English 10

Quarter 1 – Module 2:
The Effect of Textual Aids on the Understanding of a
Text
CONTENT:
Lesson 1 – Advance Organizers-Venn Diagram & Cause and Effect Diagram
Lesson 2 - Advance Organizers-Timeline
Lesson 3 – Advance Organizers -Concept Map
Lesson 4 - Non-Linear Illustrations

OBJECTIVES:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
 determine the effect of textual aids like advance organizers, titles, non-linear illustrations,
etc. on the understanding of a text.

Lesson Advance Organizers – Venn

1
Diagram & Cause and Effect
Diagram

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
1. determine the effect of advance organizers on the understanding of a text;
2. illustrate concepts and ideas from a text using advance organizers like Venn Diagram and
Cause & Effect Diagram; and
3. appreciate the importance of graphic organizers in understanding a text.

MOTIVATION:

Now it’s time to begin a new journey. Have fun and enjoy the activities set for you.

Activity 1.1
Study the illustrations below and answer the questions that follow. (See Worksheet 1.1)
a. b.
Facebook Twitter
- Social media
platforms
- use hashtags - You can tweet
- You can post status Post pictures,
and retweet.
videos,
a nd share friends’ post . - You can follow
graphics
- You c an connect with - powerful tool anyone .
friends . in creating - One can
- You can comment and awareness comment and
reply to a friend’s post . - allows reply to
comments and anyone’s tweet.
replies

1. What is the illustration all about?

2. What kind of information is presented?
3. What do you call the illustration?
4. Does the illustration help you understand the information presented?

The Department of Enrolment was done

Education discouraged face through online platform
to face enrolment in and text messaging.
schools.

Public utility vehicles People opted to stay home

suspended their operations and spend time with
during lockdown. family.

Wearing of face mask has Face mask supply is

become a necessity running out of stock .
nowadays.
1. What is the information all about?
2. What kind of information is presented?
3. What do you call the illustration?
4. How does the illustration help you understand the idea presented?

DISCUSSION

Advance or graphic organizers are visual displays of key content information to facilitate
understanding of ideas. Using them to present information helps construct knowledge for a
better understanding of a text. Using diagrams is among the most common ways of organizing
ideas and concepts. Among them are the Venn Diagram and Cause and Effect Diagram.

Venn Diagram is commonly used in comparing and contrasting two or more ideas, concepts,
characters, places or things. This is useful in showing similarities and differences between or
among ideas or concepts presented. It uses circles where the overlapping portion contains the
similarities while those outside the overlapping section are the differences.
 D D
Differences Differences S
Similar -
ities

Cause and Effect Diagram/ Organizer is used to illustrate cause and effect relationships. It is
used to show why something happens or explain the effects of something. It can be presented
using different shapes and the connection between ideas which can be indicated by the use of
lines and arrows. There are a lot of creative ways in illustrating cause and effect relationships
depending on the concepts and ideas involved. Below are some examples.

a.
Cause

Effect

Cause

Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3

Effect

b.

Cause 4 Cause 5

Now, it’s time

for you to practice your skill and solidify your understanding of the topic.
Activity 1.2
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
How Barangay Came to Be
An interesting discovery made in Butuan in the early seventies was that of a fossilized
balangay, which was a long sailing vessel in common use throughout the Southeast Asian
region in the pre-Spanish era. The barangay as a form of government was believed to have
originated from the balangay.
A balangay had a hundred households at the most. It was led by a chieftain, called
datu. Migrants from Malaysian and Indonesian Islands came to our shores using the
balangay. Once here, they formed their own settlements, a cluster of which formed a single
town ruled by a lakan or sultan. A confederacy of several settlements would join forces in
case of aggression.
When the Spaniards came, they instituted the barangays as a form of local government
headed by a cabeza. The change from balangay to barangay seemed to have been made by
the Spaniards who could not pronounce the nasal nga of the Filipinos and preferred the l to r.
If the balangays of old were meant to preserve the peaceful and harmonious relationships
between neighboring settlements, the Spanish barangays was used as a local instrument of
 the central government to pursue its colonial goals. ( Source: English Expressways
IV)

1. What is the article all about?

2. What do you think is the purpose of the article?
3. What are the similarities and differences among a cabeza, a datu and a sultan?
4. Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast the Spanish barangay to the balangay
during the pre-Spanish era.

B. Read the paragraph and make your own cause and effect diagram based on the text.

With Covid-19 pandemic becoming a threat to human existence, major changes have
occurred in people’s daily lives. Face masks and sanitizers became a necessity. Economic
activities slowed down. Entertainment and tourism came to a halt. Public transportation
suspended its operation.

Education sector delayed the opening of the school year. With this new
situation, online activities have become a trend. Having online meetings and conferences is
now a better option. With these changes, even when this crisis is over, people’s lives will
never be the same again.

GENERALIZATION
Activity 1.3
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word that best completes the statement.
1. _______________________________ are visual displays of key content information to facilitate
understanding of ideas.
2. _______________________ is used to show similarities and differences between or among
concepts or ideas, persons, places or things.
3. In a Venn diagram, the intersection part contains the _____________________ .
4. The ___________________is the reason why something happens.
5. The ___________________refers to the result of something.

Awesome! You are now ready for more learning adventure.

Lesson
Advanced Organizers -
2 Timeline
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:
a. determine the effects of textual aids like timeline in understanding a text;
b. illustrate concepts and ideas from a text using textual aids; and
c. appreciate the importance of the textual aids in understanding a text.

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS LESSON

In the previous lesson, you have learned about graphic organizers like Venn Diagram for
comparison and contrast and Cause and Effect Diagram to clearly illustrate cause and effect
relationships. For sure, you are now beginning to appreciate the use of these textual aids in
understanding a text.
You have learned the following points:

✔ A Venn Diagram
❖ helps the reader make a comparison and contrast about two or more things or
ideas.
❖ illustrate relationships between and among objects that share something in
common.
✔ Cause and Effect Diagram, on the other hand, will help you illustrate the relationship
on why something happens or visually explains the effect of something.
MOTIVATION
Oftentimes, reading long text about history, a long process or even a story needs time for you to
figure out everything you have read. Today, you are going to learn about the use of another
graphic organizer which will help you understand what you are reading. Before going into the
details of this graphic organizer, read first the text below.

Sungka (pronounced SOONG-kah) is a game played on a solid wooden block with two
rows of seven circular holes and two large holes at both ends called "head".
The game begins with 49 game pieces (shells, marbles, pebbles or seeds) equally distributed
to alternate holes - seven pieces in every other hole – except "heads" which remain empty.
Sungka requires two players. Each player controls the seven holes on his side of the board
and owns the "head" to his right. The goal is to accumulate as many pieces in your own
"head".
The first player removes all pieces from the hole on the extreme left of his side. He then
distributes them anti-clockwise --- one in each hole to the right of that hole --- omitting an
opponent's "head" but not a player's own "head".
If the last piece falls into an occupied hole then all the pieces are removed from that
hole, and are distributed in the same way (to the right of that hole) in another round. This
player's (current) turn ends when the last piece falls into an empty hole on the opponent's
side.
If the last piece distributed falls into a player's own "head" then ... ... the player earns
another turn, which can begin at any of the seven holes on his side.
If the last piece distributed falls into an empty hole on his side then ... ... the player
captures all the pieces in the hole directly across from this one, on the opponent's side and
put them (plus the last piece distributed) in his own "head". If the opposing hole is empty, no
pieces are captured.
The other player chooses which hole he wishes to start from, removes the pieces and
distributes them - one in each hole to the right of that chosen hole. If a player has no pieces
on his side of the board when it is his turn, then he must pass.
The game ends when no pieces are left in any hole on both sides of the board.
The players now count the number of pieces in their own "head" and see who has won.
This game (with variations) is also played in other Southeast Asian countries such as
Indonesia and Malaysia where it is known as "Congkak".
(Source: http://www.vtaide.com/ASEAN/Philippines/sungka.html)

After reading the text, answer the following comprehension questions. This will help you fill in
the data needed to accomplish the flow chart and arrange the process in chronological order.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the first step to start the game?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. What is the second and third step of the game?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. How does the game end?

__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

DISCUSSION
What is a Timeline?
A timeline is a type of graphic organizer that shows specific events in sequence, usually with
dates, in a linear fashion.
Timelines are particularly useful for studying or reviewing history, because the timeline will
display major events over a period of time.
Timeline also helps you:

✔ Put events in chronological order

✔ Show progress or change
✔ Chronicle historical events
The following are sample illustrations of a timeline graphic organizer:

Sequence Chart Flow Chart Chronological Retelling

First

Then

Next

Finally

Activity 2.2
Read the paragraph below.
History of South Cotabato, Philippines

Centuries ago, the area that would be South Cotabato was sparsely
inhabited by Malay Pioneers which later evolved into various ethnic groupings that still exist in the province today.

Settlers, who would lay the foundation of what would become a progressive
province, started trooping down in 1914. The significant thrust occurred during the term of President Quezon in the
late 30’s. The first wave of settlers that time was led by Gen. Paulino Santos, a man whose undaunted pioneering spirit
inspired thousands. After World War II, the final exodus of settlers from Luzon and the Visayas poured into the virgin
land of promise. In the early 60’s as population, trade and industries grew in this southern part of Cotabato, a clamor

for local self-governance arose. Thus, on July 18, 1966, South Cotabato was

finally formed as an independent province raring to push its own development.

In 1992, South Cotabato gave birth to a new province. Seven towns in the southern and coastal section of the province
now form part of the Province of Sarangani. That was a new challenge. And South Cotabateños, with their indomitable
pioneering spirit have proven once more their ability to face and hurdle diverse challenges and ably went through with
the demands of times.
The new millennium ushers in a new beginning for the province with the

coming in of regional offices in the area in consonance with EO 429 dated October 12, 1990 issued by President
Corazon C. Aquino and EO No. 36 dated September 19, 2001 issued by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, provide for
the reorganization of the new Administrative Region in Mindanao and having the city of Koronadal as the regional
center of Region XII.
In only three decades since its provincehood, South Cotabato has already surpassed dozens of provinces established
half a century ahead in almost every aspect of development. In a short span, it becomes one of the leading provinces in

Mindanao. What it got to show today are vivid results of human synergy and the richness of its resources.
(Source: www.southcotabato.gov.ph)

Guide Questions:

1. Who were the first inhabitants of the province?

2. In what year did the inhabitants begin to troop down in South Cotabato?
3. In what year did the first wave of settlers from Luzon headed by Gen. Paulino Santos occupy
South Cotabato?
4. In what year South Cotabato was formed as independent province?
5. In what years did Pres. Corazon Aquino and Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued the EO
429 and EO no.36 respectively, which made Koronadal City as the regional center of
Region XII?

Having answered the questions, fill in the Timeline Organizer below.

GENERALIZATION

Activity 2.3
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer to complete the sentence. Choose your
answer from the words inside the box. (See Worksheet 2.3)

story history sequence timeline

events progress chronological

1. A __________is a type of graphic organizer that displays specific events, usually with dates,
in a linear style.
2. Timelines are useful reviewing ________ because the timeline will display major __________
over a period of time.
3. Timeline also helps you put events in _______________order.
4. Timeline is useful in tracking back important events in a ___________.
5. Timeline can also be useful to show ____________ or change.

Lesson
Advance Organizers –
3 Concept Map
Hello! Welcome to a new learning journey. This lesson will introduce you to another
form of textual aid that will help you understand different kinds of texts.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. determine the effect of textual aids like concept map in understanding a text;
2. illustrate concepts and ideas using a concept map; and
3. appreciate the importance of textual aids in understanding a text.
REVIEW OF THE PAST LESSON
In the past, you have learned one of the graphic organizers which is a timeline. It is where you
illustrated the sequence of events of a text you read.
You learned that timeline is one of the textual aids or graphic organizers that shows specific
events in sequence, usually with dates. It is particularly useful for studying or reviewing history
because it visually displays major events over a period of time. It will help you put events in
chronological order that shows progress or change.

MOTIVATION
Activity 3.1
Read the article entitled “Love and Time” by Angelo Clemen. Take note of the different
keywords, ideas, and/or concepts you encounter in the selection. Then follow the given steps to
complete the activity. (See Worksheet 3.1)

Love and Time

Once upon a time all feelings and emotions went to a coastal island for a vacation.
According to their nature, each was having a good time. Suddenly, warning of an impending
storm was announced and everyone was advised to evacuate the island.
The announcement caused sudden panic. All rushed to their boats. Even damaged boats were
quickly repaired and commissioned for duty.

Yet, Love did not wish to flee quickly. There was so much to do. But as the clouds darkened,
Love realized it was time to leave. Alas, there were no boats to spare. Love looked around with
hope.
Just then Prosperity passed by in a luxurious boat. Love shouted, “Prosperity, could you
please take me in your boat?”
“No,” replied Prosperity, “my boat is full of precious possessions, gold and silver. There is
no place for you.”
A little later Vanity came by in a beautiful boat. Again, Love shouted,

“Could you help me, Vanity? I am stranded and need a lift. Please take me with you.”
Vanity responded haughtily, “No, I cannot take you with me. My boat will get soiled with
your muddy feet.”
Sorrow passed by after some time. Again, Love asked for help. But it was to no avail. “No, I
cannot take you with me. I am so sad. I want to be by myself.” When Happiness passed by a
few minutes later, Love again called for help. But
Happiness was so happy that it did not look around, hardly concerned about anyone.
Love was growing restless and dejected. Just then somebody called out,
“Come Love, I will take you with me.” Love did not know who was being so magnanimous, do
you know who so generously gave me a lift just when no one
else wished to help?”
Knowledge smiled, “Oh, that was Time.”
“And why would Time stop to pick me and take me to safety?” Love wondered.
Knowledge smiled with deep wisdom and replied, “Because only Time knows your true
greatness and what you are capable of. Only Love can bring peace and great happiness in this
world.”

(Source: Journey to English)

● Write the name of the main character or protagonist at the center circle.
 ● On the numbered circle, jot down the names of other characters and their responses when
Love called them for help.
● Connect each numbered circle with an arrow to the center circle.

1 .______________
________________

6 .____________
2 ._____________
______________
_______________
PROTAGONIST

5 ._____________ 3 .______________
______________ ________________
4 .______________
________________

Great! Now you’re ready for the next part of this lesson. Enjoy learning!

DISCUSSION
A concept map is a visual representation of knowledge. It shows concepts and ideas and the
relationships among them are usually connected by arrows. It was developed by Joseph D.
Novak and his research team in the 1970’s as a means of representing the emerging science
knowledge of students.

Concept map helps visual learners grasp the material. It helps you to see relationships
between ideas and concepts. It also helps you doing memory recall, clarify and structure ideas.

Concept map is created by writing key words enclosed in shapes such as circles, boxes,
triangles, etc. and drawing arrows between the ideas that are related the n adding short
explanation to concepts that are related.

GENERALIZATION
Now that you have learned much from the start of this lesson, it’s time for you to check what you
have learned.

Activity 3.2
Answer the following questions:

1. Who helped Love in the “Love and Time.”___________________

2. Who passed by in a luxurious boat? _______________________
3. What should be written in the middle circle of the concept map?_______________
4. Who developed the concept map?___________________________
5. What is used to connect ideas, concepts, or characters to show relationships in a concept
map? __________________
Lesson
Non-linear Illustrations
4
MOTIVATION
Activity 4.1
Encircle words that you can find in the puzzle below. They are arranged vertically and
horizontally. The terms that you are going to find are connected to the new topic. Let’s go!
H D G A E V P N B O I K L P

U F N O N L I N E A R G J O

L H J S W M E N G S X R E R

A L O M B G C O L U M N S G

S A I T R N Y W C T N F L A

T B G M O S B R M J H B V N

Y E T I W C A Q J P W F U Z

I L L U S T R A T I O N S E

N S K F T A G I U E G C O R

O T H Y G Y R H R P B P O S

R E W Y M T A B L E S L E T

O R S R J U P L L M A D O G

I F T H P W H Z K J T A E P

T J G R I D L I N E S I D L

1. ________________________ 6.
________________________
2. ________________________ 7.
________________________
3. ________________________ 8.
________________________
4. ________________________ 9.
________________________
5. ________________________ 10.
_______________________

DISCUSSION
A while ago, you were tasked to answer various questions involving data and information
presented through illustrations. This time, we are going
to discuss what those are.

What is Non-linear Illustration?

There are many definitions of the term for nonlinear illustration. Most people consider texts
with visuals or graphs along with it as examples for nonlinear texts. Some examples include
flowcharts, charts, and graphs (ex: pie chart, bar graphs), graphic organizers such as
knowledge maps and story maps.

What are the types of Non- linear Illustration?

1. Tables

A table is an arrangement of information in rows and columns containing cells that make
comparing and contrasting information easier.
For example:
Population of the Philippines
Year Population Yearly Yearly Migrants Fertility Urban
% Change (net) Rate Populat
Change ion
2020 109,581,078 1.35 % 1,464,463 -67,152 2.58 52,008,
603
2019 108,116,615 1.37 % 1,465,221 -67,152 2.95 50,971,
408
2018 106,651,394 1.41 % 1,478,469 -67,152 2.95 49,961,
978
2017 105,172,925 1.46 % 1,509,109 -67,152 2.95 48,978,
289
2016 103,663,816 1.52 % 1,550,604 -67,152 2.95 48,017,
889

2. Pie Chart

A pie chart displays data and information in an easy-to-read 'pie-slice' format with varying slice
sizes telling you how much of one data element exists.
MONTHLY SALARY ALLOCATION

Phone 5%
Clothes 10 %

Fun 9%
Rent 48 %

Utilities 9%

Food 19 %

3. Bar Graph
 It is a chart that uses bars to show comparisons between categories of information. The bars
can be either horizontal or vertical. A bar graph will have two axes. One axis will describe the
types of categories being compared, and the other will have numerical values that represent the
values of the data. It is useful for comparing facts. The bars provide a visual display for
comparing quantities in different categories. Bar graphs help us to see relationships quickly.
Another name for a bar graph is a bar chart.

Title The title tells us what the graph is about.

Labels The labels tell us what kinds of facts are listed.
Bars The bars show the facts.
Grid lines Grid lines are used to create the scale.
Categories Each bar shows a quantity for a particular
category.

Students' Favorite After -School Activities

100

80

60

40

20

0
Play Talk on Visit Earn Chat School Watch
Sports Phone With Money Online Clubs TV
Friends

Those are Non-Linear Illustrations.

Activity 4.2: Make a bar graph, pie chart or table showing number of downloads and details of
the most downloaded applications of the decade.

Twitter, which launched in 2006, made the list with one billion downloads over the
decade.

YouTube was downloaded 1.3 billion times, and is the highest-ranking Google app on the
list.

Chinese Internet giant Alibaba's UC Browser was downloaded 1.3 billion times, and in
some parts of Asia the browser is more popular than Google Chrome.

TikTok is one of the newest entries on the list, as it was only released in the US in 2018,
but it has already been downloaded 1.3 billion times, according to App Annie.

Video-calling app Skype was downloaded 1.3 billion times over the decade. It was
acquired by Microsoft in 2012, and got a major upgrade in 2017 to stay competitive
against Facebook Messenger.
 Snapchat is the only app not owned by Facebook to crack the top five, and the photo-
messaging app has been downloaded 1.5 billion times.

Instagram has 2.7 billion downloads, nearly twice as many as Snapchat at No

5. Instagram was acquired by Facebook in 2012 for $1 billion.

WhatsApp, the encrypted messaging service Facebook bought for $19 billion in 2014, has
4.3 billion downloads.

Facebook Messenger, another messaging service owned by Facebook that spun out of its
in-app chat feature, beat out WhatsApp with 4.4 billion downloads. US regulators are
reportedly considering blocking Facebook's plans to more closely tie its messaging
services together.

Finally, Facebook itself topped the list with a whopping 4.6 billion downloads over the last
10 years.

Well done! Get ready for more learning adventure.

Additional Activities
Congratulations! You’ve come this far. For your additional activity, list down at least two (2) ways on
how textual aids help you in understanding a text.