 3 a V = 5t b V = 10 + 5t
3 3
2 Parallel lines: a, b, c; non-parallel lines: d 4 a v = 500 − 2.5t
b Domain 0 ≤ t ≤ 200; Range 0 ≤ v ≤ 500
3 a y=4 b x=2 c y=4 d x=3
c
4 y = 2x + 2 v
5 Midpoint of AB is (−1, 6); y = 2x + 8 500
3 5
6 mBC = − , mAB =
5 3
3 5
∴ mBC × mAB = − × = −1 0 200 t
5 3
∴ ABC is a right-angled triangle 5 C = 1.5n + 2.6
7 mAB = −2, mBC = 12 6 a C = 0.24x + 85 b $145
8 mRS = − 12 , mS T = 2 ∴ RS ⊥ S T 7 d = 200 − 5t
mUT = − 12 , mS T = 2 ∴ UT ⊥ S T 8 a
w (g)
(Also need to show S R = UT .)
51
∴ RS T U is a rectangle
16 80
9 =− ,m=
3 3 50
1 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x (cm)
10 a y = − x + b B(1, 5) c C(2, 7)
2 2 b w = 0.2x + 50 c x = 12.5 cm
9 a C = 0.06n − 1 b $59
Exercise 2F
10 a C = 5n + 175 b Yes c $175
1 m=5
2 c=5 Exercise 2H
1 1 1 Both lines have gradient −1, but their y-axis
3 a y=− x+3 b m=
m 7 13
4 m=2 intercepts are 6 and
2
3 9 2 (t, 6 − t) where t is a real number
5 a x= b m= c m≥3
m 5 9
x 3 a m=4 b m4 c m=
d y=− −3 5
m 4 k = 2, m = 5
c 5 k = 24, m = 0
6 a x = − b c = −4 c c ≥ −2
2
6 m = −3
1
d y=− x+c 7 a m = −5 b m = 3
2
768 Answers
2 review
8 a b t=5 Chapter 2 review

C
A Technology-free questions
B 1 a Midpoint = (3, 2); Length = 4
30 1 9 √
20 b Midpoint = − , − ; Length = 74
2 2
5
c Midpoint = 5, ; Length = 5
Answers
0 t
2
25 9 10
9 b = 0.28 and a = 0.3, m/s 2 a b − c Undefined
7 4 11
10 a b 2 p.m. b −b
d d −1 e f
dB a a
3 a y = 4x b y = 4x + 5
dA c y = 4x + 2 d y = 4x − 5
15
20
4 a a = −2 b
5 3
0 t 5 4y + 3x = −7
11 a C1 = 210 + 1.6x, C2 = 330 6 3y + 2x = −5
b 7 a y = 11 b y = 6x − 10 c 3y + 2x = −3
C √ √
8 3y − x = 3 3 − 2
300
9 y+x=1
75
1 20
200 10 y = x +
0 20 40 60 80 x 3 3
1
c Fixed-charge method is cheaper for x > 75 11 a = 1, b = − , d = 5, e = 3
2
12 a
d 12 a y
500
B y = 2x - 8
x
A 0 (4, 0)
C
0 5 10 15 20 25 t (hours) (0, -8)
b C wins the race
d C leaves 5 hours after B, and overtakes B b y
13 12 hours after B had started, then over- (0, 6)

3x + y = 6
takes A 20 hours after A had started. C wins x
with a total time of 22 12 hours (12 12 hours 0 (2, 0)
for journey + 10 hours handicap), with A

and B deadheating for second place, each
c y
with a total time of 25 hours.
13 Both craft will pass over the point (5 13 , −4) 3x + y + 6 = 0
14 a CT = 2.8x, C B = 54 + x (-2, 0)
x
0
b $C c More than 30 (0, -6)
54
d y
y - 2x - 8 = 0 (0, 8)
0 30 x (-4, 0)
x
0
1
15 a dA = t b d (km)
3
3 57 e y
d M = 57 − t
10 (0, 6)
y = -6x + 6
(1, 0) x
0 90 t (min) 0
c 10:30 a.m. d Anne 30 km, Maureen 27 km
Answers 769
Answers
f y 5 a y = − x + 14 23 b 20 13 km south
3
(-5, 0)
6 a s = 100 − 7x
x 5
0 (0, -2) b c %
2x + 5y + 10 = 0 s (%) 7
100
13 a y = −9 y
0 100
≈ 14.3 x (%)
7
x
2 review
0
(0, -9) d 14 27 %
y = -9 e Probably not a realistic model when s = 0
f 0 ≤ x ≤ 14 27
b x=8 y
7 a AB, y = x + 2; CD, y = 2x − 6
b Intersection is at (8, 10), on the near bank
x=8
128
(8, 0)
x 8 a
0 19
199 128
b y=− x+
190 19
c i y = 3x ii y = −3x 20
c No, since gradient of AB is ≈ 1.053,
y 19
whereas the gradient of VC is −1.047
y = -3x y = 3x 41
9 a No b 1 km to the east of H
(-1, 3) (1, 3) 71
x
0 10 a y = x − 38 b B(56, 18)
c y = −2x + 166 d (78, 10)
11 a y = 3x + 2 b (0, 2)
14 a d = 60t b m = 60
c y = 3x − 8 d (2, −2)
15 S = 800 + 500n e Area = 10 square units
−2
16 a y = 2x + 2 b i ii −2 < a < 0 f Area = 40 square units
1 1 a 12 a C = 40x + 30 000 b $45 c 5000
c , +3 d R = 80x
a−1 a−1
e
Multiple-choice questions $’000
1 D 2 E 3A 4E 5C 6D 300 R = 80x
7B 8 E 9 C 10 E 11 C 200
Extended-response questions 100 C = 40x + 30000
1 a C = 550 + 190n b 12 days 0 1000 2000 3000 x

c Fewer than 5 days f 751 g P = 40x − 30 000
2 a Cost of the plug 13 a Cost with method 1 is $226.75; cost with
b Cost per metre of cable c 1.8 d 11 19 m method 2 is $227; so method 1 is cheaper
3 a The maximum profit (when x = 0) b 0 1000 2000 3000
b 43 seats Method 1 100 181.25 262.50 343.75
c The profit reduces by $24 for each empty seat Method 2 110 185 260 335
4 a i C = 0.091n c Cost the same for approx. 1600 units
ii C = 1.65 + 0.058n
iii C = 6.13 + 0.0356n 110
b cost ($) 100
C ($)
15 (300, 16.81) 300 343.75
10 (200, 13.25) 200 335
5 (50, 4.55) 100
0 100 200 300 n (kWh) 0 1000 2000 3000 units
i For 30 kWh, C = 2.73 1600
ii For 90 kWh, C = 6.87 d C1 = 0.08125x + 100, C2 = 0.075x + 110,
iii For 300 kWh, C = 16.81 x = 1600
c 389.61 kWh
770 Answers
3A → 3D
14 a (17, 12) b 3y = 2x + 2 c (x − 1)(x + 1)(y − 1)(y + 1)

2 2 d (a + b)(x + y) e (a2 + 1)(a − 3)
15 a PD: y = x + 120; DC: y = x + 136;
3 5 f (2a − 5)(b − 6) g (2x + 5)(x − 1)
5 2 h (x + 2)(x − 2)(x + 2)
CB: y = − x + 600; AB: y = x + 20;
2 5 i (x − a)(x + a)(x − b)
3 5 a (x − 6)(x + 6) b (x − 9)(x + 9)
AP: y = − x + 120
5 c (x − a)(x + a) d (2x − 9)(2x + 9)
b At B and C, since product of gradients is −1 e (3x − 4)(3x + 4) f (5x − y)(5x + y)
2 5 3(x − 4)(x + 4) h 2(x −√7)(x + 7)
Answers
E.g. mDC = , mCB = − , mDC × mCB = −1 g √

5 2 i √ − 3)(x
3a(x √ +√3) √ j (a − 7)(a + 7)
k ( 2a −√ 5)( 2a√+ 5)
Chapter 3 l (x − 2 3)(x + 2 3)
6 a (x − 6)(x + 2) b (7 + x)(3 − x)
Exercise 3A c 3(x − 1)(x + 3) d −5(2x + 1)
e −24x f −5(x + 7)(x + 1)
1 a 2x − 8 b −2x + 8 c 6x − 12
7 a (x − 9)(x + 2) b (y − 16)(y − 3)
d −12 + 6x e x2 − x f 2x2 − 10x
c (a − 2)(a − 12) d (a + 9)2
2 a 6x + 1 b 3x − 6 c x + 1 d 5x − 3 e (x − 8)(x + 3) f (x − 12)(x + 10)
3 a 14x − 32 b 2x2 − 11x 8 a (3x − 1)(x − 2) b (2x + 1)(3x + 2)
c 32 − 16x d 6x − 11 c (5x + 3)(x + 4) d (2x + 1)(x + 4)
4 a 2x2 − 11x b 3x2 − 15x e (3x − 2)(2x − 5) f (3x + 1)(2x − 3)
c −20x − 6x2 d 6x − 9x2 + 6x3 g (3x − 2)(4x − 3) h (x − 2)(5x + 6)
e 2x2 − x f 6x − 6 i x(5x − 6)(x − 2)
5 a 6x − 2x − 28
2
b x2 − 22x + 120 9 a 3(y − 6)(y + 2) b 2(x − 7)(x − 2)
c 36x2 −√4 √ 8x − 22x + 15
d 2
c 4(x − 3)(x − 6) d 3(x + 2)(x + 3)
e x2 − ( √3 + 2)x + 2 3 √ e a(x + 3)(x + 4) f 3x(4 − x)2
f 2x2 + 5x√− 5 g√3x2 + 7x − 14 10 a x(x + 2) b (2x − 3)(x + 2)
h 5x2 + (10√ 2 − 3)x
√ −6 2 √ c 2(2x + 5)(x + 2)
i 5x2 − (3 5 + 32 10)x + 96 2
6 a 6x3 − 5x2 − 14x + 12 b x3 − 1 Exercise 3C
c 24 − 20x − 8x2 + 6x3 d 3x2 + 4x + 3
1 a 2 or 3 b 0 or 2
c 4 or 3 d 4 or 3
e −10x + 5x − 2
2
5
7 a x2 − 8x + 16 b 4x2 − 12x + 9 e 3 or −4 f 0 or 1 or 6 h −4 or 4
g
2
1
c 36 − 24x + 4x2 d x2 − x + 2 a −0.65, 4.65 b −0.58, 2.58 c −2.58, 0.58
√ √ 4 3 a 9, −8 b 4, 2 c 11, −3 d 4, −16
e x2 − 2 5x + 5 f x2 − 4 3x + 12
e 2, −7 f −3, 8
8 a x2 − 9 b 4x2 − 16 c 81x2 − 121
3 1 3 2 3 3
d 4x2 − 9 e 4x2 − 25 f x2 − 5 4 a − , −1 b , c − ,− d − ,2
2 2 2 3 2 2
g 4x2 − 27 h 3x2 − 7
5 3 1 3 3 2
9 a x2 + y2 − z2 − 2xy b 4a2 − 4ab + b2 − c2 e ,3 f − ,3 g , h − ,
6 2 2 5 4 3
c 9w2 + 8uz − 16z2 − u2 1
d 4a2 − 5b2 + 4ac + c2 i j −5, 1 k 0, 3 l −5, −3
2
10 a i x2 + 2x + 1 ii (x + 1)2 1
m ,2
b i (x − 1)2 + 2(x − 1) + 1 ii x2 5
5 3 6 4 or 9 7 2, 2 38
Exercise 3B 8 13 9 50 10 6 cm, 2 cm
1 a 2(x + 2) b 4(a − 2) c 3(2 − x) 11 5 12 $90, $60 13 42
d 2(x − 5) e 6(3x + 2) f 8(3 − 2x)
Exercise 3D
2 a 2x(2x − y) b 8x(a + 4y) c 6b(a − 2)
d 2xy(3 + 7x) e x(x + 2) f 5x(x − 3) 1 a i (0, −4) y
g −4x(x + 4) h 7x(1 + 7x) i x(2 − x) ii x = 0

3 a 6x2 y2 (x + 2) b xy(7x − 6y) iii (−2, 0), (2, 0)
c 2xy2 (4x + 3) x
–2 0 2
4 a (x2 + 1)(x + 5) b (x + 3)(y + 2)
(0, –4)
Answers 771
Answers
b i (0, 2) y d i (4, 0) y
ii x = 0 ii x = 4
iii None iii (4, 0) x
0 4
(0, 2) –8
x
0
c i (0, 3) y 3 a i (2, 1) y
ii x =√0 √ ii x = 2
(0, 3)
iii (− 3, 0), ( 3, 0) (0, 5)
3D
iii None
–√3 √3
x
0
(2, 1)
x
0
d i (0, 5) y
b i (2, −1) y
ii x =0
5
(0, 5) ii x = 2
iii − ,0 , – √ 25 √2
5
iii (1, 0), (3, 0)
2 3
5 0
x
1 3
,0 x
2 0
(2, –1)
e i (0, 4) y
c i (1, 2) y
ii x = 0 (0, 4)
ii x = 1
iii (−2, 0), (2, 0)
iii None
-2 2
x 3
0
(1, 2)
x
0
f i (0, −9) y
ii x =√0 √ d i (−1, −1) y
- 3 3
iii (− 3, 0), ( 3, 0) 0
x ii x = −1
iii (−2, 0), (0, 0)
–2 0
x
(0, -9)
(–1, –1)
2 a i (2, 0) y y
e i (3, 1)
ii x = 2
ii x = 3 (3, 1)
iii (2, 0)
4 iii (2, 0), (4, 0)
x
0 2 4
x –8
0 2
b i (−3, 0) y
f i (−2, −4) y
ii x = −3 ii x = −2
iii (−3, 0) iii (−4, 0), (0, 0)
9
x
x –4 0
–3 0
(–2, –4)
c i (−1, 0) y
ii x = −1 g i (−2, −18) y
iii (−1, 0)
0
x ii x = −2
–1 iii (−5, 0), (1, 0) 1
x
–1 0
–5
–10
(–2, –18)
772 Answers
3E
h i (4, 3) y 4 a y = (x − 1)2 + 2 b y = (x + 2)2 − 3

ii x = 4 (4, 3) t. pt (1, 2) t. pt (−2, −3)
iii (3, 0), (5, 0) y y
Answers
x
0 3 5
1
3 x
0
i i (−5, −2) y (1, 2)
x
ii x = −5 x 0 (–2, –3)
iii None (–5, –2) 0 3 2 5
c y= x− − y
2 4
– 29 3 5
2
t. pt , −
2 4 1
x
j i (−2, −12) y 0
ii x = −2 3
, – 45
2
iii (0, 0), (−4, 0)
x 1 2 11
–4 0
5 a y=2 x− − y
2 2
(–2, –12) 1 11
t. pt , − 0
x
2 2
k i (2, 8) y
ii x = 2√ -5
iii (2 − √2, 0), 2 – √2 (2, 8) 2 + √2 ( 12 , -11
2)
(2 + 2, 0) x
0 b y = 4(x + 1)2 + 4 c y = 3(x − 1)2 − 7
–8 t. pt (−1, 4) t. pt (1, −7)
y y
l i (1, −3) y
ii x = 1 8
0
x
iii (−2, 0), (4, 0) -4
(-1, 4)
-2 x (1, -7)
4 x 0
0

1 2 9
(0, - 8) 6 a y = (x − 4)2 − 4 b y= x− −
3 (1, -3)
2 4
t. pt (4, −4) 1 9
y t. pt , −
Exercise 3E 2 4
y
1 a x2 − 2x + 1 b x2 + 4x + 4
c x2 − 6x + 9 d x2 − 6x + 9 12
e x + 4x + 4
2
f x2 − 10x + 25 x
1 9
g x2 − x + h x2 − 3x + 0 x
4 4 (4, –4) 0
2 a (x − 2)2 b (x − 6)2 c −(x − 2)2 –2 1,
– 49
1 2 2
d 2(x − 2)2 e −2(x − 3)2 f x −
2 c y = 2(x + 1)2 − 4 d y = −(x − 2)2 + 5
3 2 5 2 t. pt (−1, −4) t. pt (2, 5)
g x− h x+
2 2 y y
√ √ √
3 a 1 ± √2 b 2 ± √6 c 3± 7
(2, 5)
5 ± 17 2± 2 1
d e f − ,2
2 2 √ 3
√ 0
−1 ± 1 − k2 x 1
x
g −1 ± 1 − k h –2 0
√ k
(–1, –4)
3k ± 9k2 − 4
i
2
Answers 773
Answers
e y = −2(x + 3)2 + 6 f y = 3(x − 1)2 + 9 e f (x) f f (x)
t. pt (−3, 6) t. pt (1, 9)
y y –1 , 61
2 4
x 6
– 21 0 1
(–3, 6)
–1
1 x
0
x 12 4
, –1 18 –3 –1 0 2
(1, 9)
–12 x g f (x) h f (x)
0
1 1
–2 ,
3F → 3G
2 4
x x
Exercise 3F –3 –2 0 –3 0 8
1 a7 b7 c 1 –6 –24
2 a −2 b8 c 4 2 1 , –30 41
2
3 a y b y
Exercise 3G
1 a −2, 4 b y
x
–6 –3 0 x
x -2 0 4
–1 0
1 (–3, –9)
c y d y -8
c −2 ≤ x ≤ 4 d x < −2 or x > 4
25
2 a x ≤ −2 or x ≥ 3 b −4 < x < −3
x 1
x –2 0 2 c −4 ≤ x ≤ d x < 2 or x > 6
–5 0 5 2
–4 3 7
e 2<x<3 f ≤x≤
2 2
e y f 7 5
y g− <x<2 h −2 ≤ x ≤
2 2
5 7
– 23 i x < −5 or x > j −2 ≤ x ≤
2 2
x
0 x 2 7 5 11
–2 –1 0 1 2 k x < or x > l x ≤ or x ≥
5 2 2 2
– 43 , –1 18 (1, –2) 2 2
3 a x < −5 or x > 5 b − ≤y≤
y y 3 3
g h
6 6
– 43 , 1 18 c y < −4 or y > 4 d − ≤x≤
5 5
1 1 5 5
x 1
e y≤− or y ≥ f y < − or y >
–2 –1 0 4 4 6 6
– 23 0
x 4 a x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −4 b −3 < x < 8
3
c −2 ≤ x ≤ 6 d x > 3 or x < −
2
4 a y b y 3 2
e − <x<− f −3 ≤ x ≤ −2
2 3
2 3 1 3
4 g x > or x < − h ≤x≤
x 3 4 2 5
–5 0 2 i −4 ≤ x ≤ 5
0 x √ √
–10 1 4 1 1
j 5 − 41 ≤ p ≤ 5 + 41
– 23 , –12 41 2 12 , –2 41 2 2
k y < −1 or y > 3 l x ≤ −2 or x ≥ −1
c y d y √ √
−3 − 29 −3 + 29
5 a x≤ or x ≥
√ 2 √ 2
x 3 5 − 17 5 + 17
–3 0 1
b <x<
0 2√ 2√
x
–3 –3 –1 3 − 17 3 + 17
(–1, –4) (–2, –1)
c ≤x≤
4 4
774 Answers
√ √
−3 − 41 −3 + 41
3H → 3I
d <x< d y
2√ 2√
−7 − 41 −7 + 41 x
e <x< 0
4 √ 4√ –1 – Ö5 –1 + Ö5
4− 6 4+ 6 –4
f x≤ or x ≥
2 2 (–1, –5)
6 The square of any number is greater than or
equal to zero. e y f y
Answers
7 The negative of the square of any number is x

2
less than or equal to zero. 0 , –2 1
–1
3 3
–1 1 –1
8 x2 + 2x + 7 = (x + 1)2 + 6. For all x, we have 4
x
(x + 1)2 ≥ 0 and so (x + 1)2 + 6 ≥ 6 0
–2
9 −x2 − 2x − 7 = −(x + 1)2 − 6. For all x, we (– 5 , – 9 )
8 16
have −(x + 1)2 ≤ 0 and so −(x + 1)2 − 6 ≤ −6
g y h y
( 52 , 49
4)
Exercise 3H
√
1 a 40 i ii
2√10
b 28 i ii
2√7
c 172i ii
2√43 2 ( 38 , 23
16)
-1 6 x x
d 96 i ii
4√6 0 0
e 189i ii
3 21
√ √
√ 3− 5 1+ 5 √ i y
2 a 1+ 5 b c d 1+2 2
2 √ 2
√ 7 ± 61 1 4
3 a −3 ± 13 b c ,2 -1 3
2 2 √ x
3√ 3√
0
30
d −1 ± 2 e −2 ± 2 f 1± -4 ( 1 , - 49 )
√ 2 2 5
√ 6 12
2 −3 −3 ± 6
g 1± h 1, i
2 2 5√ Exercise 3I
√
−13 ± 145 2 ± 4 − 2k2
j k 1 a 20 b −12 c 25 d 41 e 41
12
√ 2k
2 a Crosses the x-axis b Does not cross
2k ± 6k2 − 2k
l c Just touches the x-axis
2(1 − k) d Crosses the x-axis e Does not cross
4 a y f Does not cross
3 a Two real solutions b No real solutions
0
x c Two real solutions d Two real solutions
1 (–5 – Ö29 ) –1 1
2 (–5 + Ö29 ) e Two real solutions f No real solutions
2
4 a Δ = 0, one rational solution
(–2 1 , –7 1 ) b Δ = 1, two rational solutions
2 4
c Δ = 17, two irrational solutions
b y d Δ = 0, one rational solution
e Δ = 57, two irrational solutions
x f Δ = 1, two rational solutions
0 √ √ √
1 (3 – Ö17) –1 1 (3 + Ö17) 5 a i − 5√ < m < 5 √ ii m = ± 5
4 4 iii m > 5 or m < − 5
( 3 , –2 1 )
4 4
4 8 b i 0<m< ii m =
3 3
4
c y iii m > or m < 0
3
(–1 1 , 3 1 ) 4 4
2 4 c i − <m<0 ii m = 0 or m = −
5 5
1 (–3 – Ö13) 1 (–3 + Ö13) 4
2 1 2 iii m < − or m >0
5
x
0 d i −2 < m < 1 ii m = −2 or m = 1
iii m > 1 or m < −2
Answers 775
Answers
6 Δ = (2m − n)2 , a perfect square 7 p> Exercise 3K
3
−1 1 a = −4, c = 6
8 p=
2 b2 1
2 2 a Δ = b2 − 16a b a = c a= ,b=2
9 a p = ±3 b p > 1 c p> d p>1 16 4
3 3 a y = 2(x + 2)(x − 6) b y = −2(x + 2)2 + 4
10 −2 < p < 8 c y = −x2 + 2x − 3
11 Δ = −4q2 < 0 for all values of q 4 −24
4 2 5 a= ,b=
12 a Δ = 16m2 − 96m + 176 = 16(m − 3)2 + 32 7 7
b Δ ≥ 32; therefore two solutions 6 a = −2, b = 1, c = 6
3J → 3L
5
13 a Δ = 16 7 a y = − x2 + 5 b y = x2
16
b Δ > 0; therefore two solutions 1 2 7
14 Δ = (m + 4)2 , a perfect square; therefore c y= x + x d y = x2 − 4x + 3
11 11
rational solutions 5 5 15
e y = − x2 − x + f y = x2 − 4x + 6
15 Δ = (m − 2n)2 , a perfect square; therefore 4 2 4
rational solutions 5 1
8 y= (x + 1)2 + 3 9 y = − (x2 − 3x − 18)
16 The graph will cross the x-axis twice 16 2
1 2
17 The graph will cross the x-axis twice 10 y = (x + 1)2 + 3 11 y = x − x + 75
180
12 y = 2x − 4x
2
13 y = x − 2x − 1
2
Exercise 3J
√ √ √ √ 14 a C b B c D d A
1 a (1 − 5, −1 − 5), (1 + 5, −1 + 5) 1 2 1 1 1
7 49 15 a y=a x+ +a− b − ,a −
b (−3, 9), (2, 4) c (−3, 9), , a a a a
4 16 c a = ±1 d −1 < a < 1
d (1, 3), (2, 5)
16 y = −2x2 + 8x − 6
2 a (2, 0), (−5, 7) b (1, −3), (4, 9)
17 a y = ax(x − 10), a > 0
c (1, −3),
√ (−3, 1) d (−1,√1), (−3, −3)
1 + 33 √ 1 − 33 √ b y = a(x + 4)(x − 10), a < 0
e , −3 − 33 , , −3 + 33 1
2 2√ c y= (x − 6)2 + 6 d y = a(x − 8)2 , a < 0
5 + √33 √ 5 − 33 √ 18
f , 23 + 3 33 , , 23 − 3 33 1
2 2 18 a y = − x2 + x + 2 b y = x2 + x − 5
3 a Touch at (2, 0) b Touch at (3, 9) 4
1
c Touch at (−2, −4) d Touch at (−4, −8) 19 r = − t2 + 2 12 t − 6 38 20 a B b D
8
4 a x = 8, y = 16 and x = −1, y = 7 21 a y = −2x2 − x + 5 b y = 2x2 − x − 5
16 5 11
b x = − , y = 37 13 and x = 2, y = 30 c y = 2x2 + x −
3 2 2
4
c x = , y = 10 25 and x = −3, y = 18
5 Exercise 3L
d x = 10 32 , y = 0 and x = 1, y = 29
e x = 0, y = −12 and x = 32 , y = −7 12 1 a A = 60x − 2x2 b A
f x = 1.14, y = 14.19 and x = −1.68, y = 31.09 450
5 a −13
b i y 0 15 30 x
c Maximum area = 450 m2
2 A = x(10 − x); Maximum area = 25 m2
1 (–3 + Ö13)
2 2 3 a E b 0 and 1 c 0.5
x 100
1 (–3 – Ö13) 0
2
√ √
ii m = −6 ± 32 = −6 ± 4 2 0 0.5 1x
−1 −1 d 0.23 and 0.77
6 a c= b c>
4 4 4 a A = 34x − x2 b A
7 a = 3 or a = −1 289
8 b=1
√ √
9 y = (2 + 2√3)x − 4 − 2√3 and 0 17 34 x
y = (2 − 2 3)x − 4 + 2 3 c 289 cm2
776 Answers
3 review
5 a 4x + 10y = 80 g a3 − b3 h 6x2 + 8xy + 2y2

b i A = 1.64x2 − 25.6x + 256 i3a2 − 5a − 2 j 4xy
ii 31.22 and 48.78 k 2u + 2v − uv l −3x2 + 15x − 12
6 a C($) 3 a 4(x − 2) b x(3x + 8)
3000 c 3x(8a − 1) d (2 − x)(2 + x)
2000 e a(u + 2v + 3w)
1000
f a2 (2b − 3a)(2b + 3a)
Answers
0 1 2 3 4 h
g (1 − 6ax)(1 + 6ax) h (x + 4)(x − 3)
The domain depends on the height of i(x + 2)(x − 1) j (2x − 1)(x + 2)
the alpine area. In Victoria, the highest k (3x + 2)(2x + 1) l (3x + 1)(x − 3)
mountain is approx. 2 km high and the m (3x − 2)(x + 1) n (3a − 2)(2a + 1)
minimum alpine height would be approx. o (3x − 2)(2x − 1)
1 km. Thus, for Victoria, domain = [1, 2].
4 a x = 5 or x = −3 b x = 9 or x = 0
b Theoretically, no. But of course there is a
c x = 2 or x = 3 d x = −1 or x = 25
practical maximum.
e x = −3 or x = −2 f x=6
c $1225 1 5 3
7 a T b 8874 units g x = − or x = 3 h x = − or x =
(’000) 2 6 2
t (0.18, 15.82) 12
0.18 15.82 i x=− or x = 1
5
5 a y b y
0 8 16 t
(0, 3)
8 a x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3 3
– ,0 , 0
√2 √2
d 1 3.5 5 5.5 5 3.5 1 (0, 3)
x
0
x
d 0
5 c y d y
4
3 11 11
2
(2, 3) (–2, 3)
1 x x
0 0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 x e y f y
b i 5.5 m √ √
ii 15 − 5 7 m or 15 + 5 7 m from the bat 4–
3
, 0
(0, 9)
√2 3
iii 1 m above the ground 29 4+
√2
, 0
x
16 8 0 3
x – 23
9 a=− ,b= ,c=0 0 2
15 5 (4, –3)
7 41 53
10 a a = − ,b= ,c= y y
21600 400 12 g h
b S
hundreds of (0, 11)
(0, 12)
thousands
dollars 53 x (2, 3)
12 0 (2, 0) x
0
6 a y b y
354.71 t (days)
c i S = $1 236 666 ii S = $59 259
–1 0 x x
Chapter 3 review –5 5 0 6
(2, –9) (3, –9)
Technology-free questions
9 2 2 2 c y d y
1 a x+ b (x + 9)2 c x−
2 5 –2 + √6
d (x + b)2 e (3x − 1)2 f (5x + 2)2 4 – 2√3 (0, 4) x
–2 – √6 0
2 a −3x + 6 b −ax + a2 0
x (0, –4)
4 + 2√3
c 49a − b
2 2
d x2 − x − 12 (4, –12) (–2, –12)
e 2x − 5x − 12
2
f x 2 − y2
Answers 777
Answers
e y f y 14 225 15 y = 5(x − 1)2 + 5
(–2, 21) (2, 9) 16 a (3, 9),√(−1, 1) √
4 − 38 √ 4 + 38 √
–2 – √7
(0, 9) –2 + √7
5 b , 27 − 4 38 , 27 + 4 38
2 2
−7 − √73 −7 + √73
x x
0 –1 0 5
c ,2 ,2
6 6
7 1 1 1
d ( 2 , 2 ), (−2, 8)
7 a x= b x=−
2 2 17 a y = 2(x + 4)(x − 1) b y = −2(x + 1)2 + 3
y y
c y = 2x2 − 2x − 3
49
3 review
– 21 ,
4 18 2.16 m
(0, 6) (0, 12) √ √ √ √
19 a m = ± 8 = ±2 2 b m ≤ − 5 or m ≥ 5
0 1 6
x
x
b b2
7
, –25 –4 0 3 20 a x = 0 and x = −b b − ,−
2 4 2 4
c i (0, 0), (1 − b, 1 − b) ii b = 1 iii b 1
5
c x= d x=5 Multiple-choice questions
2 y
y 1 A 2 C 3 C 4 E 5 B
5
,
81 6C 7 E 8 E 9D 10 A
2 4 (0, 16) 11 B 12 E 13 D
14 x
0 2 8 Extended-response questions
x (5, –9)
–2 0 7 1 a y = −0.0072x(x − 50)
b y
1 13
e x=− f x= 5
4 12
y y 4
1 3
–3
x x 2
0 5 0 5
–3 –5 2
2 1
(0, –15)
– 4 , –15 18
1 13
, –12
1
0 x
12 24
0 10 20 30 40 50
g x=0 h x=0 √
25 3
y y c 10.57 m and 39.43 m 25 ± m
3
d 3.2832 m e 3.736 m (correct to 3 d.p.)
12 − 4x
–4 0
x
–5 0 5
x 2 a Width of rectangle = cm
3
4
2 2
6
3
12 − 4x
(0, –16) (0, –25) Length of rectangle = cm
3
3 17 2 16
8 p = 1 or p = − b A= x − x+8
10 9 3
9 a x < 0√or x > 1 96
√ c Length for square = ≈ 5.65 cm and
b −2 − 34 ≤ x ≤ −2 + 34 17
108
1 3 length for rectangle = ≈ 6.35 cm
c −2 ≤ x ≤ d ≤x≤5 17
√ 3 √ 2
3 a V = 0.72x − 1.2x b 22 hours
2
10 a −3 + √6, −3 − 6√
−9 + 33 −9 − 33 4 a V = 10 800x + 120x2
b , b V = 46.6x2 + 5000x c = 55.18 m
√2 √ 2 5x 5
c 2 − 2, √2+ 2 √ 5 a = 50 − b A = 50x − x2
−7 − 33 −7 + 33 2 2
d , c A
4√ 4√ (10, 250)
−7 − 17 −7 + 17 250
e ,
4√ 4√
−9 − 93 −9 + 93
f ,
6 6 0 10 20 x
5
y = x(x − 5) 12 y = 3(x − 5)2 + 2 √ area = 250 m when x = 10 m
2
11 d Maximum
3 √ √ −1 + 5
13 m < −21 − 4 29 or m > −21 + 4 29 6 x=
2
778 Answers
√
Chapter 4
4A
7 a 25 + x2 √
b i 16 − x ii x2 − 32x + 265
c 7.5 d 10.840 e 12.615 Exercise 4A

8 a i y = 64t2 + 100(t − 0.5)2
Answers
1 a y b y
√
= 164t2 − 100t + 25
ii y (1, 2)
(km) (1, 1)
x x
0 0
c y d y
0 t (h)
1 9 1
iii t = , 1:30 p.m.; t = , 1:07 p.m. 1, 2
2 82 x x
0 0
iv 0.305; 1:18 p.m.; distance
√ 3.123 km
(1, –3)
25 25 ± 2 269
b i 0, ii
41 82
9 b 2x + 2y = b e y f y
c 8x2 − 4bx +√b2 − 16a2 = √ 0
e i x = 6 ± √14, y = 6 ∓ 14
ii x = y =√ 2a √ 0
x
2
(5 ± 7)a (5 ∓ 7)a –3
f x= ,y= x
4 4 0
10 a b = −2, c = 4, h = 1
b i (x, −6 + 4x − x2 ) ii (x, x − 1)
g y h y
iii (0, −1), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3)
iv y = x − 1
c i d = 2x2 − 6x + 10 x
ii 0
d 5
–4
x
0
(0, 10)
i y j y
(1.5, 5.5)
0 x
iii Min value of d = 5.5 when x = 1.5 0 0
√ x
–2
x
11 a 45 5 –1 1
1 – 12
b i y= (7x2 − 190x + 20 400)
600
190 5351
k y l y
ii ,
14 168
c d 0 3
x
A B –3 13
(40, 40) 4
(–20, 45)
3 –4
D x
0
(60, 30) –1
1
y= x
2
O x 2 a y = 0, x = 0 b y = 0, x = 0
c y = 0, x = 0 d y = 0, x = 0
C (–30, –15) e y = 2, x = 0 f y = −3, x = 0
d i The distance (measured parallel to the g y = −4, x = 0 h y = 5, x = 0
y-axis) between path and pond i y = 0, x = 1 j y = 0, x = −2
473 k y = 3, x = −1 l y = −4, x = 3
ii Minimum value = when x = 35
24
Answers 779
Answers
3 a y b y 7 x-axis intercept 32
y-axis intercept − 32
x = -2 (0, 1) x = -2
6 (0, 3) y
x 4
0 x
0 x=2
x
0
y = -2
c y d y
x = -2
x = -1
4B
2 (0, 1)
0 x
0
x Exercise 4B
(0, - 1 )
4 1 a y b y
0 x
4 a y b y 1
9
x = -1 –3 0
x
–4
x = -1 3
3 (0, 1)
(0, 0)
x x
0 0
y = -1
c y d y
c y d y
0 2 4
x = -1 x
3 x = -1 3
-2 3 – 41 x
3 x 0 x 0 1
0
y = -1 (0, -2)
(0, -2) y y
e f
e x-axis intercept − 12 f x-axis intercept − 19 0

x
y-axis intercept −6 y-axis intercept 1 –3 1
y y –4 1
2 x
x = -1 0
3 2
0 x y=3
x = -1 g y h y
y = –4 3 (0, 1)
x
0 –3
(0, -6) x
0
–5 23
2
g y h x-axis intercept − 13 –6 15
1 16
y-axis intercept − 14 x
0 4
x=- 2 y
3
0 x 2 a y = 0, x = −3 b y = −4, x = 0
y = -1 c y = 0, x = 2 d y = 3, x = 1
x = -4
3 0 x e y = −4, x = −3 f y = 1, x = 2
g y = −6, x = −3 h y = 2, x = 4
y = -1
3 a y b y
5 x-axis intercept −3 6 x-axis intercept − 32

y-axis intercept −3 y-axis intercept 3 (0, 1 ) (0, 3 )
36 16
y y x x
0 0
x = -2 x = -2
y=1 y=2
x 0 x
0 x=1 x = -1
780 Answers
4C → 4D
c y 3 a x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 b x ≥ 1 and y ≥ 0
y y
0 x
x = -2 (0, – 1 )
16
x x
0 0 1
Exercise 4C c x ≥ 0 and y ≤ 0 d x ≤ 3 and y ≥ 0

Answers
1 a x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 3 b x ≥ 2 and y ≥ 3 y y
y y
6
3 x
(2, 3) 0
x 3
x x
0 0 0
c x ≥ 2 and y ≥ −3 d x ≥ −2 and y ≥ 1 e x ≤ 2 and y ≤ 0 f x ≤ 3 and y ≥ −4

y y y
y
2
x
0
1 + √2
11 (–2, 1) 4 6-4
x x
0 0 ( 5 , 0)
-4 2 2
x
(2, –3) 0
(3, -4)
e x ≥ −2 and y ≤ 3 f x ≥ −2 and y ≥ −3
y y Exercise 4D
(–2, 3) 1 a x 2 + y2 = 9 b x2 + y2 = 16
3 – √2
1
4 c (x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25
x x
0 7 0 d (x − 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9
2√2 – 3
25
(–2, –3) e (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 =
4
2 a x ≥ 2 and y ≤ 3 b x ≤ 4 and y ≥ −2 f (x + 5)2 + (y + 6)2 = (4.6)2
√
y y
2 a C(1, 3), r = 2 b C(2, −4), r = √5
c C(−3, 2), r = 3 d C(−5, 4), r = 8
(2, 3)
3 a y b y
x x
0 11 0
8 7
(4, –2)
x 4
c x ≤ −4 and y ≤ −1 d x ≤ 3 and y ≥ 0 –8 0 8
y y
–8 1
x
0
x
2 3 c y d y
0
(–4, –1)
x
0 3 4
x
0 3
e x ≤ 3 and y ≤ 0 f x ≤ 3 and y ≥ −4 –7 –2
x
y y –1 0
3 x
0
4 3-4 e f y
y
2
-2 3 x
0 5
2 (-5,5)
x
(3, -4) 0
x
0 3
2
Answers 781
Answers
4 a C(0, 3), r = 5 b C(4, −6), r = 42 c y d y
c C(3, −2), r = 2√ d C(−2, 3), r = 5
5
e C(4, −2), r = 19 f C( 12 , −2), r = 32 3
5 a y b y x x
– 5 0 5 –3 0 3
– 5 –3
3 3
x
0
0
x e y f y
4E → 4 review
–2
6 2 2
c y
x x
– 6 0 6 –2 2 0 2 2
4
x
0
– 6 –2 2
–11
Exercise 4E
6 a y b y 1 a = 5 2 a = −6, h = 3, k = 4
3 1 15
3 a= ,k= 4 a = −16, h = 2, k = −4
2 2 √
√ 2 3
x 0
3 x 5 a=4 2 6 a= , h = −2
–3 0 3 3
7 (x − 2) + (y − 1) = 20
2 2
-3 8 (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1
9 (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 16
c y y
d y 10 (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
11 (x − 4)2 + (y − 4)2 = 20
12 (x − 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25 and
-4 4 x
x –5 5 (x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25
0 x
0 13 (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 10
14 a (x − 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 49
-4 √ 1
b y=3 x−1−2 c y= +2
x−2
e y f y
2 √
d y=− −2 e y= 2−x+1
7 5 x−1
2 1
5 f y= −3
-7
2 x (x − 2)2
x 0
0
Chapter 4 review
-5
-7 2
7 a y b y 1 a y b y
(–1, 3) (1, 2)
x x x
–4 0 2 8 (–2, 2) 0 0
x
0
c y d y
8 a y b y
2 (2, 1) (0, 3)
0 y=1
1 x
x
(0, –1) (–3, 0) 0
x x
0 –1 0 1 x=1 x = –1
–2 2
–1
–2
782 Answers
4 review
e y f y c (x − 4)2 + (y − 4)2 = 4 y
x=1
(4, 4)
(0, 1)
x x
0 0
x
0
Answers
g y h y 2 2
1 1 1
x=2 d x− + y+ =
2 3 36 y
(0, 5)
y=3 y=1
x x
10
x (–√3, 0) (√3, 0) 0 1
0
3
i y j y –1
1
2
, – 13
6 C(−2, 3), r = 6
2 (3, 2) √ √
x x 7 y-axis: 4 6; x-axis: 2 21
0 0
8 a y b y
k y
–5 –1 3
x
(–2, 2) 0
x
0 –3 0 3
x
–1 y
–2√2 + 2 c y d
2 a (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25 (0, 2) x

3 2 5 2 50 0
b x− + y+ = –1 1
2 2 4 x (–2, –3)
1 2 1 2 17
0
c x− + y+ =
4 4 8 Multiple-choice questions
d (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 13
1 E 2 B 3E 4 A 5 A
e (x − 3)2 + (y − 3)2 = 18
6 D 7 D 8 C 9 E 10 B
f (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 13
3 2y + 3x = 0 Extended-response questions
√
5 3
4 2x + 2y = 1 or y = x − 1 a (x − 10) + y = 25 c m = ±
2 2
2
15 ±5√3
3
5 a (x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25 y √
d P , e 5 3
2 2
2 a x2 + y2 = 16 √ √ √
(3, 4) 3 3 8 3
b ii m = ± ; y = x−
3 3 3
x √ √
0 3 8 3
y=− x+
3 3
b (x + 1)2 + y2 = 1 y 4 −3 125
3a b c 4y + 3x = 25 d
3 4 12
y1 −x1
4 a i ii
(–1, 0)
x √ x1 √ y1 √ √
0 c 2x + 2y = 8 or 2x + 2y = −8
Answers 783
√ √ √ √
− 3
Answers
2 3 3 2 3 c
5 a y= x+ a, y = x− a
3 3 3 3
b x2 + y2 = 4a2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 b ii y
d
y = √x – 1
4
–2 –1 0 1 2 3
8 a (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞) b (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)
0 x c (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
–1 9 a
5A → 5B
4
−1 −1 -6 -5-4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c i <k<0 ii k = 0 or k <
4 4 b
iii k > 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1
7 a 0<k< b k= or k ≤ 0
4 4 c
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Chapter 5 d
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 5A e
1 a {7, 11} b {7, 11} -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 25, 30}
d {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 25, 30, 32} f
e {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 25, 30, 32} -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f {1, 7, 11, 25, 30} 10 a (−6, −3) b ∅ c [−6, 0]
2 a {1, 2, 3, 5, 15} b {25, 30, 32} d [−1, 2] e {1} f (−10, −1]
c {2, 3, 5, 15} d {25, 30}
3 a Exercise 5B
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 1 a Domain = {−3, −1, −6, 1};
Range = {−4, −1, 7, 5}
b
y
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
7
c 5
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
0 x
d -6 -3 -1-1 1
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 -4
e b Domain = {−4, −6}; Range = {−1, 1, 7, 8}
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 y
f 8
7
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
4 a (−2, 1] b [−3, 3] c [−3, 2) d (−1, 2) 1 0
√ -1
x
5 a [−1, 2] b (−4, 2] c (0, 2) -6 -4
√
3 1
d − ,√ e (−1, ∞) f (−∞, −2] c Domain = [−2, 2] d Domain = [0, ∞)
2 2 Range = [−2, 2] Range = (−∞, 6]
g (−∞, ∞) h [0, ∞) i (−∞, 0]
y y
6 a {7} b B, i.e. {7, 11, 25, 30, 32}
c (2, ∞) d {30, 32} 2 6
7 a
-2 2 x
0
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
b −2 x
0
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
784 Answers
5B
e Domain = [−1, 2] f Domain = [−4, 1] g Range = [2, 14] h Range = (−11, 19)
Range = [−5, −2] Range = [−5, 5] y y
(–5, 14) (4, 19)
y y
Answers
(–1, 2)
(1, 5)
x x
x 0 1
0 x –1 0 5
0
(2, -2) (–2, –11)
(-1, -5)
(-4, -5)
5 a Range = [3, 4]
2 a Domain = [−2, 2]; Range = [−1, 2]
y
b Domain = [−2, 2]; Range = [−2, 2]
c Domain = R; Range = [−1, ∞)
(1, 4)
d Domain = R; Range = (−∞, 4] (-1, 4)
3
3 a y = (x + 3)2 + 1 b y = −(x + 2)2 − 2
Range = [1, ∞) Range = (−∞, −2] 0
x
y y
b Range = [4, 8]
x
10 (-2, -2) 0
y
(-2, 8)
(-3, 1) -6
x 4 (1, 5)
0
x
c y = 2(x − 1)2 + 4 y 0
Range = [4, ∞)
c Range = [−4, 0]
y
6
(1, 4)
(2, 0)
x x
0 0
4 a Range = [3, ∞) b Range = (−∞, −1] (-1, -3)

-4
y y
d Range = [1, 19]

y
(2, 3) (3, 19)
x x
0 0
(2, –1) (-2, 9)
1
c Range = [−7, ∞) d Range = (−∞, 11) x
0
y y 6 a Range = [1, ∞) b Range = [0, ∞)
(3, 11)
y y
1
– 23 2
x x
0 0 (0, 1)
(–4, –7) (0, 1)
x x
0 (–1, 0) 0
e Range = (−∞, 4] f Range = [−19, 5] c Range = [0, 4] d Range = [2, ∞)
y y y y
(3, 4) (–2, 5) 4
3
1
x x (–1, 2)
–1 0 0 x x
– 31 –1 0
–2 0 2
(6, –19)
Answers 785

5 5
Answers
e Range = (−∞, 4] f Range = [−2, 2] b Domain = ,∞ c Domain = −∞,
2 2
y y
Range = R+ ∪ {0} Range = R+ ∪ {0}
(1, 4) (2, 2) y y
3 x
0
x (–1, –1) 5
–1 0 3 (0, –2)

39
15 5 5
g Range = ,∞ h Range = ,∞ 2 x
2 x
8 4 0 0
5C
y y
d Domain = [3, 7]; Range = [0, 2]
y
6 6
3 39 3 15
,
4 8
,
2 4
x x
0 0 x
0 3 5 7
7 a Domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 b Domain −2 ≤ x ≤ 6 5
Range −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 Range −1 ≤ y ≤ 7 e Domain = R \ f Domain = (−∞, 2]
y y 2
Range = (0, ∞) Range = R+ ∪ {0}
3 y y
(2, 3)
x x
–3 0 3
0
–3 2
2
c Domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 d Domain −5 ≤ x ≤ 5 25
x x
Range 1 12 ≤ y ≤ 2 12 Range 0 ≤ y ≤ 5 0 x= 5 0 2
2
y y
9 a Domain = [0, ∞) b Domain = [1, ∞)
5 Range = R Range = R
y y
1 x
2
,2
–5 0 5
x
0
e Domain −5 ≤ x ≤ 5 f Domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 7 x x
0 0
Range −5 ≤ y ≤ 0 Range −5 ≤ y ≤ 0 1
y y
–5 5 –3 7
c Domain = [−1, ∞) d Domain = [1, ∞)
x
0 0
x Range = R Range = R
–5 y y
5
8 a Domain = R \ ; Range = R \ {3}
2
y x (1, 3)
-1 0
x
0 10
y =3
Exercise 5C
13 5
x=
5 2 1 a Not a function; Domain = {0, 1, 2, 3};
0
13
x Range = {1, 2, 3, 4}
6 b A function; Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2};
Range = {−5, −2, −1, 2, 4}
c Not a function; Domain = {−1, 0, 3, 5};
Range = {1, 2, 4, 6}
d A function; Domain = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6};
Range = {3}
786 Answers
5 1
5D
2 a A function b Not a function 6 a 5, 2t + 1 b x= c x=−

Domain = [0, 4] Domain = [0, 2] 2 2
Range = [0, 16] Range = [−2, 2] d t = −1 e x ≥ −1
f x≥1
1
y y 7 a1 b c ±3 d −1, 4 e −1, 3 f −2, 3
Answers
6
2 8 a g(−1) = −1, g(2) = 8, g(−2) = 0
16 b h(−1) = 3, h(2) = 18, h(−2) = −14
0 2
x c i g(−3x) = 9x2 − 6x
x
ii g(x − 5) = x2 − 8x + 15
0 4 –2 iii h(−2x) = −16x3 − 4x2 + 6
iv g(x + 2) = x2 + 6x + 8
c A function d A function v h(x2 ) = 2x6 − x4 + 6
Domain = [0, ∞) Domain = (0, ∞)
9 a f (2) = 5, f (−4) = 29 b Range = [−3, ∞)
Range = (−∞, 2] Range = (0, ∞)
10 a f (2) = 7 b x=2 c x = −1
y y √
11 a 2 b ±1 c x=± 3
6
2 3 12 a x = −1 b x > −1 c x=−
2 7
x 1
0 8
x 13 a Range = [0, 4] b Range = [−1, 8]
0 1 4 9
y y
e A function f A function (2, 4) (2, 8)
Domain = R \ {0} Domain = R+
Range = R+ Range = R+ (–1, 1) –2
y x x
y 0 0
(–1, –1)

1
x x c Range = ,∞ d Range = [2, ∞)
0 0 3
y
y
g A function h Not a function
Domain = [−1, 4] Domain = [0, ∞) 3, 1
(1, 2)
Range = [0, 16] Range = R 3
x
x 0
y y 0
(4, 16)
e Range = [2, 18) f Range = [0, 25]
(–1, 1) y y
x x (6, 25)
(6, 18)
0 0
(-3, 16)
3 a f : R → R, f (x) = 3x + 2 (1, 3)
b f : R → R, f (x) = − 32 x + 6 x 1 x
0 1
c f : [0, ∞) → R, f (x) = 2x + 3 0
d f : [−1, 2] → R, f (x) = 5x + 6
e f : [−5, 5] → R, f (x) = −x2 + 25 Exercise 5D
f f : [0, 1] → R, f (x) = 5x − 7 1 One-to-one functions: b, d, e, g
4 a A function; Domain = R; Range = {−2} 2 i Functions: a, c, d, f, g
b Not a function; Domain = {3}; Range = Z ii One-to-one functions: c, g
c Function; Domain = R; Range = R
3 a Domain = R; Range = R
d A function; Domain = R; Range = [5, ∞)
b Domain = R+ ∪ {0}; Range = R+ ∪ {0}
e Not a function; Domain = [−3, 3];
c Domain = R; Range = [1, ∞)
Range = [−3, 3]
d Domain = [−3, 3]; Range = [−3, 0]
5 a i −3 ii 5 iii −5 iv 9 e Domain = R+ ; Range = R+
2
v 2x − 5 vi − 3 f Domain = R; Range = (−∞, 3]
a g Domain = [2, ∞); Range = R+ ∪ {0}
4
b i 4 ii −4 iii iv 2 h Domain = [ 12 , ∞); Range = [0, ∞)
3
c i 4 ii 36 iii 36 iv (a − 2)2 i Domain = (−∞, 32 ]; Range = [0, ∞)
a −a j Domain = R \ { 12 }; Range = R \ {0}
d i 0 ii iii iv 1 − a
1+a 1−a
Answers 787
Answers
k Domain = R \ { 12 }; Range = (−3, ∞) c Range = (−∞, 0] d Range = [1, ∞)
l Domain = R \ { 12 }; Range = R \ {2} y y
4 a Domain = [4, ∞); Range = [0, ∞)

b Domain = (−∞, 4]; Range = [0, ∞)
c Domain = [2, ∞); Range = [3, ∞) x
x
0
d Domain = R \ {4}; Range = R \ {0} 0
e Domain = R \ {4}; Range = R \ {3}
f Domain = R \ {−2}; Range = R \ {−3}
e Range = [1, ∞)
5 a Domain = R; Range = R
5E
y
b Domain = R; Range = [2, ∞)
c Domain = [−4, 4]; Range = [−4, 0]
d Domain = R \ {−2}; Range = R \ {0} 2
√ (1, 1)
6 y= √ 2 − x, Domain (−∞, 2], Range [0, ∞) x
0
y = − 2 − x, Domain (−∞, 2], Range (−∞, 0]
7 a y
2 Range = (−∞, 4] 3 y
y 2
x
1
–√2 √2 4 –3 –2 –1
x
–2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
2 –2
b f1 :[0, ∞) → R, f1 (x) = x2 − 2 1 –3
f2 :(−∞, 0] → R, f2 (x) = x2 − 2 0 1 2 3
x
–4
8 a f1 :[1, ∞) → R, f1 (x) = x2 − 2x + 4 –5
f2 :(−∞, 1] → R, f2 (x) = x2 − 2x + 4 4 Range [1, ∞) 5 Range = R

1 y y
9 a f1 : (2, ∞) → R, f1 (x) =
(x − 2)2
1
f2 : (−∞, 2) → R, f2 (x) =
(x − 2)2 –3 3
x
10 a Domain = [−2, 2] (0, 1) 0
x
y 0
–9
2 6 a Range = (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞)

y
-2 2 x
0 (2, 2)
(-3, 0)
-2 x
0
√
b f1 : [0, 2] → R, f1 (x) = √ 4 − x2
b Range = R \ {0}
f2 : [0, 2] → R, f2 (x) = − √4 − x2
y
c f1 : [−2, 0] → R, f1 (x) = √ 4 − x2
f2 : [−2, 0] → R, f2 (x) = − 4 − x2
x = -3
x
Exercise 5E 0
1 a Range = [0, ∞) b Range = [0, ∞)

y y
c Range = (−∞, 5]
y
(1, 5)
1 (3, 3)
x x
0 0 1 (1, 1) x
0
(4, -4)
788 Answers
5F → 5H
d Range = R\[0, 1] d f −1 (x) = x − 4

y Domain = (−∞, 8]; Range = (−∞, 4]
x
x = -3 (0, 4) e f −1 (x) = 8 −
2
(-1, 1) Domain = [2, 18]; Range = [−1, 7]
0
x √
3 a f −1 (x) = x
Domain = R+ ∪ {0}; Range = R+ ∪ {0}
√
b f −1 (x) = 2 + x − 3
7 Range = (−∞, 1] Domain = [3, ∞); Range = [2, ∞)
Answers
y √
c f −1 (x) = 4 − x − 6
Domain = [6, ∞); Range = (−∞, 4]
(1, 1)
d f −1 (x) = 1 − x2
Domain = [0, 1]; Range = [0, 1]
x √
0 e f −1 (x) = 16 − x2
⎧ Domain = [0, 4]; Range = [0, 4]
⎪ √
⎪
⎪
⎪ x + 3, −3 ≤ x ≤ −1 f f −1 (x) = −4 + x − 6
⎪
⎨
8 f (x) = ⎪
⎪ −x + 1, −1 < x ≤ 2 Domain = [22, ∞); Range = [0, ∞)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩− 1 x, 2≤x≤4 4 a y
2
y = f (x)
Exercise 5F y = f –1(x)
1 b i 25.06 ii 25.032 iii 25.2 iv 26 3 (6, 6)
1
2 a a = −3, b = b6 x
2 –6 0 3
3 f (x) = 7 − 5x
9 –6
4 a i f (0) = − ii f (1) = −3 b 3
2 b (6, 6)
5 f (x) = −7(x − 2)(x − 4)
5 a y
6 f (x) = (x − 3)2 + 7, Range = [7, ∞)
1 9 y = f(x)
7 a= ,b=− ,c=2
10 10
8 f (x) = −2(x − 1)(x + 5) (1, 1)
1
g(x) = −50(x − 1) x + (0, 0)
x
5
−37 25 b (0, 0), (1, 1)
9 a k< b k=−
12 12
−1 5
6 a= ,b=
Exercise 5G 2 2
7 a f −1 (x) = a − x2 b a = 1 or a = 2
1 a {(3, 1), (6, −2), (5, 4), (1, 7)}
Domain = {3, 6, 5, 1}; Range = {1, −2, 4, 7}
Exercise 5H
b {(3, 2), (6, −1), (−5, 4), (7, 1), (−4, 6)}
Domain = {3, 6, −5, 7, −4} 1 C = 0.15n ⎧
+ 45 where n is the number of calls
Range = {−1, 1, 2, 4, 6} ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1.20 for 0 < m ≤ 20
⎪
⎪
⎨
c {(3, 3), (−4, −2), (−1, −1), (1, −8)} 2 a C(m) = ⎪ 2.00 for 20 < m ≤ 50
⎪
⎪
⎪
Domain = {3, 1, −1, −4} ⎪
⎩3.00 for 50 < m ≤ 150
Range = {3, −2, −1, −8}
d {(3, 1), (−7, −10), (−6, −7), (8, 2), (4, 11)} b C ($)
Domain = {3, −7, −6, 8, 4} 3
Range = {1, −10, −7, 2, 11} 2
6−x
2 a f −1 (x) = ; Domain = R; Range = R 1
2 150
b f −1 (x) = 3 − x
Domain = [−2, 2]; Range = [1, 5] 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 M (g)
c f −1 (x) = x − 4 Domain = (0, 150]
Domain = (4, ∞); Range = R+ Range = {1.20, 2.00, 3.00}
Answers 789
Answers
3 a i C1 = 64 + 0.25x ii C2 = 89 8 a = − 12 , b = 2, c = 0
b 9 a R \ {2} b [2, ∞) c [−5, 5] d R \ { 12 }
C ($)
C2 e [−10, 10] f (−∞, 4]
100
80 10 One-to-one functions: b, c, d, e, f, g, j
60 C1
11 a y b y
40
20 (–3, 9) (–3, 9)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 x (km)

c x > 100 km (0, 1)
x x
5 review
0 (0, –1) 0
4 a Length = (50 − x) cm
b A(x) = x(50 − x) c 0 ≤ x ≤ 50
d Maximum area = 625 cm2 when x = 25
5 a i A = (8 + x)y − x2 12 a Range = [0, 4] y
ii P = 2x + 2y + 16 (3, 4)
b i A = 192 + 16x − 2x2 ii 0 < x < 12
iii A 1
(cm2) (4, 224) x
0 1
200
(0, 192)
b Range = [1, 10] y
(1, 10)
100
(12, 96)
(-4, 5)
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x (cm) (-2, 1)
iv 224 cm2 0
x
c Range = 1
[ 81 , 1] y
Chapter 5 review
(1, 1)
1 a [−2, 4) b [−2, 4] c [1, 8) d (−1, 6] (5, 1 )
81
e (−4, −2] ∪ (1, 5] f (−4, −2] ∪ (2, ∞) 0
x
g (−∞, −3] ∪ (1, ∞)
2 d Range = [−6, 3] y
2 a −16 b 26 c −
3
3
3 a y b Range = [0, 7] x
0
(-2, -1)
(–1, 7)
(0, 6) (3, -6)
13 a Domain = [1, ∞); Range = [0, ∞)

x b Domain = (−∞, 1]; Range = [0, ∞)
0 (6, 0)
c Domain = [0, ∞); Range = (−∞, 1]
4 a Range = R b Range = [−5, 4]
14 a Domain = R \ {1}; Range = R \ {0}
c Range = [0, 4] d Range = (−∞, 9]
b Domain = R \ {−1}; Range = R \ {0}
e Range = [2, ∞) f Range = {−6, 2, 4}
c Domain = R \ {1}; Range = R \ {3}
g Range = [0, ∞) h Range = R \ {2}
iRange = [−5, 1] j Range = [−1, 3] 15 a Domain = [−1, 1]; Range = [0, 1]
b Domain = [−3, 3]; Range = [0, 3]
33
5 a a = −15, b = b Domain = R \ {0} c Domain = [−1, 1]; Range = [3, 4]
2
x+2
6 a y b Range = [0, 1] 16 a f −1 (x) = ; Domain = [−5, 13]
3
−1
b f (x) = (x − 2) − 2; Domain = [2, ∞)
2
(1, 1)
x
c f −1 (x) = − 1; Domain = [0, ∞)
√3
−1
d f (x) = − x + 1; Domain = (0, ∞)
x 17 a 2p + 5 b 2(p + h) + 5 c 2h d 2
0 (2, 0)
7 a = 3, b = −5 18 −2
790 Answers
15 1
5 review
19 a −∞, − b 3 78 , ∞ 2 a P= n
8 2
c (−∞, 20] d (−∞, 3] b Domain = {n : n ∈ Z, 0 ≤ n ≤ 200}
P
20 a (hours) n
y Range = : n ∈ Z, 0 ≤ n ≤ 200
2
4
(–1, 8) 3
5
Answers
2
x
0 1
0 2 4 6 8 n
(6, –13) 3 a i C(n) = 1000 + 5n, n > 0
b Range = [−13, 8] ii C (n)
21 a y
(1000, 6000)
(8, 36)
1000
(–1, 9)
0 n
x b i P(n) = 15n − (1000 + 5n)
0 (2, 0)
= 10n − 1000
b Range = [0, 36] ii P(n)
22 a Domain −3 ≤ x ≤ 3; Range −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 (1000, 9000)
b Domain 1 ≤ x ≤ 3; Range −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
0 100 n
c Domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; Range 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 –1000
d Domain −1 ≤ x ≤ 9; Range −5 ≤ y ≤ 5
e Domain −4 ≤ x ≤ 4; Range −2 ≤ y ≤ 6 4 V = 8000(1 − 0.05n) = 8000 − 400n
23 a {2, 4, 6, 8} b {4, √
3, 2,√1} 5 a R = (50000 − 2500x)(15 + x)
c {−3, 0, 5, 12} d {1, 2, 3, 2} = 2500(x + 15)(20 − x)
Multiple-choice questions b R
(2.5, 765 625)
1B 2 E 3D 4B 5E 6C 750 000
7E 8 B 9 D 10 C 11 D
0 20 x
1 a d (km)
c Price for max revenue = $17.50
500
Z x √ a
6 a A(x) = 2a − (6 − 3)x b 0 < x <
400 Y 4 √ 3
300 7 a i d(x) = x2 + 25 + (16 − x)2 + 9
200
ii 0 ≤ x ≤ 16
100
X
b i y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t (hour)
5 + √265
⎧ starting from X:
Coach
⎪
⎪
⎪ 80t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 (16, 3 + √281)
⎪
⎪
⎨
d=⎪ ⎪320 for 4 < t ≤ 4 34
⎪
⎪
⎪
x
⎩80t − 60 for 4 3 < t ≤ 7 1 0
4 4
Range = [0, 520]
ii 1.54
Coach starting from Z:
iii 3.40 or 15.04 √
1040t
d = 520 − for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 12 c i Minimum is√8 5, occurs
√ when x = 10
11 ii Range = [8 5, 5 + 265]
Range = [0, 520]
b The coaches pass 238 13 km from X
Answers 791
3 + √33 √
√ 3 − 33 √ 181
Answers
8 a A , 3 + 33 , B , 3 − 33 b 2x2 − 8x + 49 −
2 2 x+4
b i d(x) = −x2 + 3x + 6 11 8
c x2 + x − 3 + d x2 − x + 4 +
ii y x+3 x−2
3 a x2 − 2x + 5 b 2x2 − 2x − 6
y = (x + 1)(6 – x) c x − 2x − 6
2
d 3x2 − x − 6
4 a Quotient x − 3; Remainder 7
2
y = –x2 + 3x + 6 b Quotient x2 + 2x + 15; Remainder 71

x c Quotient 2x2 − 3x; Remainder −7
0 d Quotient 5x2 + 20x + 77; Remainder 315
6A → 6C
3 – √33 3 + √33
2 2 1 2 7 3 103
y = 2x 5 a x + x− +
2 4 8 8(2x + 5)
c i Maximum value of d(x) is 8.25 2
ii Range = [0, 8.25] b x2 + 2x − 3 − c x2 + 2x − 15
2x + 1
d A(2.45, 12.25), B(−2.45, −12.25) 1 2 8 8 19
d(x) = −x2 + 6 d x − x− +
3 9 27 27(3x − 1)
Maximum value of d(x) is 6; Range = [0, 6]
9
6 a x2 + 3x + 8 +
x−1
x 9 21
Chapter 6 b x2 − + +
2 4 4(2x − 1)
7 a Quotient 2x − 6; Remainder 0
Exercise 6A
b Quotient x − 6; Remainder −2
1 a −3 b −1 c −7 d −15 c Quotient 2x − 6; Remainder 42
2 a 0 b0 d Quotient x2 − 4x + 2; Remainder −x + 7
3 a 6 b9 c 26 d 11 e Quotient x2 − 3x + 7; Remainder −10x + 9
3 15
e a3 + 4a2 − 2a + 6 f 8a3 + 16a2 − 4a + 6 f Quotient x2 + x − ; Remainder x + 16
2 2
4 a a=4 b a=4 c c=6
d a = −33, b = −15 e a = −9, b = 23 Exercise 6C
5 a x3 − 2x2 − 2x + 2 b x3 − x2 + 2x 1 a −2 b −29 c 15 d 4 e 7
c x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 2 d 3x3 − 6x2 + 3x f −12 g 0 h −5 i −8
e −3x + 8x − 7x + 2x
4 3 2
2 a a = −3 b a = 2 c a=4 d a = −10
f −3x3 − x2 + 2x g x3 − x2 − x + 2
h x −x −x +x
5 4 3 2 3 a P(1) = 0 b P(1) = 0
c P(−2) = 0 d P( 32 ) = 0
6 a x3 − 4x2 + 7x − 6 b x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 12
c 2x3 − 5x2 − x + 4 1
4 a 6 b 28 c −
d x3 + (b − 2)x2 + (c − 2b)x − 2c 3
e 2x3 − 7x2 − 10x − 3 5 a (x − 1)(x + 1)(2x + 1) b (x + 1)3
c (x − 1)(6x − 7x + 6)
2
7 a x3 + (b + 1)x2 + (c + b)x + c
d (x − 1)(x + 5)(x − 4)
b b = −8, c = 12 c (x + 1)(x − 6)(x − 2)
e (x + 1)2 (2x − 1) f (x + 1)(x − 1)2
8 b = −3, c = −11 g (x − 2)(4x2 + 8x + 19)
9 a a5 + 5a4 b + 10a3 b2 + 10a2 b3 + 5ab4 + b5 h (x + 2)(2x + 1)(2x − 3)
b a6 + 6a5 b + 15a4 b2 + 20a3 b3 + 15a2 b4 + 6 1
6ab5 + b6
7 a (2x − 3)(x2 − 2x + 5)
10 a (x − y)4 = x4 − 4x3 y + 6x2 y2 − 4xy3 + y4 b (2x + 1)(x2 − 2x √
+ 5)
b (2x + y)4 = 16x4 + 32x3 y + 24x2 y2 + 8xy3 + y4 √
c (2x + 1)(x − 1 − √6)(x − 1 + √6)
d (2x + 3)(x − 1 − 2)(x − 1 + 2)
Exercise 6B
8 a (x − 1)(x2 + x + 1)
3 6
1 a x2 + 2x + b 2x2 − x − 3 + b (x + 4)(x2 − 4x + 16)
x−1 x+1
43 c (3x − 1)(9x2 + 3x + 1)
c 3x2 − 10x + 22 − d (4x − 5)(16x2 + 20x + 25)
x+2
28 e (1 − 5x)(1 + 5x + 25x2 )
d 2x2 + 3x + 10 + f (3x + 2)(9x2 − 6x + 4)
x−3
8 g (4m − 3n)(16m2 + 12mn + 9n2 )
2 a x2 − x + 4 − h (3b + 2a)(9b2 − 6ab + 4a2 )
x+1
792 Answers
6D → 6E
9 a (x + 2)(x2 − x + 1) 2 a y b y
b (3x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 2)
c (x − 3)(x + 1)(x − 2)
d (3x + 1)(x + 3)(2x − 1) 3
(0, 3)
3
2 2
10 a = 3, b = −3, P(x) = (x − 1)(x + 3)(x + 1) 1 1 (3, 2)
11 b i n odd ii n even x x
–2 –1 0 0 1 2 3
12 a a = 1, b = 1
b i P(x) = x3 − 2x2 + 3 c y d y
Answers
Exercise 6D
x
1 2 5 3
1 a 1, −2, 4 b 4, 6 c , 3, − d 0, −3, 0 1 2 3
2
2 √ 3 2 –1
1
2 a −2, 0, 4 √ b 0, −1 ± 2 3 c −5, 0, 8 x
d 0, −1 ± 17 0 1 2
√
3 a 1 b −1 c 5, ± 10 d ±4, a e y f y
2 √ √
4 a 2, 3, −5 b −1, − , 3 c 1, − 2, 2 27
3
2 1 1 3 1
d − , −4, 2 e − , , 1 f −2, − , 5 (–1, 1)
5 2 3 2 x
–1 0 1
2 1 x –1
5 a −6, 2, 3 b −2, − , c 3 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 √
d −1 e −1, 3 f 3, −2 ± 3
√ √3 g y
6 a 0, ±2 2 b 1+2 2 c −2
1
d −5 e
10 2
7 a 2(x − 9)(x − 13)(x + 11) (3, 2)
b (x + 11)(x + 3)(2x − 1) 2 0 2 5
x
c (x + 11)(2x − 9)(x − 11)

d (2x − 1)(x + 11)(x + 15)
11.5
Exercise 6E 3 a b
y y
1 a y b y
1
x 2
7
-5 -10 5 x
x 0
-2 (1, -2) -5 5
0 1 -2
–1 -3
(1, –1) -4
x
–2 –1 0 –2
–1
c d
y y
(–2, –1)
c y d y
2
2
(3, 1) x
x -5 0 5
29
5 -5 0 5 (-2, -2)
-2 -4
4 (2, 5)
3 -4 -6
(–3, 2) 2 2
1 1
x e f
x y y
0 1 2
–3 –2 –1 0
–3 4
4 2
2 (3, 2) x
e y
-5 -2
0
5
x (-3, -2)
-5 0 5 10 -4
3 -2 -6
x
–2 –1 0
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
(–2, –5)
Answers 793
x − 31
Answers
3 x3 c y d y
4 a f −1 (x) = b f −1 (x) =
2 27
x − 11 0 x
3 -1 3
c f −1 (x) = −1 -8 x
2 –1 0 1
(x + 2)3
d f −1 (x) = −3
8
e y f y
(x − 4)3
e f −1 (x) = 1 −
8
x
(x + 1) 3 0
6F → 6H
f f −1 (x) = − −2 x
1 3
8 0
-3
-1 1 1
2
Exercise 6F
4 a y b y
1 a b
+ x + x
0 1 2 3 – –2 –1 0 1 – x
0 x 0 4
y y -1 1
-8
x x y
0 1 2 3 –2 –1 1 5 a y b
–2
c 1
d
2 (1.02, 6.01) (1.26, 0.94)
+ + –5 1.5 –2.5 1.5
x x x x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 – 0 1 2 3 – 0 0.5 0 1
y (–3.02, –126.01) (–1.26, –30.94)

y
–6 c y d y
1
2
x
x 0 1 2 3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2
(1.35, 0.35) (–2.76, 0.34)
–2.5 1.2 1.5
x
2 a y b y 0 0
x
(0, –18)
(–1.22, –33.70) (–0.91, –6.05)
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x e y f y
(–2, 8) (–2, 14)

c y d y
–1
x 6
–√3 √3 0 1 2 3 x x
–3 0 –3.28 0
x – –2
3
–2 1 0
–3 1 2 –6
e y f y 6 f (x) = (x + 1)2 (x − 3), so graph just touches

the x-axis at x = −1 and cuts it at x = 3
6
1
x
Exercise 6G
–1 – 1– 0 1– 1 x
2 3 -1 0 2 3 1 a (−∞, −2] ∪ [1, 3] b [−2, −1] ∪ [4, ∞)
2
c (−∞, 1) d (−2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞)
e (−∞, −1] f [1, ∞)
3 a y b y
g (4, ∞) h (−∞, −3]
x 2 a (−2, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) b (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, 5)
0 1 2 0 x c (−∞, 0] ∪ {2} √ 0) ∪ (3, ∞)
√ d (−3,
4
-4 e [6, ∞) f (−∞, − 2) ∪ ( 2, 3)
Exercise 6H
4 44
1 a a = 11 b a=2 c a= ,b=
3 3
794 Answers
1 1
6I
2 a y = − (x + 2)3 b y − 2 = − (x − 3)3 3 a x = 0 or x = 3
8 4 b x = 2 or x = −1 or x = 5 or x = −3
3 y = 2x(x − 2)2 4 y = −2x(x + 4)2
c x = 0 or x = −2 d x = 0 or x = 6
5 y = −2(x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 1) 6 a = 36
Answers
e x = 0 or x = 3 or x = −3
23 67 2
7 a y = (x − 3)3 + 2 b y= x3 + x f x = 3 or x = −3
18 18
c y = 5x 3 g x = 0 or x = 4 or x = −4
1 4 1 h x = 0 or x = 4 or x = 3
8 a y = − x3 + x b y = x(x2 + 2) i x = 0 or x = 4 or x = 5
3 3 4
9 a y = −4x3 − 50x2 + 96x + 270 j x = 2 or x = −2 or x = 3 or x = −3
b y = 4x3 − 60x2 + 80x + 26 k x=4 l x = −4 or x = 2
c y = x3 − 2x2 + 6x − 4 4 a y b y
d y = 2x3 − 3x 480 (0.72, 503.46)
e y = 2x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1
f y = x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1 0 5
x x
–4 0 5 6
g y = −x3 − 3x2 − 2x + 1 (3.15, –295.24)
Exercise 6I
c y d y
1 a y b y
x 4
x
15 –3 0 0
x 2
–3 –1 0 0
x
(–1.89, –38.27)
(–2, –1) (3, –27)
(1, –1)
e y f y
c y d y
16
83 21 –2
(2, 5) x x
0 5 0 2
(–3, 2) x
x 0
0 (–3.54, –156.25) (3.54, –156.25)
e y g y h y
1 11 1
–2 – 5 4 –2 + 5 4 (1.68, 8.64)
–9 9 4
x x x
0 0 0 3
(3.57, –3.12)
(–2, –5) (–6.36, –1640.25) (6.36, –1640.25)
2 a y b y i y j y
(2.20, 24.39)
3 164
x (3, 2) x 5 x
0 0 x –5 –4 0 4 5
0 4
(–4.53, –20.25) (4.53, –20.25)
(4.55, –5.12)
c y d y
16 k y l y
x x
–2 0 2 –2 0 2
(–5.61, 23.74)
x –7 –4 x
(0, –16) 0 2 0 5
–20
e y f y
(1.61, –163.71)
81 (–1, 1) 5 a Even b Odd c Even d Odd

x x
0 3 0
(0, –1)
Answers 795
Answers
6 a y 4 a h = 60 − 20x b V = 600x2 (3 − x)√
y = 2x2 10 c 0 d x = 1 or x = 1 + 3
√ πh
5 5 a x = 64 − h2 b V= (64 − h2 )
3
x c V
-2 -1 0 1 2 (m3)
-5
200
y = x3
-10 150
b x = 0, x = 2 c { x: x ≤ 2 } 100
6J → 6 review
7 a y
50
100
(-3, 81) 80 (3, 81) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 h (m)
60 4.62
40 d Domain = { h : 0 < h < 8 } e 64π
20 f (x) = x4 f h = 2.48 or h = 6.47
x g Vmax ≈ 206.37 m3 when h = 4.62
-4 -2 0
-20
2 4
6 a h = 160 − 2x b V = x2 (160 − 2x)
c Domain = (0, 80)
b x = 0, x = 3, x = −3
d V
c { x : −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 } (cm3)
8 a y
150 000
15
100 000
10
5 (2, 8)
50000
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 x (cm)
(-2, -8) -5 53
-10 e x = 20.498 or x = 75.63
f Vmax ≈ 151 703.7 cm3 when x ≈ 53
b x = 0, x = 2, x = −2
c { x : x ≤ −2 } ∪ { x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 } Exercise 6K
Exercise 6J 1 a 1.32 b 1.164 c 1.124 or 1.451
d 2.151 e −1.75
1 a Length of each edge = 20 − 2x
b V(x) = 4x(10 − x)2
c V(5) = 500; Volume of box = 500 cm3 Chapter 6 review
5 √
d x = 5 or x = (3 − 5) Technology-free questions
2 y
2 a = 12 − 2x, w = 10 − 2x 1 a b y
3
√2 + 1
b V = 4x(6 − x)(5 − x)
c V 0
x
(cm3) (0, –3) (1, –2) 1
2
, 1
x
100 0
c y d y
3 1
√ –3 +1
x
0 (1, –1) x
0 1 2 3 4 5 x (cm) (0, – 4) 0 (1, –3)
d V = 80 e x = 3.56 or x = 0.51
f Vmax = 96.8 cm3 when x = 1.81 e y f y
3 a Surface area = x2 + 4xh (–1, 4)
75 − x2 1
b h= c V = (75x − x3 ) (0, 1)
4x 4 x (2, 1)
71 125 0
d i ii iii 22
2 2 31 x
√ √3 0 1
√3 + 2
3
e x = −2 + 3 7
796 Answers
6 review
g y h y 7 a
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
(0, 29) 3 y
3 –2 (–2, 1) 0
4 x (0, 24)
x
(–2, –3) 0 1
(0, –23) 3
√3 – 2 x
(–4, 0) (–2, 0) 0 (3, 0)
Answers
2 a y b y b
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2
1
y
x 2
, 1
0 1 x (0, 24)
0
x
(–3, 0) 0 (2, 0) (4, 0)
c y d y c
–3 –2.5 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y
2 x x
0 0
x
(1, –1) (–2, 0) – –23 , 0 0 –12 , 0
(0, –4)
e y f y
d
–1 1 1 (2, 1) –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
−3 4 34 1 3
x x y
0 0
–15 36
x
(–6, 0) 0 (2, 0) (3, 0)
g y
43
8 a −41 b 12 c
1 1
9
3 4
– 3 4
–1 –1 2
2 0 2
x 9 y = − (x + 2)(x − 1)(x − 5)
–1 5
(–1, –3) 2
10 y = x(x + 4)2
81
h y 11 a a = 3, b = 8 b (x + 3)(2x − 1)(x − 1)
12 a (∞, −4] ∪ {3} b (−∞, −4] ∪ [−3, 2]
(–2, 1) 1
1 4 c (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, 3)
–2 + 2
1 0
x 13 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then
–2 –
1 4 –3 1 translation of 1 unit in the positive direction
2
of the x-axis and 3 units in the positive
direction of the y-axis
1
3 a x = 2, x = − , x = −3 b Reflection in the x-axis, then translation of
√2 √ 1 unit in the negative direction of the x-axis
17 + 1 1 − 17 and 2 units in the positive direction of the
b x = 2, x = ,x=
4 4 y-axis
c x = −1, x = 2, x = 6 c Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis,
3
4 a P = 0 and P(−2) = 0; (3x + 1) then translation of 12 unit in the negative
2 direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the
1
b x = −2, , 3 negative direction of the y-axis
2√ √
c x = −1, − 11, + 11 Multiple-choice questions
1
d i P = 0 ii (3x − 1)(x + 3)(x − 2) 1 B 2 D 3A 4 D 5 A
3 6C 7 B 8 B 9 D 10 B
5 a f (1) = 0 b (x − 1)(x2 + (1 − k)x + k + 1)
6 a = 3, b = −24
Answers 797
Chapter 7
Answers
1 a V = πr2 (6 − r) b 0 ≤ r ≤ 6
3 √ Exercise 7A
c V(3) = 27π d r = 3 or r =
(1 + 5)
2
e Maximum ≈ 100.53 (correct to 2 d.p.) 1 a (−1, 1) b (−5, 8) c (−6, 2) d (−7, 9)
1 e (−5, 3)
2 a v= (t − 900)2 1 1
32 400 2 a g(x) = −1 b g(x) = +3
t x−2 (x − 4)2
b s= (t − 900)2 c g(x) = (x
√ + 2) − 3 d g(x) = (x − 4) − 2
2 2
32 400
c s e g(x) = x − 2 − 1
7A
Domain = {t : 0 < t < 900}
(cm) (300, 3333.3)
3000
3 a y b y
2000 y=1
x x
0 –1 0
1000 –1
x=1
0 200 400 600 800 t (s)
105 560 c y d y
d No, it is not feasible as the maximum range
of the taxi is less than 3.5 km (≈ 3.33 km) 1
3
1
3
2000 x x
e Maximum speed ≈ = 19 m/s 0 0
105
y = –3
2000
Minimum speed ≈ = 3.6 m/s x = –3
560
2
3 a R = a(x − 5)3 + 10 b a = e y f y
25
12
c R= (x − 7)3 + 12
343
1
4 a 4730 cm√2 0
x
0
x
b V = 2 ( 2365 − ) y = –1
c V
(cm3)
x = –1
20 000
15 000 4 a y b y
10 000
5000 1 1
x x
0 1 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 l (cm)
d i = 23.69 or = 39.79
ii = 18.1 or = 43.3
e Vmax ≈ 17 039 cm3 when ≈ 32.42 cm c y d y
−43 −119
5 a a= , b = 0.095, c = , d = 15.8 9
15 000 150
b i (5.59, 13.83) ii (0, 15.8) 0
x
0
x
–3 –√3 √3
6 a V = (96 − 4x)(48 − 2x)x = 8x(24 − x)2
b –3
V
e y f y
0 24 x
1
x x
i 0 < x < 24 –1 0 –1 0 1
ii Vmax = 16 384 cm3 when x = 8.00 –1
c 15 680 cm3 d 14 440 cm3 e 9720 cm3
798 Answers
7B → 7D
5 a y b y e y f y
3 10 3
1,
(1, 2) (3, 1) (1, √3) 2
x x x x
0 0 0 0
c y d y
Exercise 7C
Answers
√ √
4 1 a y=3 x−2 b y = −x + 3
–3 – √5 –3 + √5 –1 – √3 –1 + √3
x x √ x
0 0 c y = −3 x d y=−
2
(–3, –5)
(–1, –3) √ x+2
e y=2 x−2−3 f y= −3
2
e y f y
3 −1
2 a y= b y=
24 x−2 x+3
–1 – √2 –1 + √2 6 3 2
x 4 x c y=− d y=−
0 0 x x
–1
2 2
(–1, –2) (5, –1) e y= −3 f y= −3
x−2 x+2
1 1
3 a y = 3(x − 2) 3 b y = −(x + 3) 3
Exercise 7B x1
1 3
1 a (−2, 3) b (2, −3) c (−2, −12) d (−8, −3) c y = −3x 3 d y=−
2
x2 2x2 x + 21
2 a i y = 4x2 ii y = iii y = 1 3
25 3 e y = 2(x − 2) 3 − 3 f y= −3
2
iv y = 4x2 v y = −x2 vi y = x2
b i y= 2
1 25
ii y = 2 iii y = 2
2 Exercise 7D
4x x 3x
1 a i A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis,
4 −1 1
iv y = 2 v y= 2 vi y = 2 then a translation of 1 unit in the positive
x x x direction of the x-axis and 3 units in the
1 5 2 positive direction of the y-axis
c i y= ii y = iii y =
2x x 3x ii A reflection in the x-axis, then a
4 −1 −1 translation of 1 unit in the negative
iv y= v y= vi y = direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the
x x x
positive direction of the y-axis
√ x
d i y = 2x ii y = iii A dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis,
√ 5
then a translation of 12 unit in the
2 x √
iii y= iv y = 4 x negative direction of the x-axis and
3 √
√ 2 units in the negative direction of the
v y=− x vi y = −x, x ≤ 0 y-axis
3 a y b y b i A dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis,
then a translation of 3 units in the
(1, 3) negative direction of the x-axis
x x ii A translation of 3 units in the negative
0 0
direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the
iii A translation of 3 units in the positive
c y d y direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the
1
negative direction of the y-axis
1,
(1, 3) 2 c i A translation of 3 units in the negative
x x direction of the x-axis and 2 units in the
0 0
ii A dilation of factor 13 from the y-axis,
then a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
Answers 799
Answers
iii A reflection in the x-axis, then a Exercise 7F

translation of 2 units in the positive 2 −1 1 2 2
direction of the y-axis 1a1 b c 2 d
−3 2 2 −3 −2
y + 7 ⎡ ⎤
2 a (x, y) → x − 3, ⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1 0 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢ 7 14 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
5
−1 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
1
b (x, y) → (3x + 2, y − 5) 2 a b ⎢⎢⎢⎢ c ⎢⎢⎢
⎥
y − 7 −4 3 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎣0 ⎦
⎣ ⎦ k
c (x, y) → 3x + 1, − 7 14
3 ⎡1 ⎤
y ⎢⎢⎢ 2 1⎥
2⎥
⎥⎥⎥

1 0

d (x, y) → −(x − 4), 3 a A−1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ B −1
=
7E → 7G
2 −3 1
0 −1
15 − y ⎡ 1 ⎤
e (x, y) → −(x − 4), 5 1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 1⎥
2⎥ ⎥⎥⎥
2 b AB = (AB) = ⎢⎣ −1 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
−3 −1 5⎦
−2 −2
3
Exercise 7E ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢−1 1⎥
2⎥
⎥⎥⎥
A−1 B−1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ B−1 A−1 = (AB)−1
4 2 13 c ⎥⎦
1 X+Y= 2X = 4Y + X = 3 −1
−2 −4 −2 ⎡ ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢⎢ 5 −7 ⎥⎥⎥
−2 −3 3 ⎢⎢⎢ −1 3 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
X−Y= −3A = ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ 0 7 ⎢2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 −6 −9 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ b c ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢ 11 −21 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
4a
⎣ ⎦ 1 −8
1 3 1 −2 ⎣ ⎦
−3A + B = 2 2
−7 −7 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢ −3 11 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢ −11 17 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
2 −2 −3 3 ⎢⎢⎢ 8
2 2A = −3A = ⎢⎢⎢ 8 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 16 16 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
0 4 0 −6 5 a ⎢⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎥ ⎢
⎢⎢⎣ −1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
−6 6 ⎦ ⎦
−6A = 16 16 4 4
0 −12

6 4 0 −9 Exercise 7G
3 a b
−4 −4 12 3 −8 −3a − b
1 a b
6 −5 −6 −13 3 −a + 3b
c d
8 −1 16 7 2 (1, 0) → (2, −4), (0, 1) → (−1, 3),

0 1 −2 3 3 3 (3, 2) → (4, −6)
4 a b c
2 3 6 3 −1 7 3 a (2, 1), (−4, 1) b (−2, 0), (2, 2)
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ −9 −23 ⎥⎥⎥ c (2, 3), (4, −5)
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 4 a (6, 21) b (12, 7) c (6, −7)
5 X= Y = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
0 −3 ⎢⎢⎢ −1 ⎥ d (−6, 7) e (7, 6)
⎣ 11 ⎥⎦
2 2 3 1 2
5 a c
4 6 2 3 −1 1 2
6 AX = BX = IX =
−5 −1 −1 1 0
6
1 −2 3 0 0 −2
AI = IB =
−1 3 0 1 −1 0 0 1 0 −1
7 a b c
3 −2 3 −6 0 1 1 0 −1 0
AB = BA = ⎡ ⎤
−3 3 −1 3 ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
e ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 −8 9 0 1 0 3 0
A2 = B2 = d f
−4 11 0 1 0 2 ⎣0 ⎦ 0 1
2

4 −3 −5 0 −2
7 AX = BX = CX = 8 a b (−4, −3) c a = −2, b = −3
−9 −4 −4 −1 0

4 5 −3 6
AC = CB = 2 0
X+
3
= X
−9 1 6 2 9
0 1 4
−6 −2 −6 3
AB = BA = 1 1 0 3
3 8 −2 8 ⇒ X=
X −
2 0 2 4
5 −6 9 0
A2 = B2 = ⇒ x = 12 (x − 3), y = y − 4
−6 17 0 4

1 −1 −1
10
2 −21 5
800 Answers
7H → 8 revision
Exercise 7H 3 a Range = (1, ∞) b Range = (0, ∞)

−2x2 2x −x3 y y
1 y= − −4 2 y= −x
9 3 32
−3x + 18 x x y=1
3 y= 4 y= −4 5 y= +3 x x
4 4 4 0 0
x + 21 −3x3 9x2
6 y= 7 y= − + 14
4 4 2 c Range = (0, ∞) d Range = (−4, ∞)
y y
Chapter 7 review
1
x
–
1
2
1
2
x
1 0 3 0 0 0
1 a , (−1, 12) b , (−3, 3)
Answers
0 4 0 1 y = –4

1 0 −1 0
c , (−1, −3) d , (1, 3)
0 −1 0 1 1 0 x 2 x y − 3
4 + = , x = x − 2, y =
0 1 0 2 y 3 y 2
e , (3, −1)
1 0 5 a i (x, y) → (x − 1, 3y + 2)
2 a y b y ii (x, y) → (x − 2, −2y + 3)
x−1
iii (x, y) → ,y − 1
y=3 3 3
3
0
x 0
x
b i (x, y) → (x − 2, 4y)
3 y = –3 ii (x, y) → (x − 6, y − 12)
iii (x, y) → (x + 3, 4y − 5)
c y d y c i (x, y) → (x + 4, y + 2)
x
1 ii (x, y) → , 2y
4 2
x
0
x
0 2 iii (x, y) → (x, −2y + 3)

x = –2 3 0 x −2 x x + 2
6 + = ,x= , y = y − 3
0 1 y 3 y 3
e y f y
Multiple-choice questions
1
4
1 C 2 D 3A 4 A
x x
0 0 5 E 6 D 7B 8 C
–1 y = –4
x=1
1 a k = 14 b h = −1
g y h y √ 4
√
2 a h = −1 ± 2 2 b a = ±2 2
1
c a = −8, b = 16
2
x x 3 a k = 10 √ √
0
–1
0 b i h >√ 2 + 10 ii√h < 2 − 10
3
iii 2 − 10 < h < 2 + 10
x=3
x = –2 4 a x = 5 or x = −2 or x = 7
i y j y b x = 1 or x = −6 or x = 3
c k = −60, √ √
1
1 x = 0 or x = 2 + 21 or x = 2 − 21
d h = −3 or h = −5 or h = 4
16
9
x x
0 0 e −5 < h < −3
x=3 x = –4
k y l y Chapter 8
y=1 3
y=2 1 3 3 11
x 2
x 1 a M , − , N , 4 b mBC = m MN =
0 0 2 2 2 2
2 a −6 b 69 c −15
x=1 x=2 3 a 12a2 − 4 b 3a2 − 6a − 1 c 12a
Answers 801
Answers
4 a No b x = − 37 c x ≤ − 37 d k = − 16 3
5 x = 2 and y = 3, or x = 3 and y = 2 1 a 4b − 5c − d = 41, 2b − 7c − d = 53,
√
6 AB = BC = CD = DA = 5 2, −4b + 3c − d = 25
mBC = mAD = 1 and mAB = mCD = −7 b x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y − 29 = 0
3 2 53 2 a c = −b − 8 b x = 0 or x = −b
7 a y = (x + 2)2 − 13 b y= x− −
2 4 c y = 0 or y = b + 8 d b = −8
3 2
79 √4a + 1 − 1 √4a + 1 − 1
c y=2 x− + 3 a x≤a b ,
4 8
1 − √41 √ 2 2
√ 41 + 1 √ c a=2 d a=6 e a = c2 + c
, 3 − 2 41 , , 2 41 + 3
8 revision
8 a
2 2 4 a C = 3500 + 10.5x b I = 11.5x
b (2, 6) c (−4, 14) c I and d 3500
√ √ I = 11.5x
−3 − 29 −3 + 29 C
9 a x< or x >
2
√ √2 3500
5 − 65 5 + 65 C = 3500 + 10.5x
b x≤ or x ≥ c x ≥ −4
4 4
1 x
d ≤ x ≤ 3 or x ≤ −4 e x≤4 0 3500
2 e Profit f 5500
P
10 a R \ { 2 }
5
b (−∞, 5] c R P = x – 3500
d R \ {2} eR f R \ { 23 }
11 p = −38, (x − 3)(x + 4)(3x − 2)
3500 x
12 a = −5, R = −35
√ –3500
13 a f −1 : [1, 4] → R, f −1 (x) = x
−1 −1
b f : [0, 3] → R, f (x) = 2 − √ x 5 a V = 45 000 + 40m b 4 hours 10 minutes
c f −1 : (−4, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = − x + 4 c V
d f −1 : [3, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = 2 − (x − 3)2 (litres)
1
e f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = (x − 8) 3 + 2 55000
14 a 3b + 2 f = 18.20 b $2.80 45000

15 a k = 1 b k = −16
2
16 a b 2y + 5x − 17 = 0 250 m (minutes)
5 ⎧
1 a2 − 1 ⎪
⎪
1 2 a2 − 1 ⎪
⎨20t 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
17 a a x + + b − , 6 a 200 L b V=⎪
⎪ 190
a a a a ⎪
⎩15t + 50 10 < t ≤
c a = ±1 d a ∈ (−1, 1) 3
y
c V
18 a (litres) (63.3, 1000)
x = -2 (0, 3) y = 1
2
x 200
(-3, 0) 0
10 t (minutes)
3 1 3 7 a AR = 6x2
b A 0, , B(−3, 0) c y= x+ b AS = (10.5 − 2.5x)2
2 2 2
3 3 9 c 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.2
d − , e y = −2x − d AT = 12.25x2 − 52.5x + 110.25
2 4 4
e AT
1 B 2D 3C 4A 5 D
(4.2, 105.84)
6 D 7C 8C 9 C 10 A 110.25
11 E 12 B 13 A 14 E 15 B
15
16 D 17 D 18 E 19 B 20 D , 54
7
21 E 22 D 23 B 24 D 25 D x
26 A 27 B 28 D 29 D 30 B f 110.25 cm2 (when area of rectangle = 0)
31 C 32 A 33 C 34 A 35 B g Rectangle 9 × 6 and square 3 × 3,
36 C 37 D 38 E 39 E 40 C 27 18 51 51
or rectangle × and square ×
41 C 42 C 43 A 7 7 7 7
802 Answers
9A
8 a 20 m b 20 m c 22.5 m g i S = 600x − 14x2

9 a A = 10x + 28x + 16
2 45000 150
ii S max = cm2 when x =
b i 54 cm2 ii 112 cm2 7 7
c 3 cm d A h x = 3.068 or x = 32.599
Answers
17 a y = (7.6 × 10−5 )x3 − 0.0276x2 + 2.33x

b y = (7.6 × 10−5 )x3 − 0.0276x2 + 2.33x + 5
c 57.31 m
16 3 4 38
18 a y = x − 4 b y=− x+
0 x 4 3 3
e V = 2x3 + 8x2 + 8x f x = 3 g x = 6.66 c D(8, 2) d 5 units e 50 units2
10 a i A = (10 + x)y − x ii P = 2(y + x + 10)
2 19 a i y = 250 − 5x
b i A = 400 + 30x − 2x2 ii V = x2 (250 − 5x) = 5x2 (50 − x)
ii 512 12 m2 iii 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 b V
iv A 1 1 (cm3)
7 , 512 2 2
(cm2)
(0, 400)
0 50 x (cm)
(20, 200)
c (0, 50)
0 x (m) d x = 11.378 or x = 47.813
11 a A = 6x + 7xy + 2y
2 2 e Vmax = 92 592.59 cm3 when x = 33.33 and
c i x = 0.5 m ii y = 0.25 m y = 83.33
12 a 50.9 m b t = 6.12 seconds
c (3.06, 50.92) d 6.285 seconds
h(t)
Chapter 9
Exercise 9A
5
1 {H, T }
0 6.285 t 2 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
13 a x + 5 b V = 35x + 7x2 3 a 52 b 4
c S = x2 + 33x + 70 c clubs ♣, hearts , spades ♠, diamonds
d V = 35x + 7x2 d clubs and spades are black;
V
and S S = x2 + 33x + 70 diamonds and hearts are red e 13
f ace, king, queen, jack g4 h 16
70 4 a {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} b {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
c {0, 1, 2, 3}
0 t
5 a {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } b {0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 41}
e 3.25 cm f 10 cm c {1, 2, 3, . . . }
14 a 2y + 3x = 22 6 a {2, 4, 6} b {FFF} c ∅
b i B(0, 11) ii D(8, −1) 1 3 3
c 52 units2 7 a b c
2 10 20
d 6.45 units
4 2 4
15 a 25 km/h b Tap A 60 min; Tap B 75 min 8 a b c
15 3 15
c 4 cm
1 1 4 2
16 a h = 100 − 3x b V = 2x2 (100 − 3x) 9 a b c d
4 2 13 13
100
c 0<x< d V 9 10 5 1
3 10 a b c d
(cm3) 13 13 13 13
1 30 30 90
11 a b c d
365 365 365 365
0 100 x (cm) 1 1 5 4
3 12 a b c d
e i x = 18.142 or x = 25.852 9 3 9 9
ii x = 12.715 or x = 29.504 13
1
f Vmax = 32 921.811 cm3 when x = 22.222 3
14 0.4
Answers 803
1 1 1
Answers
15 a b c 8 a 1
3 8 4 2
3
1 5 4
16 a b H 5
7 7 6
3 1 10 23 1
17 a b c d 2
4 2 13 26 H 3
T 4
1 1 1 2 5
18 , , , 6
5 5 5 5
1
1 2 2 2 2 4 9 2
19 a , , , , , b
9B → 9D
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 H 3
T 4
5
Exercise 9B 6
1
17 1 4 1 T 2
1 a b c d 3
50 10 15 200 4
2 a No b Answers will vary 5
6
c Answers will vary d Yes
e As the number of trials approaches infinity, 1 1 1 1
b i ii iii iv
the relative frequency approaches the value 24 4 8 2
of the probability 9 a ic
lt
78 ce
3 Pr(a 6 from first die) ≈ = 0.156 fi ic
500 lt
cn
102 so ce
Pr(a 6 from second die) ≈ ≈ 0.146 st ic
700 lt
Choose first die, as higher probability of a 6 ce
ic
17 4 9 lt
4 a b c d 51 sa
fi ce
20 5 10 ic
cn
5 0.445 lt
ce
st
π π ic
6 a b ≈ 0.7855 lt
4 4 ce
3 1 1 1 2
7 b i ii iii iv
4 18 3 6 3
1 1 5
8 a b c 1 1 15 1
3 6 6 c i ii iii iv
36 2 36 12
4π 4π
9 a b 1− ≈ 0.4973 10 a
25 25 2nd ball
1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5
10 a i x2 ii πx2 iii πx
4 16 1st 1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)
π 3π π ball 2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)
b i ii iii 1 −
16 16 4 3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5)
Exercise 9C 5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5)
1 1
1 a b 4 4 3
4 4 b i ii iii
1 1 1 25 5 25
2 a b c
2 2 4 Exercise 9D
1 1 5
3 a b c 1 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} b {2, 4}
2 18 18
c {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} d {1, 3}
1 1 7
4 a b c e {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} f {5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
12 2 12
2 a {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11}
3 3 1 1
5 a b c d b {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} c {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
8 8 8 8
d {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} e {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
1 1 3
6 a b c 3 a {E, H, M, S} b {C, H, I, M}
2 4 4
c {A, C, E, I, S, T} d {H, M}
1
7 e {C, E, H, I, M, S} f {H, M}
4
804 Answers
375 3 225 3
9E → 9G
4 a 20 b 45 8 a = b =
2 1 5 500 4 300 4
5 a b0 c d 65 137 21 61
3 2 6 9 a b c d
1 1 1 2 284 568 65 246
6 a b c , 10 a 0.06 b 0.2
2 3 6 3
4 15
7 4 2 2 1 1 11 a b 0.3 c
7 a b = c = d 7 22
18 18 9 18 9 2 12 a 0.2 b 0.5 c 0.4
3 1 1 2 10 1
8 a b c d
Answers
13 a 0.2 b c
5 5 10 5 27 3
9 Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.7 14 a 0.3 b 0.75
10 Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.47 15 16%
11 a Pr(A ∩ B) = 0.28 b Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.45 16
1
12 a Pr(A ∩ B) = 0.45 b Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.58 5
1 1 1 16
13 a Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 b Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.7 17 a b c d
16 169 4 169
14 a Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 b Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.23 1 1 13 20
18 a b c d
15 Pr(A ∩ B) = 0.2 17 221 51 221
16 Pr(A ∩ B) = 0.05 19 0.230 808 ≈ 0.231
17 Pr(A ∪ B ) = 0.7 15 1 1 2
20 a b c d
18 0.32 28 2 2 5
3 8 5 3
19 a 0.43 b 0.29 e f g h
7 13 28 14
Exercise 9E 21 a 0.85 b 0.6 c 0.51 d 0.51
22 0.4, 68%
1 a 0.2 b 0.5 c 0.3 d 0.7
23 a i 0.444 ii 0.4 iii 0.35 iv 0.178 v 0.194
2 a 0.75 b 0.4 c 0.87 d 0.48
b 0.372
3 a 0.63 b 0.23 c 0.22 d 0.77 c i 0.478 ii 0.425
4 a 0.45 b 0.40 c 0.25 d 0.70 24 a i 0.564 ii 0.05 iii 0.12 iv 0.0282 v 0.052
5 a 0.9 b 0.6 c 0.1 d 0.9 b 0.081
6 a 95% b 5% c 0.35
7 a A = {J, Q, K, A, J♠, Q♠, K♠, A♠, 1 53 15
25 a b c
6 90 53
J, Q, K, A, J♣, Q♣, K♣, A♣} 26 a B⊆A b A∩B=∅ c A⊆ B
C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10, J, Q, K, A} Exercise 9G
b i Pr(a picture card) = 13
4
1 Pr(male and support guns) = 0.35;
ii Pr(a heart) = 41 60 65
Pr(male) × Pr(support guns) = × =
iii Pr(a heart picture card) = 131 100 100
0.39 0.35;
iv Pr(a picture card or a heart) = 25
52
therefore not independent
v Pr(a picture card or a club, diamond or
spade) = 43 2 Pr(male and prefer sport) = 0.45;
52
8 7 2 1 Pr(male) × Pr(prefer sport) = 0.45;
8 a b c d therefore independent
15 10 15 3
9 a b 0.57 c 0.28 d 0.08 42
0.8 3 Pr(speeding and serious) = ≈ 0.112;
376
10 a 0.81 b 0.69 c 0.74 d 0.86 130 103
1 1 Pr(speeding) × Pr(serious) = × ≈
11 a 0 b1 c d 376 376
5 3 0.095 0.112;
12 a 0.88 b 0.58 c 0.30 d 0.12 therefore not independent
4 a Yes b Yes c No
Exercise 9F
5 Pr(A) × Pr(B) = 36 × 26 = 16 = Pr(A ∩ B)
1 1 1 7 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 No
4 3 13 19 6
4 4 7 a 0.6 b 0.42 c 0.88
6 a b
17 7 8 0.6
7
7 9 a 0.35 b 0.035 c 0.1225 d 0.025
12
Answers 805
4 1 133 6 4
Answers
10 a b c d e 4 a 1.6 b 2.9
15 15 165 11 15 3 1
No, as Pr(L | F) Pr(L) 5 A and B: ; C and D:
8 8
11 Pr(A) × Pr(B) = 2036
× 36
9
= 36
5
= Pr(A ∩ B)
12 a 0.35
18
b 0.875
12 23 21 4
Chapter 10
13 a b c d e
65 65 65 65 65
Exercise 10A
8 2 8
f g h ; No 1 a 11 b 12 c 37 d 29
65 15 21
14 a i 0.75 ii 0.32 iii 0.59 b No c No 2 a 60 b 500 c 350 d 512
9H → 10D
3 a 128 b 160
Exercise 9H
4 20 5 63 6 26 7 240 8 260 000
1 Approx. 0.125 2 Approx. 0.172 9 17 576 000 10 30
3 Approx. 0.0009 4 Approx. 29.29
5 a Approx. 1.75 b Approx. 2.19 Exercise 10B
1 a 6 b 120 c 5040 d 2 e1 f1
Chapter 9 review 2 a 20 b 72 c 6 d 56 e 120 f 720
Technology-free questions 3 120 4 5040 5 24
1 5 6 720 7 720 8 336
1 a b 9 a 5040 b 210
6 6
2 0.007 10 a 120 b 120
1 1 1
3 a b c 11 a 840 b 2401
3 4 2
87 12 a 480 b 1512
4 a 0.36 b 13 a 60 b 24 c 252
245
4 14 a 150 b 360 c 1560
5
15 15 a 720 b 48
2 1
6 a {156, 165, 516, 561, 615, 651} b c
3 3 Exercise 10C
5 1
7 a b 1 a3 b 3 c 6 d 4
12 4
8 a 0.036 b 0.027 c 0.189 d 0.729 2 a 10 b 10 c 35 d 35
1 4 4 20 3 a 190 b 100 c 4950 d 31 125
9 a b c d
27 27 9 27 4 a 20 b 7 c 28 d 1225
10 No 5 1716 6 2300
11 a 0.5 b0 c 1 7 133 784 560 8 8 145 060 9 18
7 1
12 a b 10 a 5 852 925 b 1 744 200
18 2
2 32 9 11 100 386
13 a b c 12 a 792 b 336
7 63 16
14 a 0.2 b 0.4 13 a 150 b 75 c 6 d 462 e 81
1 2 14 a 8 436 285 b 3003 c 66 d 2 378 376
15 a 0.7 b 0.3 c d
3 3 15 186 16 32 17 256 18 31 19 57
16 a B ⊆ A b A ∩ B = ∅
20 a 20 b 21
c A and B are independent
Multiple-choice questions Exercise 10D
1 B 2 C 3A 4C 5D 6A 1 a 0.5 b 0.5
7 D 8 E 9 A 10 B 11 B 12 B 2 0.375
13 A 14 E 15 C 16 A 17 B 18 D
3 a 0.2 b 0.6 c 0.3
Extended-response questions 329
4 0.2 5
1 a 0.15 b 0.148 858
3 3 9 49 27 56 73
2 a A: ; B: b A: ; B: 6 a ≈ 0.502 b c
28 4 64 64 28−1 255 85
1 9 5 35
c d 7 a b
8 58 204 136
4 1 5 17 34
3 a b 0.69 c 0.208 8 a b c d
5 6 6 21 35
806 Answers
25 24 3 1 1 3
10E → 11C
9 a b c d 5 a b
49 49 7 6 15 5
10 a 0.659 b 0.341 c 0.096 d 0.282 6 a 0.09 b 0.69
5 20 15 7 a 0.49 b 0.51 c 0.74
11 a b c 2
42 21 37 8 a 0.6 b 0.47 c
3
Exercise 10E 3
9 a {HHH, HT H, HHT , HT T , b
1 a x4 + 8x3 + 24x2 + 32x + 16 8
T HH, T T H, T HT , T T T }
b 16x4 + 32x3 + 24x2 + 8x + 1 7 4
c 16x4 − 96x3 + 216x2 − 216x + 81 c x 0 1 2 3 d e
8 7
Answers
d 27x3 − 27x2 + 9x − 1 1 3 3 1
e 16x4 − 32x3 + 24x2 − 8x + 1 p(x)
8 8 8 8
f −32x5 + 80x4 − 80x3 + 40x2 − 10x + 1
1
g −243x5 + 405x4 − 270x3 + 90x2 − 15x + 1 10 a {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} b
6
h 16x4 − 96x3 + 216x2 − 216x + 81 c y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Chapter 10 review p(y)
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
7
1 a 499 500 b 1 000 000 c 1 000 000 11 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} b
36
2 648 3 120 4 8n c x 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 5416 6 36 750 7 50 400
8 a 10 b 32 1 3 5 7 9 11
p(x)
36 36 36 36 36 36
9 1200
1 3 3 7
10 a b c 12 a y −3 −2 1 3 b
8 8 28 8
Multiple-choice questions 1 3 3 1
p(y)
1 E 2D 3A 4D 5C 8 8 8 8
6 B 7C 8A 9 E 10 E
Exercise 11B
28 12
1 a 2880 b 80 640 1 0.378 2 ≈ 0.491 3 ≈ 0.923
57 13
2 a 720 b 48 c 336 60
4 ≈ 0.237 5 0.930 6 0.109
3 a 60 b 45 253
4 a 210 b 100 c 80 Exercise 11C
5 a 1365 b 210 c 1155
1 a 0.185 b 0.060
6 a 3060 b 330 c 1155
2 a 0.194 b 0.930
7 Div. 1: 1.228 × 10−7 Div. 2: 1.473 × 10−6
3 a 0.137 b 0.446 c 0.554
Div. 3: 2.726 × 10−5 Div. 4: 1.365 × 10−3
Div. 5: 3.362 × 10−3 4 a 0.008 b 0.268 c 0.468
8 a 1.290 × 10−4 b 6.449 × 10−4 5 a 0.056 b 0.391
6 0.018
5
7 a Pr(X = x) = (0.1) x (0.9)5−x
Chapter 11 x
for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Exercise 11A x 0 1 2 3 4 5
p(x) 0.591 0.328 0.073 0.008 0.000 0.000
1 a No b No c Yes d No e No
2 a Pr(X = 2) b Pr(X > 2) c Pr(X ≥ 2) b Most probable number is 0
d Pr(X < 2) e Pr(X ≥ 2) f Pr(X ≥ 2) 175
8 0.749 9 0.021 10 0.5398 11
g Pr(X ≤ 2) h Pr(X ≥ 2) i Pr(X ≤ 2) 256
j Pr(X ≥ 2) k Pr(2 < X < 5) 12 a 0.988 b 0.9999 c 8.1 × 10−11
3 a {2} b {3, 4, 5} c {2, 3, 4, 5} 13 a 0.151 b 0.302
d {0, 1} e {0, 1, 2} f {2, 3, 4, 5} 14 5.8%
g {3, 4, 5} h {2, 3, 4} i {3, 4} 15 a i 0.474 ii 0.224 iii 0.078
4 a 0.2 b 0.5 c 0.3 d 0.35 e 0.9 b Answers will vary – about 5 or more
Answers 807
117
Answers
16 0.014 10 a b m=5
125
17 18
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 A 5 E
19 a 5 8 b 6 C 7 A 8D 9 B 10 E
20 a 13 22 b Extended-response questions
21 a 16 29 b 1 a x 1 2 3 4 b 0.46
22 a 45 59 b p(x) 0.54 0.16 0.06 0.24
0.3087
11 review → 12 revision
23 a 0.3087 b ≈ 0.3095 2
1 − (0.3)5 2 a i 0.1 ii 0.6 iii b i 0.0012 ii 0.2508
3
24 a 0.3020 b 0.6242 c 0.3225 3 7 3 11 3
3 a bi ii c i ii
5 40 10 20 8
Chapter 11 review 4 a 0.003 b 5.320 × 10−6
Technology-free questions 5 0.8
1 a 0.92 b 0.63 c 0.8 6 a 0.401 b n ≥ 45
1
2 x 1 2 3 4 7 a 1−q 2
b 1 − 4q3 + 3q4 c < q < 1
3
p(x) 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.17 8 a 0.734 (exact answer)
3 b About 7 (by simulation)
x 2 3 4
2 8 1
p(x)
5 15 15 Chapter 12
4 a 2nd choice
1 2 3 6 7 9
1 8
1st 1 2 3 4 7 8 10 1 a b
choice 2 3 4 5 8 9 11 9 9
3 4 5 6 9 10 12 2 a {348, 384, 438, 483, 834, 843}, n(ε) = 6
6 7 8 9 12 13 15 2 2
b c
7 8 9 10 13 14 16 3 3
9 10 11 12 15 16 18 1 12
3 a b
b {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 2 13
13, 14, 15, 16, 18} 1 3
4 a b
c x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 8
2
1 2 3 2 1 2 4 4 5 a Pr(1) = Pr(2) = Pr(3) = Pr(5) = ,
p(x) 17
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 8 1
Pr(4) = , Pr(6) =
x 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 17 17
9
4 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 b
p(x) 17
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 1
6
243 4
5 a 0.051 b 0.996 c ≈ 0.949 1
256 7 a 0.6 b
9 37 3
6 a b 1 3 1 1
64 64 8 a b c d
16 32 11 2 4 2 4
7 a b c
81 81 27 9 a 0.48 b 0.56
3 4
7 1 3 10 a Pr(A ∩ B) = 0.05 b Pr(A | B) = 0.25
8 a
3 4 4 11 a 0.4 b 0.2 c 0.7
3 7 1 3 6 1 2 3 5
b +7 + 21 12 720
4 4 4 4 4 52!
p 15 p 14 p 13
9 a b 15 1− 7!45!
100p 15 100
p 14
100
p
7 21
14 a b
c + 15 1− 22 44
100 100 100
p 13 15 a 0.7 b 0.7 c 0.7
p 2
+ 105 1− 16 a Pr(X = 4) = 0.0016 b Pr(X ≥ 3) = 0.0272
100 100
808 Answers
Chapter 13
13A → 13C
17 a Pr(X = 3) = 7 C3 0.23 0.84

b Pr(X < 3) = 7 C0 0.20 0.87 + 7 C1 0.21 .86 +
7
C2 0.22 0.85 Exercise 13A
c Pr(X ≥ 4) = 7 C4 0.24 0.83 + 7 C5 0.25 .82 +
7
C6 0.26 0.81 + 7 C7 0.27 0.80 1 a x5 b 8x7 c x2 d 2x3 e a6
x 10 x 9 x3 x6
x f 2 6
g xy 2 2
h xy4 6
i 3 j 4
18 a b 10 1− y y
100 100 100
x 10 x 9 x
2 a 317 b x 7 y5 c 34x+3 d 30a5 b6
c + 10 1− 3 a x2 y b b4x+1 c 4a5 b
100 100 100
x 8 x 2
1 8
4 a b 64 c
Answers
+ 45 1− 49 125
100 100
5 a b10 b 729 c b4
Multiple-choice questions 27a8 b 125b6
1E 2C 3E 4B 5E 6 a b
16 c9
6E 7C 8C 9B 10 D 7 a 64 b −27a3
c −96a3
11 D 12 D 13 E 14 A 15 E 52n
16 E 17 B 18 C 19 C 20 A 8 a 2−2n b 24 c 2n
2
21 E 22 E 23 C 24 D 25 D 9 a x9 b 216 c 317 d q8 p9 e a11 b3
Extended-response questions f 28 x18 g m11 n12 p−2 h 2a5 b−2
15 37 43 9
1 a i ii iii 10 a x2 y3 b 8a8 b3 c x 5 y2 d x 2 y3
28 56 49 2
9 135 1 2x8 z b5 a3 b
b i ii 11 a b 4 c 5 d
14 392 n4 p5 y a c
n+2 n+1 n−1
1 13 e a b c
2 a b 34n−11
2 36 12 a 317n b 23−n c
3 1 3 6 22
3 a b c d d 2n+1 33n−1 e 53n−2 f 23x−3 × 3−4
8 56 28 7
4 a 0.0027 b 0.12 c 0.17 d 0.72 g 36−n × 2−5n h 33 = 27 i 6
59 45 13 a 212 = 4096 b 55 = 3125 c 33 = 27
5 a b
120 59
167 Exercise 13B
6 a 1
360 1 a 25 b 27 c d 16
108 45 9
b i ii 1 1 1
193 193 e f g h 16
1 5 2 4 25
7 a i ii 1 3
9 18 i j 1000 k 27 l
1 13 10 000 5
b i ii 1
81 324 m −2 n o 16 p 343
625
8 a i m = 30, q = 35, s = 25 1 7 9 7 7
ii m + q = 65 2 a a 6 b− 6 b a−6 b 2 c 3− 3 × 5− 6
3 1 14
b d e x6 y−8 f a 15
10 4
3 5 3
7 3 a (2x − 1) 2 b (x − 1) 2 c (x2 + 1) 2
c 7 1 4
12
9 a 0.084 b 0.52 c 0.68 d (x − 1) 2 e x(x − 1)− 2 f (5x2 + 1) 3
10 a 60 b8 c 0.1 Exercise 13C
1 1 3 6
11 a b c d 1 y
60 5 5 13
y = 0.5 x y = 2.4x
12 a i 10 000 cm2 ii 400 cm2 iii 6400 cm2
b i 0.04 ii 0.12 iii 0.64 y = 1.8x
y = 0.9x 1
c i 0.0016 ii 0.000 64 x
7 13 23 0
13 a b c
18 36 108 All pass through (0, 1)
14 a i 0.328 ii 0.205 iii 0.672 Horizontal asymptote y = 0
b i 11 ii 18 Increasing for base > 1
15 a i 0.121 ii 0.851 iii 0.383 Decreasing for base < 1
b i 9 ii 14
Answers 809
Answers
2 y Exercise 13D
y = 5 × 3x 1 3 1
y = 2 × 3x
1 a3 b 3 c d e
2 4 3
5 f4 g 2 h3 i 3
3 4
2 2 a1 b2 c − d e −1
0 2 3
f8 g 3 h −4 i 8 j4
k 3 12 l 6 m 7 12
x
y = –2 × 3 4 3
y = –5 × 3
x 3 a b c 5 12
13D → 13F
5 2
y = a × b has y-axis intercept at (0, a)
x
4 a0 b 0, −2 c 1, 2 d 0, 1
Horizontal asymptote y = 0
5 a 2.32 b 1.29 c 1.26 d 1.75
Graphs c and d are reflections in the x-axis 1 1
of graphs a and b 6 a x>2 b x> c x≤ d x<3
3 2
3 x = 3.807 4 x = 0.778 3
e x< f x>1 g x≤3
y y 4
y = 2x y = 10x
14 6 Exercise 13E
(3.807, 14) (0.778, 6)
1 a7 b 4 c 3 d −1
x x 9
0 0
2 a log2 (10a) b1 c log2 d 1
4
5 a y b y
e 3 log2 a f 9 g − log5 6 h −2
3 a 3 b 4 c −7 d −3
5 y=2
e 4 f −3 g 4 h −6
x x
0 0 i −9 j −1 k 4 l −2
y = –3
4 a 2 b 7 c 9 d 1
5
e f log x (a5 ) g 3 h1
c y d y 2
1
y=2 5 a2 b 27 c d 8
125
2
0
x x e 30 f g 8 h 64
0 3
y = –2
(0, –3) i4 j 10
6 a5 √ b 32.5 c 22 d 20
3 + 17
e f 3 or 0
2
e y f y
5c
7 2 + 3a − 9 10
(0, 3) 2
6
x x 10 a 4 b c 3 d 10
0 0 5
e 9 f2
(0, –4) y = –2
Exercise 13F
1 a 2.81 b −1.32 c 2.40 d 0.79
6 a y b y e −2.58 f −0.58
2 a 1.90 b 3.10 c −0.68
2 1 3 a x>3 b x < 1.46 c x < −1.15
x x
0 0 d x ≤ 2.77 e x ≥ 1.31
4 a y b y
c y d y
2 x
x
y=2 0 0 1
–3 –4
1 1
x x y = –4 y = –6
0 0
810 Answers
13G → 13H
c y
5
d y c Domain = (0, ∞) d Domain = (−2, ∞)
log10 ≈ 0.2218 y y
3 y=4
2
x x
0 0
–2 1
x x
0 1 x = –2 –1 0
y = –5 log102 ≈ 0.3010 2
e y f y
6
y=6 log2
5
≈ 0.2603 e Domain = (0, ∞) f Domain = (−∞, 0)
3 y y
1 x
Answers
x
0 0
–1
y = –6
x x
0 3 –1 0
2
Exercise 13G
1 a y b y 5 a 0.64 b 0.40
Domain = R+ Domain = R+
Range = R Range = R
6 y y
y = log10 (x 2) y = 2log10 x
0.301 0.602
x x
x x –1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 2
2
c y d y
Domain = R+ Domain = R+ 7 y
Range = R Range = R
y = log10 √x = 12 log10 x for x (0, 10]
0.301 0.954
x x x
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 1 0
3
e y f y
Domain = R+ Domain = R− 8 y y
Range = R Range = R
y = log10 (2x) + log10 (3x) y = log10 (6x2)
x x
0 1 –1 0 1
x x √6
0 1 –1 0 √6 √6
1
2 a y = 2 log10 x b y = 10 3 x
1 1 1 Exercise 13H
c y = log10 x d y = 10 2 x t
3 3 1 a N = 1000 × 2 15 b 50 minutes
3 a f −1 (x) = log3 (x − 2) 2 79 726 years
b f −1 (x) = 2 x +3
x − 2
3 7575 years
c f −1 (x) = log3 4 a 535 millibars b 7331 metres
4
d f −1 (x) = log5 (x + 2) 5 22 hours
e f −1 (x) = 13 × 2 x f f −1 (x) = 3 × 2 x 6 6.4◦ C
g f −1 (x) = 2 x − 3 t > 18.668 . . .
x + 2 7
h f −1 (x) = log3 8 a p, q
5 (millions)
4 a Domain = (4, ∞) b Domain = (−3, ∞) y = p(t)
y y y = q(t)
1.7
1.2
log2 3
x x 0 t
0 5 –2 0
x = –3 b i t = 12.56 . . . (mid 1962)
ii t = 37.56 . . . (mid 1987)
x=4 9 a y = 3 × 5 x b y = 4 × ( 12 ) x c y = 5 × ( 32 ) x
Answers 811
5
Answers
10 a k = log10 b 7.212 hours Chapter 13 review
4
t Technology-free questions
11 a N = 1000 × 10 5 b 210 minutes 1 1 1
c 15 hours d 251 189 bacteria 1 a a4 b 2 c 2 2 d
b mn ab6
10 − 2 1 10
12 a = 6 ×
3
and k = log10 3a6 5 n8
3 3 3 e f 2
g a3 h 4
2 3a m
13 y = 1.5 × 0.575 x 14 p = 2.5 × 1.35t 1 8
15 a Cuts, n Sheets Thickness, T (mm) i 2 4 j k 2a l a2 + a6
pq 5a11
0 1 0.2 1
13I → 13 review
1 2 0.4 2 a log2 7 b log2 7 c log10 2
18 2
2 4 0.8
3 8 1.6 d log10 e 1 + log10 11 f 1 + log10 101
5
4 16 3.2 1
5 32 6.4 g log2 100 h − log2 10
5
6 64 12.8
3 a 6 b 7 c 2 d 0
7 128 25.6
8 256 51.2
e 3 f −2 g −3 h4
a2
9 512 102.4
4 a log10 6 b log10 6 c log10
10 1024 204.8
a2 b
a2 b3
b T = 0.2 × 2n d log10 e log10 y f log10
c T 25000 c
200
5 a x=3 b x = 3 or x = 0
c x=1 d x = 2 or x = 3
150
6 a y b y
y = 2.2x
100
0.2 (1, 4)
50
(0, 2)
x x
0 2 4 6 8 10 n 0 0
(0, –3)
d 214 748.4 m
16 d0 = 41.92, m = 0.094 y = –3.2x
Exercise 13I c y d y
1 a m = 2 and c = log4 3 y = 2–x + 1

b log4(y) c y (0, 2)
(0, 5) y = 5.2–x y=1
x x
0 0
16 16 e y f y
log4(3)
3 y = 2x – 1
x x
1 2 4 1 2 4
2 a m = 3 and c = log5 2 (0, 3) y = 2
0
b log5(y) c y x x
0
y = –1
5
4
3125 7 x=1 9 3
625
3 125 1 3
2
log52 25 10 a k = b q=
x 2
x
7 2
0 1 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 5 1
11 a a = b y = −4 or y = 20
3 Street 10−9 watt/cm2 ; Quiet car 10−11 watt/cm2 2
4 a Increases by 10 log10 2 ≈ 3 dB Multiple-choice questions
b Increases by 10 log10 10 = 10 dB 1 C 2A 3 C 4 C 5 A
c Pnew = (Pold )3 × 1032 6 B 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A
d P = 10−16 e P = 10−6
λ Extended-response questions
5 P1 = 10 10 × P2 6 5 + log10 5
1 a n 1 2 3 4
7 7.3 − log10 4 8 [10−4 , 10−2 ]
M 1 3 7 15
812 Answers
14A → 14E
b M = 2n − 1 n 5 6 7 7 a y
M 31 63 127 θ=
3π
π
4 θ=
c M 4
30
0 x
20
10 5π 7π
θ= θ=
4 4
Answers
0 1 2 3 4 5 n b y
d Three discs 1 2 3 2π
θ= π
Times moved 4 2 1 3 θ=
3
Four discs 1 2 3 4
0 x
Times moved 8 4 2 1
2 n=2
4π π
3 a ( 12 )3n b ( 12 )5n−2 c n = 3 θ= θ=−
3
3
4 a 729( 14 )n b 128( 12 )n c 4 times
5 a Batch 1: 15(0.95)n ; Batch 2: 20(0.94)n c y
27π
7π θ=
b 32 years θ=− 6
6 π
θ=
6 a X $1.82 Y $1.51 Z $2.62 6
b X $4.37 Y $4.27 Z $3.47 13π
θ=
6
c Intersect at t = 21.784 . . . and t = 2.090 . . . ; 0 x
therefore Feb 2014 until Sept 2015
d Feb 2015 until Sept 2015; approx. 8 months
7 a 13.81 years b 7.38 years
8 a Temperature = 87.065 × 0.94t
b i 87.1◦ C ii 18.56◦ C Exercise 14B
c Temperature = 85.724 × 0.94t
d i 85.72◦ C ii 40.82◦ C 1 a 0, 1 b −1, 0 c 1, 0 d 1, 0
e 28.19 minutes e 0, −1 f 1, 0 g −1, 0 h 0, 1
9 a a = 0.2 and b = 5 2 a 0.95 b 0.75 c −0.82 d 0.96
b i z = x log10 b ii a = 0.2 and k = log10 5 e −0.5 f −0.03 g −0.86 h 0.61
10 a y = 2 × 1.585 x
b y = 2 × 100.2x 3 a 0, −1 b −1, 0 c −1, 0 d −1, 0
y e −1, 0 f 0, −1 g 0, −1 h 0, −1
c x = 5 log10
2
Exercise 14C
1 a 0 b 0 c Undefined d 0
Chapter 14 e Undefined f Undefined
2 a −34.23 b −2.57 c −0.97 d −1.38
Exercise 14A
e 0.95 f 0.75 g 1.66
π 4π 4π 11π 7π 8π
1 a b c d e f 3 a 0 b 0 c 0 d0 e 0 f 0
3 5 3 6 3 3
2 a 120◦ b 150◦ c 210◦ d 162◦ Exercise 14D
e 100◦ f 324◦ g 220◦ h 324◦
3 a 34.38◦ b 108.29◦ c 166.16◦ d 246.94◦ 1 a 67◦ 59 b 4.5315 c 2.5357
e 213.14◦ f 296.79◦ g 271.01◦ h 343.78◦ d 6.4279 e 50◦ 12 f 3.4202
g 2.3315 h 6.5778 i 6.5270
4 a 0.66 b 1.27 c 1.87 d 2.81
e 1.47 f 3.98 g 2.38 h 5.74 Exercise 14E
5 a −60◦ b −720◦ c −540◦ d −180◦
e 300◦ f −330◦ g 690◦ h −690◦ 1 a −0.42 b −0.7 c −0.42 d −0.38
e 0.42 f −0.38 g −0.7 h 0.7
4π
6 a −2π b −3π c − d −4π 5π 7π 11π
3 2 a b c
11π 7π 6 6 6
e − f−
6 6
Answers 813
√ √
− 3
Answers
1 3 1 b Dilation of factor from the y-axis; 1
3 a− b c d 5
2
√ 2
√ 2 2 2π
Amplitude = 1; Period
e − 3 f − 3 5
√ √ c Dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis;
3 1 √ 3 1
4 a − b c − 3 d− e− Amplitude = 1; Period = 6π
2 2 2 2
5 a a = 0.7660, b = 0.6428 d Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis and
b c = −0.7660, d = 0.6428 dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis;
c i cos 140◦ = −0.7660, sin 140◦ = 0.6428 2π
Amplitude = 2; Period =
ii cos 140◦ = − cos 40◦ 5
3 a y
14F → 14G
6 a −0.7 b −0.6 c −0.4 d −0.6
e −0.7 f −0.7 g 0.4 h 0.6
3
7 a 120◦ b 240◦ c −60◦ d 120◦
e 240◦ f 300◦
0 x
π 2π
Exercise 14F
√
3 1 √ –3
1 a sin = , cos = − , tan = − 3 Amplitude = 3, Period = π
2 2
1 1 b y
b sin = √ , cos = − √ , tan = −1
2 2
√ 2
1 3 1
c sin = − , cos = − , tan = √ x
2 2 3 0
√ 2π 4π 2π
3 1 √ 3 3
d sin = − , cos = − , tan = 3 –2 2π
2 2 Amplitude = 2, Period =
3
1 1
e sin = − √ , cos = √ , tan = −1 c y
2 2
√
1 3 1 4
f sin = , cos = , tan = √
2 2 3
√
3 1 √ 0 θ
g sin = , cos = , tan = 3 π 2π 3π 4π
2 2
1 1 –4
h sin = − √ , cos = − √ , tan = 1 Amplitude = 4, Period = 4π
2 2
√ d y
3 1 √
i sin = , cos = , tan = 3 1
2 2
√ 2
3 1 √
j sin = − , cos = , tan = − 3 0 x
√ 2 2 2π 4π
2π
3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
2 a b −√ c −√ d − e −√ –
2 1 2π
2 3 2 Amplitude = 2 , Period = 3
√2 2
√ 3 1 1 e y
f 3 g − h √ i −√
2 2 3
√
3 1 1 4
3 a − b −√ c √ d Undefined
2 2 3
2π
1 1 0 x
e 0 f −√ g √ h −1 2π 4π
2 2 3 3
–4 2π
Amplitude = 4, Period =
Exercise 14G 3
2π 1 f y
1 a i 2π ii 2 b iπ ii 3 c i ii
3 2
5
2π π 1 π 3π
d i 4π ii 3 ei ii 4 fi ii
3 2 2 2 π 2 2π
0 x
g i 4π ii 2 h i 2 ii 2 i i 4 ii 3 π 3π 5π 7π
4 4 4 4
2 a Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis; –5
Amplitude = 5, Period = π
Amplitude = 3; Period = 2π
814 Answers
14H
g y d y
2
3
π
3 π
x
Answers
0 2π 4π
0 x 2π
π 2π 3π 4π 3 3
–2
–3
Amplitude = 3, Period = 4π
6 y
h y
5
2
2
π π 3π
4 2 4 π 0 x
0 x 3π 3π
π 3π 5π 7π 2 –5
8 8 8 8 2π,
–5 4
–2 π 2
Amplitude = 2, Period =
2
7 a Dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis and
i y
reflection in the x-axis;
2π
2 Amplitude = 1; Period =
5
b Reflection in the y-axis;
0
3π 3π 9π 6π
x Amplitude = 1; Period = 2π
2 2 c Dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis and
–2 dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis;
Amplitude = 2, Period = 6π
Amplitude = 2; Period = 6π
4 a y
d Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis, dilation
2 of factor 4 from the x-axis and reflection in
the x-axis; Amplitude = 4; Period = 4π
x
0 1 1 3 2 e Dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis, dilation
2 4
–2 of factor 2 from the x-axis and reflection in
the y-axis; Amplitude = 2; Period = 6π
b y π 5π
8 a y b ,
3 4 4
y = sin x y = cos x
x
0 1 1 3 2
2 4
–3
0 x
π 2π
5 a y
1
–3π –π π 3π
2 2 2 2
x
–2π –π 0 π 2π Exercise 14H
π 5π 7π 11π π 3π 9π 11π
–1 1 a , , , b , , ,
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
b y π 2π 7π 8π
c , , ,
2 3 3 3 3
2 a 0.93, 2.21 b 4.30, 1.98 c 3.50, 5.93
d 0.41, 2.73 e 2.35, 3.94 f 1.77, 4.51
x
–6π –3π 0 3π 6π 3 a 150, 210 b 30, 150 c 120, 240
d 120, 240 e 60, 120 f 45, 135
–2
π 11π 5π 7π π 7π
c y 4 a , b , c ,
6 6 4 4 4 4
2
π 3π 3π π 2π 2π 2π
2π 4π 5π
5 a ,− b , c ,−
3 3 π 3 3 2π 4 4 3 3 3 3
0 x
π π 5π 7π 3π 11π
6 2 6 6 2 6
–2
Answers 815
√ √
Answers
6 y d Period = π, Amplitude = 3, y = ± 3
1 y
5π 1 π 1 π 1 5π 1
– , – , , ,
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 √3
x
0 3π
4π 1 4π 1 2
– ,– ,–
3 2
–1 3 2 0 θ
π π
2π 1 2π 1
– , – ,– 2
3 2 3 2
–√3
7π 11π 19π 23π
7 a , , ,
14I
12 12 12 12 e Period = π, Amplitude = 3, y = ±3
π 11π 13π 23π y
b , , ,
12 12 12 12
π 5π 13π 17π 3
c , , ,
12 12 12 12
5π 7π 13π 15π 21π 23π 0 x
d , , , , , π π
12 12 12 12 12 12
2
5π 7π 17π 19π
e , , , –3
12 12 12 12
5π 7π 13π 15π 2π
f , , , f Period = , Amplitude = 2, y = ±2
8 8 8 8 3
8 a 2.034, 2.678, 5.176, 5.820 y
b 1.892, 2.820, 5.034, 5.961 2
c 0.580, 2.562, 3.721, 5.704
d 0.309, 1.785, 2.403, 3.880, 4.498, 5.974
θ
π 0 π 5π
Exercise 14I –
4 12 12
1 a Period = 2π, Amplitude = 3, y = ±3 –2
y
√ √
g Period = π, Amplitude = 2, y = ± 2
3 y
√2
0 θ
π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2
0 θ
–3 π 5π 4π
3 6 3
b Period = π, Amplitude = 1, y = ±1 – √2
y
h Period = π, Amplitude = 3, y = ±3
1 y
3
0 θ
π 2π
0 x
π π
–1 2
–3
2π
c Period = , Amplitude = 2, y = ±2
3 i Period = π, Amplitude = 3, y = ±3
y
y
2 3
13π
12
0 θ
5π θ
π 0 π
12 –
2 2
–2
–3
816 Answers
1 1
14J
2 a f (0) = , f (2π) = d y
2 2 π 5π
b y
π 4 4
,1 x
3 0
1 1
2π, –2
Answers
1 2
0,
2 –4
0 x
5π 11π
6 6 e y
–1
4π
, –1 1 + √2
3
√ √
3 3 0 (2π, 0)
3 a f (0) = − , f (2π) = − 1 – √2 3π
x
2 2
2
b y
2 a y
1
-p -p p p 5p 3p 2p
2 6 6 2 6 2
0 x x
0
3 π 5π 4π 11π (-p, -2) (2p, -2)
– 3 6 3 6 -2
2
–1 2π, – 3 -4
2
1 1 b
4 a f (−π) = − √ , f (π) = − √ y
2 2 -11p -7p -p p 5p 9p 13p 17p 21p
b y 12 12 4
2 12 12 12 12 12 12
1 (-p, Ö2) 0 x
0, 1 -p p 2p
√2 x -2
0 (2p, - Ö2)
1 1
–π, – –1 π, – c
√2 √2 y
x -p p
5 a y = 3 sin b y = 3 sin(2x) 0 2p
x
2 -1
x π (2p, -3)
c y = 2 sin d y = sin 2 x − (-p, -3) -3
3 3
1 π -5
e y = sin x +
2 3 d y
Exercise 14J (2p, 3)

3
(-p, 3)
1 a y 1
0 x
3 -p -2p -p -1 p 2p p 4p 5p 2p
3 3 3 3 3 3
1
0 x e y
7π 11π
–1 -5p -p p p 7p 3p
6 6
6 2 6 2 6 2
x
b y -p 0 p 2p
π π 7π 4π -2
(-p, -2) -3 (2p, -2)
2 – √3 6 3 6 3
x
0
–√3 f y
-7p -p 5p 3p 17p 7p
–2 – √3 12 4 12 4 12 4 (2p, 1 + Ö3)
3
c y
(-p, 1 + Ö3)
1 +Ö3
(0, 1 + √2) x
-p 0 p
-1 2p
0
x
1 – √2 3π 5π 2π 3 a y
4 4 –3π –5π π 7π
4 12 34 12 (π, 1 + √3)
(–π, 1 + √3)
1 + √3
x
–π 0 –1 π
Answers 817
−17π −11π −5π π 7π 13π
Answers
b y b , , , , ,
–3π –π π 11π
18 18 18 18 18 18
4 12 4 12 −5π −π π 2π
3 c , , ,
6 3 6 3
x
−13π −7π −π 5π 11π 17π
(–π, –√3 + 1) –√3 + 1 0 (π, –√3 + 1)
d , , , , ,
–1 18 18 18 18 18 18
4 a y
c y
2 + √3
(–π, √3) (π, √3)
1 + √3 (–π, √ 3) (π, √ 3)
14K → 14N
x √3
x
–π √3 – 2 0 π –π 0 5π
−5π −2π π π 6 6
6 3 6 3
–π π
Exercise 14K x=
2
x=
2
1 a 0.6 b 0.6 c −0.7 d 0.3 b y
10
e −0.3 f (1.49) g −0.3
7
h 0.6 i −0.6 j −0.3 (π, 2)
(– π, 2) 2
π π 5π π x
2 a b c d –π 0 3π
3 3 12 14 4 4
−4 −4
3 sin x = , tan x =
5 3
−12 −5 –π π
4 cos x = , tan x = x=
2
x=
2
13√ 12
−2 6 √ c y
5 sin x = , tan x = −2 6
5
–3π π
Exercise 14L
4 4
π 3π π 0 π
x
1 a b c (– π, –3) (0, –3) 2 (π, –3)
4 2 2
2 a y
π
x
Exercise 14M
–π –π 0 π
2 2 1 a 0.74 b 0.51 c 0.82, −0.82 d 0, 0.88
2 y = a sin(bθ + c) + d
x=
–3π
x=
–π
x=
π
x=
3π a a = 1.993, b = 2.998, c = 0.003, d = 0.993
4 4 4 4
b a = 3.136, b = 3.051, c = 0.044, d = −0.140
b y
c a = 4.971, b = 3.010, c = 3.136, d = 4.971
Exercise 14N
–π –2π –π 0 π 2π π
x
(12n + 1)π (12n + 5)π
3 3 3 3 1 a x= or x = ,n∈Z
6 6
(12n ± 1)π
–5π –π –π π π 5π
b x= ,n∈Z
x=
6
x=
2
x=
6
x=
6
x=
2
x=
6
18
(3n + 2)π
c y c x= ,n∈Z
3
π 5π π 11π 2π 5π
2 a , b , c ,
6 6 18 18 3 3
x (4n − 1)π
π − π 0 π π 3 x = nπ or x = , n ∈ Z;
2 2 4
5π π 3π 7π
x = − , −π, − , 0, , π or
4 4 4 4
−7π −3π π 5π nπ 2π π
3 a , , , 4 x= , n ∈ Z; x = −π, − , − or 0
8 8 8 8 3 3 3
818 Answers
6n − 1 3n + 2
14O → 14 review
5 x= or x = , n ∈ Z; Chapter 14 review
12 6
2 7 1 1 1 5 5 11 Technology-free questions
x=− ,− ,− ,− , , , or 11π 9π 23π 3π
3 12 6 12 3 12 6 12 1 a b c 6π d e
6 2 4 4
Exercise 14O 9π 13π 7π 4π
f g h i
1 a y
b t = 3 and t = 15 4 6 3 9
5
4
2 a 150◦ b 315◦ c 495◦ d 45◦
3
2 e 1350◦ f −135◦ g −45 ◦
h −495◦
1
0
–1 3 6 9 121518 2124
x i −1035◦ √
–2
–3 1 1 1 3
–4
–5 3 a √ b √ c − d −
2 2
c 5√m above mean sea level √2 2
5 3 3 1 1 1
d m above mean sea level e f− g h −√
2 2 2
Answers
2 2
√ π 1 2π
5 3 4 a 2, 4π b 3, c , d 3, π
e m above mean sea level 2 2 3
2 2
f t ∈ [1, 5] ∪ [13, 17] e 4, 6π f , 3π
3
2 a 5 metres b 1 metres
5 a y b y
c t = 0.524, 2.618 or 4.712 seconds x
y = –3 cos
d t = 0, 1.047 or 2.094 seconds 2 y = 2 sin 2x 3 3
e Particle oscillates between x = 1 and x = 5 x x
0 π 0 3π 6π
3 a 7m b 3m
1 5 9 13 17 –2 –3 point (6 π, –3)
c t= , , , or is the f inal point
4 4 4 4 4
1 5 13 17 25 29 c y d y
d t= , , , , or
12 12 12 12 12 12 2
2
e Particle oscillates between x = 3 and x = 7
√ √
4 a i 10 ii√10 + 5 3 iii√10 + 5 3 x
0
x
0 π 2π 3π 6π
iv 10 − 5 3 v 10 − 5 3 3 3 –2
–2
b 6 seconds c 20 metres
1 5 13 17 7 11 19 23
d , , , s e , , , s ey f y
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 π
1 y = sin x – 1
5 a 9◦ C b Maximum = 25◦ C; Minimum = 9◦ C 4 y = sin x +
2π
3
c Between 7:28 and 16:32 0 x x
π 5π 9π –2 π 0 π 4π
d T
25 –1 4 4 4 3 –1 3 3
24 passes through 5π
22
20 4
18
16
14
12 g y h y
10
9
8 2
6 3
4
2
t x
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 0 5π 4π 11π 14π 17π
6 3 6 6 6 x
6 a –2 –π 0 π 5π 4π 11π
D 5π
y = 2 cos x – –– 6 3 6 3 6
13 6
10 –3
7
2π π π π 2π 5π
6 a− ,− b − ,− , ,
3 3 3 6 3 6
0 3 6 12 18 24 t π 3π 7π π 7π
b { t : D(t) ≥ 8.5 } = [0, 7] ∪ [11, 19] ∪ [23, 24] c , d e ,
6 2 6 2 6
c 12.9 m
7 a p = 5, q = 2 bD
1 C 2 D 3 E 4 C 5 E
7 6D 7 E 8 E 9 C 10 B
5
3
0 6 12 t
c A ship can enter 2 hours after low tide
Answers 819
Answers
Extended-response questions 7 f −1 (x) = log3 (x − 2) y
1 a i 1.83 × 10−3 hours ii 11.79 hours
b 26 April (t = 3.86), 14 August (t = 7.48)
πt
2 a 19.5◦ C b D = −1 + 2 cos x=2
12 (0, 3) y=2
c D d { t : 4 < t < 20 } x
0 (3, 0)
1
0 6 12 18 24 t π 3π 7π
–1 8 a b c
3 2 9
15 revision
–2
–3 9 a −1 b 0 c 0 d Undefined
10 a 21.80◦ b 3.06 c 9.97
3 a d 4
(m) 11 a −0.3 b −0.5 c 1.6 d −0.6 e 0.1 f
√ √ 5
4.8
3 3 1 1 √
3
12 a b − c −1 d e √ f − 3
1.2 2 2 2 2
13 a Period = 4π; Amplitude = 2
0 6 12 18 24 t (hours) y
b
b 3 a.m., 3 p.m., 3 a.m.
2
c 9 a.m., 9 p.m. d 10:03 a.m.
e i 6:12 p.m. ii 5 trips 1
4 b D 0
x
π 2π 3π 4π
(m)
−1
6
4 −2
2 c Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis and
0 8 16 t (hours)
dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
c t = 16 (8 p.m.) 14 y
d t = 4 and t = 12 (8 a.m. and 4 p.m.) 3
e i 1.5 m ii 2.086 m 2
f 9 hours 17 minutes 1
x
0 1 1 3 2
–1
2 2
–2
Chapter 15 –3
Technology-free questions −7π −5π 5π 7π

15 a , , ,
a3 3 6 6 6 6
1 a −24a10 b c d8 −7π −5π π 3π
2b2 4x5 b , , ,
2 4 4 4 4
y3 1 −17π −13π −5π −π 7π 11π 19π 23π
e 1 f 1 c , , , , , , ,
x6 (2x − 1) 2 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
−4π −π 2π 5π
25 1 d , , ,
2 a b 16 c 81 d− 3 3 3 3
9 3 y
16
3 a 26n × 33n b 12 c log10 36 d −3 3
4 a Range (−3, ∞) b Range (−∞, 1) 2
y y 1
y=1 0
x
π π 5π π 7π 3π 11π 2π
x −1 6 2 6 6 2 6
0
−2 17 y
0 x
−2 y = −3
5 a x = 3 b x = 0, 2 c x > 4 d x = 7 e x = 1
x
1 −π π
0 π
6 a x = log2 5 b x = (log5 (10) − 1) 2 2
3
log10 0.2
c x>
log10 0.6
820 Answers
π 5π
15 revision
18 a x = + 2nπ or x = + 2nπ, n ∈ Z c h 2π
6 6 (metres) h(t) = 2 + 3sin (t – 1.7420)
15
π 5
b x = ± + 2nπ, n ∈ Z
6
π nπ
c x=− + ,n∈Z 2
8 2
Multiple-choice questions –1 0 15 30 t (min)
1 B 2 B 3B 4E 5 D 6A 6 a i 30 ii 49.5 iii 81.675
7 D 8 C 9 B 10 A 11 A 12 D
Answers
b k = 1.65
13 A 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 A 18 E c 6.792 hours
19 D 20 D 21 E 22 A 23 E 24 B d h
25 D 26 B (hectares) h (t) = 30(1.65)t
Extended-response questions (1, 49.5)

1 a h (m) (0, 30)
14 0 t (hours)
h = 10
10
7 a t 0 1 2 3 4 5
6
θ 100 60 40 30 25 22.5
b θ
0 12 24 t (hours)
(°C)
b t = 3.2393 and t = 8.7606 100
c t ∈ [0.9652, 11.0348]
2 a 40 bacteria
b i 320 ii 2560 iii 10 485 760
c 0 t (min)
N
(4, 2560) c 1 minute d 27.071
(2, 320) 8 a PA = 70 000 000 + 3 000 000t
(0, 40) PB = 70 000 000 + 5 000 000t
t
0 t (hours) PC = 70 000 000 × 1.3 10
2
d 40 minutes (= 3
hours) b P PC
3 a 60 seconds PB
ii
PA
b h
(m)
20 70000000 i
y = 11 t
11
c i 35 years ii 67 years
2 9 a i 4 billion ii 5.944 billion iii 7.25 billion
0 10 40 60 t (s) b 2032
c [2, 20]
10 a V1 (0) = V2 (0) = 1000
d First at height 2 metres after 40 seconds;
b V c 64.15 litres
then every 60 seconds after this first time (litres)
e At t = 0, t = 20 and t = 60, for t ∈ [0, 60] 1000
1
4 a V b t= s (25, 64.15)
120 180 0 25 t
d t = 0 and t = 23.00
1 1 t (s) 11 a h
(6, 44)
60 30 (m) y = h (t)
1
–120
28
k
c t= s, for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . 18 (6, 18)
30 8
5 a i Period = 15 seconds
2π 0 6 t (hours)
ii Amplitude = 3 iii c =
15 b 3:19 a.m. to nearest minute (t = 3.31)
b h = 1.74202 c i 9 a.m. ii 8 + 6t metres
Answers 821
Chapter 16
Answers
10 C
11 a (−4, 0) b [−7, −4) ∪ (0, 3]
Exercise 16A 12 a (−3, 0) b [−5, −3) ∪ (0, 2]
1 a h b h
Exercise 16B
4
1 d (km) km/min = 80 km/h
3
v 200
o o v
c h d h
16A → 16B
0 150 m t (min)
v v
2 distance (km)
o o
5
2 For the first 2 minutes, the particle travels a Car Y
4
distance of 4 m with its speed increasing. For
the next 4 minutes, it travels 4 m at constant 3
speed. Then it turns back and returns to its 2
starting point O, travelling at a constant speed Car X
1
and taking 8 minutes to reach O.
time (h)
Note: For questions 3–6, there may be more than 0 1 1
one correct answer. 16 8
3 C is the most likely 3
US $ 600
4 height 500
(cm)
400
300
200
100
Age (years) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
A$
5 speed 4 a 60 km/h b 3 m/s
(km/h)
c 400 m/min = 24 km/h = 6 23 m/s
d 35.29 km/h (correct to 2 d.p.)
e 20.44 m/s (correct to 2 d.p.)
0 1 1.25 distance from A (km)
5 a 8 litres/min b 50 litres/min
6 C and B are the most likely 200 135
7 a distance c litres/min d litres/min
17 13
(metres)
100 6 a t 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 5
A 0 7.5 15 22.5 30 45 60 75
b A
(L)
0
75
10 time (seconds)
b speed (1, 15)
(m/s)
0 1 5 t (min)
10
$200
7 per hour = $15.38 per hour
13
1
8 208 3 m/s
0
10 time (seconds)
9 V
(cm3)
8 h
(2, 16)
0 V
9 D t (s)
822 Answers
16C → 16 review
10 distance c V
(km) (km/h)
1 30
Car 1 Car 2 0
2 5 8 t (h)
0 –40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 time (s)
3 a V
Exercise 16C 4
3
1 3.2 m/s
√
−1 1− 5 t
2 a2 b7 c d 0 2 5 7
2 4
−25 −18 4b −3
Answers
3 a b c4 d
7 7 3a
b s
4 a 4 m/s b 32 m/s
5 a $2450.09 b $150.03 per year 11 (7, 11)
6 3.125 cm/min
7 C 3 (5, 3)
Exercise 16D 0
2 5 7 t
1 7.19
1 –6 (2, –6)
2 a 0.015 b ≈ 0.0167
60 4 a t = 2.5 b 0 ≤ t < 2.5 c 6m
3 a i9 ii 4.3246 iii 2.5893 d 5s e 3 m/s
b 2.30
5 a t=6 b 15 m/s c 17.5 m/s
4 a 25◦ C at 16:00 b ≈ 3◦ C/h c −2.5◦ C/h d 20 m/s e −10 m/s f −20 m/s
5 −0.5952 6 a 11 m/s b 15 m c 1 s d 2.8 s e 15 m/s
6 y 7 a t = 2, t = 3 and t = 8
b 0 < t < 2.5 and t > 6
c t = 2.5 and t = 6
Chapter 16 review
–4 0 4 x Technology-free questions
a 0 b −0.6 c −1.1
1 a depth b depth
7 4
8 a 16 m3 /min b 10 m3 /min
9 a 18 million/min b 8.3 million/min
0 0
10 a 620 m3 /min flowing out time time
b 4440 m3 /min flowing out c depth d depth

c 284 000 m3 /min flowing out
11 a 7 b9 c 2 d 35
12 a 28 b 12 0 time 0 time
13 a 10 b4 √ e f
depth depth
2 2 2
14 a i ≈ 0.637 ii ≈ 0.9003
π π
iii 0.959 iv 0.998
b1 0 time 0 time
200
Exercise 16E 2 a d Speed = km/h
(km) 3
1 a 4 m/s b 1.12 m/s 200 10
20 = km/min
2 a i 30 km/h ii km/h iii −40 km/h 9
3
0 180 t (min)
Answers 823
Chapter 17
Answers
b distance
(m)
30
Exercise 17A
1 a −2 − h b −2
5 10 15 20 time (s)
2 a 5+h b 5
3 2x − 2 4 32 5 2000 m/s
c distance
(6.5, 500) 6 7 per day
500
480
440 7 a 1 b 3x2 + 1 c 20
400
d 30x2 + 1 e 5 f 30x3 + 4
17A → 17B
360
320 (4.5, 320)
280
240
200
8 a 2x + 2 b 13 c 3x2 + 4x
a 5 + 3h b
160
120 9 5.3 c 5
−1 −1
80
40 (1, 40)
10 a b −0.48 c
2+h
1 2 3 4 5 6 time
2
3 36 cm /cm 2
11 a 6+h b 6.1 c 6
4 a 1 b 13 12 a 6x b 4 c 0 d 6x + 4
5 a −2 m/s b −12.26 m/s c −14 m/s e 6x2 f 8x − 5 g −2 + 2x
3
Multiple-choice questions 13 4x
1 C 2B 3 D 4E Exercise 17B
5D 6B 7C 8E
1 a 2x + 4 b 2 c 3x2 − 1 d x − 3
Extended-response questions e 15x2 + 6x f −3x2 + 4x
1 a Yes, the relation is linear 2 a 12x11 b 21x6 c 5 d 5
b 0.05 ohm/◦ C e 0 f 10x − 3 g 50x4 + 12x3
2 a i 9.8 m/s ii 29.4 m/s h 8x3 − x2 − 12 x
b i 4.9(8h − h2 ) 3 a 6 b 20 c5 d 10 e 0
ii 4.9(8 − h) f 7 g 31 h7 i −34
iii 38.22 m/s, 38.71 m/s, 38.995 m/s,
4 a 60 b −16 c 57 d 168
39.151 m/s, 39.1951 m/s
5 a 7 b 2 c −16 d 11
3
Full 6 a −1 b 0 c 12x2 − 3
Half d x2 − 1 e 2x + 3 f 18x2 − 8
full g 15x2 + 3x
Quarter
full 7a 2(x + 4) b 48t2 + 16t − 7 c 2x
8 a i 3 ii 3a2 b 3x2
6 8 10 1214 16 18 20 22 24 time (h) dy
9 a = 3(x − 1)2 ≥ 0 for all x;
4 a b + a (a b) b3 c 4.01 dx
5 a 2 23 , 1 35 ; Gradient = −1 151 therefore gradient of graph ≥ 0 for all x
b 2.1053, 1.9048; Gradient = −1.003 dy
b = 1 for x 0
c −1.000025 d −1.0000003 dx
c 18x + 6
6 a ≈ 3 3 kg/year
1
b ≈ 4.4 kg/year
c (0, 5) ∪ (10, 12) d (5, 7) ∪ (11, 17 12 ) 10 a 1, Gradient = 2 b 1, Gradient = 1
c 3, Gradient = −4 d −5, Gradient = 4
7 a i 2.5 × 108 ii 5 × 108
e 28, Gradient = −36 f 9, Gradient = −24
b 0.007 billion/year
c i 0.004 billion/year ii 0.015 billion/year 11 a i 4x − 1, 3, ( 12 , 0)
d 25 years after 2020 1 2 7 3 25
ii + x, , ,
8 a i 1049.1 ii 1164.3 iii 1297.7 iv 1372.4 2 3 6 4 16
b At 2.8 the gradient is 1452.8 iii 3x + 1, 4, (0, 0)
2
iv 4x3 − 31, −27, (2, −46)

9 a a2 + ab + b2 b7 c 12.06
b Coordinates of the point where gradient is 1
d 3b2
12 a 6t − 4 b −2x + 3x2 c −4z − 4z3
10 a B b A c 25 m d 45 s
d 6y − 3y2 e 6x2 − 8x f 19.6t − 2
e 0.98 m/s, 1.724 m/s, 1.136 m/s
13 a (4, 16) b (2, 8), (−2, −8) c (0, 0)
11 a m b cm c −m 3 5 1 4
d ,− e (2, −12) f − , , (1, 0)
2 4 3 27
824 Answers
17C → 17F
Exercise 17C 10 a f1(x) = sin(x) b

1 1
1 a− b−
(x − 3)2 (x + 2)2
d f1(x) = cos(x) d
f1(x) = dx (f1(x)) f2(x) = dx (f1(x))
2 4
2 a− 3 b− 5
x x c
f1(x) = 2x
3 a −6x−3 − 5x−2 b −6x−3 + 10x
20 −5
−15x−4 − 8x−3 d 6x −
d
c x f2(x) = dx (f1(x))
3
e −12x−3 + 3 f 3 − 2x−2 11 a i 66.80◦ ii 42.51◦
4 a −2z − 8z , z 0 b −9z−4 − 2z−3 , z 0
−2 −3
b (0.5352, 0.2420)
Answers
1 c
c , z0 d 18z + 4 − 18z−4 , z 0 No
2 12 a (0.6)t2 b 0.6 m/s, 5.4 m/s, 15 m/s
3 5 25
e 2z−3 , z 0 f − , z 0
5 13 a a = 2, b = −5 b ,−
5 a f (x) = 12x3 + 18x−4 − x−2 4 8
b f (x) = 20x3 − 8x−3 − x−2 14 a Height = 450 000 m; Speed = 6000 m/s
b t = 25 s
6 y
Exercise 17E
x4 5x4
1 a +c b x3 − 2x + c c − x2 + c
8 4
x
0 x4 2x3 x3
−2 − h d − +c e − x2 + x + c
a Gradient of PQ = b −2 5 3 3
(1 + h)2 x3 z4 2z3
3 1 f +x+c g − +c
7 a 11 b c −1 d5 3 2 3
4 8 4t3 t4 3t2
1 1 h − 6t2 + 9t + c i − t3 + −t+c
8 a − b 3 4 2
2 2 2 f (x) = x4 + 2x3 + 2x
1
9 f (x) = − < 0 for all x 0 3 y = 2x3 + 12
x2
x2
4 a y = x2 − x b y = 3x − +1
Exercise 17D 2
1 Graphs b and d x3 x3
c y= + x2 + 2 d y = 3x − +2
2 Graphs a, b and e 3 3
2x5 x2
3 a x=1 b x=1 c x>1 d x<1 e x= 1
2 e y= +
5 2
4 a (−∞, −3) ∪ ( 12 , 4) b (−3, 12 ) ∪ (4, ∞)
c {−3, 12 , 4} t3 t2 9 1727
5 a V= − + b ≈ 287.83
3 2 2 6
5 a B bC cD dA eF f E
6 f (x) = x − x + 2
3
6 a y b y
7 a B b w = 2000t − 10t2 + 100 000
x2
8 f (x) = 5x − +4
y = f (x) 2
x x 4
0 3 0 x
–1 9 f (x) = − x3 − 2
4
y = f (x)
10 a k=8 b (0, 7)
c y d y 11 8 23
y = f (x) 12 a k = −4 b y = x2 − 4x + 9
–1 3 y = f (x) 13 a k = −32 b f (7) = 201
x x
0 0 14 y = 13 (x3 − 5)
Exercise 17F
7 a (−1, 1.5) b (−∞, −1) ∪ (1.5, ∞) c {−1, 1.5}
1 a 15 b 1 c −3 12 d −2 12
8 a (3, 0) b (4, 2) √
e 0 f4 g 2 h 2 3
9 a ( 12 , −6 14 ) b (0, −6)
11 1
i −2 j 12 k l
9 4
Answers 825
⎧
⎪
⎪
Answers
2 a 3, 4 b7 ⎨−2x − 3 if x > −1
4 f (x) = ⎪
⎪
3 a Discontinuity at 0, as f (0) = 0, ⎩−2 if x < −1
lim+ f (x) = 0 but lim− f (x) = 2 y
x→0 x→0
b Discontinuity at 1, as f (1) = 3,
lim+ f (x) = 3 but lim− f (x) = −1
x→1 x→1
c Discontinuity at 0, as f (0) = 1,
x
lim+ f (x) = 1 but lim− f (x) = 0 (–1, –1)
x→0 x→0
4 x=1
17G → 17 review
(–1, –2)
–3
Exercise 17G
1 a y b y
Chapter 17 review
y = f (x)
0
x 1 a3 b −2x c 2x + 5
–1 1 0
x d 3x2 + 1 e 2x + 2 f 6x − 1
–3 2 4
2 a 6x − 2 b0 c 4 − 4x
d 4(20x − 1) e 6x + 1 f −6x − 1
c y d y
4x + 7 4x − 1
3 a −1 b 0 c d e x
4 3
y = f (x) y = f (x)
4 a 1; 2 b 3; −4 c −5; 4 d 28; −36
3 5 1 4
x x 5 a ,− b (2, −12) c − , , (1, 0)
0 0 2 4 3 27 3 11
d (−1, 8), (1, 6) e (0, 1), , −
2 16
e y f y
f (3, 0), (1, 4)
1 1 1 1
6 a x= b x= c x> d x<
2 2 2 2

1 5
e x∈R\ f x=
x x
2 8
–1 0 1 –1 0 1 −5 −4 2 4
7 a −4x b −6x c d 5
3x3 x
15 2 1 2+x
⎧ e− 6 f − 3 − 2 =− 3
⎪
⎪
⎨−2x + 3 if x ≥ 0
x x x x

2 f (x) = ⎪
⎪ 2 2
⎩3 if x < 0 y g − 2 h 10x + 2
x x
1 1
8 a a = 2, b = −1 b ,−
4 8
3 3 3
x x x 3x2
3 9 a +c b +c c + +c
2 x 2 6 3 2
0 3 2
4x at t4
y = f'(x) d + 6x2 + 9x + c e +c f +c
3 2 12
t 3
t 2
−t 3
t 2
⎧ g − − 2t + c h + + 2t + c
⎪
⎪
⎨2x + 2 if x > 1 3 2 3 2

3 f (x) = ⎪
⎪ 10 f (x) = x2 + 5x − 25
⎩−2 if x < 1 y
11 a f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 3x b 0, 1, 3
12 y
(1, 4)
y = f (x)
x
0 1
(1, –2)
x
–1 0 2
13 a (−1, 4) b (−∞, −1) ∪ (4, ∞) c {−1, 4}
826 Answers
18A → 18D
Multiple-choice questions 5 a i 0 mL ii 833 13 mL

1D 2B 3E 4B 5C 5
b V (t) = (20t − t2 )
6C 7A 8E 9A 10 D 8
c V ʹ(t)
Extended-response questions mL/s
(10, 62.5)
1 y
0 20 t (s)
6 a 0.6 km2 b 0.7 km2 /h

1
Exercise 18C
Answers
x
–1 0 2 3 5 1 a (3, −6) b (3, 2) c (2, 2) d (4, 48)
–1
e (0, 0), (2, −8) f (0, −10), (2, 6)
7 3 1 2 20 2 a = 2, b = −8, c = −1
2 y= x + x − x
36 36 9 3 a = − 12 , b = 1, c = 1 12
◦ ◦
3 a i 71.57 ii 89.58 b 2 km 5 25
4 a 0.12, −0.15 4 a a = 2, b = −5 b ,−
4 8
b x = 2, y = 2.16; Height 2.16 km
√3 5 a = −8
5 a t = 250, 11.9 cm/s b 3.97 cm/s
6 a=6
6 a At x = 0, gradient is −2; at x = 2, gradient 7 625
is 2. Angles of inclination to the positive 7 a (2.5, −12.25) b ,−
48 96
direction of the x-axis are supplementary. c (0, 27), (3, 0) d (−2, 48), (4, −60)
e (−3, 4), (−1, 0) f (−1.5, 0.5)
8 a = −1, b = 2
Chapter 18 2 3
9 a = − , b = , c = −3, d = 7 12
9 2
Exercise 18A
Exercise 18D
1 a y = 4x − 4, 4y + x = 18
b y = 12x − 15, 12y + x = 110 1 a min (0, 0) b min (3, −27)
c y = −x + 4, y = x max (6, 108) max (−1, 5)
d y = 6x + 2, 6y + x = 49 y y
2 y = 2x − 10
8 (6, 108) (–1, 5)
3 y = 2x − 1, y = 2x − ; √ x
3 5 0
Both have gradient 2; Distance apart = (–1.9, 0) (4.8, 0)
3 x
4 y = 3x + 2, y = 3x + 6 0 9 (3, –27)
5 a Tangents both have gradient 2 b (0, −3)

c inflection (0, 0) y
6 (3, 12), (1, 4) min (3, −27)
7 a y = 10x − 16 b (−4, −56)
8 a y = 5x − 1 b (2, 4), (4, −8) 0
x
(4, 0)
Exercise 18B (3, –27)
36
1 a 36; = 36 b 48 − 12h c 48 8
1 256
2 a 1200t − 200t2 b $1800 per month 2 a (0, 0) max; min,−
3 27
c At t = 0 and t = 6 b (0, 0) min; (2, 4) max c (0, 0) min
10 −200 000
3 a 30 − 4P
d , min; (0, 0) inflection
b 10, −10 3 729
1 67
c For P < 7.5 revenue increases as
e (3, −7) min; , max
P increases 3 27
4 400
4 a 50 people per year b 0 people per year
f (6, −36) min; , max
c Decreasing by 50 people per year 3 27
Answers 827
Answers
3 a max at (1, 4) y 11 a i (0, 2) ii (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) iii {0, 2}
min at (−1, 0) (1, 4) b y
intercepts (2, 0), (−1, 0)

(0, 2)
x
(–1, 0) 0 (2, 0) 0
x
3
(2, –4)
b min at (2, −8) y
12 Stationary point of inflection at (3, 8)
max at (0, 0) y
18E
intercepts (3, 0), (0, 0) (3, 8)
(0, 0) (3, 0)
x
0
x
0 1
(2, –8)
-19
c min at (3, −16) y
max at (−1, 16) 13 min at (−2, −9)
√ and (2, −9); max at (0, 7)
intercepts
√ (0, 11), (–1, 16) (0, 11) intercepts (± 7, 0), (±1, 0), (0, 7)
(1 ± 2 3, 0), (1, 0) (1, 0) y
x
0
(1 + 2√3, 0) (0, 7)
(1 – 2√3, 0) (3, –16)
(–√7, 0) 0 (√7, 0)
x
4 a Local maximum (–1, 0) (1, 0)
b Stationary point of inflection
(–2, –9) (2, –9)
5 a (−∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)
b (1, 14) max; (3, 10) min
c y
Exercise 18E
(1, 14) (4, 14)
1 2500 cm2
2 25
(0, 10)
(3, 10) 3 2
x
4 a V(x) = (6 − 2x)2 x
0 b Vmax = 16 m3 when x = 1
6 { x : −2 < x < 2 } 5 a i 0.9375 m ii 2.5 m iii 2.8125 m
7 a x ∈ (−1, 1) b x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) 40 80
b x= ,y=
5 3 27
8 a x=− , x=3 c i x = 11.937, x = 1.396 ii x = 14.484
3
5 400 75x − x3
b max at − , , min at (3, −36) 6 b V= c 125 cm3 d 118 cm3
3 27 2
intercepts (5, 0), (0, 0), (−3, 0) 7 256π
y 5 √
8 x = 9 − 21
(6, 54) 3
– 35 , 400
27 9 Absolute max = 2; Absolute min = −30
x 10 Absolute max = 6; Absolute min = −9
–3 0 5
(–5, –100) 11 Absolute max = 32; Absolute min = −8
(3, –36) 12 Absolute max = 1050; Absolute min = −8
9 10 dV 125 432
13 b = 30x − 36x2 c d
y y dx 36 125
(–3, 83) 125 5
e when x =
(1, 0)
(0, 2)
36 6
x
0 (4, 0) x 14 a 15 ≤ y ≤ 18 b Max 75, min 36
125 000 125 000
(0, –4)
(3, –4)
15 a b 3000 c
(5, –173) 27 27
dA 1 25 2
16 b = (2x − 10) c x = 5 d m
dx 8 8
828 Answers
18F → 18 review
Exercise 18F Exercise 18H

1 a x = 11 b x = −16 1 a (x − 2)(3x − 2(b + 1))
2(b + 1) −4(b − 2)3
2 a −12 cm/s b t = 6, x = −25 b (2, 0), , d b=5
c −9 cm/s d 9 cm/s 3 27
√ 2 a (0, 0) and (9, −2187)
3 a −3 cm/s b 2 3 s
b (a, b) and (9 + a, −2187 + b)
4 a x = 5 cm, v = 0 cm/s, a = −12 cm/s2 1 1
b t = 0, x = 5, a = −12; t = 1, x = 3, a = 12 3 a i −∞, ii ,∞
2a 2a
5 a 2 m/s2 b 50 m/s2 1 1 1
b y = −x + c y= x− d −∞,
6 a (15 − 9.8t) m/s b −9.8 m/s2 a a 4a
2
a + 2 4(a − 1)3
7 a 3.5 s b 2 m/s c 14.5 m 4 a (a, 0) and ,
d When t = 2.5 s; the particle is 1.25 m to the 3 27
b Local minimum at (a, 0)
a + 2 4(a − 1)3
Answers
left of O
8 a 0 s, 1 s, 2 s Local maximum at ,
3 27
b 2 m/s, −1 m/s, 2 m/s; −6 m/s2 , 0 m/s2 , 6 m/s2 c i y = (a − 1) (x − 1) ii y = 0
2
c 0 m/s −(a − 1)2
9 a 12 cm to the right of O iii y = (x − a)
4
b 2 cm to the right of O 5 a i 2(a − 2) ii m = 2(a − 2)
c Moving to the left at 7 cm/s b (a, (a − 2)2 )
d t = 3.5 s; particle is 0.25 cm to the left of O a+2
c y = 2(a − 2)x − a2 + 4 d
e −2 cm/s f 2.9 cm/s 2
10 a 18 m/s2 , 54 m/s2 , 114 m/s2 , b 58 m/s2 6 a h=2 b a=3 c a = −16, b = −24
11 a 3 cm to the left of O, moving to the right at 7 a (0, 0) b (a, b)
24 cm/s 8 a 2(x − 1)(x − b)(2x − b − 1)
b + 1 (b − 1)4
b v = 3t2 − 22t + 24 b (1, 0), (b, 0), , c b=3
c After 43 s and 6 s 2 16
d 11 22
27
cm to the right of O and 39 cm to the
left of O Exercise 18I
e 4 23 s 1 a 1.32 b 1.164 c 1.124 or 1.451
f a = 6t − 22 d 2.151 e −1.75
g When t = 113 s and the particle is 13 16
27
cm 2 1.44225 3 1.618
left of O moving to the left at 16 13 cm/s
12 a When t = 23 s and a = −2 cm/s2 , and when Chapter 18 review
t = 1 and a = 2 cm/s2
b When t = 56 and the particle is moving Technology-free questions
to the left at 16 cm/s dy
1 a = 4 − 2x b2 c y = 2x + 1
13 When t = 2 s, v = 6 cm/s, a = −14 cm/s2 dx
When t = 3 s, v = −5 cm/s, a = −8 cm/s2 2 a 3x2 − 8x b −4 c y = −4x d (0, 0)
When t = 8 s, v = 30 cm/s, a = 22 cm/s2 3 a 3x2 − 12; x = ±2
14 a t = 4 s and t = −1 s b t = 32 s b Local minimum when x = 2
Local maximum when x = −2
Exercise 18G c x = 2, y = −14; x = −2, y = 18
4 a Stationary point of inflection at x = 0
1 a x = 2t2 − 6t b At the origin O
b Maximum at x = 0
c 9 cm d 0 cm/s e 3 cm/s
c Min at x = 3, max at x = 2
2 a x = t3 − 4t2 + 5t + 4, a = 6t − 8 d Min at x = 2, max at x = −2
b When t = 1, x = 6; when t = 53 , x = 5 23
27 e Max at x = 2, min at x = −2
c When t = 1, a = −2 cm/s2 ; f Max at x = 3, min at x = 1
when t = 53 , a = 2 cm/s2 g Max at x = 4, min at x = −3
3 x = 215 13 , v = 73 h Max at x = 3, min at x = −5
2 16 2 16
4 a v = −10t + 25 b x = −5t2 + 25t 5 a − ,− minimum, , minimum
c 2.5 s d 31 14 m e 5 s 3 9 3 9
5 The 29th floor b (−1, 0) maximum, (2, −27) minimum
2 100
c , maximum, (3, −9) minimum
3 27
Answers 829
Answers
6 a y b y 4 a 15◦ C
45 ◦ 15 ◦
(2, 4) b 0◦ C/min, C/min, C/min,
(6, 0) 16 4
x 45 ◦
x
0 C/min, 0◦ C/min
0 3 16
(4, –32) c y
(°C)
c y d y
(20, 65)
(1, 4) 65
– 12 , 1 √3
, 0
2 2
0
18 review
x x
–1 0 2 – √23 , 0 15
1
, –1
2
0 20 t (min)
e y 5 a 768 units/day b 432, 192, 48, 0
c t = 16 d sweetness
0 (12, 0) (units)
x
4000 (16, 4000)

(8, –256)
7 aC bA c B 0 1 16 time (days)
8 a 20 m b 6s c 40 m/s 6 a y
9 72 y = s(t)
15 128 64
10 a m/s b m c 0m d m/s
2 3 9
Multiple-choice questions 0
ds t (minutes)
y=
1D 2 E 3E 4A 5C 6D dt
7 D 8 A 9 A 10 C 11 A 12 A b 11:59 a.m., 12:03 p.m.
5
Extended-response questions c km, 1 km
27
1 a −14 m/s b −8 m/s2
8
2 a V d km/min = 17 79 km/h
27000000
27
(litres)
1
e km/min = 20 km/h
3
7 a 0 ≤ t ≤ 12
0 30 t (minutes)
b i 27 L/h ii 192 L/h
b i 17.4 minutes ii 2.9 minutes
8 a 28.8 m
dV
c = −3000(30 − t)2 b 374.4
dt
c y (7, 493.6)
d 30 minutes (m)
e 28.36 minutes
f y
27000000 (0, 28.8)
y = V(t) x (km)
d Path gets too steep after 7 km
0 30
e i 0.0384 ii 0.0504 iii 0.1336
y = V (t) t
–2 700 000
9 a y
y = x3
3 a W (20, 80) (40, 80)
(tonnes)
(30, 78.75) x
0
y = 2 + x – x2
0 60 x (days) b For x ≤ 0, the minimum vertical distance
b From 5.71 days until 54.29 days occurs when x = −1; Min distance = 1 unit
dW
c When x = 20 and when x = 40, = 0; 10 8 mm for maximum and 43 mm for minimum
dx
dW 11 a y = 5 − x b P = x(5 − x)
When x = 60, = −12 tonnes per day
dx c Max value is 6.25 when x = 2.5 and y = 2.5
d When x = 30, W = 78.75
830 Answers
500
19 revision
12 a y = 10 − 2x b A = x2 (10 − 2x) 31 a h = −x b V = 500x − πx3

1000 10 10 πx
c A= ,x= ,y= dV 5
√ 27 3 3 c = 500 − 3πx2 d x = 10 ≈ 7.28
dx 3π
13 20 10
e V f 2427.89 cm3
14 a y = 8 − x b s = x2 + (8 − x)2 c 32 (cm3)
4 8
15 ,
3 3
0 500 x (cm)
16 Maximum area is 625 m2 for 25 m × 25 m 500
Answers
3π π
17 x = 12 18 32
g x = 2.05, h = 75.41 or x = 11.46, h = 2.42
19 Maximum value of P is 2500
32 a r = 4.3 cm, h = 8.6 cm
20 Maximum area is 2 km2 for 2 km × 1 km b r = 4.3 cm, h = 8.6 cm
3 8
21 p = , q =
2 3
22 a y = 60 − x b S = 5x2 (60 − x)
c 0 < x < 60 d S Chapter 19
(40,160000)
1 h
0 60 x (cm)
e x = 40, y = 20 f 74 005
23 12◦ C
24 b 0 < x < 30 c V 0 v
(cm3) (20, 24000)
2 a 1 m/s b 41 m/s
3 a i −4 ii −3 b −2 − h c −2
4 x−1
0 30 x (cm)
5 a 6x2 − 1b 2x + 1 c 1
d 20 cm, 40 cm, 30 cm
e x = 14.82 or x = 24.4 6 a 13 b 10
1 1 1
25 b Maximum when x = 3 and y = 18 7 a x = 0 or x = b x= c x<
2 4 4
26 a Use 44 cm for circle and 56 cm for square 1 11
d x> e x=
b Use all the wire for the circle 4 4
27 −4 −2 2z − 9
Length 7.2 metres, width 4.5 metres
8 a −6x + x b
x z4
28 a A = xy b A= 8− x 1 13
2 9 Tangent y = −3x − 1; Normal y = x−
c 0 < x < 16 d A 3 3
(m2) (8, 32) 10 a t = 0 and t = 2
b t = 0, a = −1 cm/s2 ; t = 2, a = 1 cm/s2
c − 12 cm/s
2 32
11 Local minimum √ , − √
3 3 3
0 8 16 x (m) 2 32
e 32 m2 Local maximum − √ , √
3 3 3
29 h = 1188, a = 937
10 Multiple-choice questions
30 a y = 10 − πx b 0≤x≤
π 1 B 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 B 6 A
x 7 D 8 B 9 C 10 A 11 C 12 B
c A = (20 − πx) d A
2 10 100
, 13 A 14 C 15 C 16 A 17 D 18 E
(m2) π 2π
19 C 20 B 21 E 22 D 23 A 24 A
25 C 26 D 27 B 28 B 29 B 30 C
31 D 32 E 33 A 34 A 35 C 36 C
0 10 x (m) 37 D 38 D 39 D
π
10
e Maximum at x = f A semicircle
π
Answers 831
Answers
Extended-response questions b 1366 insects
dy c i t = 40 ii t = 51.70
1 a 100 b = 1 − 0.02x d 63.64
dx 3
h
c x = 50, y = 25 d y 1000 × 2 4 2 20 − 1
(50, 25)
e i
h
ii Consider h decreasing and approaching
zero; instantaneous rate of change
x
= 58.286 insects/day
0 100 150 − 2x2 2
8 a h= b V = (150x − 2x3 )
19 revision
e i (25, 18.75) ii (75, 18.75) 3x 3
2 22 dV √
2 a 66 , 14 c = 2(50 − 2x2 ) d 0 < x < 5 3
3 27 dx
b i 0.28 ii −0.32 iii −1 1000 3
e m when x = 5
c A gradual rise to the turning point and a 3
descent which becomes increasingly steep f
V
1000
(in fact, alarmingly steep) (m3) 5,
3
d Smooth out the end of the trip
5
3 a h = 5 − 4x c 0<x<
4 0 (5 √ 3, 0) x (m)
dV
d = 30x − 36x2
dx 9 a 10
5 17 c i h = 2.5x
e 0, ; Maximum volume = 3 cm3
6 36 d V = 40(420x − 135x2 )
f 14 140
V
(cm3)
5 125
, e i x= ,y= ii 13 066 23 m3
6 36 9 9
10 a a = 200, k = 0.000 01
400 320 8379 357
bi ii c i ii
0 5 3 27 800 4000
, 0 x cm
4 357 441 441
d i y= x+ ii
dh 4000 400 400
4 a = 30 − 10t b 45 m e 0.09975
dt
c h (3, 45)
f y
357 x 441
(m) y= +
4000 400
400 , 320
3 27
441 y = 0.00001x2(200 – x)
0,
0 3 6 t (s) 400
x
0
5 a A = 4x − 6x2 b V = x2 − 2x3
c V 1 1 11 a 10 000 people/km2
(cm3)
,
3 27
√
2+ 6
b 0≤r≤
2
1 0
c P
0 , x cm (1, 30)
2 (×100)
1 1 1 1
d cm × cm × cm; Volume = cm3
3 √ 3 3 27 10
6 a i r = 1 − x2 ii h = 1 + x
c 0<x<1 0 2 + √6
dV π 32π 3 ,0 r (km)
d i = (1 − 2x − 3x2 ) ii { 13 } iii m 2
dx 3 81 dP
d i = 40 − 40r ii 20, 0, −40
e V 1 32π dr
,
(m3) 3 81 iii dP
dr
π
0, 2 + √6
3 40
2
0 1 x (m) 0 1 r
7 a 1000 insects e At r = 1
832 Answers
a2 a
20A → 20C
12 a y = ax − x2 b 0 < x < a , c 2 a 24x2 (2x3 + 1)3 b 648

4 2 1 3
2
d Negative coefficient of x for quadratic 3 a − b −
16 256
function 81 2 1 1
e i y ii 0, 4 a − b −3, − , 0,
4 9 3 3
1 1
4.5, 81 5 a − b c y = −x + 2 d y = x − 2
4 4 4
e At P, y = x + 2; at Q, y = −x − 2; (−2, 0)
f y
x
0 4.5 9
Answers
13 a i 0 ii 1600 1
y=– x 2 y= 1
x
dV
b = 0.6(40t − 2t2 ) 2
x
dt –2 0
c V d dV
–2
(20, 1600) dt
(10, 120)
Exercise 20B
0 20 t 1 −2 3 1
0 t 1 a x 3 b x2 , x > 0
3 2
14 a −1 = a + b b 0 = 3a + 2b, a = 2, b = −3 5 3 3 1
2 2
1 2
c x − x , x > 0 d x− 2 − 5x 3 , x > 0
c y 2 2
5 11 1 3
e − x− 6 , x > 0 f − x− 2 , x > 0
6 2
1 1 2
(0, 0)
x
2 a x(1 + x2 )− 2 b (1 + 2x)(x + x2 )− 3
3
3 1 2
(1, –1) c −x(1 + x2 )− 2 d (1 + x)− 3
√ 3
3 4 4 1 1
15 a i 80 − 2x ii h = x 3 a i ii iii iv
√ 2 3 3 3 3
3 80 2 6
c A= x(160 − 3x) d x = 4 a {x : 0 < x < 1} b x:x> 3
4 3 1 √ 1 √
−
1400 − 2x2 − 8x 5 a −5x 2 (2 − 5 x) b 3x− 2 (3 x + 2)
16 a y =
4x 3 5 3 1 3
x3 c −4x−3 − x− 2 d x 2 − x− 2
b V = − − 2x2 + 350x 2 2
2 15 3 1
e x 2 + 3x− 2
dV 3 2
c = − x2 − 4x + 350
dx 2
d x = 14 Exercise 20C
e (14, 3136) 3 2
V 1 a − +c b 3x2 − 3 + c
(cm3) x 3x
4 3 2 5 9 4 20 9
c x2 + x2 + c d x3 − x4 + c
0 14 24.53 x (cm)
3 5 4 9
f Maximum volume is 3136 cm3 3 2 12 7 14 3
e z2 − + c f x4 − x2 + c
g x = 22.83 and y = 1.92, or 2 z 7 3
x = 2.94 and y = 115.45 2 3 1 22
2 a y = x 2 + x2 −
3 2 3
3 1 3 1 9
b y= − 2 c y = x2 − +
Chapter 20 2 2x 2 x 2
1 17
3 f (x) = x + −
3
Exercise 20A x 2
3t2 8
1 a 30(x − 1)29 b 100(x4 − 2x9 )(x5 − x10 )19 4 s= + −8 5 y=5
c 4(1 − 3x2 − 5x4 )(x − x3 − x5 )3 2 t
d 8(x + 1)7 e −4(x + 1)(x2 + 2x)−3 6 a2 b y = x2 + 1
3
f −6(x + x )(x2 − 2x−1 )−4
−2
7 y=
x
+
7
3 3
Answers 833
Answers
Exercise 20D e f y
1 a 6x b0 c 108(3x + 1) 2
y=x–2
1 −3
d − x 2 + 18x 2
4
x
e 306x16 + 396x10 + 90x4 –2 0 2
9 1
f 10 + 12x−3 + x− 2 –2
4
2 a 18x b 0 c 12 d 432(6x + 1)2
e 300(5x + 2)2 f 6x + 4 + 6x−3
20D → 20 review
3 −9.8 m/s2 Chapter 20 review
7 Technology-free questions
4 a i −16 ii 4 m/s iii m/s iv −32 m/s
4 1 1 2 4 1
b t=0 1 a 1
b 2
c 4
d x3
3
c −8 m/s 2x 2 3x 3 3x 3
1 1 6
e − 4 f − 4 + 2
Exercise 20E
3x 3 3x 3 5x 5
15 2 a 8x + 12 b 24(3x + 4)3
1 a ( 12 , 4), (− 12 , −4) b y= x+1
4 1 −2
2 ± 12 c d
3 (3 + 2x)2
3 12 (3 − 2x) 2
−4 −3x
4 a (4, 0), (1, 0) b y = x − 5, x = 0 e 5
f 3
c (2, −1) min y 3(2x − 1) 3 (2 + x2 ) 2
(−2, −9) max 1 6 3 − 3
2
y=x–5 g 4x + 3 2x2 − 2
3 x x
x 5 3
0 −1 2x 2 4x 2
(2, –1) 3 a +c b − +c
(–2, –9) x2 5 3
3x2 −6x − 1
c + 2x + c d +c
x=0 2 2x2
3 7 4
5 3 5x2 4x 2 20x 4 3x 3
e − +c f − +c
6 4 y 2 3 7 2
3
2x 2 (3x + 1)
y=x g 2x − +c h− +c
3 x2
1 2 1 3
(2, 4)
4 s = t + 3t + +
0
x
2 t 2
1 1 1
5a b −2 c − d −2 e f0
6 16 6
1 1
7 a y b y 6 , 2 and − , −2
2 2
1 1
x=0 7 ,
y=x y = –x 16 4
(1, 2) (–1.26, 1.89) (1, 0) Multiple-choice questions
x x
(–1, –2) 0 0 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 A 5 A
x=0 6 E 7 A 8 B 9 A 10 D
y = –x Extended-response questions
400
c y d y 1 a h= 2
y = x3 πr
x = –3 x=0 dA 800
4
3
c = 4πr − 2
dr r
x (3, 108)
200 1
3
–1 0 x d r= ≈ 3.99
y=x+1 (–2, 0) 0 π
(–3, –108)
e A = 301 cm 2
(–4, –4)
834 Answers
21A → 21 review
f A
800
Exercise 21B
600 A = 2πr2 + r 7 1 15
1 a b 20 c − d 9 e
A = 2πr2 3 4 4
297
f = 49.5 g 15 13 h 30
(4, 300) 6
4
2 4 39 4 5 4
3
5 10 r
16 Exercise 21C
2 a y= c x = 4, P = 16 32
x 1 − y
d P 3
50 3
2
1
32 x
P = 2x + x -1 1 2 3 4
Answers
-2
-3
(4, 16)
10
2 −36 y
0 10 50 x
1 x
120 120 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3
3 a OA = b OX = +7 -3
x x
600
c OZ = x + 5 d y = 7x + + 155 -9
√ x
10 42 3 36
e x= ≈ 9.26 cm 37
7 4
√ 1 12
4 a A(−2, 0), B(0, 2) b √ 5 a 8 b 16 c −4
2 √x + 2
1 3 5 6 a −12 b 36 c 20
c i ii 2y − x = 3 iii 7 a 24, 21, 45 b 4, −1, 3
2 2
7 8 4.5 square units 9 166 23 square units
d x>−
4 37
18 10 square units
5 a h= 2 c x = 3, h = 2 12
x 11 a 1 b 1 c 14 d 31 e 2 14 f 0
d A 4 1 1
100 12 a b c 121 12 d
108 3√ 6 6
A = 2x2 + x
e 4 3 ≈ 6.93 f 108
(3, 54)
20 Chapter 21 review
0 2 10 x Technology-free questions
250 dS 3000 196
6 a y= c = 24x − 2 1 a 3 b 6 c 114 d e 5
x2 dx x 3
d S min = 900 cm2 14 1 15 16
2 a b 48 34 c d e
3 2 16 15
15
3 square units y
Chapter 21 4
Exercise 21A
1 62 square units 2 80 square units
3 60.90623 square units 4 68 square units x
0 1 2
5 a 13.2 b 10.2 c 11.7
4 4 12 square units 5 21 121 square units
6 a 4.375 b 4.536 4
7 a 36.8 b 36.75 6 a B(1, 3), C(3, 3) b 6 c
3
8 π ≈ 3.13 Multiple-choice questions
9 a 4.371 b 1.128 1C 2 D 3 A 4 D 5B
10 109.5 m2 6 B 7 D 8 B 9 C 10 A
Answers 835
1 1 2
Answers
Extended-response questions 7 a 6 m2 b i y= x− ii x2 − m
9 x3 2 4
1 a y= − 2x2 + 3 1 2 16 2
32 3 c i y = x , P(−2, 2), S (2, 2) ii m
4 8 2 3
−7 3
b y c Yes, for x ∈ , 8 a y = 7 × 10 x − 0.00116x + 0.405x + 60
2
3 3
b 100 m
(0, 3)
c i y ii (0, 60)
(4, 0)
x
0
22 revision
x
3 0
2 a 27 square units b y= (x − 4)2
25 d 51 307 m2
189 486
c square units d square units 9 a y b x = 2.988
25 25
3 a i 120 L ii R x
y =ò0 f (t)dt
(L/s)
2
x
0
0 60 t (s)
b i 900 L ii
(L/s)
R
R=
t
2
Chapter 22
(60, 30)
25 77 101
t (s)
1 a b c
0 60 12 60 60
iii 900a2 L 9 1 1 −4 10 − 8 2
c i 7200 square units 2 a x2 b x 5 c x 3 d 10x 3
2 5 3
ii Volume of water which has flowed in 1 6 2 5 1
iii 66.94 s e − x− 5 f − x− 3 − 3x 2
5 3
4 a s 3 a 6(3x + 5) b −8(2x + 7)3
(km/h) 2 4 −12
60 c (5 − 2x)− 3 d
3 (5 + 3x)2
2 5 3
e − (x − 1)− 3 f −9x(2 + 3x2 )− 2
0 2 t (h) 3
1 3 5 − 3 2 5
2
b i s ii 3.75 km g 2x − 6x + 2
(km/min) 3 x x
(5, 1.5)
1.5 t2 3 3
4 x = + 4t + −
2 t 2
1 3
0 5 t (min) 5 a b −3 c−
27 8
c i 20 − 6t m/s 2
11 1
3
ii iii 144 metres 6 − ,43
V 2
1 3 1 1 13 11
2 2 2 2
7 , and − ,−
6 6 6 6
1
0 6 20 t 8 a x3 + x + c b −t3 − t2 + 2t + c
3 2
5 a i 4m ii 16 m 2 3 4 5 3 4
c x2 + c d x2 + x3 + c
b i 0.7 ii −0.8 3 5 4
100 500 2 5
c i ii 9 a b
3 27 3 6
3125 2 1 1
d m 10 a square units b square units
6 √ 6 2
e i (15 + 5√ 33, 12) √ Multiple-choice questions
ii R = 60 33 − 60, q = 20, p = 15 + 5 33
1 E 2 C 3 E 4 D 5 A
6 a i 9 ii y = 9x − 3 iii y = 3x2 + 3x
6 A 7 E 8 C 9 E 10 C
b i 12 + k ii k = −7 iii y = 3x2 − 7x + 12
11 B 12 C 13 C
836 Answers
1 1 1
Chapter 23
23 revision
23 a b c
4 3 4
Technology-free questions 24 a (0, 1) b y
1 x=4
2d − b 2 + √3
2 t=
a − 2c (−1, 2) (1, 2)
3
3 x≥− 2 − √3 x
2 (−1, 0) 0
4 a −12 b3 c 100
Answers
5 15
37
6 x≤ 25 a x = 3
5
b x=−or x = 1
5 2
7 a = 7.9
a + 8 b + 14 26 k = 4 and y = −2x + 4x + 3
2
8 a , b a = 2, b = 6 1 −2x2 1
2 2 27 a= 28 y = 29 b = −
25 3 9 3
9 a 4y − 3x = 30 b 30 Intersect at (−3, −27); both curves have
√ 2
gradient 27 at this point
10 a (2, 12 ) b 445 c 11x + 18y = 31
31 a (5, −260) and (−5, 240)
d 22y − 36x + 61 = 0
y
11 y
(2, 6)
(−5, 240) y = x3 − 75x − 10
2 0
x x
2 − √6 0 2 + √6
−10
9 (5, −260)
12 y = (x − 2)2 − 6
8 b −260 ≤ p ≤ 240
13 a = −2
32 a R \ {3} b R \ {2} c (−∞, 2]
14 a w = 1500 − 9x b V = 20x2 (1500 − 9x) d [4, ∞) e (−∞, 5)
500
c 0≤x≤ d 120 000 000 cm3
3 Multiple-choice questions
16 28 1 B 2 A 3 D 4D 5 D 6 C
15 a b
81 153 7 C 8 A 9 B 10 A 11 B 12 A
1 13 A 14 E 15 B 16 C 17 B 18 A
16
3 19 C 20 A 21 B 22 B 23 D 24 D
1 1 25 A 26 C 27 B 28 A 29 E 30 C
17 a b
2 3
18 0.42 Extended-response questions
π π b
19 − , 1 a i −b ii x =
9 9 2
b
20 a c=6 b 0 = −8a − 2b + 6, 0 = 3a + b b i S (b) = (32 − b2 ) ii b = 2
c a = 3, b = −9 2
1 34
21 a = −48 2 a a=4 b ,4 c
4 15
22 a Amplitude = 4; Period = π 3 a 2t2 − 6t b O c 0 cm/s d 9 cm e 3 cm/s
b y 2a 2a
4 a i (−∞, 0) ∪ , ∞ ii 0,
(−π, 4) 4 (π, 4)
3 3
x 1 a4
b y = −a (x − a) c y = 2 −
2
d
y = 4 cos(2x)
a a 12
x
5 a y = 13 − 9x b A = 156x − 60x2
−π −3π −π −π 0 π π 3π π 13 13
4 2 4 4 2 4 c x= and y =
10 10
6 b 2 080 000 m2 when x = 800 and y = 1200
−4
( −π2 , −4( ( −π2 , −4(
Answers 837
Answers
c A m2 ii y
27040000
9
(1040, 2163 200)
y = x2 + 4x − 2
(2600 , 169000000 )
3 81
(800, 2080 000) 0
x m x
−2 − √6 −2 + √6

7 a (0, 1), (0, 3), (0, 5), (0, 7), (0, 9), (0, 11), −2
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (2, 9), (2, 11),
2 p2 − 5p
A1 → A3
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7), (4, 9), (4, 11),
b , c p = 0 or p = 5
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7), (6, 9), (6, 11), 1− p p−1
(8, 1), (8, 3), (8, 5), (8, 7), (8, 9), (8, 11), d 0 < p < 5 and p 1
e y = 2x2 − 4x − 1
(10, 1), (10, 3), (10, 5), (10, 7), (10, 9), (10, 11)
y
1 5 5 2 y = 2x2 + 4x − 1
b i ii iii c
36 36 36 13
⎡ ⎤ y = 2x2 − 4x − 1
⎢⎢⎢−2 5 5⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
8 a AB = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 6 2⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
⎣ ⎦
0 0 −4 x
−2 − √6 2 − √6 −2 + √6 2 + √6
9 a x ≥ 2a √ √ 2 2
−1
2 2
1 + 1 − 8a 1 − 1 − 8a
b x= or x = (−1, −2) (1, 2)
2 2
1 √ √
c a= d y π
8 14 a b 115 2 cm c 115 3 cm
y=x 6
√x − 14
y=
( 12 , 12 ( Appendix A
x
0
Exercise A1
1 a Quotient 3x2 + 6x + 16; Remainder 26
10 a 0.343 b 0.399
b Quotient 3x2 − 5x + 9; Remainder −3
11 a 0.4219 b 0.2156 c 0.6125 c Quotient x2 − 2x − 6; Remainder 54
12 a [−mb + 3, −ma + 3] d Quotient 4x2 − 2x + 6; Remainder −69
1
b f −1 (x) = − x +
3 e Quotient 2x2 − x + 3; Remainder −69
m m
a + b −m(a + b) + 6 Exercise A2
c , √ √
2 2 3 1 ± 21 1 −1 ± 5
d 2ym − 2x = −m2 (a + b) + 6m − (a + b) 1 a , b ,
2 2√ 3 2√
e y = −mx − 3m + 8 1 −1 ± 41 1 −1 ± 13
A (a − 3, −ma + 8), B (b − 3, −mb + 8) c , d ,
3 4 2 2
f y = mx + 3
1 1 2 1 1 2
A (−a, −ma + 3), B (−b, −mb + 3) e , ,− f , ,−
7 2 3 5 2 3 3
g b = 12, m =
6 Exercise A3
13 a i y
1 a x = 2, y = 3, z = 1 b x = −3, y = 5, z = 2
c x = 5, y = 0, z = 7
2 x = 6, y = 5, z = 1 3 a = 1, b = −2, c = 3
4 b = 1, c = 2, d = 5 5 x = 5, y = −2, z = 1
0 2 6 b = −2, c = 0, d = 3
x
7 a −y + 5z = 15 and −y + 5z = 15
b The solution is a straight line
y = −(x − 2)2
c y = 5λ − 15 d x = 43 − 13λ
8 a y = −2 + 4z
b x = 8 − 5λ, y = −2 + 4λ, z = λ, for λ ∈ R

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1 a (0, 4), (4, 0) b (0, −4), (4, 0) 1 1

8 a b t=5 Chapter 2 review

13 12 hours after B had started, then over- (0, 6)

for journey + 10 hours handicap), with A

1 a C = 550 + 190n b 12 days 0 1000 2000 3000 x

14 a (17, 12) b 3y = 2x + 2 c (x − 1)(x + 1)(y − 1)(y + 1)

E.g. mDC = , mCB = − , mDC × mCB = −1 g √

g −4x(x + 4) h 7x(1 + 7x) i x(2 − x) ii x = 0

h i (4, 3) y 4 a y = (x − 1)2 + 2 b y = (x + 2)2 − 3

7 The negative of the square of any number is x

5 a 4x + 10y = 80 g a3 − b3 h 6x2 + 8xy + 2y2

e x-axis intercept − 12 f x-axis intercept − 19 0

5 x-axis intercept −3 6 x-axis intercept − 32

Exercise 4C c x ≥ 0 and y ≤ 0 d x ≤ 3 and y ≥ 0

c x ≥ 2 and y ≥ −3 d x ≥ −2 and y ≥ 1 e x ≤ 2 and y ≤ 0 f x ≤ 3 and y ≥ −4

2 a (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25 (0, 2) x

4 a Range = [3, ∞) b Range = (−∞, −1] (-1, -3)

d Range = [1, 19]

2 a A function b Not a function 6 a 5, 2t + 1 b x= c x=−

4 a Domain = [4, ∞); Range = [0, ∞)

f2 :(−∞, 1] → R, f2 (x) = x2 − 2x + 4 4 Range [1, ∞) 5 Range = R

2 6 a Range = (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞)

1 a Range = [0, ∞) b Range = [0, ∞)

d Range = R\[0, 1] d f −1 (x) = x − 4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 x (km)

13 a Domain = [1, ∞); Range = [0, ∞)

y = –x2 + 3x + 6 b Quotient x2 + 2x + 15; Remainder 71

c (x + 11)(2x − 9)(x − 11)

y (–3.02, –126.01) (–1.26, –30.94)

(–2, 8) (–2, 14)

e y f y 6 f (x) = (x + 1)2 (x − 3), so graph just touches

d y = 2x3 − 3x 480 (0.72, 503.46)

81 (–1, 1) 5 a Even b Odd c Even d Odd

Exercise 7H 3 a Range = (1, ∞) b Range = (0, ∞)

14 a 3b + 2 f = 18.20 b $2.80 45000

8 a 20 m b 20 m c 22.5 m g i S = 600x − 14x2

17 a y = (7.6 × 10−5 )x3 − 0.0276x2 + 2.33x

17 a Pr(X = 3) = 7 C3 0.23 0.84

1 a m = 2 and c = log4 3 y = 2–x + 1

Exercise 14J (2p, 3)

−17π −11π −5π π 7π 13π

Technology-free questions −7π −5π 5π 7π

Extended-response questions (1, 49.5)

b 4440 m3 /min ﬂowing out c depth d depth

iv 4x3 − 31, −27, (2, −46)

Exercise 17C 10 a f1(x) = sin(x) b

13 a (−1, 4) b (−∞, −1) ∪ (4, ∞) c {−1, 4}

Multiple-choice questions 5 a i 0 mL ii 833 13 mL

6 a 0.6 km2 b 0.7 km2 /h

5 a Tangents both have gradient 2 b (0, −3)

intercepts (2, 0), (−1, 0)

Exercise 18F Exercise 18H

4000 (16, 4000)

12 a y = 10 − 2x b A = x2 (10 − 2x) 31 a h = −x b V = 500x − πx3

12 a y = ax − x2 b 0 < x < a , c 2 a 24x2 (2x3 + 1)3 b 648

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