Sindarin-English &

English-Sindarin Dictionary
Sindarin is a language originally created by J.R.R Tolkien, and the copyright/IP of Sindarin belong to him
and his estate. This dictionary is unauthorised, and I do not claim affiliation with Middle-Earth
Enterprises/Saul Zaentz or The Tolkien Estate; however none of the work herein is lifted directly from any
of Tolkien's works, and any breach of copyright in this work is completely unintentional.

First published May 2013

2nd Edition August 2014

© 2015 J-M Carpenter. All rights reserved.

ISBN 978-1-291-33216-2

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Acknowledgements and explanations

This dictionary originally started from entries compiled from Hisweloke's

Sindarin-English dictionary without whose original work this project would
have taken a lot longer to complete, and I am grateful to the creator.

Words marked with a * have been deduced (attested only in compounds or

other words).
Words marked with a † have been normalised or reconstructed from
Noldorin.
All words marked with a ᵲ have been reconstructed by either myself or one
of a number of other linguists throughout the world. (I would love to give
credit to everyone whose work appears in this dictionary, however I have
been unable to track down the creators of every word).

All reconstructions used in this dictionary come from one of the following
methods:

 Adding an attested suffix to an attested word such as -as or -weg

 Negating an attested word to attain its opposite meaning
 Changing an attested Quenya word into Sindarin using rules gleaned
from attested material
 Creating a compound word from existing attested words
 Creating a word from an attested root, and a suffix
 Changing a word from Goldogrin (Gnomish) or Qenya into
Sindarin. These are much more theoretical, and as such, have been
marked with a ¶ before the word

With exceptions for some irregulars, this dictionary does not contain plurals
or verb parts other than the stem.

I have compiled the English-Sindarin dictionary to make life easier for

students of Sindarin, however I advise you to cross-reference the Sindarin
words back to their original glosses in the Sindarin-English to ensure the
word means exactly what you want it to.

For this second edition, all entries have been changed so that the main entry
is in the latest Sindarin form, with any earlier variants following it in
brackets.

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Linguistic abbrevations

abst. abstract
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
arch. archaic
augm. augmented
by ext. by extension
card. cardinal
conj. conjunction
coll. collective
dim. diminutive
fem. feminine
imp. imperative
interj. interjection
masc. masculine
Mil. military
n. noun
N. indicates an earlier Sindarin variant of a word (Noldorin)
num. number
ord. ordinal
pl. plural
poet. poetic
pp. past participle
pref. prefix
prep. preposition
pron. pronoun
rel. relative
sing. singular
v. verb
Other abbreviations

Ety The Etymologies

GL Gnomish Lexicon
LB The Lays of Beleriand
Letters The Letters of JRR Tolkien
LotR The Lord of the Rings
LR Lost Road and other writings
LT The Lost Tales
MR Morgoth's Ring
PE Parma Eldalamberon
PM The Peoples of Middle-Earth
RC The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
S The Silmarillion
SD Sauron Defeated
UT Unfinished Tales
VT Vinyar Tengwar
WJ The War of the Jewels
WR The War of the Ring

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Sindarin-English
 A
a I (adh/ah/ar before a vowel) conj. and (ar = Exilic, ah = Doriathrin, for
adh = see PE/17 for a discussion on this)
a II interj. O! See also ai I
ab- prep.pref. after, later WJ/387
ᵲ abarad n. tomorrow ‘after day’
ᵲ abeneth n. nickname, name given after birth ‘after name’
ᵲ abgen I n. foresight, knowledge of what comes after ‘after seeing’
ᵲ abgen- II v. to foresee, to know what comes after
ablad n. prohibition, refusal (with reference to the gesture one makes with
the hand)
abonnen pl. ebœnnin n. and adj. 1. born later, born after ○ 2.as a noun,
man, one born later than the Elves, a human being. ab-+onnen "after-
born"
ach prep. but VT/50 See also dan
achad n. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not
including the throat)
achar- v. to avenge. PE/17
acharn n. vengeance. WJ/254, WJ/301
*achas n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187. This may also be gachas
ad- adv.pref. back, again, re-
ada n. masc. daddy dim. of adar
adab n. building, house
adan n. man, the race of Man
*adanadar n. man, one of the Fathers of Men. MR/373
adanath n. class plural of adan, all of the men
adaneth n. fem. (mortal) woman (of the race of Man) adan+-eth
adar n. masc. father
ᵲ adbanna- v. to refill (ad- + panna-)
adbed- v. to rephrase. PE/17
adel prep. behind, in rear (of)
*adertha- v. to reunite
ᵲ adesta- v. to rename (ad-+esta-)
adh I prep. with, by
adh II conj. and. See also a
†adlann (N. adlant) adj. sloping, tilted, oblique

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†adlanna- v. to slope, slant
*adleg- arch.poet.v. to loose, let loose, release
adleitha- v. to release again, re-release Ety/349 see also leithia-
adui adv. again. PE/17 (ad+-ui)
aduial n. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim" ◇ ad + uial "second
twilight"
advîr n. heirloom. PE/17
aear (N. gaear) n. sea
aearon (N. gaearon) n.augm.of aear great sea, ocean
ᵲ aearvír n. pearl, 'sea jewel'
¶ ᵲ aeborn n. cherry tree
*aeg n. point ← aeglir, aeglos
†aegas pl. †aegais n. abst. of aeg mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE
aeglir n. range of mountain peaks ◇ aeg+lîr
aeglos n. 1. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white
flowers ○ 2. icicle ◇ aeg+loss
†ael pl. aelin n. lake, pool, mere
aen n. conditional particle, changes the verb meaning to which it is
attached to ‘would/should’ VT/50
¶ ᵲ aep n. cherry
aer adj. holy ◇ VT/44:21,24
aerlinn n. a holy song, a song about the sea ◇ RGEO/70, X/ND4 ◇
aes n. cooked food, meat
aew n. (small) bird
*aewen adj. of birds
*agar n. blood
agarwaen, agarwen adj. bloodstained ◇ agar+gwaen
aglar n. great glory, brilliance, splendour (probable that this is a- intensive
prefix + claur) see also claur
aglareb adj. glorious
†aglonn n. defile, pass between high walls
agor adj. narrow
ah prep. and conj. and. see also a I
ai I interj. ah!
ai II pron. rel. for those who
ᵲ aina- v. to hallow, bless (Q Aina-)
aith n. spearpoint
al- I pref.arch. no, not. see also ú
al- II adv.pref. well
alae interj. behold!
alag adj. rushing, impetuous
alagos n. storm of wind
albeth n. word of good omen (PE/17)
¶ ᵲ alchor n. temple, shrine
alfirin n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2.as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like
and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. as a noun, also
used for another small white flower ◇ al-+firin
ᵲ alia- v. cause to prosper, help someone, bless (Q Alya-)
alph pl. eilph n. swan
alu adj. wholesome (PE/17)
alwed adj. prosperous, fortunate (PE/17)
am prep. up, upwards, upon
amar n. earth, the appointed home of Elves and Men
amarth n. fate, doom
amartha- v. to chance, destine, decree PE/17
amarthan adj. fated
amath n.Mil. shield
amben (N. ambenn, ambend) adj. and n. 1. adj. uphill, sloping upwards 2.
n. a difficult task (an uphill struggle)
ᵲ amchalol adj. uplifting (am+halol)
amdir n. hope based on reason ◇ MR/320 ◇ am+tîr "looking up"
amloth n.Mil. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a
tall helmet ◇ WJ/318 ◇ am+loth "uprising flower"
amlug n. dragon ◇ Ety/349, Ety/370
ᵲ ammad- v. to devour (Q ammat-)
ᵲ ammal n. flagstone (Q ambal)
ᵲ amman interrogative. pron. why? ('for what'?)
ᵲ ammas n.Mil. breastplate

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ammen pron. 1st pl. of us, for us, toward us ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354,
VT/44:21,27 ◇ an+men
ᵲ ammos n. breast, bosom (Q ambos)
amon hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E, RC/334
ᵲ amortha- v. to heave, ‘up-rise’ (am+ortha-, Q amorta-)
amrûn n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E ◇ am+rhûn
"uprising, sunrise"
an prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31
an- adv.pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374
anann adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
anc n. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
and adj. long ◇ Ety/348, S/427, X/ND1
andaith n. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a
vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI
†andrann (N. anrand) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years, where 1 Valian
year = 10 of our own, making this mean ‘a millennium’) ◇ Ety/382,
X/ND4
andreth n. patience (PE/17)
anfang pl. enfeng n. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇
Ety/348, Ety/387, WJ/322
anfangrim n.class pl.of anfang the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇
WJ/322
ang n. iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428, PM/347
angerthas n. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the
Certhas) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◇
*anglenna- v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31
angol n. deep lore, magic (perhaps also Science and Philosophy, cf. Q.
Ingolë) ◇ Ety/377
angren adj. of iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428
angwedh n. chain ◇ Ety/397 ◇ ang+gwedh "iron-bond"
anim pron. 1st for/to myself ◇ LotR/A(v) See also enni
aníra- v. to desire, to want ◇ SD/129-31
ann-thennath n. pl. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and
short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units,
possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes) ◇ LotR/I:XI ◈ Tolkien's
Legendarium p. 115
*anna- v. to give ◇ Ety/348 ónen irreg. past. tense. 1st
annabon n. elephant ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◇ and+*bond "long-snouted"
annon n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150
annui adj. western ◇ SD/129-31
annûn n. west, sunset ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, LB/354,
Letters/308
annúnaid n. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common
Speech) ◇ PM/316
Anor n. sun ◇ Ety/348, RC/232
ant n. gift ◇ Ety/348
†anu adj. male ◇ Ety/360, X/W
ᵲ anuir adv. and n. forever (an+uir)
anwar n. awe ◇ UT/418, VT/42:23
aphada- v. to follow ◇ WJ/387
aphadon n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. man (elvish name for men)
aphadrim n. class pl. of aphadon followers, men (elvish name for men)
†apharch adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH ◇ a- (intensive prefix) +
parch
aphed- v. answer, reply
âr n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) See aran
ar- pref. 1. Arch. beside ○ 2. by ext., without ◇ Ety/349
ara- pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◇ Reduced form of aran, element in
the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain
arad n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349
aran n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360,
S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII, SD/129-31, Letters/426
Aran Einior n. one of the names given to the Vala Manwë, 'elder king'

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Aran Tauron n. one of the names given to the Vala Oromë, 'forester king'
ᵲ aranel n. princess
aras n. deer ◇ WJ/156-157
†arasaith n. avarice, excessive love of gold and gems and beautiful and
costly things SM/133 ‘Cûm-nan-Arasaith’
Araw n. one of the names given to the Vala Oromë
arben n. knight PE/17
ardh n. realm, region ◇ Ety/360
ardhon n. augm. of ardh great region, province ○ 2. by ext. world ←
Calenardhon S/386, PM/348
ᵲ arduil n. early morning, ‘day spring’ (Q. aretuile)
Aredhel n. noble Elf, one of the exiled Noldor
ᵲ aria- v. to excel (Q arya-)
ᵲ ariel n. princess, king’s daughter
ᵲ arion n. prince, king’s son, heir
arnad n. kingdom ◇ VT:44:21,25
arnediad (N. arnœdiad) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without
reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◇ ar-
+nediad
arnen adj. royal ← Emyn Arnen, Lonnath-Ernin LotR/V:I, WR/294,
WR/370
arod adj. noble ◇ PM/363, VT/41:9
ᵲ arodas n.abst.of arod nobility (arod+-as)
aronoded adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◇ ar-gonoded.
See also arnediad
arphen n. a noble ◇ WJ/376
*arth adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ←
Arthedain LotR
*arwen n. fem. noble woman LotR ◇ ar-+gwend
ᵲ asg n. bone
asgar adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386
ast I n. dust ◇ Ety/349
ast II n. light or heat of sun (PE/17)
astor n. faith, loyalty (PE/17)
ath- I prep.pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349
ath- II adv.pref. easily
athan prep. 1. beyond 2. preposition used in comparative sentences ◇
SD/62
atheg n. masc. dim. of adar, 1 play name for the thumb meaning "little
father" VT/48:6,17
athelas n. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the
Númenóreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◇ Q athea "benefical, helpful" + CS las
"leaf", HATHA ‘treat kindly, make easy, help to cure’ PE/22
athgar adj. easy to do (PE/17)
athgen adj. easily seen (PE/17)
ᵲ athol- v. to return, come again (ad+tol-)
athon v. affirmation yes, I will. This is the only remaining part of the verb
atha- PE/22:167
athra- I pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329
athra- II v. to cross (to and fro) PE/17
athrabeth n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329 ◇ athra-+peth "cross-talk"
athrad n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437, VT/42:7
*athrada- v. to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383 ◇ ath-+rada-
athragardh n. interaction (PE/17)
aur n. a day, consisting of calan and fuin, 2. morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439
∗auth I n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23
auth II n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9
ᵲ authren n.abst.of auth I war-like (auth+-ren)
ava- v. to refuse.
avar n. 1. refuser ○ 2. the Avari, Elves who refused the invitation of the
Valar ◇ WJ/380, VT/47:12 ◈ This plural name was known to the
loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile see
gavar
avo v. imp. of ava-, don't! ◇ WJ/371 ◈ Used as a negative adverb before
an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as a prefix:
avgaro
*avorn adj. staying, fast ← Baravorn Hamfast, SD/129-31
avras n. precipice (PE/17)

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awarth n. abandonment ◇ Ety/397
awartha- v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397
 B
bach (mbach) n. article, thing, ware (for exchange) ◇ Ety/372
bachor (mbachor) n. pedlar ◇ Ety/372
bâd n. beaten track, pathway ◇ Ety/351
ᵲ badh- v. to judge
badhor n. judge ◇ Ety/350. see also badhron
badhron n. masc. judge ◇ Ety/350 ⇒
baen adj. fair-haired (PE/17)
ᵲ bahad (mbahad) n. market-place (bach+sad)
bain adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI
ᵲ bainas abst.n.of bain beauty
bal- v. to rule PE/17
ᵲ Balagerch n. the constellation known as the Sickle (Ursa Major)
balan n. Vala, divine power, divinity ◇ Ety/350, S/439, Letters/427, X/EI
balch (mbalch) n. adj. cruel ◇ Ety/377
ᵲ balchas (mbalchas) n.abst.of balch cruelty
balfaug adj. drunk (to be thirsty in a bad way) GL
balrog n. great demon (raug)
¶ ᵲ balthand adj. obstinate (bal- + thand, see GL for bal- )
band (mband) (N. band) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇
Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1
banga- (mbanga) v. to trade ◇ Ety/372
Bannos n. one of the names given to the Vala Mandos ‘dread imprisoner’
Banwen n. one of the names given to the Vala Vána
bar (mbar) n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2.by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428,
WR/379-80, SD/129-31
bara adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351
barad (mbarad) I adj. doomed ◇ Ety/372
barad II n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B
baradh adj. steep ◇ Ety/351

16
baran adj. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇
Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179, RC/343
bardor n. homeland (PE/17)
ᵲ barn adj. safe (bar+-nâ)
*bartha- (mbartha) v. to doom ◇ Ety/372
barthan n. large masonry building, used as a dwelling (PE/17)
bas- (mbas-) v. to bake (PE/17)
basgorn (mbasgorn) n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365 ◇ bast+corn
"round bread"
*bass/bast (mbass) n. bread PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies,
the word for "bread" is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that
Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown
in Quenya massánie, Sindarin bassoneth.
†bassoneth (mbassoneth) n. fem. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z
basta- (mbasta-) v. to bake bread (this may just be an alternate form of
bas-)
*batha- v. to trample ◇ Ety/352
baudh n. judgement ◇ Ety/350
baug (mbaug) adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372
*baugla- (mbaugla) v. to oppress ◇ Ety/372
bauglir (mbauglir) n. tyrant, oppressor ◇ Ety/372
baul (mbaul) n. torment ◇ Ety/377
baur (mbaur) n. need ◇ Ety/372
baw interj. no, don't! ◇ WJ/371
bedhwen adj. referring only to Aulë and Yavanna together
belaith (mbelaith) adj. mighty PE/17:115
beleg adj. big, large, great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428, PE/17
beleglinn (N. beleglind) n. Great Song VT/50
Belegol n. one of the names given to the Vala Aulë, 'great burden'
bellas n.abst.of belt, bodily strength ◇ Ety/352
belt adj. strong in body ◇ Ety/352, Tengwestie/20031207◈ See also bellas
.
ᵲ beltha- v. to expand
ben prep. according to the, in the ◇ SD/129-31
benn n. masc. 1. man, male 2. by ext. husband (but not the normal word,
see herven)◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9
bennas n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375
beren adj. bold ◇ Ety/352
ᵲ berenas n.abst.of beren courage, bravery
bereth n. fem. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74
*beria- v. to protect ◇ Ety/351
*bertha- v. to dare ◇ Ety/352
bess n. fem. 1. (young) woman 2. by ext. wife (but not the normal word, see
hervess) ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31
†bessain (mbessain) n. fem. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass
for a discussion regarding this word
ᵲ best n. wedding, marriage
ᵲ besta- v. to wed, marry (bes+-tâ)
*blab- v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ blabor n. bat ‘flapper’
¶ ᵲ bladren adj. proud, arrogant (cf. bladren, EN)
¶ ᵲ blaud n. pride GL
¶ ᵲ bless n. grace
bo prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26
boda- v. to ban, prohibit ◇ WJ/372
†boe (mboe, N. bui) v. impers. to need. This verb takes no other form. ◇
Ety/372, X/Z
*bon (N. bonn) adj. snouted ← Annabon ‘long snouted’
bôr n. steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal ◇ Ety/353
Borgil n. Aldebaran, lit. 'hot red star'
born adj. hot, red ◇ Letters/426-27
¶ ᵲ bost n. back (from shoulder to shoulder) GL
both (mboth)n. puddle, small pool ◇ Ety/372

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¶ ᵲ bothil (mbothil) n. oven GL
bragol adj. sudden ◇ S/429
braig adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ The form brerg in the
Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:34
brand (N. brann) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351,
TAI/150, X/ND1
brannon n. masc. lord ◇ Ety/351
brass I n. white heat ◇ Ety/351
brass II n. great cliff (PE/17)
brassen adj. white-hot ◇ Ety/351
brasta- v. loom, tower up (PE/17)
breged n. violence, suddenness ◇ Ety/352
bregol adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373◈ see also bregolas
bregolas n.abst.of bregol, fierceness ◇ Ety/352
*breitha- v. to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352
*brenia- v. to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ The form bronio in the
Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:7
brennil n. fem. lady ◇ Ety/351
breth n. acorns, nuts (mast – the fruit of beech, oak, chestnut and other
woodland trees)
brethil n. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429
brith n. gravel ◇ Ety/353
brôg n. bear ◇ Ety/374
*brona- v. to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353
bronadui adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353
bronwe n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62
*brui adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index
brûn adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇
Ety/353
budhu n. large fly PE/19
*buia- v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353
bund (mbund, N. bunn) n. 1. snout, nose ○ 2.by ext. cape (of land) ◇
Ety/372, X/ND2
†bŷr (N. bior, beor) n. follower, vassal ◇ Ety/352, X/IU

20
 C
*cab- v. to leap ← cabed S/386, WJ/100
cabed ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2.by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈
Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example
that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas
derived verbs are well attested to use -ad
cabor n. frog ◇ Ety/362
cadhad n. Dwarf. An old Beleriandic adaptation of the Dwarves’ own
name khazad PE/17:45
cadhadrim n. class pl. of cadhad, Dwarf-folk. An old Beleriandic
adaptation of the Dwarves’ own name khazad PE/17:45
†cadu (N. cadw) adj. shaped, formed ◇ Ety/362-363, X/W
cadwor (N. cadwar) adj. shapely ◇ Ety/363
†cae I (N. coe) n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable,
according to the Etymologies
cae II (caen- in a compound) adj. num. card. ten ◇ PE/17:95
ᵲ caeda- v. to lie down
cael n. lying in bed, sickness ◇ Ety/363
caeleb adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363
*caenen/caenui adj. num. ord. tenth ← nelchaenen SD/129-131
ᵲ caenthil n. decagon 'ten points'
caer n. a flat isle in a river, opposite of a tol PE/22
caew n. lair, resting-place ◇ Ety/363
ᵲ caf- v. to bow
cáfru n. flea, ‘leaper’ PE/13:140, PE/17:131
¶ ᵲ cag n. joke (GL)
cai n. hedge ◇ UT/282
cail n. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes ◇ UT/282
cair n. ship ◇ Ety/365, LotR/A(iv), X/EI
calad n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished
metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425, Ety/362, UT/65
calan n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first
edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. See also aur, arad
calar n. (portable) lamp ← celerdain LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523
calardan n. lampwright ◇ LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523 ◇ calar+tân
calben n. 1. Elf of the Great Journey (lit. "light person") ○ 2. by ext. all
Elves but the Avari ◇ WJ/362, WJ/376-377, WJ/408-409
calen adj. green ◇ Ety/362, S/429, Letters/282, RC/349, VT/42:19 ◇
Etym. "bright-coloured"
callon n. hero ◇ Ety/362
†calph (N. calf) n. water-vessel ◇ Ety/362, X/PH
ᵲ calpha- v. to draw water (Q calpa-)
cam n. hand ◇ Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429
†camlann n. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4 ◇ cam+land
ᵲ camtha- v. accommodate, make fit (Q camta-)
can- v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362
canad adj.num.card. four ◇ Ety/362, VT/42:24,25, VT/48:6, VT/46:3
canath n. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a
"mirian" ◇ PM/45 see also mirian
†cand (N. cann) adj. bold ◇ Ety/362, X/ND1
*cannas n.abst.of cant, shaping ← Dorgannas WJ/192, WJ/206
cant n. outline, shape ← morchaint S/432, Ety/362, VT/42:28◈ See also
cannas
ᵲ canthil n. quadrilateral 'four points'
canthui adj.num.ord. fourth ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25,27
car (N. cardh) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362
*car- v. to do WJ/371, WJ/415 This verb takes the irreg.pa.t. agor-
carab n. hat ◇ WJ/187
carach n. jaw, row of teeth ◇ S/429, RC/607
*caraes n. jagged hedge of spikes ← Helcharaes Ety/362
carag n. spike, tooth of rock ◇ Ety/362
ᵲ caragpholg n. boar (fang-pig)

22
caran adj. red ◇ Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E
caras n. 1. circular earthwall with dike ○ 2. city (built above ground) ◇
Ety/362, LotR/II:VII, RC/311
carch n. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429
ᵲ carf n. tool, weapon
carfa- v. to talk (treated like car- in the past tense) PE/17
carnin adj. scarlet (PE/17)
carth n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362 cf. úgarth
carweg adj. active, busy (PE/17)
¶ ᵲ cas n. skull (GL)
*cast n. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28
cathrae n. tressure, net for combining the hair ◇ VT/42:12
caul n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10
caun I n. outcry, clamour ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ see also conath
caun II n. valour ◇ Ety/362
*caun III pl. conin n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ MS
*kaun, Q. cáno
ᵲ cautha- v. to startle
caw I n. top ◇ Ety/362
caw- II v. to choose, taste, select PE/22
ceber n. stake, spike, stone ridge ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:VIII, S/437, RC/327
cef pl. ceif n. soil ◇ Ety/363
cefenas (N. cefnas) n. earthern-ware, pottery VT/45
¶ ᵲ ceforf n. potato ('soil apple', from grothorf, GL)
†celair adj. brilliant ◇ Ety/362, X/EI
celeb n. silver ◇ Ety/367, S/429, LotR/E, Letters/426
celebren adj. like silver (in hue or worth) ◇ Ety/367, S/429, VT/45:25
celeg adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10
celeth n. stream VT/45
celevon adj. of silver ◇ Ety/367
ᵲ celf n. animal. This is less restrictive than lavan, and can apply to any
living creature (Q. kelva) see also lavan
*cell adj. 1. running ○ 2.by ext. flowing (of water) ← Celduin LotR/Map
celon n. river ← Celon (name) Ety/363
†celu n. spring, source ◇ Ety/363, X/W
†cem (N. cefn) adj. earthen ◇ Ety/363, X/Z
*cen- v. to see ← cenedril TI/184
cenedril n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466 ◇ cened+rill
cennan n. potter ◇ Ety/390 ◇ cêf+tân
cerch n. sickle ◇ Ety/365
ceredir n.masc. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354 ◇ cared+dîr
ᵲ cerf n. spinning wheel
cerin n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2.by ext., mound (Cerin Amroth)◇ Ety/365,
S/429
certh pl. cirth n. rune ◇ WJ/396, LotR/E ◇ Etym. "cutting"◈ See also
certhas.
certhas n.abst.of certh runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E ◇ certh+-as
cerveth (N. cadloer) n. July (month) ◇ LotR/D
ᵲ cesta- v. to seek (Q cesta-)
ceven n. Earth ◇ VT/44:21,27
cidinn adj. small (PE/17)
ᵲ cil- v. to choose
cîl I n. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365
cîl II n. renewal ◇ VT/48:8
cinnog adj. small (PE/17)
cîr adj. renewed ◇ VT/48:7-8
ᵲ cira- v. to sail
ᵲ círam n. anchor
†círban (N. círbann) n. haven ◇ Ety/380, X/ND4 ◇ cair+pand
círdan (N. cirdan) n. shipbuilder, shipwright ◇ Ety/365, Ety/390,
LotR/VI:IX, RC/28 ◇ cair+tân

24
*cirion n.masc. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)
cirith n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or
rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335
cîw adj. fresh, new ◇ VT/48:7-8
claur n.poet. splendour, glory ◇ Ety/362 See also aglar
côf n. bay ◇ VT/42:15
cofen (N. cofn) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366
ᵲ col- v. to carry, bear (Q. col-)
côl n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 For the colour, see malt, mallen
ᵲ colch n. box (Q colca)
coll I adj. (golden) red ◇ Ety/365
coll II adj. hollow ◇ WJ/414
*coll III n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385
¶ ᵲ colost n. cucumber (GL)
conath n. coll. of caun II, 1. many voices ○ 2.by ext., lamentation ◇
PM/361-362
condir n. masc. mayor ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ caun+dîr
*conui adj. commanding, (?) ruling ← Argonui LotR/A(ii) ◇ caun+-ui
corch n. crow ◇ Ety/362
cordof n. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple)
◇ SD/129-31
ᵲ corf n. ring
corn adj. round, globed ◇ Ety/365
coron n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2..by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429
†coru (N. corw) adj. cunning, wily ◇ Ety/366, X/W
cost n. quarrel, dispute (not a quarrel of bolts) ◇ Ety/365
ᵲ costha- v. quarrel, dispute (Q costa-)
¶ ᵲ cot n. nut, seed
coth n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365
cova- v. to meet, to come together, gather, assemble PE/17:158
covad- v. to make meet, to bring together. Transitive form of cova-
PE/17:158
*craban n. kind of crow of large size, raven ◇ LotR/II:III
cram n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and
milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII
crann adj. ruddy (of face) ◇ Ety/362
¶ ᵲ crinth adj. pink (GL)
criss n. cleft, cut, slash ◇ Ety/365, VT/45:23
crissaegrim n. ‘cleft mountain peaks’, a mountain range south of Gondolin
LR/301
crist n.Mil. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365
*critha- v. to reap ◇ Ety/365
crom n. left ◇ Ety/366
crum n. left hand ◇ Ety/366
crumguru adj. guilty, sinister, wily (from the old meaning of ‘sinister’
referring to being left-handed) Ety/AC
crumui adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366
cû n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2.Mil.by ext. bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429
cuen n. small gull, petrel, sea-bird PE/22:32
cugu n. dove ◇ Ety/365
*cuia- v. to live ← cuio LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
cuil n. life ◇ Ety/366
cuin adj. alive ◇ Ety/366
*cuina- v. to be alive ◇ Ety/366
cûl n. load ← Cûl Veleg, Cûl Bîn RC/536
ᵲ culf n. orange (fruit)
ᵲ culforn n. orange tree
ᵲ cull adj. orange (colour)
cum (N. cumb) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365
cûn adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365
ᵲ cúna- v. to bend, be bowed

26
†cund n.arch. prince ◇ Ety/366, VT/45:24, X/ND1 See also caun III
¶ ᵲ cur n. cheese
¶ ᵲ curtha- v. to turn milk (GL)
†cúron n. the crescent Moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z ◇ cû+raun
curu n. craft, skill. Applied to exceptional powers of mind or will, a skill
not understood by the speaker. Does not apply to ‘miracles’ unless
used by a Man. ◇ Ety/366, X/W, PE/22
curunír n. masc. man of craft, wizard, Saruman ◇ Ety/366, LotR/III:VIII,
LotR/B, VT/45:24 ◇ curu+dîr "man of skill"
*cyll n. bearer ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385
cýron n. new moon ◇ VT/48:7
ᵲ cytha- v. to renew, refresh
 D
dad adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354
dadben (N. dadbenn) adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext. easy to
achieve ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4 ◇ dad+pend
ᵲ dadhren- v. to forget
dadwen (ndadwen) n. to return, go back PE/17:166
dae (ndae) n. shadow ◇ Ety/354, S/430
daebeth n. blasphemy (PE/17)
daedelu n. canopy ◇ Ety/391 ◇ dae+telu
daen (ndaen) n. corpse ◇ Ety/375
daer I adj. great ◇ UT/450, WJ/187, WJ/335, VT/42:11
†daer II (ndaer) (N. doer) n. bridegroom ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:9, X/OE
ᵲ daetha- v. to praise
ᵲ daf- v. to allow, permit
dâf n. permission ◇ Ety/353
*dag- (ndag) v. to slay ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37
dagnir (ndagnir) n. 1. slayer ○ 2.by ext., bane ◇ S/430 ◇ dag-+dîr
dagor (ndagor) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430 ◈ dagorath S. n. coll.
dagorath n. coll. of dagor, all the battles ◇ UT/395-396
*dagra- (ndagra) v. to battle ◇ Ety/375
dam (ndam) n. hammer ◇ Ety/375
damma- (ndamma) v. to hammer ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈
dan (ndan) prep. 1. but, yet, against ○ 2. back ◇ LotR/II:IV
ᵲ dananna- (ndananna-) v. to give back, return (dan+anna-)
dangar- v. to undo (PE/17)
dangweth (ndangweth) n. answer, reply giving new information ◇
PM/395 ◇ OS *ndanagwetʰa "back report" The word dambeth was
rejected by Tolkien in favour of this word.
ᵲ danhir- v. to lose (dad+hir-)
†danna- v. to fall ◇ Ety/354, X/Z ◈ Written dant- in the Etymologies

28
dannen n. ebb, low tide ◇ VT/48:26
dant n. fall ◇ MR/373
danwaith (ndanwaith) n.pl. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves) ◇ WJ/385 ◇
dan+gwaith
danwedh (ndanwedh) n. ransom ◇ S/384 ◇ dan+gwedh
*dar- v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353
dartha- v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8
dath n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8
daug (ndaug) n. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs) ◇ Ety/375
daur n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2.by ext., league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279,
UT/285
daw n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354
def- v. to try (PE/17)
deil adj. delicate, beautiful and slender PE/17
del n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355
deleb adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355
delia- v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355
delos (N. deloth) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355 ◇ del+gos
†delu adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W
dem adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the
Etymologies, but Noldorin from context and phonological evidence
denwaith n.pl. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇
WJ/385 ◇ Den(we)+gwaith
dess (ndess) n. fem. young woman ◇ Ety/375
dew- v. to fail, miss (PE/17)
dha adv. there is PE/22
dî (ndî) n.poet.fem. bride, lady, arch. woman ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354
di- pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72,
Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as
prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di
díhena- v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 See
also gohena-
dîl n. stopper, stopping, stuffing ◇ Ety/354
dila- (ndila-) v. to be devoted to, love PE/22
*dilia- v. to stop up ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:9
dîn I n. silence ◇ S/430, LB/354 ◈ Tolkien hesitated between two possible
mutations of this word; the unmutated form may be either dîn or tîn.
dîn II n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354
dínen adj. silent ◇ S/430, WJ/194 ◈ Tolkien hesitated between two
possible mutations of this word; the unmutated form may be either
dínen or tínen
dineth (ndineth) n. bride ◇ Ety/377-378 ◇ dî+neth
dîr (ndîr) n.masc.arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of
any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352
dirbedui adj. difficult to pronounce (PE/17)
dírnaith (nírnaith) n.Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a
short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against
a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282 ◇ dîr+naith "man
spearhead"
dîs (ndîs) n. fem. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 See also dineth
dofen (N. dofn) adj. gloomy ◇ Ety/355
dôl n. 1. head ○ 2.by ext. hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268
doll (ndoll) (N. dolt) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376,
Tengwestie/20031207
dolt n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376
doltha- v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355
dom adj. blind PE/22
dond n. fist, hand (especially in punching) ◇ VT/47:23
donn adj. swart, swarthy ◇ Ety/355, X/ND1
dôr (ndôr) n. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇
Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, RC/384 ◈ The form
dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45.

30
dor-rodyn n. Valinor, ‘Land of the Ainur’
dorn adj. stiff, tough ◇ WJ/413
dornhabar n. Khazad-Dûm (PE/17)
dornhoth n.class pl. of dorn the Dwarves, ‘the Thrawn Folk’ ◇ WJ/388 ◇
dorn+hoth
doron pl. deren n. oak tree ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:11
*dortha- (ndortha) v. to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376
dosta- v. to burn
*drafa- v. to hew ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8
drafen (N. drafn) n. hewn log ◇ Ety/354
†dram n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB
drambor n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2.by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354 ◇
dram+paur
draug n. wolf ◇ Ety/354, S/430 see also garaf
ᵲ drautha- v. to tire, become weary
ᵲ drava- v. to beat
*drega- v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the
verb may also be dreg-
*dring n. hammer ← Glamdring H, Ety/355
*dringa- v. to beat (with a hammer, etc.) ◇ Ety/355
drû pl. drúin n. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an
older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142,
the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl.
Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other
derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an
Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa
"wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of
the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark
men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in
their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses
was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word
drúadan pl. drúedain n. wild man, one of the Woses ◇ UT/385 ◇
drû+adan
drúath n. coll. of drû the people of the Drû, the Woses ◇ UT/385
drúnos n. a family of the Drû-folk ◇ UT/385 ◇ drû+nos(s)
drúwaith n. class pl. of drû, the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.) ◇
UT/385 ◇ drû+gwaith
dû n. nightfall, late evening, night, dimness ◇ Ety/354, S/430, VT/45:9 ◈
dúath n. coll. of dû, 1. darkness, shadow ○ 2. nightshade ◇ Ety/354, S/430
◇ Either the collective plural of dû, or a compound dû+gwath "night
shade" (hence dúwath)
dufa- v. to lie heavy, be heavy, hang over oppressively (of clouds) Ety/AC
duin n. (long and large) river (having strong current) ◇ S/430, LotR/F,
TC/179, VT/48:24
duinen n. flood, high tide ◇ VT/48:26
duirro n. river-bank ◇ VT/46:10
dúlinn n. nightingale ◇ Ety/354, Ety/369, S/430, X/ND4 ◇ dû+lind "dusk
singer"
dûn (ndûn) n. west ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/E-F
dúnadan (ndúnadan) n. Man of the west, Númenórean ◇ LotR/I:XII,
WJ/378, S/390 ◇ dûn+adan
*dúnedhel (ndúnedhel) n. Elf of the West, Elf of Beleriand (including
Noldor and Sindar) ◇ WJ/378 ◇ dûn+edhel, OS *ndûnedelo
dûr adj. dark, sombre ◇ Ety/354, S/430, UT/434
ᵲ durufuin n. name. log night, Yule
dúven (ndúven) adj. sunken
dýgar n. 1. mistaken act, 2. adj. doing a wrong thing PE/17
dŷl n. mistake (PE/17)
dŷr adj. mistaken (PE/17)

32
 E
e reflexive.pron.3rd he/she/it ◇ SD/129-31
ech n. spine ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:12 ◈ The Etymologies as published gloss
this word as "spear", but the correct reading is provided in VT/45
echad n. camp ◇ UT/431
*echad- v. to fashion, make ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:IV
echil n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. human being ◇ WJ/219
echor n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index, S/430
echui n. awakening ◇ Ety/366, S/429
ᵲ echuia- v. to awaken
echuir n. a season, the beginning of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31 ◇ Etym.
"stirring"
ecthel n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388 ◇ êg+thela "thorn-point"
ed- pref. forth, out ◇ Ety/356
edaid adj. num. quant. double ◇ VT/42:26-27
¶ ᵲ edeletha- v. to deliver (from evil)
eden adj. new, begun again ◇ Ety/349
edhel n. Elf ◇ Ety/356, S/430, WJ/363-364
edhelharn n. elf-stone ◇ SD/128-129 ◇ edhel+sarn
edhellen adj. elvish, of the Elves ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463 ◇ edhel+-ren
edhelvain adj. Elven-fair PE/17:57
†edinor n. anniversary day ◇ Ety/400, X/Z ◇ ad+în+aur
†edledhia- v. to go into exile ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:27, X/TL
†edledhron n. exile (person who is exiled) ◇ Ety/368, X/TL
†edlenn (N. eglenn) adj. exiled ◇ Ety/368, X/TL
edlon n. outsider, stranger PE/17:141
*edlothia- v. to blossom, flower ← edlothiand WR/293, X/TL ◈ The
sentence from WR/293 is hardly legible and is not translated, but this
word is however a plausible form
edonna- v. to give birth ◇ Ety/379 ◇ ed+*onna-
*edra- v. to open
†edrain (N. edrein) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/EI ◇ ed+rain
edraith n. saving ◇ LotR/II:IV, TI/175
edregol adv. in especial, especially ◇ SD/129-31
edwen adj. num. ord. second ◇ SD/129-31
êg n. thorn ◇ Ety/355
*egel (N. egl) n. exile (one who is exiled) Ety/368
egladhrim n. class pl. of eglan "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇
WJ/189, WJ/365, WJ/379 ◇ eglan+rim
eglan n. and adj. 1. forsaken ○ 2. as a noun, an Elf of the Falathrim ◇
WJ/365, WJ/379-380
eglath n. coll. of egol "The Forsaken", Elves of the Falathrim ◇ WJ/189,
WJ/344 see also egladhrim
*egleria- v. to glorify, to praise ◇LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
egnas n. 1. sharp point ○ 2. by ext., peak ◇ VT/45:12
ego interj. be off! be gone! This is a strong insult ◇ WJ/365
*egol n. someone forsaken, an Elf of the Falathrim ← Eglath WJ/189,
WJ/344
egor conj. or ◇ SD/129-31
ᵲ eichia- v. to change
ᵲ eil n. sky (eiliant, eil+iant)
†eiliant n. rainbow ◇ Ety/360, Ety/400 ◇ "sky-bridge" see also ninniach
einior adj. elder ◇ PM/358 ◇ an+iaur (?) "very, extremely old"
eirien n. daisy (flower) ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ Q Arien "day-maiden" (AS1)
eitha- v. 1. to prick with a sharp point, to stab ○ 2.by ext., to treat with
scorn, insult ◇ WJ/365
eithel n. issue of water, spring, well ◇ Ety/363, S/430, S/433, WJ/85,
TC/187
eithro adv. also (VT/50)
êl pl. elin n.Arch.Poet. star (little used except in verses) ◇ WJ/363,
MR/373, RGEO/73, Letters/281 See also elenath

34
elanor n. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver
flowers ◇ LotR/VI:IX, UT/432, Letters/402 ◇ êl+anor "star-sun"
elenath n.coll.of êl, starry host, all the host of the stars of heaven ◇
LotR/II:I, RGEO/73-75, WJ/363
Elbereth n. one of the names given to the Vala Varda, 'star queen'
elia- v. to rain
ᵲ ellen adj. different, strange
elleth n.fem. elf-maid ◇ WJ/148, WJ/256, WJ/363-364
ellon n.masc. elf ◇ WJ/363-364
elloth n.sing.of loth, (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◇ er- + loth
elo interj. an exclamation of wonder, admiration, delight ◇ WJ/362
†elu (N. elw) adj. (pale) blue ◇ Ety/360, X/W
*elvellon n. elf-friend ◇ WJ/412
emel/emil (N. emmel) n. fem. mother ◇ Emeldir S/155, VT/48:17 See
naneth for the usual word
emig n.fem.dim. of emel, Play name for the index finger meaning "little
mother" ◇ VT/48:6,17
emlin (N. emmelin, emelin) n. yellow bird, "yellow hammer" ◇ Ety/386
ᵲ em (N. emm) n. picture, image (indemm)
ᵲ elvennui adj. wondrous, marvellous
en art. of the (genitival article) ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ i+na (?)
enchui (∗enegui Arch. encui) adj. num. ord. sixth ◇ VT/42:10,25,28
ened (N. enedh) n. core, centre, middle ◇ Ety/356, Ety/376, UT/450,
Letters/224, VT/41:12,16 ◈ While the word is written enedh in the
Etymologies, it seems that Tolkien considered and reconsidered its
form throughout his life. Late rough jottings (c. 1968), as well as the
text of letter no. 168 and the fact that the toponym Enedwaith was
never changed on the LotR map, seem to imply that ened is the (most)
definitive form. See also the possibly related preposition ned, which
has sometimes been suggested to mean "in" (while again a prefix
nedh- is seen in the Etymologies)
ᵲ enedhinor n. middle day of the year (in Gondorian reckoning, the 183rd
day of the year) ened+în+aur (Q. loëndë)
ᵲ enedhor n. noon (ened+aur)
eneg adj. num. card. six ◇ Ety/356, VT/42:25,31, VT/48:6,8
eneth n. name ◇ VT/44:21,24 see also ess
ᵲ enethil n. hexagon 'six points'
ᵲ eng prep. except, save
¶ ᵲ enn n. mead
ᵲ enna- v. to exist in the universe as a creation of Eru
ennas adv. there, in that place ◇ SD/129-31
enner n. one of the names given to the Vala Tulkas
enni pron. 1st to me ◇ VT/41:11 ◇ an+ni see also anim
ennin n. Valian year ◇ Ety/400 ◇ and+în "long year"
ennor n. central land, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, X/ND2 ◈ See also
ennorath
ennorath n.coll. of ennor, central lands, middle-earth ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I,
RGEO/72-75
eno adv. still VT/50
ephel n. outer fence, encircling fence ◇ S/436, LotR/E ◇ et+pêl
ephola- v. to preserve, hold in memory, remember (VT/50)
er adj. single ◇ VT/48:6
er- pref. alone, one ◇ VT/42:19
erch n. prickle ◇ Ety/356
*ercha- v. to prick ◇ Ety/356
erchamion/erchammui adj. one-handed ◇ WJ/51, WJ/231, ◇ Ety/361,
X/Z
†erchammon n.masc. one-handed man ◇ VT/47:7, X/Z
*erchion der.pl. of orch ← Annerchion TI/114 yrch is the usual plural of
orch
ereb adj. isolated, lonely ◇ Ety/356, S/431, UT/422, VT/42:10
eredh n. seed, germ ◇ Ety/356
ᵲ eredhui n. pea-pod, seed pod (‘seed envelope’, Q. orivaine)
ereg n. holly-tree, thorn ◇ Ety/356, S/431

36
eregdos n. holly, holly-tree ◇ Ety/356, Ety/379, Ety/395 ◇ ereg+toss
eregion der.pl. of ereg the land of holly ← Eregion Ety/356, LotR, UT
*eria- v. to rise ◇ Ety/379, VT/46:7
erin prep. on the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ or+i, MS *œrin
ernil n. prince ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308, UT/428, RGEO/75
ero adv. alone (VT/50)
*ertha- v. to unite ← Aderthad S/409 See also adertha
eru n. waste, desert ◇ Ety/356
erui adj. 1. single, alone ○ 2. by ext., first (incorrect use by the
Gondorians) ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:10 ◈ The proper word for
first in Sindarin was minui
eryn n. wood ◇ UT/436, LotR/B ◇ OS *oroni- (?), "trees", plural noun,
used as a singular.
esbin n. thin thread (PE/17)
esg n. reed, sedge VT/45
esgal n. veil, screen, cover that hides ◇ S/431
esgar n. shore ◇ VT/46:14
ᵲ ess n. name see also eneth
*esta- v. to name ← estathar SD/129-31
estel n. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult
to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose ◇
WJ/318-319, LotR/A(v), MR/320
ᵲ estelia- v. to trust
estent adj. very short ◇ UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ see Tolkien's
Legendarium p. 122 See also then, thent
estolad n. encampment ◇ UT/77, S/396
ᵲ ethad- v. to divide, share
ᵲ ethel n. foreign, outer lands
¶ ᵲ ethil n. ivy
ethir I n. mouth (of a river), estuary ◇ LotR/II:X, Ety/356, RC/350 ◇
ed+sîr "outflow"
ethir II n. spy ◇ S/379, UT/418 ◇ ed+tirn "out-watcher"
ᵲ ethiria- v. to flow out (ed+siria-)
ᵲ ethog- v. to lead out (ed+tog-)
ᵲ ethol- v. to come forth (e+tol-)
ethuil n. season of spring ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31

38
 F
ᵲ fadhu (N. fadhw) n. parchment
ᵲ fadra- v. to sate
fae n. a spirit dwelling within a body, the soul
†faeg (N. foeg) adj. mean, poor, bad ◇ Ety/387, X/OE
fael I adj. fair minded, just, generous ◇ PM/352 ◇ Etym. "having a good
fëa"
*fael II n. gleaming brilliance (of the sun) ← Faelivrin LB/376, S/209-210
ᵲ faelas n.abst.of fael I justice, mercy, generosity
†faen (N. foen) adj. radiant, white ◇ Ety/381, X/OE
faer n. spirit ◇ MR/349
fain (N. fein) n. and adj. 1. white ○ 2. as a noun, cloud ◇ Ety/387,
WR/288, RC/268, VT/46:15, X/EI ⇒ See also faun, fân
†fair I n. mortal ◇ Ety/381, WJ/387, X/EI ◇ Q firya
†fair II (N. feir) n. right (hand) ◇ Ety/382, VT/46:10
falas n. 1. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf ○ 2..as a proper noun, the
western coast of Beleriand ◇ Ety/381, S/431, RC/18, X/EI
falathren n.and adj. 1. of the shore ○ 2.as a noun, Shore-language (one of
the names for Common Speech) ◇ Ety/381, PM/32, PM/55
falathrim n.class pl. of falas, people of the Falas ◇ WJ/378 ◇ falas+rim
*falch n. deep cleft, ravine ← Orfalch Echor UT/468
falf n. foam, breaker ◇ Ety/381
faloth n. large wave PE/17
*faltha- v. to foam ◇ Ety/381
fân n. 1. veil ○ 2. by ext., cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over
the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills) ◇ RGEO/74 ◇ See
also fain, faun
fang n. beard ◇ Ety/387
fanna- v. to veil, cloak, mantle PE/17
ᵲ fannil n.Mil. staff
Fannor n. name given to the Fëanturi, Mandos and Lórien together
fanui adj. cloudy ◇ RGEO/74, RC/268
Fanuilos n. one of the names given to the Vala Varda
far adj. or adv. sufficient, enough, quite ◇ Ety/381
*fara- v. to hunt ◇ Ety/387
faradrim n. class pl. of feredir, hunters ◇ Ety/387 ◇ farad+rim
faras n.abst.of fara-, hunting ◇ Ety/387
ᵲ farf n. carpet
farn adj. or adv. enough ◇ Ety/381
*faron n.masc. hunter ← Elfaron Ety/387
faroth n. hunter, group of hunters ← Taur-en-Faroth S/431, Ety/387
fast n. shaggy hair ◇ Ety/381
¶ ᵲ fath n. tassel
faug adj. thirsty ◇ Ety/381
faun n. cloud ◇ Ety/387, VT/46:15 See also fain, fân
faur n. beach, shore ◇ VT/46:15 See also falas
feira- v. to suffice ◇ VT/46:9
ᵲ fel- v. to feel emotion
fela pl. fili n. cave ◇ Ety/381
ᵲ felf n. emotion, impulse
fen (N. fend, fenn) n. door, threshold ◇ Ety/381, LotR/V:IV, WR/341,
RC/550, X/ND1◈ see also fennas
fennas n.abst.of fen, doorway, gateway ◇ LotR/II:IV, RS/463, RGEO/75
fêr pl. ferin n. beech-tree ◇ Ety/352, Ety/381
fergenol adj. sharp-sighted with the mind (PE/17)
feria- v. to make ready (PE/17)
feredir n. hunter ◇ Ety/387 ◇ farad+dîr ◈ faradrim n. class pl.
fern n. and adj. 1. dead (of mortals) ○ 2. as a noun, dead person ◇ Ety/381
ferui adj. ready to hand (PE/17)
fileg n. small bird ◇ Ety/381 ◇ See also filigod
filigod n.sing.of fileg small bird ◇ Ety/381

40
*fim adj. slim, slender ← Fimbrethil LotR/Index
fin- v. to be nimble (PE/17)
fîn (N. find) n. a tress ◇ PM/361-362
fing n. lock of hair ← Finglas "Leaflock" RC/386
finnel (N. findel) n. (braided) hair ◇ Ety/387, X/ND2
ᵲ fion n. hawk
fir- v. to die (for mortals)
fíreb adj. mortal ◇ WJ/387 ◇ fair+-eb
firen n. human ◇ Ety/381 ◇ fair+-en (PHIR)
firiath n. coll. of fair I, mortals, human beings ◇ WJ/219, WJ/387
fíriel n. fem. mortal maid ◇ Ety/382, PM/195, PM/232
firieth n. fem. mortal woman ◇ WJ/387 ◇ fair+-eth (PHIR)
firion n. masc. mortal man ◇ WJ/387
firith n. season of fading ◇ LotR/D
*flâd n. skin ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173
ᵲ fládvídh n. sweat ‘skin dew’ (flâd+mîdh)
foen n. long sight (also a name given to a mountain in Beleriand) WJ/187
forgam adj. right-handed ◇ Ety/382 ◇ fôr+cam
forn n. right, north ◇ Ety/382, UT/426, S/431
Forochel n. ‘North Ice’, an icy tundra region in the Northern Wastes where
the Lossoth lived
forod n. north ◇ Ety/382, S/431, LotR/E◈ forodrim N. n. class pl. ◈
forodwaith N. n. class pl.
forodren adj. northern ◇ Ety/382 ◇ forod+-ren (PHOR)
forodrim n. class pl. of forod Northmen ◇ Ety/392 ◇ forod+rim
forodwaith n.class pl. of forod, 1. Northmen ○ 2.by ext. the lands of the
North ◇ Ety/382, Ety/398, X/EI ◇ forod+gwaith
forven n. north ◇ Ety/382 ◇ fôr+mên See also forod
forvo n. 1. right hand ○ 2.by ext., right side ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ for-vaw,
fôr+maw
fû n. path ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526
*fuia- v. to feel disgust at, abhor ◇ Ety/381
ᵲ fuiol adj. disgusting
fuin n. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness ◇ Ety/354, Ety/382, S/431
fuir adj. north ◇ VT/42:20
fur- v. to lie, to conceal the truth

42
 G
ᵲ gach n. milk cow
gad- v. to catch ◇ Ety/358
ᵲ gadas n.abst.of gad- trap
gador n. prison, dungeon ◇ Ety/358
ᵲ gadoras adj. imprison, cage
ᵲ gadorphen n. prisoner (gador+pen)
gae n. dread ◇ Ety/358
gael adj. pale, glimmering ◇ Ety/358
gaer I adj. dreadful, awful, fearful ◇ Ety/358
†gaer II (N. goer) adj. red, copper-coloured, ruddy ◇ Ety/358, X/OE
†gaeruil n. seaweed ← gaer PM/363, Ety/396 ◇ gaer+uil
Gaerys n. a name for the Maia Ossë
gail n. bright light ◇ Ety/362
¶ ᵲ gais n. steel
¶ ᵲ gaithren adj. of steel (gais+ren)
¶ ᵲ gaiw n. pregnant
gal- pref. light, radiance ← galvorn, etc.
*gala- v. to grow ◇ Ety/357
galad n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or
polished metal, or water) VT/45:13
galadh n. large tree (such as oak and beech), thicker, denser and with more
branches than a tree described as being orn ◇ Ety/357, S/427, LotR/E,
LB/354, RGEO/73, Letters/426 see also orn
*galadhad n. dual pl. of galadh, the Two Trees of Valinor ← Orgaladhad
LotR/D
galadhon der.pl. of galadh ← Caras Galadhon LotR/II:VII, LotR/F,
UT/425
*galadhremmen adj. tree-woven, tree-tangled ◇ LotR/E, LotR/II:I,
RGEO/72 ◇ galadh+remmen
galadhrim n.class pl. of galadh Elves of Lothlórien ◇ LotR ◇ galadh+rim
"people of the trees"
galas n.abst.of gala-, growth, plant ◇ Ety/357
galenas n. pipe-weed (leaf) or "westmansweed", a variety of Nicotiana
(tobacco) ◇ LotR/V:VIII
†galu (N. galw) n. blessings, blessedness, good fortune (meaning not
entirely clear) ◇ Ety/357, X/W
galvorn n. a black metal devised by the dark elf Eol ◇ WJ/322-323, S/398
◇ gal-+morn
gammas n.abst.of gamp, s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in
Tengwar) ◇ VT/45:14
gamp n. hook, claw, crook ◇ Ety/357, VT/47:20
*ganna- (nganna) v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 See also gannada-
*gannada- (ngannada) v. to play a harp ◇ Ety/377 See also ganna-
gannel (ngannel) (N. gandel) n. harp ◇ Ety/377, X/ND2
*gar- v. to hold, have ◇ Ety/360
garaf (ngaraf) n. wolf ◇ Ety/377 See also draug
gardh n. 1. bounded or defined region ○ 2. by ext. world ◇ WJ/402
garn n. own, property ◇ Ety/360
garth n. fort, fortress ◇ Ety/360
ᵲ gartha- v. to defend
gas n. hole, gap ◇ Ety/357
gasdil n. "stopgap", name of a diacritic sign used to indicate that g had been
lenited to zero ◇ Ety/354, Ety/357 ◇ gas+dîl
gath n. cavern ◇ Ety/358
gathrod n. cave ◇ Ety/358 ◇ gath+grôd (GAT(H))
gaud n. device, contrivance, machine ◇ Ety/358
gaul (ngaul) n. wolf-howl ◇ Ety/377
gaur (ngaur) n. werewolf ◇ Ety/377 ◈ See also gaurhoth, gaurwaith
gaurhoth (ngaurhoth) n. class pl. of gaur, group of werewolves ◇
LotR/II:IV ◇ gaur+hoth "wolf-host
gaurwaith (ngaurwaith) n. class pl. of gaur, wolf-men ◇ UT/85, UT/90
◇ gaur+gwaith
gavar n. an Avar, one of the Avari PE/17
gaw n. void ◇ Ety/358
gaw- (ngaw) v. to howl ◇ Ety/377, X/Z
gawa- v. to disguise, falsify (PE/17)

44
*geil pl. gîl n. star, bright spark ◇ Ety/358, VT/45:15 See also gil
ᵲ gelia- (ngelia-) v. to learn
gelir n. merry, happy, gay person ◇ SD/129-31
gell n. joy, triumph ◇ Ety/359
ᵲ gella- v. to rejoice
gellam n. jubilation ◇ Ety/359 ◇ gell+glam (GJEL)
gellui adj. triumphant ◇ Ety/359
ᵲ gellweg adj. joyful
gem (N. gemb) adj. sickly ◇ Ety/358
*genedia- v. to reckon, count up ← genediad SD/129-31
genediad ger. of genedia-, 1. reckoning ○ 2.by ext., calendar ◇ SD/129-31
gern adj. worn, old, decrepit (used of things only) ◇ Ety/360
gil (ngil) n. star, bright spark ◇ LotR/E, S/431, RGEO/73 ◈ In The
Etymologies (Ety/358, corrected by VT/45:15), this word was given as
geil, plural gîl. However, later in LotR/E and RGEO/73, Tolkien seems
to consider gil as a singular (with no hints in the sources of what the
plural would be, besides the collective plural giliath
gildin n. silver spark ◇ Ety/393
gilgalad n. starlight ◇ Ety/358
giliath (ngiliath) n. coll. of gil/geil, all the host of stars ◇ Ety/358, RC/232
*gilion der.pl. of gil found in Orgilion ← Orgilion LotR/D
Gilthoniel n. one of the names given to the Vala Varda, 'star kindler'
ᵲ gilvír (ngilvír) (N. élvír) n. Mercury, ‘star jewel’
*gir- v. to shudder ◇ Ety/358
ᵲ gîr n. yesterday
girith n. shuddering, horror ◇ Ety/358, S/431
girithron n. December (month) ◇ LotR/D
glad n. wood ← Methed-en-Glad UT/452
gladh- v. to laugh ← gladh- PM/359
glae n. grass
glaer n. long lay, narrative poem ◇ Ety/359, VT/45:15
glaew n. salve ◇ Ety/369
glam (N. glamm, glamb) n. 1. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise
○ 2. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts ○ 3.by
ext.,as a coll. noun, any body of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/377, WJ/390,
WJ/416
glamhoth n. class pl. of glam, barbaric host of Orcs ◇ Ety/358, Ety/364,
Ety/377, UT/39, UT/54, WJ/390 ◇ glam+hoth "the dinhorde, the
yelling horde"
glamog n.sing.of glam an Orc, "a yelling one" ◇ WJ/390
glamor (N. glambr) n. echo ◇ Ety/358
glamren adj. echoing ◇ Ety/358
*glân I adj. bright, shining white ← Curunír 'Lân UT/390 ◈ The word is
deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem
GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" (and later "clear") as derivative,
is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text, but see
VT/45:13). Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-European
languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek
leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This
association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE/11:39 (glan "clean,
pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE/13:144,
glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel,
incidentally, is also long, though this is concealed by Welsh
orthographic convention) is also striking
glân II n. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things) ◇ VT/42:8
ᵲ glanas n.abst.of glân I purity, by ext. innocence
gland (N. glann) n. boundary ← Glanduin, Glanhír UT/264, UT/318,
UT/441, VT/42:8, X/ND1
glandagol n. boundary mark ◇ VT/42:8,28 ◇ gland+tagol
glass n. joy ◇ Ety/357
¶ ᵲ glast n. marble
glaur n. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/368
*glavra- v. to babble ◇ Ety/358
glavrol part. of glavra-, babbling ◇ Ety/358
glaw n. radiance ◇ Ety/362
glawar n. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin) ◇ Ety/368,
VT/45:15
gleina- v. to bound, enclose, limit ◇ VT/42:8, VT/42:28 ◈ This entry
should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13
glî n. honey ◇ Ety/369
glim n. voice PE/17:97
glîn (N. glînn) n. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of
light, particularly applied to light of eyes) ◇ WJ/337, S/431
ᵲ gling n. music

46
glinga- v. to hang, dangle ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15,27
glinnel n. Elf, one of the Teleri ◇ WJ/378, WJ/385 ◇ glind("teleri")+el
glintha- v. to glance at ◇ WJ/337
¶ ᵲ glinui n. honey-bee (glî-nui)
glîr n. song, poem, lay ◇ Ety/359
glir- v. to sing, trill, to recite a poem ◇ Ety/359, Ety/369, VT/45:15 ◈ The
form glin in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:15
glirvaeron n. songwriter (lit. ‘maker of songs’) glir+maeron
ᵲ glist n. sugar
glithui adj. (unknown meaning) ◇ UT/448, WJ/182, WJ/186
gloss adj. snow-white, dazzling-white ◇ Ety/359, RGEO/70, VT/42:18
glûdh n. soap ◇ Ety/369
go- (N. gwa-) pref. together ◇ Ety/399, WJ/367
gobel n. walled house or village, town ◇ Ety/380
gobennas n. history ◇ Ety/366 ◇ go-+pennas
gobennathren adj. historical ◇ Ety/366 ◇ gobennath+-ren
ᵲ gobeth (N. gwabeth) n. sentence (go+peth, a word collection)
gódhel n. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364,
WJ/379 ◇ go(lodh)+ódhel, or OS *wådelo
gódhellim n. class pl. of gódhel "Deep Elves" or "Gnomes", the Wise Folk
◇ WJ/364 ◇ gódhel+rim
†godref (N. godrebh) adv. through together ◇ TAI/150 ◇ go-+tre-+be,
OS *wotrebe, CE *wo-tere-be (?)
goe n. terror, great fear ◇ PM/363
goeol adj. dreadful, terrifying ◇ PM/363
ᵲ gofelf n. sympathy, ‘together emotion, go+felf’
gohena- v. to forgive (with person forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 ⇒ See
also dihena-
golas n. foliage, collection of leaves
golf n. branch (of a tree, or plant) ◇ Ety/359
goll (ngoll) adj. wise ◇ Ety/377
gollor (ngollor) n. magician ◇ Ety/377
golodh (ngolodh) n. sage, lore-master. In older Sindarin this referred to a
"Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk (Noldor) ◇ Ety/377,
S/431, WJ/364
golodhbaeth n. the speech of the Noldor (Quenya) PE17/126
golodhrim (ngolodhrim) n.class pl. of golodh Deep Elves, Gnomes ◇
Ety/377, WJ/323 ◇ golodh+rim
goloth (N. gwaloth) n. inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ VT/42:18
golovir (ngolovir, golodhvir N.) n. Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 ◇ golodh+mîr
"Ñoldo-jewel" See also silevril, mirion
ᵲ goltha- (ngoltha-) v. to teach. See also istanna-
golwen (ngolwen) adj. wise, learned in deep arts ◇ Ety/377
gomaeron n. sculptor (lit. ‘stone maker’) gond+maeron
gonathra- v. to entangle, enmesh ◇ Ety/375
gonathras n.abst of gonathra-, entanglement ◇ Ety/375
gond (N. gonn) n. great stone, rock ◇ Ety/359, S/431, X/ND1
gondolindrim (N. gondothrim) n.class.pl. People of Gondolin LT/21
gondrafn/gondram n. hewn stone ◇ Ety/354
*gondren adj. (made) of stone ← Toll-ondren TI/268, TI/287
† gonef (N. goneb) adj. similar
gonnhirim n.class.pl. Dwarves, ‘masters of stone’ S
gonod- v. to count, count up, reckon, sum up ◇ Ety/378, Ety/399, VT/46:6
ᵲ gonodvaeras n. mathematics (gonod-+maer+as)
ᵲ gor- v. to warn, counsel
gorbedui adj. only to be said with horror (PE/17)
gordh adj. difficult, laborious PE/17:154
gorf n. impetus, vigour ◇ Ety/359
gorgor (ngorgor) n. extreme horror, terror, haunting fear ◇ WJ/415,
RC/334-335
gorn I adj. impetuous ◇ Ety/359
gorn (ngorn) II adj. revered PE/17
gorog (ngorog) n. horror ◇ WJ/415
goroth (ngoroth) n. horror ◇ Ety/377
gorth (ngorth) I n. horror ◇ WJ/415
*gorth II n. a dead person ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim RC/526, gyrth
Letters/417
gorthad (ngorthad) n. barrow ◇ LotR/A(iii), PM/194 ◇ gorth+-sad
"place of the dead"
gortheb (ngortheb) adj. horrible ◇ WJ/415
*gorthrim n. class pl. of gorth II, the dead ← [Raith >] Fui 'Ngorthrim
RC/526

48
gost n. dread ◇ Ety/359
gosta- v. to fear exceedingly ◇ Ety/359
gowest n. contract, compact, treaty ◇ Ety/397, Ety/399 ◇ go-+gwest
grau adj. dark in colour, swart Ety/AC
graw n. bear (possibly dark in colour) ◇ VT/47:12 See also brog
groga- v. to feel terror ◇ WJ/415
grond n.Mil. club ◇ Ety/384, X/ND1
groth (ngroth) n. 1. cave, tunnel, large excavation ○ 2. delving,
underground dwelling ◇ WJ/415, S/431, VT/46:12
gruin adj. ruddy ◇ Ety/384
gruitha- v. to terrify ◇ WJ/415
*gûd (ngûd) n. foe ← Thuringud WJ/256
gûl (gûl) n. 1. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret
knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made
wonderful things) ○ 2.by ext., perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery,
necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, MR/350, WJ/383
guldur (nguldur) n. (dark) sorcery ◇ gûl+dûr
gûr I n. heart (in the moral sense), counsel ◇ VT/41:11,15
gûr (ngûr) II n. death ◇ Ety/377
guren n. my heart ◇ VT/41:11 ◈ Apparently the word gûr I with a
suffixed possessive. See lammen for a similar form ◇ gûr+-en
Gurfannor n. one of the names given to the Vala Mandos
gurgof n. traitor PE/22
gurth/guruth (ngurth, nguruth) n. death ◇ S/432, UT/39, UT/54 Ety/377
*guruthos (nguruthos) n. the shadow of death, death-horror ← di-
nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278
gwa- v. to go PE/17
†gwachaedir (N. gwahaedir) n. seeing-stone, palantír ← Gwahaedir
PM/186 ◇ gwa-+hae+tirn
gwador pl. gwedeir n.masc. brother (especially used of those not brothers
by blood, but sworn brothers or associates) ◇ Ety/394
*gwaeda- v. to enfold ◇ VT/46:21
gwaedh n. bond, troth, compact, oath ◇ Ety/397
gwael n. gull ◇ WJ/418 see also maen, mŷl
gwân adj. fair and pale (PE/17) see also bain
*gwaen adj. stained ← Agarwaen S/378
gwaeren adj. windy ◇ VT/42:15 Gwaew+-ren
gwaeron n. March (month) ◇ LotR/D
gwaew n. wind ◇ Ety/387
*gwain pl. *gwîn adj. new ← Narwain (Narvinyë) LotR/D, Cf. Ety/399
gwaith (gweith N.) n. 1. manhood ○ 2.by ext., man power, troop of able-
bodied men, host, regiment, people ○ 3.by ext., region, wilderness ◇
Ety/398, VT/46:21, X/E1
gwaloth n. blossom, collection of flowers ◇ Ety/370, VT/45:29 ◈ This
form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see
VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18
We must also consider that go- replaced gwa-. See goloth
gwanath n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract) ◇ Ety/397
gwann adj. departed, dead ◇ Ety/397
*gwanna- v. to depart, fade, die (for Elves) ◇ Ety/397 See also fir-
gwanod n. tale, number ◇ Ety/378
†gwanu (N. gwanw) n. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)
◇ Ety/397, X/W
gwanûn n. a pair of twins ◇ WJ/367 See also gwanunig
gwanunig n.sing. of gwanûn, a twin (one of a pair of twins) ◇ WJ/367
gwanur n. 1. a pair of twins ○ 2. brother or kinsman, kinswoman ◇
Ety/378, Ety/392, VT/46:6, LotR/A(iv)
gwarth n. betrayer ◇ Ety/397
gwass n. stain ◇ Ety/397
gwastar n. hummock ◇ Ety/388, Ety/399 ◇ gwa-+thâr
gwath n. 1. shade, shadow, dim light ○ 2. stain ◇ Ety/397, S/432◈.
*gwatha- v. to soil, stain ◇ Ety/397
gwathel n. fem. sister, associate ◇ Ety/392
gwathra- v. to overshadow, dim, veil, obscure ◇ VT/42:9
gwathren adj. shadowy, dim ← Ered Wethrin S/432, VT/42:9
*gwathui adj. shadowy ← Gwathuirim PM/330
gwathuirim n.class pl. of gwathui The Dunlendings or People of Dunland
◇ PM/330 ◇ gwathui+rim "shadowy people"
gwaun n. goose ◇ Ety/397, X/Z
gwaur adj. soiled, dirty ◇ Ety/397
gwê n. living creature, PE/17
gwedh n. bond ◇ Ety/397
*gwedh- v. to bind ◇ Ety/397, X/ND1
¶ ᵲ gwef n. louse

50
†gwelu (gwelw N.) n. air (as substance) ◇ Ety/398, X/W
gwelwen n. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the
outer) ◇ Ety/398 ◇ gwelu+men
gwend I n. bond, friendship ◇ Ety/397-398, X/ND1
gwend II (N. gwenn) n. f. maiden ◇ Ety/398, X/ND1
gweneth n. virginity ◇ Ety/398
gwenyn n. pl. twins ◇ PM/353, PM/365 See also gwanûn
*gweria- v. to betray, cheat ◇ Ety/397
gwest n. oath ◇ Ety/397
*gwesta- v. to swear ◇ Ety/397
gweth n. report PM/395
*gwethion der.pl. of gwath ← Eredwethion TI/345, Ety/379, Ety/397
gwî n. net, web ◇ Ety/398
¶ ᵲ gwîb n. penis
gwilith n. air (as a region) ◇ Ety/398
gwilwileth n. 1. butterfly 2. the constellation Cassiopeia ◇ Ety/398
*gwîn n. wine, vine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112,
LR/334,338, H/IX ◈ see also gwinion
gwing n. 1. spindrift, flying spray ○ 2. foam (properly a flying spume or
spindrift blown off wavetops) ◇ Ety/398, PM/392
gwinig n.dim. "little baby", play name of the little finger ◇ VT/48:6,16-17
*gwinion Land of wine ← Dorwinion LotR/Map, LB/11,26,17,112,
LR/334,338, H/IX
gwirith n. April (month) ◇ LotR/D, SD/129-31
¶ ᵲ gwista- v. to be ignorant
 H
ha pl. hain Doriathrin.pron.3rd it ◇ Ety/385, LotR/II:IV, X/EI
hab- v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363
habad n. shoe ◇ Ety/386, VT/Errata, X/EI ◈ The meaning "shore" in
Ety/386 should actually read "shoe", see VT/Errata and
Lambengolmor/735.
¶ ᵲ hach n. hams, buttocks
*had- v. to hurl ◇ Ety/363
hâdh n.Arch.Poet. (?) cleaver ◇ Ety/389
hadhod n. Dwarf ◇ WJ/388, WJ/414
hadhodrim n. class pl. of hadhod the Dwarves (as a race) ◇ WJ/388 ◇
hadhod+rim
hadlath (N. haglath) n.Mil. sling ◇ Ety/363, Ety/368, X/TL
hador n.Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363, WJ/234
hadron n.masc.Mil. thrower (of spears and darts) ◇ Ety/363
hae adj. very far away ← Gwahaedir PM/186, VT/45:21, PE/17:25
haedh n. fenced enclosure PE/19:91
haer adj. remote PE/17:25
Haerast n. the Far Shore, the east coast of Aman PE/17
haered n. remote distance, the remote ← na-chaered LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
haeron adj. far, remote, distant ◇ PM/273
haew n. custom, habit ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22
haf- v. to sit ◇ VT/45:20
†hair n. and adj. left (hand) ◇ Ety/365, X/EI
hâl n. small fish ◇ VT/45:20 See also lim III
*hal- v. to lift ◇ VT/45:20
halethrim n.class.pl the people of Haleth, leader of the Haladin (one of the
three Houses of the Edain)
half n. seashell ◇ Ety/389
hall I adj. exalted, high ◇ Ety/363
hall II adj. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady ◇ Ety/386
ᵲ hallas n.abst.of hall I height
haltha- v. to screen ◇ Ety/386
ham n. chair ◇ VT/45:20
hamma- v. to clothe ◇ Ety/363, VT/45:21 ◈ The form hamnia- in the
Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21

52
hammad n. clothing (hamma-)
hamp n. garment ◇ Ety/363
hanar n.masc.Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14
hand adj. intelligent ◇ Ety/363, X/ND1
ᵲ hanna- v. to thank
hannas n. abst. of hand, understanding, intelligence ◇ Ety/363
ᵲ hannweg adj. thankful
harad n. south ◇ Ety/365, S/432, LotR/E
haradren adj. southern ◇ Ety/365
haradrim n. class pl. of harad, southerners, "Southrons" ◇ LotR ◇
harad+rim
¶ ᵲ haran n.num.card. one hundred (to the Gondorians)
hargam adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/365
harn I adj. southern ◇ Ety/365
harn II adj. wounded ◇ Ety/386
harn III n.Mil. helmet ◇ VT/45:21
*harna- v. to wound ◇ Ety/386
*hartha- v. to hope ← Harthad SD/62
†haru (N. harw) n. wound ◇ Ety/386, X/W
harven n. south-region Ety/AC
harvo n. 1. left hand ○ 2.by ext., left side ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ har-vaw, har-
+maw
hast n. axe-stroke ◇ Ety/389
*hasta- v. to hack through ◇ Ety/389
hathol (N. hathel, hathal) n. 1.Mil. broadsword-blade, axe-blade ○
2.Mil.by ext. axe ◇ Ety/389, WJ/234, UT/444, LR/433
haudh n. (burial) mound, grave, tomb ◇ Ety/363-364, S/432, LotR/A(iv)
haust n. bed ◇ Ety/364 ◇ "resting"
hawn n. masc.Arch. brother ◇ VT/47:14.
he N. pl. hîn N. Doriathrin.pron. 3rd f. she ◇ Ety/385
*heb- v. to retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of ← *khep
VT/41:6
ᵲ hedia- v. to sneeze (Q. hotyo)
hel- v. to freeze (PE/17)
helch n. bitter cold ◇ Ety/364
heledh n. glass ◇ S/433
heledir n. kingfisher (bird) ◇ Ety/363, Ety/386, Ety/394 ◇ "fish-watcher"
heleg n. ice ◇ Ety/364
ᵲ helegren adj. icy (heleg+-ren)
heleth n. fur, fur-coat ◇ Ety/386
helf n. fur ◇ Ety/386
¶ ᵲ helin n. pansy
¶ ᵲ helinil n. violet
hell adj. naked ◇ Ety/386
ᵲ Helluin n. Sirius, a blue star
heltha- v. to strip ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14 ◈ The form helta- in the
Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14
hên I pl. hîn n. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or
metronymics) ◇ WJ/403
hen II pl. †hin n. eye ◇ Ety/364, LotR/II:IX, WR/128, X/ND1 ◈ See also
hent
*heneb adj. of eye, eyed, having eyes ← maecheneb "sharp-eyed", WJ/337
*henia- v. to understand ◇ Ety/363
ᵲ henna- v. to read (silently, to oneself) see also tengwa-
henneth n. window ◇ S/428
hent n.dual pl. of hen II, the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes) ◇
VT/45:22
ᵲ her- v. to pray
*herdir n. masc. master ← i-Cherdir SD/129-31 ◇ hîr+dîr
*heria- v. to begin suddenly and vigorously ◇ Ety/364, VT/45:22 ◈ The
forms heno, hœno in the Etymologies are misreadings according to
VT/45:22
heron n. masc. master ◇ VT/45:22
herth n.Mil. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord) ◇ Ety/364
herven (N. hervenn) n. masc. husband ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364, X/ND4 ◇
hîr+benn
herves (N. hervess) n. fem. wife ◇ Ety/352, Ety/364 ◇ hîr+bess
*heryn n. fem. lady ← Roheryn S/436 ◇ hîr+dî
ᵲ hest n. captain
†hethu (N. hethw) adj. foggy, obscure, vague ◇ Ety/364, X/W
*hîl n. heir ← Eluchíl PM/369
him I adj. 1. steadfast, abiding ○ 2.as an adverb, continually ◇ Ety/364

54
him II adj. cool ◇ S/432
ᵲ himannol adj. continually harping, to speak about something repeatedly
(Q vorongandelë)
ᵲ himia- v. to stick to, adhere to (Q. himya)
ᵲ hir- v. to find
hîr n. masc. master, lord ◇ Ety/364, S/432, SD/129-31, Letters/382,
LB/354, VT/45:22
hiril n. fem. lady ◇ Ety/364
hîth (N. hith) n. mist, fog ◇ Ety/364, S/432
hithlain n. mist-thread (a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to
make strong ropes) ◇ LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index ◇ hîth+lain
†hithu (N. hithw) n. fog ◇ Ety/364, X/W
hithui n. and adj. 1. foggy, misty ○ 2. as a noun, the month of November
◇ LotR/D
hîw adj. sticky, viscous ◇ Ety/364
ho pl. †hyn Doriathrin pron. 3rd m. he ◇ Ety/385, X/Z
¶ ᵲ hô n. owl
hobas n. harbourage ◇ Ety/364 abst. of hûb
hol- v. to close
hollen pp. closed ← Fen Hollen LotR/V:IV, RC/550
honeg n.masc. dim. of hawn, 1. "litte brother", play name given to the
middle finger◇ VT/48:6,16-17 ◈ Given as honig in VT/47:14, but see
VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion
horn adj. driven under compulsion, impelled ◇ Ety/364
hortha- v. to urge on, speed ◇ Ety/364
host n. gross (144) ◇ Ety/364
hoth n. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense) ◇ Ety/364,
S/432
hû n. dog ◇ Ety/364
hûb n. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay ◇ Ety/364◈ hobas N. n.
abst.
hûd n. assembly ◇ Ety/364
ᵲ huia- v. to urge on
¶ ᵲ huith n. sex (intercourse)
hûl n. cry of encouragement in battle ◇ Ety/386
hûn n. heart (physical) ◇ Ety/364
ᵲ hunna- v. to thunder (Q. hunda)
huorn n. tree, with a spirit or heart ◇ LoTR
hûr n. readiness for action, vigour, fiery spirit ◇ Ety/364
hwá n. breeze (PE/17)
hwand (N. chwand, chwann) n. sponge, fungus ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1,
X/HW
¶ ᵲ hwertha- v. to sweep (G. fwegra-, swegra-)
†hwest (N. chwest) n. puff, breath, breeze ◇ Ety/388, X/HW
ᵲ hwesta- v. to puff (Q. hwesta-)
†hwîn (N. chwîn) n. giddiness, faintness ◇ Ety/388, X/HW
†hwind (N. chwind, chwinn) adj. twirling, whirling ◇ Ety/388, X/ND1,
X/HW
†hwinia- v. to twirl, whirl, eddy ◇ Ety/388
†hwiniol part. of hwinia-, whirling, giddy, fantastic ◇ Ety/388

56
 I
i pl. in art. and pron. rel. 1. the ○ 2. who/that/which/whom ◇ Ety/361,
SD/129-31, Letters/308, Letters/417
iâ (N. ia) n. 1. gulf ○ 2. abyss, void ◇ Ety/400, S/432, Letters/383
*iach n. ford, crossing ← Arossiach S/382, Brithiach S/286, Cirith
Ninniach S/387
iaeth n. neck ◇ Ety/400
iaew n. mocking, scorn ◇ Ety/400
ᵲ iaf n. fruit
iag- v. to yawn, gape (PE/17)
ial n. a call, a cry ◇ VT/46:22
ialla- v. to call ◇ VT/46:22
iant n. bridge ◇ Ety/400, S/432
†ianu (N. ianw) n. yoke ◇ Ety/400, X/W ◈ It originally meant "bridge" in
the Etymologies, but was apparently switched with iant
iâr n. blood ◇ Ety/400 see also agar, sereg
iarwain adj. old-young (that is old, but yet still very vigorous) ◇
LotR/II:II, RC/128 ◈ Elvish name of Tom Bombadil, rendered as
"oldest" in LotR, "Iarwain = old-young, presumably as far as anybody
remembered, he had always looked much the same, old but very
vigorous" ◇ iaur+*gwain
ᵲ ias conj. where
iâth (N. iath) n. fence ◇ S/433, WJ/370, WJ/378
iathrim n.class pl. of iâth, Elves of Doriath ◇ WJ/378 ◇ iâth+rim
iau I pl. iui n. corn ◇ Ety/399 see also iavas
iau II n. ravine, cleft, gulf ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:22
ᵲ iaul n. cat
iaun n. holy place, fane, sanctuary ◇ Ety/400 ◇ Q yána
iaur adj. 1. ancient, old, original ○ 2. older, former ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399,
S/433, UT/384
iavas n.abst of iau I, season of autumn ◇ LotR/D
íd adv. very, extremely (rarely used) PE/17
ᵲ idh n. small fly
îdh n. rest, repose ◇ WJ/403
†idhor n. thoughtfulness ◇ Ety/361, X/Z
ᵲ idhra- v. to ponder
ídhra- v. to desire (PE/17)
idhren adj. pondering, wise, thoughtful ◇ Ety/361
†idhrinn (N. idhrind) n. year ◇ Ety/383, Ety/400, X/ND4 ◇ în+rind
¶ ᵲ idra- v. to value, prize
iell n.fem. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid ◇ Ety/385, Ety/400 ◈ Stated to be an
alteration of sell, remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a
change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence
the ending -iel in several feminine words
iest n. wish ◇ Ety/400
ᵲ iesta- v. to wish
îf n. cliff, sheer descent PE/17
ᵲ iladar n. Ilúvatar (GL ilador)
ilaurui adj. daily ◇ VT/44:21,28
im I imperative. reflexive. pron. 1st I, myself◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354,
VT/47:14,37-38 ◈ In late writings (see esp. VT/47:37-38), Tolkien
reinterpreted this form as a reflexive pronoun (= "self").
im II (N. imm, imb) n.Arch. dell, deep vale ← imlad, imloth, imrath,
imrad, VT/45:18, VT/47:14 ◈ This word only survived in compounds
(due to the clash with im I)
imlad n. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable
bottom) ◇ S/433, LotR/Index, VT/45:18, VT/47:14, RC/234,482 ◇
im+lad
imladris n. Rivendell, 'cleft-valley', the home of Elrond
imloth n. flower-valley, flowery vale ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18, RC/582 ◈
This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where
roses grew ◇ im+loth
∗imp adj. num. card. twelve ◇ PE/17:95
imrad n. a path or pass (between mountains, hills or trackless forest) ◇
VT/47:14 ◇ im+râd
imrath n. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it
lengthwise ◇ UT/465, RC/558 ◇ im+rath
ᵲ imu adj. same, identical (im+-ya)
în I adj. poss. reflexive own (referring to the subject) ◇ SD/129-31
în II n. year ◇ Ety/400◈ see also ínias
inc n. guess, idea, notion ◇ Ety/361
ind (N. inn) n. inner thought, meaning, heart ◇ Ety/361, X/ND1 See also
innas

58
indemm n. vision (mind picture) ind+emm (PE/17)
ᵲ ing n. imagination
ᵲ inga- v. to guess
ingem adj. old (of person, in mortal sense: decrepit, suffering from old
age) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/399, Ety/400 ◈ New word coined by the Elves
after meeting with Men ◇ în+gem "year-sick"
¶ ᵲ ingwil n. eel
ínias n.abst.of în II, annals ◇ Ety/400
ᵲ inil n. lily
ᵲ inn n. grandchild, descendant (Q. indyo)
innas n.abst.of ind, will ◇ VT/44:21,26
†inu (N. inw) adj. female ◇ Ety/361, X/W
io (N. ia) adv. ago ◇ Ety/399
¶ ᵲ iol n. lamb
*iôl n. wash, flood-water ← Onodiôl RC/334, VT/48:33
ion/iôn (N. iond, ionn) n. m. 1. son ○ 2.by ext., scion, male descendant ◇
Ety/400, MR/373, X/ND1, X/ND2, PM/192,196
ionnath n.coll.of ion, all the sons ◇ SD/129-31
†iphant (N. ifant) adj. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of
weakness) ◇ Ety/358, Ety/400, VT/46:23, X/PH ◇ în+pant "year-
full"
ir conj. when/while◇ LB/354 ◈ This word is not translated by Tolkien
îr n. sexual desire ◇ VT/46:23
ᵲ írui adj. desirable
ist n. lore, knowledge ◇ Ety/361
*ista- v. to have knowledge ◇ Ety/361, VT/45:18
ᵲ istanna- v. to give knowledge, to teach (ist+anna-) See also goltha-
istui adj. learned ◇ Ety/361
ithil n. the (full) Moon, lit. 'The Sheen' ◇ Ety/361, Ety/385, Ety/392,
LotR/E, LB/354, RC/232
ithildin n. a silver-colored substance, which mirrors only starlight and
moonlight ◇ LotR/II:IV ◇ ithil+tinu "moon-star"
ithron n. wizard ◇ UT/448, Letters/448
iuith n. use ◇ Ety/400
*iuitha- v. to employ, to use ◇ Ety/400, VT/46:23
iûl n. embers ◇ Ety/400 ◈
ivann n. a Sindarin form of the name of the Vala Yavanna
ivanneth n. September (month) ◇ LotR/D
*ivor n. crystal ← Ivorwen LotR/A(v) ◇ (?) MS *iυr, OS *imre (I-MIR,
augmented form of mîr "jewel")
*ivren adj. of crystal, crystalline ◇ S/392, WJ/85

60
 L
*laba- v. to hop ← Labadal UT/60
ᵲ laboth n. hare, rabbit
¶ ᵲ labum n. drum
†lach (N. lhach) n. (leaping) flame ◇ S/433, X/LH
*lacha- v. to flame
†lachenn n. Deep Elf (Sindarin name for the Noldor) ◇ WJ/384, X/ND4
◇ lach+hend "flame-eyed"
lad n. plain, valley ◇ S/433
†laden (N. lhaden) adj. open, cleared ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
†lae (N. lhae) n. great number ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH
†laeb (N. lhaeb, lhoeb) adj. fresh ◇ Ety/368, VT/45:26, X/OE, X/LH
†laeg I (N. lhaeg, lhoeg) adj. keen, sharp, acute ◇ Ety/367, VT/45:25,
X/OE, X/LH
laeg II adj. "viridis", fresh and green ◇ Letters/282, Letters/382 ◈ Seldom
used (replaced by calen)
ᵲ laegnas n.abst.of laeg I sharpness, keenness
laegel n. a Green Elf ◇ WJ/385 ◇ laeg+-el
laegrim n. class pl. of laegel, the people of the Green Elves ◇ WJ/385 ◇
laegel+rim
laer I n. season of summer ◇ LotR/D
laer II (N. lhaer) n. song, long lay ← Laer Cú Beleg S/406, VT/45:28,
X/LH
†laes (N. lhaes) n. baby ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
†laew (N. lhaew) adj. frequent, many ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH
†lagor (N. lhagr) pl.†legrin (N. lhegrin) adj. swift, rapid ◇ Ety/367,
VT/45:25, Tengwestie/20050318, X/LH
†lain I (N. lhein, lhain) adj. free, freed ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
*lain II n. thread ← hithlain LotR/II:VIII, LotR/Index
lalaith n. laughter ◇ S/406 ◇ MS *laleiθ, Q lala- "laugh"
lalf pl. lelf n. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348
†lalorn n. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH ◇ lalf+orn
lalven n. elm-tree ◇ Ety/348
†lalwen (N. lhalwen) n. elm-tree ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
lam I (N. lhamb, lham) n. physical tongue ◇ Ety/367, WJ/394, X/LH
lam II n. language or dialect of a particular country or people WJ/394◈
lamath n.coll. of lam I, echoing voices ◇ PM/349
ᵲ lamdaen n. consonant ‘tongue-sign’ (Q. lambetengwë)
lamma- v. to echo (cf. Eryd Lammad “Echoing Mountains”)
lammas n. abst. of lam II, account of tongues ◇ LR/167, WJ/206,
WJ/393, X/LH
lammen n. my tongue (lam+-en) ◇ LotR/II:IV, PE/17 ◈See guren for a
similar form
lanc I adj. naked ◇ UT/418
†lanc II (N. lhanc) n. throat ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
lanc III n. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the
clean edge of things made by hand or built) ◇ VT/42:8
†land I (N. lhand) adj. open space, level ◇ Ety/368, X/LH, X/ND1
land II (N. lhand, lhann) adj. wide, broad ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV,
Ety/367, X/LH, X/ND1
†lang n.Mil. cutlass, sword ◇ Ety/367, X/LH
ᵲ lann n. tissue, cloth (Q lannë)
†lant I n. clearing in forest ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
*lant II. n. fall ← Lanthir S/406, PM/349 ◇ Q lanta
lanthir n. waterfall ◇ S/406, PM/349 ◇ lant+sîr "falling stream"
¶ ᵲ lar n. fat, grease
ᵲ lar- v. to hear
†lasbelin (N. lhasbelin) n. season of autumn ◇ Ety/366-367, X/LH ◇
lass+pelin "leaf withering"
lass (N. lhass) n. leaf ◇ Ety/367, Letters/282, TC/169, X/LH
*lasta- v. to listen
†lath (N. lhath) n. thong of leather ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
ᵲ latha- v. to surpass (Q. lahta)
†lathra- (N. *lhathra-) v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
†lathrada- (N. lhathrada-) v. to listen in, eavesdrop ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
†lathron (N. lhathron) n. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
ᵲ laub n. shirt, tunic
laudh n. gluttonous eating PE/19:92
†laug (N. lhaug) adj. warm ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
ᵲ lausta- v. to make a rushing, roaring noise (generally of wind)
†lav- (N. *lhaf-) v. to lick ◇ Ety/367, X/LH

62
lavan n. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles
or birds) ◇ WJ/388, WJ/416 see also celf
†laws (N. lhaws) n. hair ringlet ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
le pron. 2nd to thee (reverential) ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-73,
Letters/278, LB/354
lebdas n. index finger ◇ VT/48:5
leben (N. lheben) adj. num. card. five ◇ Ety/368, TAI/150, VT/42:24-25,
VT/47:10, VT/47:24, VT/48:6, X/LH
lebenedh n. middle finger ◇ VT/48:5
lebent n. ring finger ◇ VT/48:5
leber n. finger ◇ VT/47:10,23-24, VT/48:5 Replaced lebed
lebethron n. a tree - a black Gondorian hard-wood (grown in Ithilien) that
was used by the woodwrights of Gondor ◇ LotR/IV:VII, LotR/VI:V,
WR/176 ◈ In the original manuscript, one of the earlier (rejected) form
of this name was lebendron. Didier Willis proposed the etymology
lebed+doron "finger-oak", a real tree (Finger Oak or Quercus digitata)
lebig n.dim. little finger ◇ VT/48:5,15
ᵲ lebthil n. pentagon 'five points'
ᵲ ledh- v. to travel, journey
†lefenar (N. lhevnar) n. week (originally of five days) ◇ VT/45:27, X/LH,
X/Z
leithia- v. to release ◇ Ety/368, X/LH
leithian (N. lheithian) n. release, freeing, release from bondage ◇
Ety/368, S/406, X/LH
lembas n. journey bread made by the Elves ◇ PM/404, LotR/II:VIII ◇
lend+bass
lemui (N. lefnui) adj.num.ord. fifth ◇ WR/436, VT/42:25, TI/312
*lend I n. journey ← lenn-mbas PM/404, X/ND1
†lend II (N. lhend) adj. tuneful, sweet ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1
ᵲ lendren adv. tunefully, sweetly (lend+-ren)
lest n. girdle ◇ WJ/333, WJ/225, WJ/228
†lethril (N. lhethril) n. fem. hearer, listener, eavesdropper ◇ VT/45:26,
X/LH
leweg n. worm (from the garden) (PE/17)
†lhaew (N. thlaew) adj. sickly, sick, ill ◇ Ety/386, X/OE, X/LH
†lhain (N. thlein) adj. lean, thin, meagre ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
lhaw n.pl. ears, pair of ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX ◇ OS See also lhewig
†lhê (N. thlê) n. fine thread, spider filament ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
lhewig n.sing. of lhaw, ear ◇ Ety/368, LotR/II:IX ◇ lhaw+-ig
ᵲ lhewigorf n. earring, 'lhewig+corf'
†lhind (N. thlind, thlinn) adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/386, X/LH, X/ND1
†lhing (N. thling) n. spider, spider's web, cobweb ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
†lhingril (N. thlingril) n. spider ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
†lhîw (N. fliw, thliw) n. sickness ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
lhoer n. venom, PE/17
lhôn n. sound, noise, PE/17
†lhoss (N. thloss) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/LH
lhûg n. snake, serpent ◇ Ety/370, S/434
lhûn adj. full of water, applied particularly to rivers always full of water
(that drained from the mountains) PE/17:137
ᵲ lhussa- v. to whisper (SLUS, Q lussa-)
lî n. people (of one kind or origin) PE/17:190
*lif n. link ← molif "hand-link" VT/47:6
ᵲ ligum n. candle
ᵲ lilth n. dance
ᵲ liltha- v. to dance
lim I adv. swift, swiftly ← noro lim LotR/I:XII, PE/17 ◈ Untranslated in
LotR, but confirmed in PE/17
lim II adj. clear, sparkling, light ◇ WJ/337
†lim III (N. lhim) n. large fish ◇ Ety/369, X/LH See also hâl
†limlug (N. lhimlug) n. fish-dragon, sea-serpent ◇ Ety/370, X/LH ◇
lim+lhûg
†limmida- v. to moisten ◇ Ety/369, X/LH
†limp (N. lhimp) adj. wet ◇ Ety/369, X/LH
ᵲ limraedor n. fisherman
lîn I adj. poss. 2nd thy (reverential) ◇ VT/44:21,24
†lîn II (N. lhîn) n. pool ◇ Ety/369, X/LH
†lind (N. lhind, lhinn) n. air, tune ◇ Ety/369, X/LH, X/ND1
¶ ᵲ ling adj. purple
¶ ᵲ lingui n. hyacinth
*liniath n. coll. of lîn, pools ← Hithliniath WJ/194
*linna- v. to sing ← linnathon LotR/II:I

64
linnod n. 1. (?) a single verse used as a maxim ○ 2. (?) a chant of a certain
metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables
◇ LotR/A(iv) ◈OS? *lindot- (singulative) or lind (linn) + od(og)
"chant of seven"
†lîr I (N. lhîr) n. row, range ◇ Ety/369, X/LH
†lîr II (N. lhîr) n. song, poem, lay ◇ VT/45:28, X/LH ⇒ It is probable this
is a mutated version of glîr
*liria- v. to sing ◇ VT/45:28 see also linna-
liss adj. fragrant UT/189
lith n. ash, sand, dust ◇ Ety/369, S/434, TC/178
lithui adj. ashen, ashy, of ash, ash-coloured, dusty ◇ S/434, UT/435,
RGEO/74, TC/178, VT/42:10
lô n. shallow lake, fenland ◇ UT/263, VT/42:8-10
lobor n. horse, for working ◇ VT/45:28 see also roch
†loch (N. lhoch) n. ringlet ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
†loda- (N. lhoda-) v. to float ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
loeg n. pool ◇ S/407, UT/450, LotR/Map
loen adj. soaking wet, swamped ◇ VT/42:10
†lom (N. lhom) adj. weary ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH
lond n. 1. narrow path or strait ○ 2. by ext., entrance to harbour, land-
locked haven ◇ Ety/348, Ety/370, S/434, UT/450, VT/42:10, X/LH,
X/ND1
†long (N. lhong) adj. heavy ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
lonnath n. coll. of lond, havens ◇ WR/294, WR/370
†lorn (N. lhorn) n. 1. quiet water ○ 2. by ext., anchorage, harbour ◇
VT/45:29, X/LH
loss n. snow (especially fallen or long-lying snow) ◇ S/434, VT/42:18,
RGEO/70
lossen adj. snowy ◇ RGEO/70
ᵲ lossivor n. snowflake (snow-crystal)
Lossoth n. class pl. of loss, the Snowmen ◇ LotR/A, RGEO/70 ◇
loss+hoth
†lost (N. lhost) adj. empty ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
ᵲ losta- v. to sleep
loth (N. lhoth) n. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers ◇ Ety/370,
LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH ◈ The noun is collective, a single flower
being lotheg
lotheg n.sing. of loth, (single) flower ◇ VT/42:18 ◇ loth + -eg
¶ ᵲ lothlas n. petal (flower-leaf)
lothod (N. lhothod) n. alt. sing. of loth, (single) flower ◇ VT/45:29, X/LH
See lotheg
lothron n. the month of May ◇ LotR/D
†lû (N. lhû) n. a time, occasion ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
ᵲ lúguil n. lifetime (lû+cuil)
Luien n. one of the names given to the Vala Lórien
luin adj. blue ◇ LotR (misc.), S/434, UT/390, Ety/370, VT/48:24
*luithia- v. to quench ← uluithiad SD/62
¶ ᵲ lûl n. sapphire
†lum (N. lhum) n. shade ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
†lumren (N. lhumren) adj. shady ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
†lunt (N. lhunt) n. boat ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
†lûth (N. lhûth) n. spell, charm ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
†lútha- (N. lhútha-) v. to enchant ◇ Ety/370, X/LH
lŷg n. snake ◇ LotR/E
lytha- (N. leutha) v. to pick up or out (with the fingers) ◇ VT/47:10,23

66
 M
ma interj. good
mâb n. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers) ◇ Ety/371,
VT/45:32, VT/47:6-7
ᵲ maba- v. to take, to grasp
ᵲ mabed- v. to ask (Q maquet-)
*mad- v. to eat ◇ Ety/371
†madh (N. madha) n. mud PE/19
madweg adj. gluttonous (PE/17)
mae adv. well ◇ LotR/I:XII, Letters/308
maecheneb adj. sharp-eyed ◇ WJ/337 ◇ maeg+heneb
maed I adj. shapely ◇ PM/366, VT/41:10
maed II (N. moed) adj. handy, skilled, skilful ◇ Ety/371, VT/47:6, X/OE
ᵲ maeda- v. to feed (MAITA)
maeg adj. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something ◇ S/434,
WJ/337
ᵲ maega- v. to knead, soften
mael I (N. hmael) n. and adj. 1. stain ○ 2. stained ◇ Ety/386
mael II (N. moel) n. lust ◇ Ety/373, X/OE
maelui (N. moelui) adj. lustful ◇ Ety/373, X/OE
maen adj. skilled, clever ◇ Ety/371◈ maenas N. n. abst.
maenas n.abst.of maen, craft ◇ Ety/371
maer adj. good, excellent, fair; useful, fit, good (of things) ◇ Ety/371
ᵲ maeras n.abst.of maer goodness, usefulness
maeron n. artist, a poet PE/17
maeth n. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few) ◇ Ety/371
maetha- I v. to fight ◇ Ety/371
maetha- II v. to handle, wield, manage, deal with ◇ VT/47:6
maethor n. warrior ◇ Ety/371
maew n. gull, ‘whining bird’ ◇ Ety/373 see also gwael, mŷl
mâf n. pile, mass of rock or earth (PE/17)
ᵲ maga- v. to forge metal (Q. maca)
magol n.Mil. sword ◇ Ety/371
magor n.Mil. swordsman ← Menelvagor LotR/E, WJ/234
maidh adj. pale, fallow, fawn ◇ Ety/371, X/EI
main adj. num. ord. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent ◇
VT/42:10, VT/42:25
ᵲ maitha- v. to rape, ravish (PE/13)
ᵲ mal n. moth (Q malo)
mâl n. pollen, yellow powder ◇ Ety/386, X/EI
malen adj. yellow ◇ Ety/386
mallen (N. malthen) adj. of gold, golden ◇ Ety/386, RC/625, VT/46:14,
Tengwestie/20031207
¶ ᵲ maligon n. amber
mallorn (Arch. malhorn) n. golden tree of Lothlórien ◇ S/435,
LotR/II:IV, VT/42:27, Tengwestie/20031207 ◇ malt+orn "tree of
gold"
mallos n. a golden flower ◇ UT/451, Letters/248 ◇ malt+los "flower of
gold"
maloglin n. daffodil (PE/17)
malt n. gold (as metal) ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14, VT/42:27,
Tengwestie/20031207
†malu (N. malw) adj. fallow, pale ◇ Ety/386, X/W
mammada- v. to gorge, gobble up, devour PE/22:95
man interrogative. pron. what? ◇ TL/21:09
mân n. departed spirit ◇ Ety/371
manadh n. 1. doom, final end, fate, fortune ○ 2.by ext. final bliss ◇
Ety/371
ᵲ manen interrogative. pron. how?
¶ ᵲ mang n. butter
mann n. food VT/45
ᵲ mar interrogative pron. when?
ᵲ mas interrogative. pron. where?
*matha- v. to stroke, feel, handle ◇ Ety/371
maur n. gloom ◇ Ety/373
maw I n.Arch. hand ◇ VT/47:6
maw II (N. hmaw) n. soil, stain ◇ Ety/386, VT/46:14
†medli (N. megli) n.. bear ◇ Ety/369, Ety/371, X/DL ◇ mad-+glî "honey-
eater"
†medlin (N. meglin) adj. honey-eater, bear-like ◇ Ety/369, X/DL
*medui adj. last ← na vedui, Arvedui LotR/I:XII, LotR/A(iv)

68
megil n.Mil. sword ◇ Ety/371 ◈ The word was struck out in the
Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil
or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized
form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a
similar case)
*megor adj. sharp-pointed ← *megr WJ/337
mela- v. to love ◇ VT/45:34, PE/22
melch adj. greedy ◇ Ety/373
meldir n. masc. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◇ mell+dîr
meldis n. fem. friend ◇ Ety/372 ◇ mell+dîs
meleth n. love ◇ Ety/372
ᵲ melethor n. lover
melethril n. fem. lover ◇ Ety/372
melethron n. masc. lover ◇ Ety/372
mell adj. dear ◇ Ety/372
mellon n. friend ◇ Ety/372, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, Letters/424
¶ ᵲ melph n. gooseberry
ᵲ meltha- v. to seduce
melui adj. lovely, sweet ◇ LotR/V:VIII, VT/42:18, RC/582 ◈ This word
only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew
me pron. 1st pl. us ← ammen LotR/II:IV, LB/354, tiro men VT/45:37
men I n. way, road ◇ UT/281
ᵲ men- II v. to go
meneg adj. num. card. thousand. Given the Elven duodecimal system this
properly means 1,728 ← Menegroth "thousand caves" S/409
menel n. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars ◇ LotR/II:I,
LotR/IV:X, LB/354, RGEO/72, VT/44:21,23-24
ᵲ meneldaeg n. horizon (menel+taeg)
Menelvagor n. the constellation of Orion, 'sky sword'
*menniath n. coll. of ment, 1. many points ○ 2. by ext., range of mountains
← Mornvenniath TI/124, Lambengolmor/799◈
ment n. point ◇ Ety/373
ᵲ mentha- v. to send, cause to go
meren adj. festive, gay, joyous ◇ Ety/372 ◈ The word was changed to
beren in the Etymologies, but meren would be restored together with
mereth
mereth n. feast, festival ◇ Ety/372, S/434 ◈ The word was changed to
bereth in the Etymologies, but was never changed in the texts (cf.
Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)
meril n. rose (flower) ◇ SD/129-31
merilin (N. mœrilind) n. nightingale ◇ Ety/394, X/ND4 ◇ môr+lind,
mesg (N. mesc) adj. wet ◇ Ety/373
meth n. end ◇ Ety/373
methed n. end ◇ UT/452
methen adj. end, final ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34
¶ ᵲ miaug n. tomcat
¶ ᵲ miaulin n. queen (cat)
ᵲ mib- v. to kiss
mîdh n. dew ◇ Ety/373
mîl n. love, affection ◇ Ety/372
milbar n. dear home, place returned to after travelling, place of one's birth
(PE/17)
ᵲ mill n. oil (Q. millo)
milui adj. friendly, loving, kind ◇ Ety/372
ᵲ miluias n.abst.of milui friendliness, kindliness
∗mimp adj. num. card. eleven ◇ PE/17:95
min prep. in the, between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything
intervening between two other things) ← Minhiriath LotR/Map,
VT/47:11,14
mîn I pron.poss. 1st pl. our ◇ VT/44:21,22,28
mîn II (N. min) adj. num. card. one (first of a series) ◇ Ety/373,
VT/42:24-25, VT/48:6
ᵲ mina prep. into (mi+na)
†minai (N. minei) adj. single, distinct, unique ◇ Ety/373, X/EI
minas n.abst. 1. tower ○ 2. by ext., fort, city with a citadel and central
watch-tower ◇ Ety/373, S/434, VT/42:24
mindon n. 1. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower ○ 2. by ext.
tower ◇ Ety/373, Ety/395
minib adj. num. card. eleven ◇ VT/48:6-8
miniel n. an Elf, one of the Vanyar ◇ WJ/383 ◇ min+-el "first elf"
ᵲ mininor n. first day of the year (mîn+în+aur)

70
minlamad n. 'first voiced' or 'first-echoing', alliterative (?) verse mode
(minlamad thent/estent) ◇ UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 ◈ The word is
not translated by Tolkien. For a discussion of its probable meaning,
refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 121-122
ᵲ minlû n. once (one time)
minna- v. to enter
minui adj. num. ord. first ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25
minuial n. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade ◇
LotR/D ◇ min+uial "first twilight"
mîr n. jewel, precious thing, treasure ◇ Ety/373, LotR/E, S/434, PM/348,
LB/354, RGEO/73◈ mirion N. n. augm..
*mírdan n. jewel-smith ◇ S/401 ◇ mîr+tân
ᵲ mírechor n. bracelet (mír+echor)
míria- v. to sparkle like a jewel (PE/17)
mirian n. piece of money, coin used in Gondor
míriel part. sparkling like a jewel ◇ RGEO/64, LotR/II:I
mirion n. augm. of mîr great jewel, Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 see also golovir,
silevril
miruvor n. 'precious juice', a cordial made by the Elves
mist n. error, wandering ◇ Ety/373
*mista- v. to stray ◇ Ety/373
†mistad n. straying, error ◇ Ety/373, X/Z
mith I n. white fog, wet mist ◇ Ety/373
mith II adj. (pale) grey ◇ Ety/373, S/434, TC/187
*mithren adj. of grey ◇ UT/436
mithril n. true-silver, a silver-like metal ◇ LotR ◇ mith+rill "grey
brilliance"
mîw adj. small, tiny, frail ◇ VT/45:35
moe adj. soft ◇ Ety/371
moeas n.abst.of moe, dough ◇ Ety/371
molif n. wrist ◇ VT/47:6 ◇ "hand-link", maw+*lif
môr n. darkness, dark, night ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382
morben n. one of the Avari or Easterlings in Beleriand ◇ WJ/376-377 ◇
morn+pen, altered from OS *moripende
*morchant n. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape ◇ S/432,
VT/42:9 ◇ morn+cant "dark shape"
morgul n. black arts, sorcery, necromancy ◇ Ety/377, S/432, WJ/383,
MR/350, RC/482 ◇ morn+gûl "dark magic"
morn adj. black, dark ◇ Ety/373, Letters/382, Letters/427, WJ/368,
WR/113, UT/65
mornedhel n. Dark-Elf ◇ WJ/377, WJ/380 ◇ morn+edhel
*muda- v. to labour, toil ◇ Ety/373
ᵲ muia- v. to whine, complain
muil n. drear ← Emyn Muil RC/334
muin adj. dear ◇ Ety/374
muindor n. masc. dear brother ◇ Ety/394 ◇ muin+tôr
muinthel n. fem. dear sister ◇ Ety/392 ◇ muin+thêl
mûl n. slave, thrall ◇ Ety/373
ᵲ mulf n. fine flour (Q. mulma)
ᵲ mûn n. womb (Q. móna)
mund n. bull ◇ Letters/422-423
ᵲ mûr n. ink (Q. móro)
mŷl n. gull ◇ WJ/379-380, WJ/418 see also gwael, maew

72
 N
na prep. 1. with, by (also used as a genitive sign) ○ 2. to, towards, at ◇
Ety/374, LotR/I:XII
*na- v. to be ← no aer i eneth lín VT/44:21,24
nad n. thing ◇ Ety/374
ᵲ nadh n. fetter
nadhor n. pasture ◇ Ety/374.
nadhras n.abst.of nadhor, pasture ◇ Ety/374
nae interj. alas ◇ Ety/375
naedh n. a wound, gash PE/19:92
naeg n. pain ◇ Ety/375
†naegra- v. to cause pain ◇ Ety/375, X/Z
†naer (noer N.) adj. sad, lamentable ◇ Ety/375, X/OE
ᵲ naeras n.abst.of naer sadness
naergon n. woeful lament ◇ PM/362
naeth n. 1. biting ○ 2.by ext. woe (gets sense of gnashing teeth in grief) ←
Elu-naeth WJ/258, Ety/374-375
naew n. jaw ◇ Ety/374
nag- v. to bite ◇ Ety/374
naglath n. coll. of nagol, the teeth ◇ WR/122
*nagol n. tooth ← naglath WR/122 ◈ naglath N. n. coll.
nail (N. neil) adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:25
naith pl. natsai n. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a
spearhead, triangle gore, wedge, narrow promontory ◇ Ety/387,
UT/282, RC/307
*nalla- v. to cry ← nallon LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278
nan (N. nand, nann) n. 1. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many
streams ○ 2. by ext., valley ◇ Ety/374, S/435, Letters/308, VT/45:36,
X/ND1
nana n.dim. mummy, mommy ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374 See also naneth
naneth n. mother ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
nâr n. rat ◇ Ety/379
*nara- Arch.Poet.v. to tell ◇ Ety/374, VT/45:36
narbeleth n. October (month) ◇ LotR/D ◇ naur+peleth "sun-waning"
narch n. (bitter-) biting ← Narchost LotR, RC/601
narcha- v. to rend ◇ Ety/374
nardh n. knot ◇ Ety/387
narn pl. nern n. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not
sung ◇ Ety/374, WJ/313, MR/373, S/412 ◇ OS *narna, CE *nʲarnâ
"told"
narnvaeron n. author, maker of tales (narn+maeron)
ᵲ narphen n. character of a story (narn+pen)
*nartha- v. to kindle ◇ VT/45:37
*narthan n. beacon, signal fire to notify of the approach of an enemy, lit
‘fire sign’ ← Fornarthan VT/42:30
naru (N. narw) adj. red ◇ Ety/374, X/W
ᵲ naruvir n. ruby (naru+mîr)
narwain n. the month of January ◇ LotR/D ◇ naur+gwain "new sun"
nass n. 1. point, (sharp) end ○ 2. angle or corner ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37
nasta- v. to prick, point, stick, thrust ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37
nath n. web ◇ Ety/375
natha- v. to help, save, rescue PE/22
ᵲ nathaweg adj. helpful (natha- + -weg)
nathal n. guest (PE/17)
nathla- v. to welcome
*nathra- v. to weave (nathron)
nathron n. weaver, webster ◇ Ety/375
naud adj. bound ◇ Ety/378
naug n. and adj. 1. stunted, dwarf ○ 2..as a noun, a Dwarf ◇ Ety/375,
WJ/388, UT/100, UT/148 .
naugol (N. naugl) pl. nauglin n. dim. of naug, dwarf ◇ Ety/375
naugrim n. class pl. of naug, Dwarves ◇ WJ/388 ◇ naug+rim
naur n. 1. flame ○ 2. fire ◇ Ety/374, S/435, LotR/II:IV
nauth n. thought ◇ Ety/378, VT/46:6
nautha- v. to conceive ◇ Ety/378
naw pl. †noe (N. pl. nui) n. idea ◇ Ety/378, X/Z
nawag pl. neweg (N. pl. neweig) n. Dwarf ◇ Ety/375
nawb n. thumb ◇ VT/48:5 ◈ see also nobad
ned prep. in, during (with reference to time) ◇ SD/129-31 ◈ [Another
possible interpretation: "another, one more" (related to Q. net(e)),
VT/47:40]
neder adj. num. card. nine ◇ Ety/376, VT/42:25, VT/48:6, PE/17:95

74
ᵲ nederthil n. nonagon 'nine points'
nedh- pref. in, inside, mid- ◇ Ety/376 ◈ See also the preposition ned, and
the noun ened for a discussion of this form
†nedhu n. bolster, cushion ◇ Ety/378, X/W
*nedia- (N. nœdia-) v. to count ◇ Ety/378, VT/46:6
nedrui adj. num. ord. ninth ◇ VT/42:25
nef prep. on this side of ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
Nefrast n. 'Hither Shore', the westernmost coast of Middle-earth
negen adj. angular (PE/17)
*neitha- v. to wrong, to deprive ← Neithan UT/456
neithan adj. deprived, wronged ◇ UT/456
nêl (N. neleg) pl. nelig n. tooth ◇ Ety/376, WR/113, VT/46:3
nelchaenen adj. num. ord. thirtieth ◇ SD/129-131
neledh adj. num. card. three (This word takes the form nel- in a
compound)◇ Ety/376, TAI150, VT/48:6
*neledh- v. to enter ◇ TAI/150, HL/77 ◈ Hammond and Scull apparently
understand this word as a derivative of neledh "three", hence their
translation neledh neledhi "three by three". However, we have shown
in Hiswelókë (third issue, pp. 74-78) that this word is conceivably a
verb derived from LED "to go". The prefix ne- also occurs in nestegi
"to insert, stick in" ◇ OS *ne- + ledi- "to go into"
ᵲ nelest n. third (fraction)
ᵲ nelf n. needle
nell n. bell ◇ Ety/379
nella- v. to sound (of bells) ◇ Ety/379, VT/46:7
nelladel n. ringing of bells ◇ Ety/379 ◇ nellad+-el
nelthil n. triangle ◇ Ety/376, Ety/393 ◇ nel-+till
nelui adj. num. ord. third ◇ VT/42:25
nem (N. nemb) n. nose ◇ Ety/376
nen pl. nîn n. 1. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river) ○ 2. by ext.
waterland ◇ Ety/376, S/435, UT/457, RC/327-328
Nen Echui n. Cuiviénien
nend (N. nenn) adj. watery ◇ Ety/376, X/ND1
¶ ᵲ nenig n. drop of water
ness n. headland UT/28
*nesta- v. to heal ← nestad WR/379-380
*nestadren adj. healing ◇ WR/380 ◇ nestad+-ren
*nestag- v. to insert, stick in ◇ Ety/388
neth I adj. young ◇ Ety/377
neth II n. fem. 1. from nîth II sister ○ 2. girl (in her teens, approaching the
adult) ◇ VT/47:14-16,33, VT/48:6
nethig n.fem.dim. of neth II, "litte sister", play name given to the ring
finger ◇ VT/47:14, VT/47:38-39, VT/48:6,17 ◈ First given in the
manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially VT/48:17 n.
13 for discussion
niben adj. 1. small, petty ○ 2. as a noun, little finger (Elvish play-name
used by and taught to children) ◇ S/435, WJ/388, WJ/408, VT/48:6
nîd adj. damp, wet, tearful ◇ Ety/376
nîdh n. honeycomb ◇ VT/45:38
nîdha- v. to be determined to (used when speaking of events in the future)
PE/22
nîf n. front, face ◇ Ety/378
niged n. little finger ◇ VT/48:5 See also lebig
†nimmid- v. to whiten ◇ Ety/378, X/Z
nimp I (N. nim-) adj. pale, white ◇ Ety/378
nimp II adj. small and frail ◇ VT/48:18
nin pron. me ◇ LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72
nîn I adj. poss. 1st my ◇ UT/40, VT/44:22
nîn II n. tear ◇ Ety/376
nîn III adj. wet, watery ← Nindalf TC/195, S/435
†nind (N. ninn) adj. slender ◇ Ety/378, X/ND1
ninglor n. golden water-flower, gladden ◇ UT/280-81, UT/450 ◇
nîn+glaur "water gold"◈ *ningloron
*ningloron der.pl. of ninglor ← Loeg Ningloron UT/281, UT/450
¶ ᵲ ningon n. lapis lazuli
ᵲ nínholch n. onion (tear-root) nîn+solch
ᵲ nínia- v. to weep
níniel adj. tearful ◇ Ety/376
nínim n. snowdrop (flower) ◇ Ety/367 ◇ nîn+nimp "white tear"
ninniach n. rainbow ◇ S/387 ◇ Probably nîn, *ninn- + iach "water-ford"
See also eiliant
nínui n. and adj. 1. watery ○ 2. as a noun, the month of February ◇
LotR/D

76
niphred (N. nifred) n. pallor, fear ◇ Ety/378, S/435, X/PH
niphredil (N. nifredil) n. a pale winter flower, snowdrop ◇ Ety/376,
Ety/378, LotR/II:VI, Letters/402, X/PH ◇ niphred+-il "little pallor"
nîr n. tear, weeping ◇ Ety/376
nírnaeth n. (tearful) lamentation ◇ Ety/376 ◇ nîr+naeth "tear-gnashing"
ᵲ niss n. frost
nîth I n. youth ◇ Ety/377
nîth II n. fem. sister ◇ VT/47:14◈ See also thel, muinthel
ᵲ nithren adj. frosty
no v. imp. of na-, be! ◇ VT/44:21,24
nobad n. dual pl. of nawb, the pair of fingers composed of the thumb and
the index (grouped together as in the act of picking something) ◇
VT/48:5,16
†nod- v. to tie, bind ◇ Ety/378, X/Z
noen adj. wise, sensible ◇ VT/46:9
ᵲ nóf n. mouth (including the lips)
nogoth n. Dwarf, lit. "the Stunted Folk" ◇ S/435, WJ/338, WJ/388,
WJ/408, WJ/413
nogotheg n. dim. of nogoth, lit. "dwarflet", a name of the Petty-Dwarves
◇ WJ/388
nogothrim n. class pl. of nogoth, Dwarf-folk ◇ RGEO/75, UT/318,
WJ/388 ◇ nogoth+rim
*nor- v. 1. to run (of animals or men) ○ 2.by ext., to ride
nordh n. cord ◇ Ety/387
norn adj. 1. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted ○ 2. hard ◇ Ety/387
nornwaith n. class pl. of norn the Dwarves ◇ MR/93, MR/106 ◇
norn+gwaith
noroth n. giant
ᵲ nor n. murmur
north n. riding race (PE/17)
northa- v. to make run, to race (on horses) PE/17
nórui n. and adj. 1. sunny, fiery ○ 2. as a noun, the month of June ◇
LotR/D
noss (N. nos) n. kindred, family, clan ◇ Ety/378, PM/320
nost n. kindred, family, house ◇ PM/360
ᵲ nosta- v. to smell (something)
nothlir n. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree) ◇ WR/234,
WR/237, WR/309 ◇ nost, *noth + lîr "family line"
nothrim n. class pl. of nost, kindred, family, house ← Nothrim [> Nost]
Finarfin PM/360 ◈ The word was rejected in favor of nost, but it may
be interpreted as a valid class plural "those of the house" ◇ noss/nost
+ rim
ᵲ novaer interj. and n. farewell
nu prep. beneath/under ◇ Ety/378, etc. See also nuin
ᵲ núf prep. before
ᵲ nui n. bee
nuin prep. under the ◇ Ety/378, etc. ◇ nu+i
nuitha- v. to stunt, to prevent from coming to completion, stop short, not
allow to continue ◇ WJ/413
ᵲ nulaf- v. to swallow 'down-lick'
nûr I adj. deep ◇ Ety/378
nûr II n. race (of people) ◇ Ety/378
*nûr III adj. sad ← Núrnen UT/458, RC/457
†nŷw (N. hniof) n. noose ◇ Ety/387, X/IU

78
 O
o I (od) prep. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction,
from or to the point of view of the speaker) ◇ Ety/360, WJ/366,
WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-31, RGEO/72 ◈ According to WJ/366,
the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears
occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". See also uin
o II N. prep. about, concerning ◇ Ety/378 ◈ The Etymologies state that h-
is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with
a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that
this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps
become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in
Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)
ochui adj. num. ord. seventh ◇ VT/47:42 See odothui for the usual word
ódhel n. Deep Elf or Gnome, one of the Wise Folk ◇ WJ/364, WJ/366,
WJ/378-379
ódhellim n. class pl. of ódhel Deep Elves or Gnomes, the Wise Folk ◇
WJ/364 ◇ ódhel+rim
odhril n. fem. parent ◇ Ety/379
odhron n. masc. parent ◇ Ety/379
odog adj. num. card. seven ◇ Ety/379, VT/42:25, VT/47:42, VT/48:6,
PE/17:95
ᵲ odothil n. heptagon 'seven points'
odothui adj. num. ord. seventh ◇ TI/312, WR/436, VT/42:25
¶ ᵲ odrim adj. many (GL) od+rim
oer adj. nasty PE/22
oew n. crime, evil deed PE/17
ogol adj. wicked, evil ◇ VT/48:32
ogron n. wicked or evil person PE/17
ôl pl. elei n. dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379
Olfanner n. one of the names given to the Vala Lórien
oll (N. old) n. torrent, mountain-stream ◇ Ety/396
ᵲ olph n. bottle
oltha- v. to dream ◇ Ety/370, Ety/379
ᵲ ólui adj. dreamy
*oneth n. fem. giver ← besoneth PM/404-05
ongol n. stench ◇ Ety/378
*onna- v. to beget ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387
*onnen pl. *ennin pp. of onna-, born ← Abonnen, Eboennin WJ/387
¶ ᵲ onin n. anvil
onod n. Ent ◇ LotR/F, Letters/224
onodrim n. class pl. of onod the Ents, as a race ◇ Letters/224, TC/165 ◇
onod+rim
or prep. above, over ◇ Ety/379
or- pref. above, over ◇ Ety/379
oraearon n. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day ◇ LotR/D ◇
aur+aearon
oranor n. second day of the week, day of the Sun ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+anor
orbelain n. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar ◇ LotR/D ◇
aur+belain
orch pl. yrch n. Goblin, Orc ◇ Ety/379, LR/406, WJ/390, LotR/II:VI,
LotR/F, Letters/178
orchal (N. orchall, orchel) adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall ◇
Ety/363, Ety/379, WJ/305 ◈ We may consider that orchel is a perfectly
valid dialectal variant ◇ or+hall, OS *orkʰalla
orchoth n. class pl. of orch, the Orcs (as a race) ◇ WJ/390 ◇ orch+hoth
ᵲ orf n. apple (Q orva, GL)
ᵲ orforn n. apple tree (orf+orn)
orgaladh n. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree ◇
LotR/D ◈ This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish
calendar ◇ aur+galadh
orgaladhad n. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees ◇
LotR/D ◈ This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean
calendar ◇ aur+galadh, with quenya influenced dual ending
orgilion n. first day of the week, day of the Stars ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+gil,
with archaic genitive
orithil n. third day of the week, day of the Moon ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+ithil
ormenel n. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day ◇ LotR/D ◇ aur+menel
orn n. tree (such as ash or birch, not large trees) ◇ Ety/379, S/435,
Letters/426 see also galadh
orod pl. ered (N. pl. eryd) n. mountain ◇ Ety/379, S/435, Letters/263,
TC/178, RC/621
orodben n. mountaineer, one living in the mountains ◇ WJ/376 ◇
orod+pen
orodrim n. class pl. of orod, range of mountains ◇ Ety/379 ◇ orod+rim

80
ᵲ oronnad n. birthday (lit. ‘begetting day’, as Elves celebrate the
conception not the birth) aur+onnad
oroth n. rage (PE/17)
*ortha- v. to raise ◇ Ety/379
*orthel- v. to roof, screen above ◇ Ety/391
orthelian n. canopy ◇ Ety/391
*orthor- v. to master, conquer ◇ Ety/395
ᵲ órui adj. daily, commonly see also ilaurui
os- pref. about, around ◇ Ety/379
*osgar- v. to cut round, to amputate ◇ Ety/379
osp n. reek, smoke ◇ Ety/396
¶ ᵲ ospa- v. to smoke
ost n. 1. city, town with wall round ○ 2. citadel, fortress or stronghold,
made or strenghtened by art ◇ Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232
othgar- v. to do wrong (PE/17)
othgarn n. misdeed (PE/17)
†othlonn (N. othlond, othlon) n. paved way ◇ Ety/370, X/ND4 ◇
ost+lond
othol n. stranger (PE/17)
†othrad (N. ostrad) n. street ◇ Ety/383, X/Z ◇ ost+râd
†othronn (N. othrond) n. fortress or city in underground caves,
underground stronghold ◇ Ety/379, Ety/384, WJ/414, X/ND4 ◇
ost+rond
othui adj.num.ord. seventh ◇ VT/42:10,25 see also odothui
¶ ᵲ oth (N. oss) n. egg
ovor (N. ovr) adj. abundant ◇ Ety/396◈ see also ovras
*ovra- v. to abound ◇ Ety/396
ovras n.abst.of ovor crowd, heap. ◇ Ety/396
 P
pad- v. to step (PE/17)
*pâd n. a step (action), way, road, track ← Aphadon (*ap-pata), Tharbad
(*thara-pata) WJ/387, S/438
*pada- v. to walk ← Aphadon (*ap-pata), Tharbad (*thara-pata) WJ/387,
S/438
ᵲ pae n. vegetable
paeth n. speech PE/17
†paich (N. peich) n. juice, syrup ◇ Ety/382, X/EI
palan- adv. afar, abroad, far and wide ◇ LotR/II:I, LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72-
74 ◇ Q palan
ᵲ palandir v. watch from afar
ᵲ palan-hinnen adj. famous 'far-known'
palath I n. surface ◇ Ety/380
palath II n. iris (the flower) (N. palathrin, an early name for the Gladden)
ᵲ pama- v. to vomit (Q. quama-)
pân I (N. pein) n. plank, fixed board (especially in floor) ◇ Ety/380, X/EI
*pân II adj. all, in totality ← mhellyn în phain SD/129-31
panas n.abst.of pân I, floor ◇ Ety/380
†pand (N. pann) n. courtyard ◇ Ety/380, X/ND1
pann adj. wide ◇ Ety/380
*panna- I v. to open, to enlarge ◇ Ety/380
†panna- II v. to fill ◇ Ety/366, X/Z
pant adj. full ◇ Ety/366, SD/129-31
ᵲ páphen rel. pron. everybody
par- v. to peel (PE/17)
paran adj. smooth, shaven (often applied to hills without trees) ← Dol
Baran RC/433
parch adj. dry ◇ Ety/380, VT/45:5 See also apharch
parf pl. perf n. book ◇ Ety/380
parth n. field, enclosed grassland, sward ◇ UT/260, PM/330, RC/349
*partha- v. to arrange, compose
path adj. smooth ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ patha- v. to smooth, iron
*pathra- v. to fill ◇ Ety/366

82
pathred n. fullness ◇ Ety/366
†pathu (N. pathw) n. level space, sward ◇ Ety/380, X/W
paur n. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of
the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather
than to the fist used in punching) ◇ Ety/366, S/429, PM/179, PM/318,
VT/47:8
paw n. sickness ◇ Ety/366
ᵲ pe conj. if (KWI- VT/49)
ᵲ pé pl. pui n. lip
*ped- v. to speak, to say ← pedo, arphent LotR/II:IV, TL/21:09
pedweg adj. talkative (PE/17)
peg n. small spot, dot ◇ Ety/382
pel I pl. peli n. fenced field (= Old English tún) ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ pel- II v. to fade
*peleth n. fading, withering ← Narbeleth LotR/D
*pelia- v. to spread ◇ Ety/380
*pelin n. fading, withering ← Lhasbelin Ety/366
pelthaes n. pivot ◇ Ety/380, Ety/390
*pen- I prep. without, lacking, -less ← Iarwain ben-adar LotR/II:II
pen II relative pron. one, somebody, anybody ◇ WJ/376
penbed adj. unpronounceable (PE/17)
pend (N. penn) n. declivity, slope ◇ Ety/380, RC/525, X/ND1
pendrath (N. pendrad) n. passage up or down slope, stairway ◇ Ety/380,
X/ND3 ◇ pend+rath, pend+râd
peng n.Mil. bow (for shooting) ◇ Ety/366
pengolodh n. teaching sage, a doctor of lore, lore-master
*penia- v. to fix, to set ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ penídh adj. restless
ᵲ penind adj. without inner thought, insane
penna n. vowel, lit. ‘lacking’ VT/39
penna- v. to slant down ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
pennas n.abst.of pent, history, historical account ◇ Ety/366, WJ/192,
WJ/206
penneth n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ RC/525
ᵲ pennig n. coin
†penninor n. last day of the year ◇ Ety/400, X/Z ◇ pant+în+aur
pent n. tale ◇ Ety/366
ᵲ pephen rel. pron. if anybody, whoever (Q aiquen)
per- pref. half, divided in middle
*peredhel n. half-elf ◇ S/430, LotR/A(i) ◇ per-+edhel
perian n. Hobbit, Halfling ◇ LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, RGEO/75, Letters/308,
X/ND4 ◇ per+-ian
periannath n. coll. of perian the Hobbits, Halflings ◇ LotR/VI:IV,
LotR/E-F, RGEO/75, Letters/308
perin adj. half, divided in middle ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ pess n. feather (Q quesse)
pessa- v. to concern, to affect PE/17
pesseg n. pillow ◇ Ety/366
peth n. word ◇ Ety/366, LotR/II:IV, RS/463.
pethron n. narrator, minstrel ◇ Ety/366
phaw- v. to emit foul breath (PE/17)
ᵲ pholg n. pig
pigen adj. tiny ◇ Ety/382
†pihen (N. pichen) adj. juicy ◇ Ety/382, X/Z
¶ ᵲ pil n. colour
ᵲ pilin n. arrow
ᵲ pim n. tail (Q pimpë, pimp)
pîn adj. little ← Cûl Bîn RC/536 ◈ Similar words occur in Gnomish (pinig
"tiny, little", PE/11:64) and in Qenya (pinea "small" etc., PE/12:73.
pinnath n. coll. of pend, ridges, group of downs ◇ LotR/Index, RC/525 ◇
Formed from the plural pinn ⇒ Cf. penneth
pirin n. a type of flower that opens and shuts quickly with changing light
PE/17
plad n. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and
tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread) ◇ VT/47:9
plada- v. to feel with the hand, to pass the sensitive palm over a surface ◇
VT/47:9
pôd n. animal's foot ◇ Ety/382
ᵲ pôg n. bag (Q. poko)
ᵲ pol- v. to be able to (can, could)
ᵲ por- v. to choke, drown
¶ ᵲ porog n. chicken, fowl

84
post n. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite ◇ Ety/382
ᵲ posta- v. to rest
*presta- v. to affect, trouble, disturb ◇ Ety/380
prestannen pp. of presta-, 1. affected ○ 2. mutated (of a mutated vowel) ◇
Ety/380
prestanneth n. affection of vowels, mutation ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ pûg n. blackberry
*puia- v. to spit ◇ Ety/382
puig adj. clean, tidy, neat ◇ Ety/382
ᵲ puiga- v. to wash, to clean
 R
*rach n. wagon, wain ← Gondraich UT/465 ◈ Since this word is attested
in a compound only, its unmutated form is uncertain. It could also be
*grach or *rhach
ᵲ ractha- v. to shatter
râd n. path, track ◇ Ety/383
*rada- v. to make a way, find a way ◇ Ety/383
raeda- v. to catch in a net ◇ VT/42:12
raef (N. raew) n. net ◇ VT/42:12
†raeg (N. rhoeg) adj. crooked, bent, wrong ◇ Ety/383, X/OE, X/RH
ᵲ raegdan n. sinner
†raen I (N. rhaen) adj. crooked ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
raen II adj. netted, enlaced ◇ VT/42:11
†raew (N. rhaew) n. fathom ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
¶ ᵲ râf adj. roaring
†rafen (N. rhafn) n. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. ◇ Ety/382,
X/RH
ᵲ rag- v. to break
ᵲ ragui adj. breakable
ᵲ raida- v. to smile
†rain I (N. rhain, rhein) n. border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
rain II (N. rein) n. erratic wandering ◇ VT/42:13
raitha- v. to strive, reach for
ram n. wall ◇ Ety/382, S/436, X/RH
rammas n.abst.of ram, (great) wall ◇ LotR/V:I, LotR/Index
†ranc pl. renc (N. rhanc pl. rhengy) n. arm ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
randír (N. rhandir) n. masc. wanderer, pilgrim ◇ Ety/383, VT/42:13,
X/RH
rant n. 1. lode, vein ○ 2. course, riverbed ◇ Ety/383, S/436
*raph n. rope ← Udalraph UT/424
ras (N. rhas) n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to
mountains) ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:10, LotR/E, S/436, X/RH ◈ The form
rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10
†rasg (N. rhasg) n. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to
mountains) ◇ Ety/383, X/RH

86
rath n. 1. course, riverbed ○ 2. street (in a city) ◇ Ety/383, LotR/Index,
RC/523,551
†raud (N. rhaud) n. metal ◇ Ety/383, X/RH ◇ OS *rauta "copper"
†raudh (N. rhaudh) adj. hollow, cavernous ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
raug (N. rhaug) n. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon ◇
Ety/384, S/436, WJ/415, X/RH
†raun (N. rhaun) 1. adj. errant, 2. n. month, from the name of the moon as
the Wanderer ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
†raw I (N. rhaw) n. bank (especially of a river) ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
†raw II (N. rhaw) pl. †roe n. lion ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
¶ ᵲ rêbroch n. zebra ('striped horse', from raibrog with the same meaning,
GL)
-red suffix. denotes completion of a work or design, with final details
and/or finishing touches (PE/17)
†redh- v. to sow ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
†rein (N. rhein) n. slot, spoor, track, footprint ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
rem I n. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net) ◇ LotR/E,
VT/42:29
†rem II (N. rhem, rhemb) adj. frequent, numerous ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
*remmen pp.adj. woven, netted, tangled ← galadhremmin LotR/E,
LotR/II:I, RGEO/72
Remmirath n. the constellation Pleiades, 'the netted jewels'
ᵲ ren- v. to remember
†rend (N. rhenn) adj. circular ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11, X/RH, X/ND1
†renia- (N. *rhenia-) v. to stray ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
†rest (N. rhest) n. cut ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
†revia- (N. *rhevia-) v. 1. to fly, sail ○ 2. to wander ◇ Ety/382, X/RH
rhae adj. easy PE/17:172
rhaed adj. to complete a work or design, to add finishing touches and final
details (PE/17) see also -red
*rhach n. curse ← e-'Rach MR/373
rhanc adj. awry, awkward (PE/17)
rhass n. precipice ◇ Ety/363
*rhavan n. wild man ◇ WJ/219
rhaw I adj. wild, untamed ◇ Ety/382, X/RH, VT/46:10 ◈ Meaning
rectified according to VT/46:10
rhaw II n. flesh, body ◇ MR/350, VT/47:12
†rhib- v. to scratch ◇ Ety/387, X/RH
rhîw n. winter season (in Imladris, winter was 72 days long) ◇ LotR/D
rhonn (N. rhond) n. body PE/17:183
†rhosg (N. rhosc) adj. brown ◇ Ety/385, X/Z
†rhoss (N. thross) n. whisper or rustling sound ◇ Ety/386, X/RH
*rhovan n. wilderness ← Rhovanion LotR/Map, VT/46:10◈
rhovanion der.pl. of rhovan ← Rhovanion LotR/Map
rhudol adj. unwelcome (PE/17)
rhûn n. east ◇ Ety/384, S/436, LotR/E
rhúnedain n. Easterlings, PE/17
rhúnen adj. eastern ← Talath Rhúnen S/420
†rhuven n.Arch., Poet. east ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
rî (N. rhî) n. crown, wreath, garland ◇ Ety/383, PM/347, X/RH
†rib- (N. rhib-) v. to flow like a (torrent ?) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◈ The
reading of the gloss is uncertain
rîdh n. sown field, acre ◇ Ety/383, VT/46:11
*rîf n. bark ← Fladrif LotR/E, TC/169, TC/173
rig- v. to twine, wreathe (PE/17)
rill n. brilliance (PE/17)
rim I (N. rhim) n. crowd, host, great number ◇ Ety/383, S/436,
Letters/178, Letters/382, X/RH
†rim II (N. rhim) n. cold pool or lake (in mountains) ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
†rîn I (N. rhîn, rhien) n. and adj. 1. crowned ○ 2. as a noun, by ext.
crowned lady, queen ◇ Ety/393, Ety/389, X/RH
rîn II n. remembrance ◇ PM/372
ᵲ rínas n.abst.of rîn II memory
†rinc (N. rhinc) n. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
†rind (N. rhind, rhinn) n. circle ◇ Ety/383, X/RH, X/ND1
ring (N. rhing) adj. cold ◇ Ety/383, S/436, VT/42:13, X/RH
†ringorn (N. rhingorn) n. circle ◇ Ety/365, X/RH ◇ rind+corn
†rîs (N. rhîs) n. fem. queen ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
†riss (N. rhis, rhess) n. ravine ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
†rista- (N. *rhista-) v. 1. to cut ○ 2. to rend, rip ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
†ritha- (N. *rhitha-) v. to jerk, twitch, snatch ◇ Ety/383, X/RH
†rîw (N. rhîf) n. brink, brim, edge, hem, border ◇ Ety/383, X/RH, PE/17

88
roch n. horse, swift horse for riding ◇ Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178,
Letters/282, Letters/382
rochben n. (horse) rider ◇ WJ/376 ◇ roch+pen
rochir n. horse-lord (in Gondorian Sindarin this was spelt and pronounced
as rohir) roch+hîr ◈ see also rochirrim
rochirrim (N. rohiroth) n. class pl. of rochir, horse-lords, the people of
Rohan (in Gondorian Sindarin this was spelt and pronounced as
rohirrim) ◇ LotR, etc. ◇ rochir+rim
rochon n. (horse) rider ◇ UT/463
*rodon n. Ainu, divinity ◇ LotR/D ◇ OS *(a)råto(ndo) "noble one", CE
*arâtô
rodwen n. high virgin noble
ᵲ rogol n. saddle
ᵲ rohaith n.Mil. lancer 'horse-spear'
rom (N. rhom) n. horn, trumpet
†romru (N. rhomru) n. sound of horns ◇ Ety/384, X/RH ◇ rom+rû
rond (N. rhond, rhonn) n. 1. cave roof ○ 2. vaulted or arched roof, as seen
from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of
chamber so roofed ◇ Ety/384, VT/46:12, S/437, WJ/414, X/RH,
X/ND1
ros- v. to distil, drip (PE/17)
†ross I (N. rhoss) n. rain ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
ross II adj. red-haired, copper coloured (especially used of animals, as fox,
red deer, etc.)
ᵲ rosseg n. raindrop (ross+-eg)
rost adj. rainy (cf. Dimrost “Rainy stair”)
*rosta- v. to hollow out, excavate ◇ Ety/384
*roval n. pinion, great wing (of eagle) ← Landroval LotR/VI:IV, Ety/382,
X/RH
†rû (N. rhû) n.Arch., Poet. loud-sound, trumpet-sound ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
rûdh adj. bald ◇ S/379, WJ/187
†rui (N. rhui, rhuiw) n. hunt, hunting ◇ Ety/384, X/RH
ruin adj. (fiery) red ◇ PM/366
ruist n. fireplace, hearth PE/17
run- v. to polish, grind, rub (PE/17)
rusc n. fox ◇ VT/41:10
rust n. copper ◇ VT/41:10
rustui adj. of copper ◇ VT/41:10
rûth n. anger ◇ S/436
¶ ᵲ ruthol n. oats, porridge (GL)
ruthra- v. to rage (PE/17)
ᵲ rúthui adj. angry
†rŷn (N. rhŷn) n. "chaser", hound of chase ◇ Ety/384, X/RH

90
 S
ᵲ saba- v. to delve (SAPA)
*sabar n. delved mine ← Nornhabar, Anghabar WJ/209, WJ/419, S/380 ◈
SAPA "dig, excavate" (PE/12:82)
sad n. limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot ◇ UT/425,
VT/42:19-20
sâdh n. sward, turf ◇ VT/42:20
*sador n. faithful one ← Sador (name) ◈ Sador was Túrin's faithful
servant. The meaning of this noun is deduced from sadron, assuming
that these words are in the same kind of relation as hador and hadron
*sadron n.masc. faithful one ◇ UT/431
sael adj. wise ← Saelon WJ/233, MR/305, SD/129-31
ᵲ saelas n.abst.of sael wisdom
saer adj. bitter ◇ Ety/385
saew n. poison ◇ Ety/385
saf- (sav-) v. to have, to possess (PE/17) see also gar-
said adj. private, separate, not common, excluded ◇ VT/42:20
ᵲ saig adj. hungry
†sain (N. sein) adj. new ◇ Ety/385, X/EI
salab n. herb ◇ Ety/385, X/EI
ᵲ salf n. lyre (Q salma)
¶ ᵲ salfin n. viola
¶ ᵲ salfinnel n. violin
†salph (N. salff) n. broth, liquid food, soup ◇ Ety/385, VT/46:12, X/PH ◈
The form salf in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12
*sam n. chamber, room ← Sammath LotR/VI:III, S/435 ◇ Q sambe ◈ see
also sammath
sam- v. to think (PE/17)
samarad n. dual pl. of sammar, two neighbours ◇ VT/48:20
sammar n. neighbour ◇ VT/48:20 ◇ "one who dwells beside" = OE.
neah+gebur
sammath n. coll. of sam, chambers ◇ LotR/VI:III, S/435
sant n. garden, field, yard (or other place in private ownership whether
enclosed or not) ◇ VT/42:20
sarch n. grave ◇ UT/463
ᵲ sarf n. table
sarn n. 1. stone (as a material) ○ 2. small stone ◇ Ety/385, S/437,
UT/463, VT/42:11, RC/327 ◈ Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see
VT/42:11
sarnas n.abst.of sarn, cairn, pile of stones ◇ LR/406
saur adj. putrid (of food) PE/17
sautha- v. to drain ◇ Ety/388
saw I pl. †soe *S. (N. pl. sui) n. juice ◇ Ety/385, X/Z
saw II n. filth, putrescence (PE/17)
seidia- v. to set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner ◇
VT/42:20
sell n. fem. 1. daughter ○ 2. girl, maid (child) ◇ Ety/385
sellath n. coll. of sell, all the daughters ◇ SD/129-31
*sen adj. dem. this ← i thiw hin LotR/II:IV
*senn (N. send) n. rest ← sennas RC/523 see also sennas
sennas n. abst. of senn, guesthouse ◇ RC/523 "resting place", from
*send, *senn (SED) ?
sennui adv. rather, instead SD/129-31
sera- v. to like (LoTR, seron)
sereg n. blood
seregon n. "Blood of Stone", a plant of the kind called in English
"stonecrop", with deep red flowers, that grew on Amon Rûdh ◇ S/437
◇ sereg+gond
seron n. lover ◇ PM/348
serni n. pebble bank, shingle, also the name of a river in Gondor
sí adv. here
¶ ᵲ sibtha- v. to whistle
sîdh n. peace
sigil I n.Mil. dagger, knife ◇ Ety/385 ◇ Q sicil
sigil II n. necklace ← Sigil Elu-naeth WJ/258
síla- v. to shine white
silevril n. Silmaril ◇ Ety/373 ⇒ Cf. See also golovir, mirion
silivren adj. (white) glittering ◇ LotR/II:I, RGEO/72 ◇ silif+-ren
ᵲ sim n. pipe, flute (Q simpa)
ᵲ sing n. salt
ᵲ singren adj. salty (sing+ren)
siniath n. coll. news, tidings ◇ Ety/385

92
sinnarn n. novel tale ◇ Ety/385 ◇ sain+narn
sír adv. today ◇ VT/44:21,27
sîr n. river ◇ Ety/385, S/437, RC/384◈ See also sirion
*siria- v. to flow ◇ Ety/385
sirion I n. augm. of sîr, great river ← Sirion Ety/385
*sirion II der.pl. of sîr ← Nanduhirion LotR◈ hirion
sirith n. flowing
*soga- (N. pt. sunc) v. to drink ◇ Ety/388, VT/46:16
solch n. root (especially as edible)
ᵲ soth n. bath
sui conj. as, like
*suil n. greeting ← Arassuil LotR/A(ii) ◈ Deduced from Arassuil,
conceivably aran+suil. For the meaning, see suilad
*suila- v. to greet ← suilad SD/129-31
suilad ger. of suila-, greeting
*suilanna- v. to greet, to give greetings ← suilannad SD/129-31
†suith (N. sûth) n. draught ◇ Ety/388, X/Z
ᵲ suithlas n. tea ‘leaf draught’
sûl I n. wind ◇ S/437
sûl II n. goblet
¶ ᵲ sus interj. shush!
 T
tab- v. to stop, block, close (PE/17)
tachol (N. tachl) n. pin, brooch
tâd (N. tad) adj. num. card. two ◇ Ety/349, Ety/391, WJ/388, VT/42:25-
27, VT/48:6
*tad-dal pl. tad-dail n. and adj. biped, two-legged animal ◇ WJ/388 ◇
tâd+tâl
tadol adj. num. quant. double ◇ Ety/391
tadui adj. num. ord. second ◇ VT/42:25
taeg n. boundary, limit, boundary line ◇ WJ/309
taen I n. height, summit of high mountain ◇ Ety/389
taen II adj. long (and thin) ◇ Ety/391
taer adj. straight ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18 ◈ Written tær (with ae-ligature) in
the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/46:18 (which also lists
the ligature)
taes n. nail ◇ Ety/390
*taetha- v. to fasten, tie ◇ Ety/389
taew n. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple ◇ Ety/390, VT/46:17
ᵲ taf- v. to taste
tafen (N. tavn) n. a thing made by handicraft (PE/17)
*tafenen (N. tafnen) adj. closed, blocked, stopped ← uidavnen WR/341 ◈
Orthography normalized to tafnen, as in lefnui
*tagol n. post, mark ← glandagol VT/42:8, VT/42:28
taid adj. second (in the sense of supporting, second in command) ◇
VT/42:25
†taith (N. teith) n. mark ◇ Ety/391, X/EI
tâl (N. teil) n. foot ← tad-dail WJ
talad n. an incline, slope
talaf n. ground, floor
†talagan (N. talagand) n. harper
talan n. flet, wooden platform (in the trees of Lothlórien where the
Galadhrim dwelt) ◇ UT/465, LotR/II:VI
talath (N. dalath) n. 1. flat surface, plane ○ 2. flat land, plain, (wide) valley
← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/353, S/437
†talf I (N. dalf) n. palm of hand
talf II n. flat field, flat land ← Nindalf

94
*talif n. ankle ‘foot link’
*talraph n. stirrup ← Udalraph UT/424 ◇ tâl+raph "foot-rope"
talt adj. slipping, falling, insecure
†talu (N. dalw) adj. flat
*tamma- v. to knock
tân n. smith
tanc adj. firm
tang n.Mil. bowstring
*tangada- v. to make firm, confirm, establish ◇ Ety/389
tann n. sign ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385
tanngyl (N. taengyl) n. Venus ‘the signifier’ MR/385
tar- v. to stretch (PE/17)
tara (N. tar-) adj. tough, stiff ◇ Ety/390
tarag n. 1. horn ○ 2.by ext., steep mountain peak ◇ Ety/391, VT/46:17
tarch adj. stiff, tough ← tarch-lang RC/536
tarias n. abst. stiffness, toughness, difficulty
tarlanc adj. stiff-necked, obstinate 390 ◇ tara+lanc, later tarch+lang
¶ ᵲ tarog n. ox (GL) see also mund
ᵲ tartha- v. to crucify (TARA-)
ᵲ taru n. cross, crucifix (Q tarwë)
tass (N. tars) n. labour, task
tathar (N. tathor) n. willow-tree
tathren adj. of willow, having willows
taug adj. strong, firm (PE/17)
taur I n. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes) ◇
Ety/389, Ety/395 see also aran
taur II n. great wood, forest
taur III adj. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime
ᵲ tauras n.abst.of taur III vastness
tauron n. forester
taus n. thatch
tavor (N. tavr) n. woodpecker (bird) ◇ "knocker"
taw adj. of wool, woollen
tawar n. 1. wood (as a material) ○ 2. by ext., great wood, forest ← Tawar-
in-Drúedain UT/467, Ety/391◈
tawaren adj. wooden ◇ Ety/391
tawarwaith n. class pl. of tawar, Silvan elves ◇ UT/256 ◇ tawar+gwaith
"forest-elves"
tê n. line, way Ety/391
tegil (N. tegol) n. pen PM/318 Ety/391 ◈◇ Q tekil
tegilbor n. one skilled in calligraphy, a calligrapher ◇ tegil+paur
*teitha- v. to write, draw ◇ Ety/391, LotR/II:IV
telch n. 1. leg 2. stem ◇ Ety/391
tele pl. telei N. n. end, rear, hindmost part ◇ Ety/392
teler n. an Elf, one of the Teleri ◇ PM/385
telerrim n.class pl. of teler, the Teleri, a tribe of Elves
*telia- (N. *teilia-) v. to play
telien (N. teilien) n. sport, play ◇ Ety/395
ᵲ tell n. 1. a grade 2. a step in a stairway or ladder
tellen (N. tellein) n. sole of foot ◇ tâl+rein
ᵲ teltha- v. to finish, end
telu n. dome, high roof
*ten object pron. him/her/it (as object) ← caro den VT/44:21,25-6◈
ᵲ tengia- v. to reveal
ᵲ tengwa- v. to read (written material) see also henna-
tess n. (fine pierced) hole
têw pl. tîw n. letter, written sign ◇ Ety/391, WJ/396, LotR/II:IV, LotR/E,
Letters/427◈
ᵲ téwgiled n. spelling (cf. Q tengwacilme, PE/22)
tha, thá adv. then, next PE/22:97
thafen (N. thafn) n. post, wooden pillar
thala adj. stalwart, steady, firm
thalion pl. thelyn n. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin
Thalion) ◇ Ety/388, S/438
tham (N. thamb) n. hall ◇ Ety/387◈ see also thamas
thamas (N. thambas) n. abst. of tham, great hall
thanc adj. cleft, split, forked ← Orthanc S/415, Ety/388
*thand I n.Mil. shield ← thangail UT/281-282
thand II (N. thann) adj. firm, true, abiding
thang n. compulsion, duress, need, oppression
thangail n.Mil. shield-fence, a battle formation of the Dúnedain ◇
UT/281-282 ◇ thand+cail

96
thangorodrim n. ‘mountains of oppression’ or ‘mountains of tyranny’, the
mountains that surrounded the stronghold of Morgoth
ᵲ thann n. law, commandment, rule (cf. Q. sanyë)
ᵲ thannas n.abst.of thand II truth
thâr n. stiff grass ◇ Ety/388
thar- pref. across, athwart, over, beyond ◇ Ety/388, S/438
tharan adj. vigorous Thranduil PE/17
tharas n. hassock, footstool ◇ Ety/388
tharbad n. cross-way ◇ S/438 ◇ thar-+pâd
tharn adj. sapless, stiff, rigid, withered ◇ Ety/388
thaur adj. abominable, abhorrent ◇ S/438
thavron n. carpenter, wright, builder ◇ Ety/388
thaw adj. corrupt, rotten ◇ Ety/393
thêl pl. thelei N. n. fem. sister ◇ Ety/392
thel- v. to intend, mean, purpose, resolve, will ◇ WJ/318-319
thela n. point (of spear) ◇ Ety/388
*thelion n. one who remains firm in his purpose ← Aegthelion WJ/318
then/thent adj. short ◇ VT/42:29, Ety/388, UT/146, WJ/311, WJ/315 See
also thent, estent
thî adv. now (PE/17)
*thia- v. to appear, seem ◇ Ety/392
*thilia- v. to glisten ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18
thîn n.Poet. evening ◇ Ety/392, VT/46:18
Thindrim n.class.pl. Sindar Elf PE/17
thinn (N. thind) adj. grey, pale ◇ Ety/392, S/438
thinna- v. to fade, to grow towards evening ◇ Ety/392 ◈ The punctuation
in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word
should conceivably be a comma)
thinnas n.abst.of thent, lit. "shortness" (name of a mark indicating short
quality of vowel) ◇ Ety/388
Thinnedhel n. Grey Elf, a subject of Thingol
thîr n. look, face, expression, countenance ◇ Ety/392, VT/41:10
thôl n.Mil. helm ◇ S/438
thôn (N. thaun) n. pine-tree ◇ Ety/392, S/438, RC/384
thond n. root (of a tree, plant etc.) ◇ LotR/E, Letters/178
*thonion der.pl. of thôn ← Dorthonion S/390, S/438, Ety/392
thôr I n. eagle ← Belecthor S/322,365, LotR/A(ii), Ety/392
thôr II adj. swooping, leaping down ◇ Ety/393
*thora- v. to fence ◇ Ety/393
thórod n. torrent ◇ Ety/393
thoron n. eagle ◇ Ety/392, S/438, X/Z ◇
thoronath n. coll. of thoron, eagles ◇ S/387, S/438
thoronhîn n. Eorlingas, the muster of the Rohirrim PE/22
thost n. smell ◇ VT/46:19
*thosta- v. to stink ◇ VT/46:19
thû n. stench ◇ Ety/393
*thuia- v. to breathe ◇ Ety/393
ᵲ thuith n. resin, sap (GL thuith)
thûl n. breath ◇ Ety/393
thurin adj. secret, hidden ◇ LB/304, Ety/394
tî n. line, row ◇ Ety/392
till (N. tild) n. horn, point ◇ Ety/393
tin- v. to sparkle PE/17
*tîn I adj. poss. 3rd his/hers/its← bess dîn SD/129-31.
tîn II adj. silent, quiet ◇ RC/551 ◈ See also dîn I for a discussion
regarding this word
tinc n. metal
tínen adj. silent ◇ RC/551 ◈ See also dínen I for a discussion regarding
this word
*tinna- v. to glint ◇ Ety/393
tinnu (N. tindu) n. 1. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon) ○ 2. by
ext. starry twilight ◇ Ety/355, Ety/393, X/ND2 ◇ tinu+dû
Tinnulín n. Arcturus, 'the glint at dusk', the brightest star in the northern
celestial hemisphere
tint n. spark ◇ Ety/393
†tinu (N. tinw) n. spark, small star ◇ Ety/393, X/W
tîr adj. straight, right ◇ Ety/391
*tir- v. to watch, to gaze, look at, guard ◇ Ety/394.
*tíra- v. to see ← tírad SD/129-31
ᵲ tíras n.abst.of tîr straightness, correctness
*tiria- v. to watch, to gaze, look at ◇ Ety/394

98
tirith n. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance ◇ Ety/394, S/437,
Letters/158, VT/42:11
*tirn n. watcher ← heledirn Ety/394
*tirnen pp. of tir-, guarded ← Talath Dirnen UT/465, Ety/394, S/437
tithen adj. little, tiny ◇ Ety/394
tiwdi n. alphabet ◇ tîw+tî
*toba- v. to cover, roof over ◇ Ety/394
tobas n.abst.of toba-, roofing, roof
tofen (N. tofn) adj. low-lying, deep, low
*tog- v. to lead, bring ◇ Ety/395
¶ ᵲ togol n. cockerel
tol n. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river
tol- v. to come, approach (in both space and time) ◇ Ety/395, PE/22
toleg (N. tolch) n. dim. 1. "little prominent one", play name given to the
middle finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children) ◇
VT/48:6,16-17
tollui (Arch. tolhui) adj. num. ord. eighth ◇ VT/42:25, VT/42:27,
VT/47:32, VT/42:10, Tengwestie/20031207
tolog adj. stalwart, trusty ◇ Ety/395
toloth (N. tolodh) adj. num. card. eight ◇ Ety/394, VT/42:25, VT/42:31,
VT/48:6
tolothen adj. num. ord. arch. eighth ← erin dolothen For the usual word
see tollui
ᵲ tolothil n. octagon 'eight points'
*toltha- v. to fetch, summon, make come ◇ Ety/395
tond (N. tonn) adj. tall
tong adj. taut, tight (of strings), resonant ◇ Ety/394
*toniel n. fem. kindler ← Gilthoniel ◈
tor- v. to hide (PE/17)
tôr n.masc.Arch. brother ◇ Ety/394, X/Z ◈ The word muindor is more
usual
torech n. hole, excavation, lair
torog n. troll
*tortha- v. to wield, control
toss n. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.)
◇ Ety/379, Ety/395
*trann n. shire, administrative district, division of a realm ← i-Drann
SD/129-31
*trannail adj. of the Shire ← genediad Drannail SD/129-31
trasta- v. to harass, trouble ◇ Ety/391
tre- (N. tri) pref. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to
verbs)
*trenar- v. to recount, to tell to end
trenarn n. account, tale ◇ tre-+narn
*trevad- v. to traverse
trî prep. through ◇ Ety/392
trîw adj. fine, slender ◇ Ety/392
tû n. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength
tûg adj. thick, fat
*tuia- v. 1. to sprout, spring ○ 2. to swell
ᵲ tûd n. thigh (cf. EN tûd)
tuilinn n. swallow (bird "spring-singer")
tuiw n. a sprout, bud
ᵲ tulf n. bier, frame on which a coffin is carried to a grave (Q. tulma)
ᵲ tull n. banner, standard (TULU)
tulu n. support, prop
tulus n. poplar-tree
tum n. deep valley, under or among hills
tump n. hump
tund (N. tunn) n. hill, mound
tûr n. mastery, victory
¶ ᵲ túrcham n. throne 'victory-chair' (GL)
¶ ᵲ tûs- v. to tease, comb wool
tyrn n. pl. downs Tyrn Gorthad "the Barrow-downs"

100
 U
ú pref. no, not (negative prefix or particle)
úan n. monster
uanui adj. monstrous, hideous
ubed n. denial
úbedui adj. not fit to say (PE/17)
ᵲ úchannas n. unintelligence (ú+hannas)
Udûn n. Hell, dark pit. The name of Morgoth’s first underground
stronghold, and a plain in Mordor SD/34
úgal adj. dark, not shining (PE/17)
úgar adj. idle (PE/17)
úgarol adj. idling (PE/17)
*úgarth pl. úgerth n. bad deed, sin, trespass ◇ VT/44:21,28 ◇ ú+carth
ui n. envelope (especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world
within the Ilurambar or world-walls)
*ui- pref. ever ← uidafnen, uilos (see these words) ◇ Cognate of the
quenya oi
uial n. twilight ◇ Ety/400, S/439, LotR/D ◇ ui-+gal
*uidafnen adj. ever-closed ◇ WR/341, X/Z ◈ Normalized to uidafnen, as
in lefnui ◇ ui+tafnen "ever-blocked"
uil n. seaweed ◇ Ety/396
uilos n.and adj. 1. always white, ever white as snow ○ 2. as a noun, a small
white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë or "evermind" ◇
RGEO/74, Letters/278, UT/55 ◇ ui- + loss "everlasting snow, ever
(white as) snow
uin prep. of the ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ o+i
uir n. eternity ◇ Ety/379
uireb adj. eternal ◇ Ety/379
¶ ᵲ uitha- v. to lay eggs, nest (GL)
ul- pref. ugly Ety/378
ûl n. odour ◇ Ety/378
úlal adj. grave, serious (PE/17)
ulu n. one of the names of the Vala Ulmo
uluithiad adj. unquenchable, without quenching ◇ SD/62 ◇ ú+luithia-
¶ ᵲ ulum n. camel
†ulunn (N. ulund, ulun) n. monster, deformed and hideous creature ◇
Ety/396, X/ND4
um adj. bad, evil ◇ Ety/396
ûn n. creature ◇ Ety/379
ungol n. spider ◇ Ety/366, WR/202, LotR, RC/490
ûr I n. fire, heat ◇ Ety/396
ûr II adj. wide ◇ Ety/396 see also land II
ᵲ úragui adj. unbreakable (ú+ragui)
urug n. 1. Orc (rarely used) ○ 2.Arch. "bogey", anything that caused fear to
the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature ◇
WJ/390 See orch, glam
urui n. and adj. 1. hot ○ 2. as a noun, the month of August
úthaes n. inducement to do wrong, temptation
ᵲ úthannas n. untruth (ú+thannas)
úvel adj. not loving, unloving
úvelui adj. unlovable (PE/17)

102
 Y
†ylf I (N. iolf) n. brand ◈ The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the
Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin
ylf II n. drinking-vessel
ᵲ yll n. draught (of a drink)
ŷr (N. iôr) n. course
 English - Sindarin

104
 A
abandon v. awartha-
abandonment n. awarth
abhor v. fuia-
abhorrence n. delos
abhorrent adj. thaur
abiding adj. him I, thand II
abominable adj. deleb, thaur
abound v. ovra-
about prep. o II
above I prep. or
above II pref. or-
abundant adj. ovor
abyss n. dath, iâ
accommodate v. camtha-
account n. trenarn
account (of tongues) n. lammas
acorn n. breth
acre n. rîdh
across adv. pref. ath- I, athra- I, thar-
active adj. carweg
acute adj. laeg I
adhere v. himia-
afar adv.pref. palan-
affect v. pessa-, presta-
affected pp. prestannen
affection n. mîl
affliction n. caul
aged n. iphant
agile adj. celeg
ago adv. io
after prep.pref ab-
again adv. adui
against prep. dan
ah! interj. ai!
Ainu n. rodon
air (as a tune) n. lind
air (as substance) n. gwelu
air (as a region) n. gwilith
air, lower n. gwelwen
alas interj. nae
Aldebaran n. borgil
alive I adj. cuin
alive II v. cuina-
all adj. pân II
allegiance, hold v. buia-
allow v. daf-
alone I pref. er-
alone II adj. erui
alone III adv. ero
alphabet n. tiwdi
alphabet, runic n. angerthas, certhas
also adv. eithro
amber n. maligon
amputate v. osgar-
anchor n. círam
ancient adj. iaur
and conj. a, ah, ar, adh
anger n. rûth
angle n. bennas, nass
angry adj. rúthui
angular adj. negen
animal n. celf, lavan
ankle n. talif
annals n. ínias
anniversary n. edinor
answer I n. dangweth
answer II v. aphed-
anvil n. onin
apparition, vague n. auth II
appear v. thia-
apple n. orf
apple-tree n. orforn
approach v. anglenna-
April n. gwirith
arch n. cû
Arcturus n. tinnulín
arid adj. apharch
arm n. ranc
around pref. os-
arrange v. partha-
arrogant adj. bladren
arrow n. pilin

106
article n. bach
as conj. sui
ash n. lith
ashen adj. lithui
ask v. mabed-
assemble v. cova-
assembly n. hûd
assist v. atha-
at prep. na
August n. urui
Aulë n. belegol
author n. narnvaeron
autumn n. iavas, lasbelin
Avar n. gavar
avarice n. arasaith
avenge v. achar-
awaken v. echuia-
awakening n. echui
awe n. anwar
awful adj. gaer I
awkward adj. rhanc
awry adj. rhanc
axe-stroke n. hast
 B
babble v. glavra-
babbling adj. glavrol
baby n. laes
back, again adv. pref. ad-
back, from shoulder to shoulder n. bost
bad adj. faeg, um
bag n. pôg
bake v. bas-
bake bread v. basta-
bald adj. rûdh
ball n. coron
ban v. boda-
bane n. dagnir
banner n. tull
bark n. rîf
barrow n. gorthad
bat n. blabor
bath n. soth
battle I n. auth, dagor, maeth
battle II v. dagra-
battles, all of the n. dagorath
bay n. côf
bay, small and land-locked n. hûb
be v. na-
be able to v. pol-
beach n. falas, faur
beacon n. narthan
bear I n. brôg, graw, medli
bear II v. col-
bear-like adj. medlin
beard n. fang
bearer n. cyll
beat v. drava-
beat (with a hammer) v. dringa-
beautiful adj. bain
beauty n. bainas
bed n. haust
bedridden adj. caeleb
bee n. nui
bee, honey n. glinui

108
beech-tree n. brethil, fêr
before prep. núf
beget v. edonna-, onna-
begin (suddenly and vigorously) v. heria-
be gone! interj. ego
behind prep. adel
behold! interj. alae
beneath I pref. di-
beneath II prep. nu
bent adj. cûn, raeg
beside pref. ar- (arch.)
betray v. gweria-
betrayer n. gwarth
beyond prep. Athan
big adj. beleg
bier n. tulf
bind v. gwedh-, nod-
biped n. tad-dal
bird, small n. aew, fileg
birds, of adj. aewen
birthday n. oronnad
bite v. nag-
biting n. naeth, narch
black adj. morn
blackberry n. pûg
blade, axe or broadsword n. hathol
blasphemy n. daebeth
bleat v. neta-
bless v. aina-, alia-
blessing n. galu
blind adj. dom
block v. tab-
blocked adj. tafnen
blood n. agar, iâr, sereg
bloodstained adj. agarwaen, agarwen
blossom v. edlothia-
blue adj. luin
blue, pale adj. elu
boar n. caragpholg
boat n. lunt
body n. rhaw II, rhonn
bogey n. urug
bold adj. beren, cand
bond n. gwedh, gwend I
bone n. asg
book n. parf
border n. edrain, glân II, rain I, rîw
born pp. onnen
born (later) n. and adj. abonnen
bosom n. ammos
bottle n. olph
bound adj. naud
bound (to limit) v. gleina-
boundary n. taeg
boundary, mark of n. glandagol
bow I v. caf-
bow II n.Mil. cû, peng
bowed adj. cûn
bowstring n. tang
box n. colch
bracelet n. mírechor
branch n. golf
brand n. ylf I
bread n. bass, bast
bread-giver n. bassoneth, bessain
break v. rag-
breakable adj. ragui
break out, suddenly v. breitha-
breast n. ammos
breastplate n. ammas
breath n. hwest, thûl
breathe v. thuia-
breeze n. hwá, hwest
bride n. dineth, dîs
bridegroom n. daer II
bridge n. iant
bright adj. glân I
brilliance n. aglar, rill
brilliance, gleaming (of the sun) n. fael II
brilliant adj. celair
brim n. rîw
bring v. tog-
bring (together) v. covad-
brink n. rîw

110
broad adj. land II
brooch n. tachol
broth n. salph
brother n. hanar (arch.), hawn (arch.), tôr (arch.)
brother, dear n. muindor
brother, sworn n. gwador
brown adj. rhosg
brown, golden/yellow/dark adj. baran
bud n. tuiw
building n. adab, car
building, large of masonry (used as a dwelling) n. barthan
bull n. mund
burden, great n. caul
burial mound n. haudh
burn v. dosta-
bush n. toss
busy adj. carweg
but prep. ach, dan
butter n. mang
butterfly n. gwilwileth
buttocks n. hach
 C
cage n. gadoras
cairn n. sarnas
cake n. cram
calendar n. genediad
call I v. can-, ialla-
call II n. ial
calligrapher n. tegilbor
camel n. ulum
camp n. echad
candle n. ligum
canopy n. daedelu, orthelian
cape (headland) n. cast
captain n. hest
carpenter n. thavron
carpet n. farf
carry v. col-
Cassiopeia n. gwilwileth
cat n. iaul
cat, queen n. miaulin
cat, tom n. miaug
catch v. gad-
catch (in a net) v. raeda-
cave n. fela, gathrod, groth
cavern n. gath
cavernous adj. raudh
centre n. ened
chain n. angwedh
chair n. ham
chamber n. sam
chambers n.pl. sammath
chance v. amartha-
character (of a story) n. narphen
charm n. lûth
cheat v. gweria-
cheese n. cur
cherry n. aep
cherry tree n. aeborn
chicken n. porog
child n. hên
choke v. por-

112
choose v. caw-, cil-
circle n. rind, ringorn
circle, outer n. echor
circular adj. rend
citadel n. ost
city, above ground n. caras
city, underground n. othronn
city, with a citadel or wall n. minas, ost
clamour n. caun I
clasp n. taew
claw n. gamp
clean I adj. puig
clean II v. puiga-
clear adj. lim II
cleared adj. laden
clearing (in forest) n. lant I
cleaver n.Mil. crist, hâdh
cleft I n. cîl I, cirith, iau II
cleft II adj. thanc
cleft, deep n. falch
clever adj. maen
cliff n. îf
cliff, great n. brass II
cloak I n. coll III
cloak II v. fanna-
close v. hol-, tab-
closed adj. hollen, tafnen
cloth n. lann
clothe v. hab-, hamma-
clothing n. hammad
cloud n. fain, fân, faun
cloudy adj. fanui
club n.Mil. grond
coat, fur n. heleth
cobweb n. lhing
cockerel n. togol
coin n. pennig
coin, used in Gondor n. mirian
cold adj. ring
cold, bitter n. helch
colour n. pil
come v. tol-
commanding adj. conui
commandment n. thann
commonly adj. órui
complain v. muia-
complete (a work or design) adj. rhaed
compose v. partha-
composer n. glirvaeron
compulsion n. thang
conceal v. delia-, doltha-
conceive (an idea) v. nautha-
concern v. pessa-
confirm v. tangada-
conquer v. orthor-
consonant n. lamdaen
continually adv. him I
contorted adj. norn
contract n. gowest
control v. tortha-
converse n. athrabeth
cool adj. him II
copper n. raud, rust
copper, of adj. rustui
copper-coloured adj. gaer II, ross II
cord n. nordh
core n. ened
corn n. iau I
corner n. bennas, nass
corpse n. daen
correctness n. tíras
corrupt adj. thaw
counsel v. gor-
count v. gonod-, nedia-
countenance n. thîr
countless adj. arnediad, aronoded
course n. ŷr
courtyard n. pand
cover v. toba-
cow, milk n. gach
craft n. curu, maenas
creature n. ûn
creature, living n. gwê
crescent n. cû

114
crime n. oew
crook (shape) n. gamp
crooked adj. raeg, raen I
cross I n. taru
cross II v. athra- II, athrada-
cross, to and fro v. athra- II
crossing n. athrad, iach
cross-way n. tharbad
crow n. corch
crowd n. hoth, ovras, rim I
crown n. rî
crowned adj. rîn I
crucifix n. taru
crucify v. tartha-
cruel adj. balch, baug
cruelty n. balchas
cry n. ial
cry (of encouragement in battle) n. hûl
cry (out) v. can-, nalla-
crystal n. ivor
crystalline adj. ivren
cucumber n. colost
Cuiviénien n. nen echui
cunning adj. coru
curse n. rhach
cushion n. nedhu
custody n. band
custom n. haew
cut I n. criss, rest
cut II v. rista-
cutlass n. lang
cycle, age n. andrann
 D
daddy n. ada
daffodil n. maloglin
dagger n. sigil I
daily adj. ilaurui, órui
daisy n. eirien
damp adj. nîd
dance I n. lilth
dance II v. liltha-
dangle v. glinga-
dare v. bertha-
dark I adj. doll, dûr, morn
dark II n. môr
dark III (not shining) adj. úgal
darkness n. dúath, fuin, môr
daughter n. iell, sell
day n. arad, aur, calan
day, fifth of the week n. ormenel
day, first of the week n. orgilion
day, first of the year n. mininor
day, fourth of the week n. orgaladh, orgaladhad
day, last of the year n. penninor
day, second of the week n. oranor
day, seventh of the week n. oraeron
day, sixth of the week n. orbelain
day, third of the week n. orithil
daytime n. arad, aur
dead adj. fern, gwann
dead (person) n. gorth II
Dead, the n. class.pl. gorthrim
deadly adj. delu
dear adj. mell, muin
death I n. gûr, gurth, guruth
death II (act of dying) n. gwanath, gwanu
death-horror n. guruthos
debate n. athrabeth
decagon n. caenthil
December n. girithron
decrepit (of things) adj. gern
deed n. carth
deep adj. nûr I

116
deer n. aras
defend v. gartha-
delicate adj. deil
deliver (from evil) v. edeletha-
dell n. im II
delving n. groth
demon n. raug
demon, great n. balrog
denial n. ubed
depart v. gwanna-
departed n. gwann
deprive v. neitha-
descendant n. inn
desert n. eru
desirable adj. írui
desire v. aníra-, ídhra-
desire, sexual n. îr
destine v. amartha-
determined (to do) v. nîdha-
detestation n. delos
device n. gaud
device, floreate Mil. n. amloth
devoted (to) v. dila-
devour v. mammada-
dew n. mîdh
die v. fir-
different adj. ellen
difficult (to pronounce) adj. dirbedui
difficult adj. gordh
difficulty n. tarias
dim v. gwathra-
dirty adj. gwaur
disguise v. gawa-
disgust n. del
disgusting adj. fuiol
dispute I n. cost
dispute II v. costha-
distance, remote n. haered
distant I adv. hae
distant II adj. haeron
distil v. ros-
distinct adj. minai
disturb v. presta-
divide v. ethad-
divinity n. balan, rodon
do v. car-
do (wrong) v. othgar-
doer n. ceredir
dog n. hû
dog, hound of chase n. rŷn
dome n. telu
doom I n. amarth, manadh
doom II v. bartha-
doomed adj. barad I
door n. fen
door, great n. annon
doorway n. fennas
dot n. peg
double adj. edaid, tadol
dough n. moeas
dove n. cugu
down, downwards adv. dad
downhill adv. dadbenn
dragon n. amlug
drain v. sautha-
draught n. suith, yll
draw v. teitha-
draw (water) v. calpha-
dread n. achas. gae, gost
dreadful adj. gaer I, goeol
dream I n. ôl
dream II v. oltha-
dreamy adj. ólui
drear n. muil
drink v. soga-
drinking-vessel n. ylf II
drip v. ros-
drown v. por-
drum n. labum
drunk n. balfaug
dry adj. parch
dungeon n. gador
Dunlendings n.class.pl. gwathuirim
duress n. thang

118
dusk n. tinnu
dusky adj. doll
dust n. ast, lith
dusty adj. lithui
Dwarf n. cadhad, hadhod, naug, nawag, nogoth
Dwarves, the n.class.pl. hadhodrim, gonnhirim, naugrim, nogothrim
dwell v. dortha-
dwelling n. bar
 E
eager adj. bara
eagle n. thôr I, thoron
ear n.sing. lhewig
earring n. lhewigorf
ears, pair of n.pl. lhaw
earth I n. amar, cae I
Earth II n. ceven
earthen adj. cefn
earthen-ware n. cefnas
ease v. natha-
easily pref. ath- II
east n. amrûn, rhûn, rhuven
easterlings n. rhúnedain
eastern adj. rhúnen
easy adj. rhae
easy, to achieve n. dadbenn
easy, to do adj. athgar
easy, to see adj. athgen
eat v. mad-
eating, gluttonous n. laudh
eavesdrop v. lathra-, lathrada-
eavesdropper n. lathron, lethril
ebb n. dannen
echo I n. glamor
echo II v. lamma-
echoing adj. glamren
edge n. rîw
edge, sharp n. lanc III
eel n. ingwil
egg n. ott
eight adj.num. toloth
eighth adj.num. tollui, tolothen (arch.)
elder adj. einior
elephant n. annabon
eleven adj.num. mimp, minib
Elf n. edhel
Elf, dark n. mornedhel
Elf-friend n. elvellon
Elf, Grey n. thinnedhel
Elf-maid n. elleth

120
Elf, male n. ellon
Elf, Teler n. teler
elf-stone n. edhelharn
elm-tree n. lalf, lalorn, lalven, lalwen
Elven-fair adj. edhelvain
Elves, Green n.class.pl. laegrim
Elves, of Doriath n.class.pl. iathrim
Elves, of Lothlórien n.class.pl. galadhrim
Elves, Silvan n.class.pl. tawarwaith
Elves, Teleri n.class.pl. telerrim
elvish adj. edhellen
embers n. iûl
eminent adj. orchal
emit (foul breath) v. phaw-
emotion n. felf
empty adj. cofen, lost
encampment n. estolad
enchant v. lútha-
enclose v. gleina-
enclosure, circular n. cerin
enclosure, fenced n. haedh
end I n. meth, methed
end II adj. methen
end III v. teltha-
endless adj. arnediad, aronoded
endure v. brenia-, dartha-
enduring adj. bronadui
enemy n. coth
enfold v. gwaeda-
enlaced adj. raen II
enlarge v. panna- I
enmity n. coth
enough adv. far, farn
Ent n. onod
entangle v. gonathra-
entanglement n. gonathras
enter v. minna-, neledh-
envelope n. ui
Eorlingas n. thoronhîn
error n. mist, mistad
especially adv. edregol
establish v. tangada-
estuary n. ethir I
eternal adj. uireb
eternity n. uir
evening n. aduial, thîn (arch.)
ever pref. ui-
ever-closed adj. uidafnen
everybody relative. pron. páphen
evil adj. ogol, um
exalted adj. hall I
excavate v. rosta-
excavation n. torech
excel v. aria-
excellent adj. maer
except prep. eng
exclamation, of wonder or delight n. elo
exile n. edledhron, egel
exile, go into v. edledhia-
exiled adj. edlenn
expand v. beltha-
extremely adv. íd
eye n. hen
eyes, of adj. heneb
eyes, pair of n. hent

122
 F
face n. nîf, thîr
fade I v. gwanna-, pel- II
fade II (to grow towards evening) v. thinna-
fading n. peleth, pelin
fading, season of n. firith
fail v. dew-
faintness n. hwîn
fair adj. bain
fair (and pale) adj. gwân
fair-haired adj. baen
faith n. astor, bronwe
fall I n. dant, lant II
fall II v. danna-
falling adj. talt
falsify v. gawa-
family n. nost, nothrim
family (line, or tree) n. nothlir
famous adj. palan-hinnen
fang n. carch
fantastic adj. hwiniol
far I adv. hae
far II adj. haeron
farewell interj. and n. novaer
fashion v. echad-
fasten v. taetha-
fat I n. lar
fat II adj. tûg
fate n. amarth, manadh
fated adj. amarthan
father n. adar
fathom n. raew
fear I n. achas, del, niphred
fear II v. gosta-
fear, great n. goe
fearful adj. gaer I
feast n. mereth
feat n. carth
feather n. pess
February n. nínui
feel v. matha-
feel (disgust) v. fuia-
feel (emotion) v. fel-
feel (terror) v. groga-
feel (with the hand) v. plada-
fell adj. delu
female adj. inu
fence I n. iâth
fence II v. thora-
fence, of spikes n. cail
fence, outer n. ephel
fenland n. lô
festival n. mereth
festive adj. meren
fetch v. toltha-
fetter n. nadh
field n. parth, sant
field, fenced n. pel
field, flat n. talf II
field, sown n. rîdh
fierce adj. braig, bregol
fierceness n. bregolas
fiery adj. bara, nórui
fifth adj.num.ord. lefnui, lemui
fight I n. maeth
fight II v. maetha- I
fill v. panna- II
filth n. saw II
final adj. methen
find v. hir-
find (a way to something) v. rada-
fine adj. brand, lhind, trîw
finger n. leber
finger, index n. lebdas
finger, little n. lebig, niged
finger, middle n. lebenedh
finger, ring n. lebent
fingers, thumb and index together n. nobad
finish v. teltha-
fire n. naur, ûr I
fireplace n. ruist
firm adj. tanc, taug, thand II
firmament n. menel

124
first adj.num. main, minui
first-voiced, verse mode of n. minlamad
fish n. hâl, lim III
fisherman n. limraedor
fist n. dond
fist, clenched n. drambor
fist, for holding tools n. paur
five num. leben
fix v. penia-
flagstone n. ammal
flame I v. lacha-
flame II n. naur
flame, leaping n. lach
flap v. blab-
flea n. cáfru
flee v. drega-
flesh n. rhaw II
flet n. talan
float v. loda-
flood n. duinen
flood-water n. iôl
floor n. talaf
floor, wooden n. panas
flour n. mulf
flow v. siria-
flow, like a torrent v. rib-
flow (out) v. ethiria-
flower I n. loth
flower II v. edlothia-
flower, golden n. mallos
flower, golden water n. ninglor
flower, single n. lotheg
flower, small and white (immortal) n. alfirin
flower, stonecrop n. seregon
flowers, collection of n. gwaloth
flowers, head of n. goloth
flowing n. sirith
flowing (of water) adj. cell
flute n. sim
fly v. revia-
fly, large n. budh
fly, small n. idh
foam I n. falf, gwing
foam II v. faltha-
foe n. gûd
fog n. hîth, hithu
fog, white n. mith I
foggy adj. hethu, hithui
foliage n. golas
follow v. aphada-
follower n. aphadon, bŷr, echil
food n. mann
food, cooked n. aes
foot n. tâl
foot, animal's n. pôd
footprint n. rein
footstool n. tharas
ford n. athrad, iach
foresee v. abgen-
foresight n. abgen
forest n. taur II
forester n. tauron
forever n. anuir
forge v. maga-
forget v. dadhren-
forgive v. díhena-, gohena-
forked adj. thanc
formation (tapering to a point) n. naith
formed adj. cadu
forsake v. awartha-
forsaken adj. eglan
fort n. garth
forth pref. ed-
fortress n. barad II, garth
fortress, underground n. othronn
fortunate adj. alwed
fortune n. manadh
four num. canad
fourth num. adj. canthui
fowl n. porog
fox n. rusc
fragrant adj. liss
frail adj. mîw
free adj. lain I

126
freeze v. hel-
frequent adj. laew, rem II
fresh adj. cîw, laeb
friend n. mellon, meldir, meldis
friendliness n. miluias
friendly adj. milui
friendship n. gwend I
frog n. cabor
from prep. o I
front n. nîf
frost n. niss
frosty adj. nithren
fruit n. iaf
full adj. pant
fullness n. pathred
fungus n. hwand
fur n. heleth, helf
 G
gap n. gas
gape v. iag-
garden n. sant
garland n. rî
garment n. hamp
gash n. naedh
gate, great n. annon
gateway n. fennas
gather v. cova-
gay adj. meren
gaze v. tir-, tiria-
generous adj. fael I
giant n. noroth
giddiness n. hwîn
gift n. ant
girdle n. lest
girl n. iell
girl, in her teens n. neth II
give v. anna-
give knowledge v. istanna-
giver n. oneth
glance (at) v. glintha-
glass n. heledh
gleam n. glîn
glimmering adj. gael
glint I n. glîn
glint II v. tinna-
glisten v. thilia-
glittering n. galad
glittering (white) adj. silivren
globe n. coron
globed adj. corn
gloom n. daw, fuin, maur
gloomy adj. dem, dofen
glorify v. egleria-
glorious adj. aglareb
glory n. claur
glory, great n. aglar
gluttonous adj. madweg
go v. gwa-, men-

128
gobble (up) v. mammada-
goblet n. sûl II
gold, metal n. côl, malt
golden adj. mallen
Gondolin, people of n.class.pl. Gondolindrim
good I adj. maer
good II interj. ma
goodness n. maeras
goose n. gwaun
gooseberry n. melph
gorge n. cîl I
gorge, deep n. cabed
gorge (on) v. mammada-
grace n. bless
grade n. tell
grandchild n. inn
grasp v. maba-
grass n. glae
grass, stiff n. thâr
grassland, wide n. nan
grave I adj. úlal
grave II n. haudh, sarch
gravel n. brith
grease n. lar
great adj. beleg, daer I
greedy adj. melch
green adj. calen
green (and fresh) adj. laeg II (arch.)
greet v. suila-, suilanna-
greeting n. suil, suilad
grey adj. thinn
grey, of adj. mithren
grey (pale) adj. mith II
grind v. run-
gross (144) adj.num. host
ground n. talaf
growth n. galas
guarded pp. tirnen
guess I n. inc
guess II v. inga-
guest n. nathal
guesthouse n. sennas
guilty adj. crumguru
gulf n. iâ, iau II
gull n. gwael, maew, mŷl
gull, small n. cuen

130
 H
habit n. haew
hack (through) v. hasta-
hair, braided n. finnel
hair, lock of n. fing
hair, ringlet of n. laws
hair, shaggy n. fast
half I pref. per-
half II n. perin
Half-Elf n. peredhel
hall n. tham
hall, great n. thamas
hallow v. aina-
halt n. post
hammer I n. dam, dring
hammer II v. damma-
hams n. hach
hand n. cam, maw I (arch.)
hand, left n. crum, hair, harvo
hand, right n. fair II, forvo
hand-full n. mâb
handle v. maetha- II, matha-
handy adj. maed II
hang v. glinga-
harass v. trasta-
harbour n. hûb, lorn
harbourage n. hobas
hard adj. norn
hare n. laboth
harp n. gannel
harper n. talagan
hasty adj. celeg
hat n. carab
hateful adj. delu
have (to hold) v. gar-
have (to possess) v. saf-
haven n. círbann, hûb
havens n. lonnath
hawk n. fion
head n. dôl
headland n. ness
heal v. nesta-
healing adj. nestadren
heap n. cum, ovras
hear v. lar-
heart I (in the moral sense) n. gûr I
heart II (physical) n. hûn
hearth n. ruist
heat n. ûr I
heat, white n. brass I
heave v. amortha-
heaven, high n. menel
heavy adj. long
hedge n. cai
hedge, of spikes n. caraes
height n. hallas
heir n. arion, hîl
heirloom n. advîr
Hell n. Udûn
helm n.Mil. thôl
helmet n. harn III
help v. natha-
helpful adj. nathaweg
hem n. glân II, rîw
heptagon n. odothil
herb n. salab
here adv. si
hero n. callon, thalion
hew v. drava-
hexagon n. enethil
hide v. tor-
hidden adj. hall II, thurin
hideous adj. uanui
high adj. hall I
high, in size adj. brand
hill n. amon, dôl, tund
hill, isolated with a watchtower n. mindon
historical adj. gobennathren
history n. gobennas, pennas
Hobbit n. perian
Hobbits, the n. periannath
holder n. taew
hole n. dath, gas, torech

132
hole, fine pierced n. tess
hollow adj. coll II, raudh
hollow (out) v. rosta-
holly, the land of n. eregion
holly-tree n. ereg, eregdos
holy adj. aer II
home n. bar
home, dear n. milbar
homeland n. bardor
honey n. glî
honeycomb n. nîdh
hook n. gamp
hop v. laba-
hope I n. estel
hope II v. hartha-
hope, based on reason n. amdir
horde n. hoth
horizon n. meneldaeg
horn I n. ras, rasg, tarag, till
horn II n. rom
horns, sound of n. romru
horrible adj. deleb, gortheb
horror n. del, girith, gorog, goroth
horror, extreme n. gorgor
horse, for riding n. roch
horse, for working n. lobor
horse-lord n. rochir
Horse-Lords n.class.pl. rochirrim
host n. hoth, rim I
hot adj. born, urui
house n. adab, car
household n. herth
how interrogative.pron. manen
human n. firen
hummock n. gwastar
hump n. tump
hundred, one num. haran
hungry adj. saig
hunt I v. fara-
hunt II n. rui
hunter n. feredir
hunter, male n. faron
hunters n. faradrim, faroth
hunting n. faras
hurl v. had-
husband n. benn, hervenn
hyacinth n. lingui

134
 I
ice n. heleg
icicle n. aeglos
icy adj. helegren
idea n. inc, naw
identical adj. imu
idle adj. úgar
idling adj. úgarol
if conj. pe
ignorant v. gwista-
ill adj. lhaew II
Ilúvatar n. iladar
image n. emm
imagination n. ing
immortal adj. alfirin
impelled adj. horn
impetus n. gorf
impetuous adj. alag, asgar, gorn
imprison adj. gadoras
impulse n. felf
in I prep. mi
in II pref. nedh-
in, during prep. ned
incline n. talad
ink n. mûr
innocence n. glanas
innumerable adj. arnediad, aronoded
insane adj. penind
insecure adj. talt
insert v. nestag-
instead adv. sennui
insult v. eitha-
intelligence n. hannas
intelligent adj. hand
intend v. thel-
interaction n. athragardh
into prep. mina
iris n. palath II
iron n. ang
iron, of adj. angren
island n. tol
isle (flat) n. caer
isolated adj. ereb
ivy n. ethil

136
 J
January n. narwain
jaw n. anc, carach. naew
jerk I n. rinc
jerk II v. ritha-
jewel n. mîr
jewel-smith n. mírdan
joke n. cag
journey I v. ledh-
journey II n. lend I
journey-bread n. lembas
joy n. gell, glass
joyful adj. gellweg
joyous adj. gellui, glassui, meren
jubilation n. gellam
judge I v. badh-
judge II n. badhor
judgement n. baudh
juice n. paich, saw
juicy adj. pihen
July n. ceveth
June n. nórui
just adj. fael I
justice n. faelas
 K
keen adj. laeg I
keenness n. laegnas
keep v. heb-
Khazad-Dûm n. dornhabar
kind adj. milui
kindle v. nartha-
kindler n. toniel
kindliness n. miluias
kindred n. nost
king n. aran, âr, taur I
kingdom n. arnad
kingfisher n. heledir
kingsfoil n. athelas
kinsman n. gwanur
kiss v. mib-
knead v. maega-
knife n. sigil I
knight n. arben
knob, round n. dolt
knock v. tamma-
knot n. nardh
knotted adj. norn
know v. ista-
knowledge n. ist

138
 L
laborious adj. gordh
labour I v. muda-
labour II n. tass
lady n. brennil, dî, heryn, hiril
lair n. caew, torech
lake n. ael
lake, cold (in the mountains) n. rim II
lake, shallow n. lô
lamb n. iol
lament, woeful n. naergon
lamentable adj. naer
lamentation n. conath, nírnaeth
lamp, portable n. calar
lampwright n. calardan
lancer n. rohaith
land n. dôr
land, central n. ennor
land, flat n. talf II
land, foreign n. ethel
land, inhabited n. bar
language n. lam II
lapis lazuli n. ningon
large adj. beleg
last I v. brona-
last II adj. medui
lasting adj. bronadui
later prep. pref. ab-
laugh v. gladh-, lal-
laughter n. lalaith
law n. thann
lay, long (poem) n. glaer
lead v. tog-
lead (out) v. ethog-
leaf n. lass
league n. daur
lean adj. lhain
leap v. cab-
learn v. gelia-
learned adj. istui
learned, in deep arts adj. golwen
left n. crom
left-handed adj. crumui, hargam
letter n. têw
level adj. land I
lick v. lav-
lie v. fur-
lie (down) v. caeda-
lie (heavy) v. dufa-
life n. cuil
lifetime n. lúguil
lift v. hal-
light I n. calad, gal-, galad
light II adj. lim II
light, bright n. gail
light, golden of Laurelin n. glaur
like I v. sera-
like II conj. sui
lily n. inil
limit I v. gleina-
limit II n. taeg
line n. tê, tî
link n. lif
lion n. raw II
lip n. pé
listen v. lasta-
little adj. pîn, tithen
live v. cuia-
load n. cûl
loaf n. basgorn
loathing n. del, delos
loathsome adj. deleb
lode n. rant
lofty adj. brand, orchal
log, hewn n. drafn
lonely adj. ereb
long adj. and
long (and thin) adj. taen II
long, for a long time adv. Anann
Longbeard n. sing. anfang
Longbeards n. pl. anfangrim
long-mark n. andaith
long-shorts n. pl. ann-thennath

140
long (sight) n. foen
look I n. thîr
look II v. tir-
loom v. brasta-
loose, let loose v. adleg-
lord n. brannon, hîr
lore n. ist
lore, deep n. angol II
lore, magic n. gûl
lore-master n. pengolodh
Lórien n. luien, olfannor
lose v. danhir-
loud adj. brui
louse n. gwef
love I v. dila-, mela-
love II n. meleth, mîl
lovely adj. melui
lover n. melethor, melethril, melethron, seron
loving adj. milui
low adj. tofen
lowlying adj. tofen
loyalty n. astor
lust n. mael II
lustful adj. maelui
lyre n. salf
 M
machine n. gaud
magic n. angol II
magician n. gollor
maiden n. gwend II
make v. echad-
make firm v. tangada-
make ready v. feria-
maker n. ceredir
male I n. benn
male II adj. anu
Man, the fathers of n. sing. adanadar
Man, the race of n. adan
man n. benn, dîr (arch.)
man, one-handed n. erchammon
man, mortal n. firion
man, wild n. rhavan
manage v. maetha- II
Mandos n. bannos, gurfannor
manhood n. gwaith
mantle n. coll III
Manwë n. aran einior
many adj. odrim
marble n. glast
March n. gwaeron
mark n. tagol, taith
market-place n. bahad
marriage n. best
marry v. besta-
master I n. herdir, heron, hîr
master II v. orthor-
mastery n. tûr
marvellous adj. elvennui
mathematics n. gonodvaeras
May n. lothron
mayor n. condir
mead n. enn
meagre adj. lhain
mean I adj. faeg
mean II v. thel-
meat n. aes

142
meet v. cova-, covad-
memory n. rínas
Men, all of the n. class pl. adanath
Mercury n. gilvír
mere n. ael
mesh n. rem I
metal n. raud, tinc
metal, black n. galvorn
mid pref. nedh-
middle n. ened
middle-earth n. ennor, ennorath
mighty adj. belaith, beleg, taur III
milk, to turn v. curtha-
millennium n. andrann
mine, delved n. sabar
mirror n. cenedril
misdeed n. othgarn
miss v. dew-
mist n. hîth
mist, wet n. mith I
mistake n. dŷl
mistaken adj. dŷr
mistaken act adj. dýgar
mist-thread n. hithlain
misty adj. hithui
mocking n. iaew
moisten v. limmida-
monster n. úan, ulunn
monstrous adj. uanui
moon n. ithil
moon, crescent n. cúron
moon, new n. cýron
morning, early n. arduil
morrowdim n. minuial
mortal I n. fair I
mortal II adj. fireb
moth n. mal
mother n. emel, emil, naneth
mound n. cerin, coron, cum, tund
mountain n. dôl, orod
mountaineer n. orodben
mountain peak n. aegas, tarag
mountain peaks, range of n. aeglir
mountains, range of n. menniath
mouth n. nóf
mummy, mommy n.dim. nana
murmur n. norr
muscle n. tû
music n. gling
mutated, of vowels pp. prestannen
mutation, of vowels n. prestanneth

144
 N
nail n. taes
naked adj. hell, lanc I
name I n. eneth, ess
name II v. esta-
Nandor n. danwaith
narrator n. pethron
narrow adj. agor
nasty adj. oer
neat adj. puig
neck n. iaeth
neck (vertebrae) n. achad
necklace n. sigil II
necromancy n. gûl, morgul
need I n. baur, thang
need II v. boe
needle n. nelf
neighbour n. sammar
neighbours, pair of n. samarad
nest v. uitha-
net n. gwî, rem I
netted adj. raen II, remmen
new adj. cîw, eden, gwain, sain
news n. siniath
next adv. tha, thá
nickname n. abeneth
night n. dû, môr
night, dead of n. fuin
nightfall n. dû
nightingale n. dúlinn, merilin
nightshade n. dúath
night-time n. daw
nimble v. fin-
nine adj.num. neder
ninth adj.num. nedrui
no I pref. al- I (arch.), ú
no II interj. baw
nobility n. arodas
noble I adj. arod, brand
noble II n. arphen
noise n. lhôn
noise, confused n. glam
noise, rushing or roaring v. lausta-
noisy adj. brui
Noldo (exiled) n. aredhel
nonagon n. nederthil
noon n. enedhor
noose n. nŷw
north I n. forn, forod, forven
north II adj. fuir
northern adj. forodren
Northmen n.class.pl. forodrim, forodwaith
nose n. bund, nem
not pref. al- I (arch.), ú
notion n. inc
November n. hithui
now adv. thî
number, great n. lae
Númenórean n. dúnadan
numerous adj. rem II
nut n. breth, cot

146
 O
O! interj. a! II
oak-tree n. doron
oath n. gwaedh, gwest
oats n. ruthol
oblique adj. adlant
obscure I adj. doll, hethu
obscure II v. gwathra-
obstinate adj. balthand, tarlanc
ocean n. aearon, gaearon
octagon n. tolothil
October n. narbeleth
odour n. ûl
of (from) prep. o I
oil n. mill
old adj. brûn, gern (of things), iaur
old-age adj. ingem
old-young adj. iarwain
on prep. am, bo
on (this side of) prep. nef
once n. minlû
one I adj.num. mîn
one II relative.pron. pen II
one-handed adj. erchamion, erchammui
onion n. nínholch
open I v. edra-, panna- I
open II adj. laden
oppress v. baugla-
oppressive adj. baug
oppressor n. bauglir
or conj. egor
orange I n. culf
orange II adj. cull
orange tree n. culforn
Orc n. glam, glamog, orch, urug (arch.)
Orcs n.pl. glamhoth, orchoth
original adj. iaur
Orion n. menelvagor
Oromë n. aran tauron, araw
Ossë n. gaerys
out pref. ed-
outline n. cant
outcry n. caun I
outsider n. edlon
oven n. bothil
overshadow v. gwathra-
overwhelming adj. taur III
owl n. hô
ox n. tarog

148
 P
pain I n. naeg
pain, to cause II v. naegra
Palantir n. gwachaedir
pale adj. gael, maidh, malu, nimp I
palisade, of spikes n. cail
pallor n. niphred
palm, of hand n. camlann, plad, talf I
pansy n. helin
parchment n. fadhu
parent n. odhril, odhron
pass, between high walls n. aglonn
pass, in mountains n. dîn II, imrad
pasture n. nadhor, nadhras
path n. râd
path, narrow n. lond
pathway n. bâd
patience n. andreth
pause n. daur, post
peace n. sîdh
peak n. egnas
pea-pod n. eredhui
pearl n. aearvír
pebble bank n. serni
pedlar n. bachor
peel v. par-
pen n. tegil, tegol
penis n. gwîb
pentagon n. lebthil
people (of one kind or origin) n. lî
permission n. dâf
permit v. daf-
person, faithful n. sador, sadron
person, wicked n. ogron
petal n. lothlas
petrel n. cuen
petty adj. niben
pick up (with the fingers) v. leutha-
picture n. emm
piercing adj. maeg
pig n. pholg
pile (of rock or earth) n. mâf
pilgrim n. randir
pillar, wooden n. thafn
pillow n. pesseg
pin n. tachol
pine-tree n. thôn
pink adj. crinth
pipe n. sim
pipe-weed n. galenas
pippin n. cordof
pit n. dath
pivot n. pelthaes
place n. sad
place, holy n. iaun
plank n. pân I
plant n. galas
platform, wooden (in the trees) n. talan
play I v. telia-
play II n. telien
play (a harp) v. ganna-, gannada-
Pleiades n. remmirath
poem n. glîr
poem, narrative n. glaer
poet n. maeron
point I n. aeg, ment, till
point II v. nasta-
point, of spear n. thela
point, sharp n. egnas, nass
poison n. saew
polish v. run-
pollen n. mâl
ponder v. idhra-
pondering adj. idhren
pool n. ael, lîn, loeg
pool, cold (in the mountains) n. rim II
pool, small n. both
pools n. liniath
poor adj. faeg
poplar-tree n. tulus
porridge n. ruthol
possess v. saf-
post n. tagol

150
potato n. ceforf
potter n. cennan
pottery n. cefnas
praise v. daetha-, egleria-
pray v. her-
precipice n. avras, rhass
pregnant n. gaiw
preserve (in memory) v. ephola-
prick v. ercha-, nasta-
prick, with sharp point v. eitha-
prickle n. erch
pride n. blaud
prince n. arion, caun III, cund (arch.), ernil
princess n. aranel, ariel
prison n. band, gador
prisoner n. gadorphen
private adj. said
prize v. idra-
prohibit v. boda-
prop n. tulu
property n. garn
prosper (cause to) v. alia-
prosperous adj. alwed
protect v. beria-
proud adj. bladren
province n. ardhon
puddle n. both
puff I n. hwest
puff II v. hwesta-
purity n. glanas
purple adj. ling
putrescence n. saw II
putrid (of food) adj. saur
 Q
quadrilateral n. canthil
quarrel I n. cost
quarrel II v. costha-
quarter n. canath
queen n. bereth, rîn I, rîs
quench v. luithia-
Quenya n. golodhbaeth
quiet adj. tîn II

152
 R
rabbit n. laboth
race (on horses) v. northa-
race (of people) n. nûr II
race, riding n. north
radiance n. galad, gal-, glaw
radiant n. faen
rage I n. oroth
rage II v. ruthra-
rain I n. ross I
rain II v. elia-
rainbow n. eiliant, ninniach
raindrop n. rosseg
rainy adj. rost
raise v. ortha-
range n. lîr I
ransom n. danwedh
rape v. maitha-
rapid adj. lagor
rat n. nâr
rather adv. sennui
raven n. craban
ravine n. cirith, falch, iau II, riss
ravish v. maitha-
reach (for) v. raitha-
read (silently, to oneself) v. henna-
read (written material) v. tengwa-
readiness (for action) n. hûr
ready (to hand) adj. ferui
realm n. ardh
reap v. critha-
rear n. tele
recite (a poem) v. glir-
reckon v. genedia-, gonod-
recount v. trenar-
red adj. caran, naru
red, fiery adj. ruin
red, golden adj. coll I
red-haired adj. ross II
reed n. esg
reek n. osp
refill v. adbanna-
reflection n. galad
refresh v. cytha-
refusal, gesture with the hand n. ablad
refuse v. ava-
refuser n. avar
regiment n. gwaith
region n. ardh
region, bounded or defined n. gardh
rejoice v. gella-
release I v. adleg- (arch.), adleitha-, leithia-
release II n. leithian
remain v. dar-, dartha-
remember v. ephola-, ren-
remembrance n. rîn II
remote I adv. hae
remote II n. haered
rename v. adesta-
rend v. narcha-, rista-
renew v. cytha-
renewal n. cîl II
renewed adj. cîr
rephrase v. adbed-
reply I n. dangweth
reply II v. aphed-
report n. gweth
resin n. thuith
resonant adj. tong
rescue v. natha-
rest I n. îdh, post, senn
rest II v. posta-
resting-place n. caew
restless adj. penídh
retain v. heb-
return v. athol-, dadwen-, dananna-
reunite v. adertha-
reveal v. tengia-
revered adj. gorn II
ride v. nor-
rider, of a horse n. rochben, rochon
ridges n. penneth, pinnath
right I n. forn

154
right II adj. tîr
right-handed adj. forgam
rigid adj. tharn
ring n. corf
ring, outer n. echor
ringing (of bells) n. nelladel
ringlet n. loch
rip v. rista-
rise v. eria-
Rivendell n. imladris
river n. celon, sîr
river, great n. sirion I
river, long and large n. duin
riverbank n. duirro, raw I
riverbed n. rant, rath
road n. men
road, paved n. othlonn
roaring adj. râf
rock n. gond
roof I v. orthel-, toba-
roof II n. tobas
roof, high n. telu
roof, of a cave (or vaulted/arched) n. rond
room n. sam
root n. thond
root, edible n. solch
rope n. raph
rose n. meril
rotten adj. thaur
round adj. corn
row n. lîr I, tî
royal adj. arnen
rub v. run-
ruby n. naruvir
ruddy adj. crann, gaer II, gruin
rule I v. bal-
rule II n. thann
ruler n. caun III
run v. nor-
rune n. certh
running adj. cell
rushing adj. alag, asgar
rustling (sound) n. lhoss, rhoss

156
 S
s-sign n. gammas
sad adj. dem, naer, nûr III
saddle n. rogol
sadness n. naeras
safe adj. barn
safe-keeping n. band
saga n. narn
sail v. cira-, revia-
sailor n. cirion
salt n. sing
salty adj. singren
salve n. glaew
same adj. imu
sanctuary n. iaun
sand n. lith
sap n. thuith
sapphire n. lûl
sate v. fadra-
save I prep. eng
save II v. natha-
saving n. edraith
say v. ped-
scarlet adj. carnin
scorn I v. eitha-
scorn II n. iaew
scratch v. rhib-
screen I n. esgal
screen II v. haltha-
sculptor n. gomaeron
sea n. aear, gaear
sea-bird n. cuen
sea-serpent n. limlug
seashell n. half
seaweed n. gaeruil, uil
second adj.num. edwen, tadui
second (in command) adj. taid
secret adj. thurin
seduce v. meltha-
see v. cen-, tíra-
seed n. cot, eredh
seedpod n. eredhui
seek v. cesta-
seem v. thia-
select v. caw-
send v. mentha-
sensible adj. noen
sentence n. gobeth
separate adj. said
September n. ivanneth
serious adj. úlal
serpent n. lhûg
serve v. buia-
set v. penia-
set aside v. seidia-
seven adj.num. odog
seventh adj.num. odothui, othui
sex n. huith
shade n. gwath, lum
shadow n. dae, dúath, gwath
shadow, of objects n. morchant
shadowed adj. hall II
shadowy adj. gwathren, gwathui
shady adj. hall II, lumren
shape n. cant
shaped adj. cadu
shapely adj. cadwor, maed I
shaping n. cannas
share v. ethad-
sharp adj. laeg I, maeg
sharp-eyed adj. maecheneb
sharp-pointed adj. megor
sharpness n. laegnas
sharp-sighted (with the mind) adj. fergenol
shatter v. ractha-
shave v. thas-
shaven adj. paran
shield n.Mil. amath, thand I
shield-fence n.Mil. thangail
shine (white) v. síla-
shingle n. serni
ship n. cair
shipbuilder n. círdan

158
shire n. trann
Shire, of the adj. trannail
shirt n. laub
shoe n. habad
shore n. esgar, faur
short adj. estent, then, thent
shout v. can-
shouting n. glam
shrine n. alchor
shudder v. gir-
shuddering n. girith
shush interj. sus
sick adj. caeleb, lhaew II
sickle n. cerch
sickly adj. gem, lhaew II
sickness n. cael, lhîw, paw
side, left-hand n. harvo
side, right-hand n. forvo
sign n. tann
signal-fire n. narthan
silence n. dîn I
silent adj. dínen, tîn II, tínen
Silmaril n. golovir, mirion, silevril
silver n. celeb
silver, like adj. celebren
simbelmynë n. uilos
similar adj. gonef
sin n. úgarth
Sindar n.class.pl. Thindrim
sinew n. tû
sing v. glir-, linna-, liria-
single adj. er, erui, minai
sinister adj. crumguru
sinner n. raegdan
Sirius n. helluin
sister n. neth II, nîth II, thêl
sister, dear n. muinthel
sister, sworn n. gwathel
sit v. haf-
six adj.num. eneg
sixth adj.num. enchui, enegui
skilful adj. maed II
skill n. curu
skilled adj. maed II, maen
skin n. flâd
skull n. cas
sky n. eil, menel
slant v. adlanna-
slant, downwards v. penna-
slanting adj. adlant
slash n. criss
slave n. mûl
slay v. dag-
slayer n. dagnir
sleep v. losta-
slender adj. fim, lhind, nind, trîw
slim adj. fim
sling n.Mil. hadlath
slipping adj. talt
slope I v. adlanna-
slope II n. pend, talad
sloping adj. adlann
small adj. cidinn, cinnog, mîw, niben
small (and frail) adj. nimp II
smell n. thost
smell (something) v. nosta-
smith n. tân
smoke I n. osp
smoke II v. ospa-
smooth I adj. paran, path
smooth II v. patha-
snake n. lhûg, lŷg
sneeze v. hedia-
snout n. bund
snouted adj. bon
snow n. loss
snowdrop n. nínim, niphredil
snowflake n. lossivor
Snowmen (of Forochel) n.class.pl. lossoth
Snowthorn n. aeglos
snow-white adj. gloss
snowy adj. lossen
soaking (wet) adj. loen
soap n. glûdh

160
socket n. taew
soft adj. moe
soften v. maega-
soil n. cef
soiled adj. gwaur
soldier, of orcs n. daug
sole (of foot) n. tellen
sombre adj. dûr
someone relative pron. pen II
son n. ion
song n. glîr, laer II
song, great n. beleglinn
song, holy n. aerlinn
songwriter n. glirvaeron
sorcery, dark n. guldur, morgul
soul n. fae
sound n. lhôn
sound (bells) v. nella-
sound, loud (of trumpets) n. rû
soup n. salph
source n. celu
south n. harad, harn I
southern adj. haradren
Southerners n.class.pl. haradrim
south-region n. harven
sow v. redh-
space, open adj. land I
spark n. tint, tinu
spark, bright n. gil
spark, silver n. gildin
sparkle I v. tin-
sparkle (like a jewel) II v. míria-
sparkling adj. lim II
sparkling (like a jewel) adj. míriel
speak v. ped-
speak (about something continuously) n. himannol
spear-point n. aith, ecthel
spear-thrower n. hador, hadron
spectre, vague n. auth II
speech n. paeth
speech, barbarous n. glam
speed (on) v. hortha-
spell n. lûth
spelling n. téwgiled
spider n. lhing, lhingril, ungol
spike n. carag, ceber
spin-drift n. gwing
spine n. ech
spinning wheel n. cerf
spirit n. faer
spirit, departed n. mân
spirit, fiery n. hûr
spit v. puia-
splendour n. aglar, claur (arch.)
split adj. thanc
sponge n. hwand
spoor n. rein
sport n. telien
spot, small n. peg
spouse, of a king n. bereth
spread v. pelia-
spring I n. celu, eithel
Spring II n. ethuil
spring III v. tuia-
Spring, beginning of n. echuir
sprout I v. tuia-
sprout II n. tuiw
spy n. ethir II
stab v. eitha-
staff n.Mil. fannil
stain I n. gwass, mael I, maw II
stain II v. gwatha-
stained adj. gwaen, mael I
stairway n. pendrath
stake n. ceber
stalwart adj. thala, tolog
standard n. tull
star n. êl, geil, gil
star, small n. tinu
starlight n. gilgalad
stars, all of the n. elenath
star-sun, flower n. elanor
startle v. cautha-
stay v. dar-, dartha-, dortha-

162
staying, fast adj. avorn
steadfast adj. him I
steady adj. thala
steel n. gais
steel, of adj. gaithren
steep adj. baradh
stem n. telch
stench n. ongol, thû
step I v. pad-
step (in a stairway or ladder) II n. tell
stick v. himia-
sticky adj. hîw
stiff adj. dorn, tara, tarch, tharn
stiff-necked adj. tarlanc
stiffness n. tarias
still adv. eno
stink v. thosta-
stirrup n. talraph
stone (as a material) n. sarn
stone, great n. gond
stone, hewn n. gondrafn, gondram
stone, made of adj. gondren
stone, small n. sarn
stop I v. dar-, tab-
stop II n. daur
stop-gap (diacritic sign) n. gasdil
stopped adj. tafnen
stopper n. dîl
stop-up v. dilia-
storm, of wind n. alagos
straight adj. taer, tîr
straightness n. tíras
strange adj. ellen
stranger n. edlon, othol
stray v. mista-, renia-
straying n. mistad
stream n. celeth
stream, mountain n. oll
street n. othrad, rath
strength, bodily n. bellas
stretch v. tar-
strip v. heltha-
strive v. raitha-
stroke v. matha-
stroke, heavy n. dram
strong adj. taug
strong (in body) adj. belt
struggle, uphill adv. adj. ambenn
stuffing n. dîl
stunt v. nuitha-
stunted adj. naug
sudden adj. bragol, bregol
suddenness n. breged
suffice v. feira-
sufficient adv. far
sugar n. glist
summer n. laer I
summit (of a high mountain) n. taen I
summon v. toltha-
sum up v. gonod-
sun n. anor
sun, light of/heat of n. ast II
sunken adj. dúven
sunlight n. aur, glawar
sunny adj. nórui
sunset n. annûn
superior adj. orchal
support n. tulu
surface n. palath
surface, flat n. talath
surpass v. latha-
survive v. brona-
swallow I (bird) n. tuilinn
swallow II (the action of) n. nu-laf
swan n. alph
sward n. parth, pathu
swart adj. baran, donn, grau
swarthy adj. donn
swear v. gwesta-
sweat n. fládvídh
sweep v. hwertha-
sweet adj. lend II, melui
sweetly adv. lendren
swell v. tuia-

164
swift I adj. celeg, lagor
swift II adv. lim I
swooping adj. thôr II
sword n.Mil. crist, lang, magol, megil
swordsman n.Mil. magor
sympathy n. gofelf
syrup n. paich
 T
table n. sarf
tail n. pim
take v. maba-
tale n. narn, pent, trenarn
tale, novel n. sinnarn
talk v. carfa-
talkative adj. pedweg
tall adj. tond
tangled adj. remmen
task n. tass
tassel n. fath
taste v. caw-, taf-
taut adj. tong
tea n. suithlas
teach v. goltha-, istanna-
tear n. nîn II, nîr
tearful adj. nîd, níniel
tease (wool) v. tûs-
tell (to the end) v. trenar-
temple n. alchor
teeth, all of the n. naglath
teeth, row of n. carach
tell (a tale) v. nara- (arch.)
temptation n. úthaes
ten num. cae II
tenth adj. caenen, caenui
terrify v. gruitha-
terrifying adj. goeol
terror n. goe, gorgor
thank v. hanna-
thankful adj. hannweg
thatch n. taus
the I art.pron.rel.sing. i,
the II art.pron.rel.pl. in
then adv. tha, thá
there adv. dha, ennas
thick adj. tûg
thigh n. tûd
thin adj. lhain
thing n. nad

166
thing (made by handicraft) n. tafn
think v. sam-
third I adj.num. nail, nelui
third II n. nelest
thirsty adj. faug
thirtieth adj.num. nelchaenen
thong, leather n. lath
thorn n. êg
thought n. nauth
thought, inner n. ind
thoughtful adj. idhren
thoughtfulness n. idhor
thousand, one (1,728) adj.num. meneg
thrall n. mûl
thread n. lain II
thread, fine n. lhê
thread, thin n. esbin
three adj.num. neledh
threshold n. fen
throat n. lanc II
throne n. túrcham
through I pref. tre-
through II prep. trî
through (together) adv. godref
thrust v. nasta-
thumb n. nawb
thunder v. hunna-
tide, high n. duinen
tide, low n. dannen
tidings n. siniath
tidy adj. puig
tie v. nod-, taetha-
tight (of strings) adj. tong
tilted adj. adlann
time n. lû
tiny adj. mîw, pigen, tithen
tire v. drautha-
tissue n. lann
to prep. na
to, for prep. an
today adv. sír
together pref. go-
toil v. muda-
tomb n. haudh
tomorrow n. abarad
tongue, physical n. lam I
tool n. carf
tooth n. carch, nagol, nêl
top n. caw
torment n. baul
torrent n. oll, thórod
tough adj. dorn, tara, tarch
toughness n. tarias
tower n. barad II, minas
tower (up) v. brasta-
town, walled n. gobel, ost
track n. bâd, râd
trade v. banga-
traitor n. gurgof
trample v. batha-
trap n. gadas
travel v. ledh-
traverse v. athrada-, trevad-
treaty n. gowest
tree n. orn
tree, golden n. mallorn
tree, large n. galadh
tree, of black wood n. lebethron
tree, with a spirit or heart n. huorn
tree-woven adj. galadhremmen
tress n. fin
tressure n. cathrae
triangle n. nelthil
triumph n. gell
triumphant adj. gellui
Troll n. torog
troth n. gwaedh
trouble v. presta-, trasta-
true adj. thand II
true-silver n. mithril
trumpet n. rom
trust I n. estel
trust II v. estelia-
trusty adj. tolog

168
truth n. thannas
try v. def-
Tulkas n. enner
tune n. lind
tuneful adj. lend II
tunefully adv. lendren
tunic n. laub
tunnel n. groth
turf n. sâdh
twelve adj.num. imp
twilight n. tinnu, uial
twin n. gwanunig
twine v. rig-
twins n. pl. gwenyn
twins, pair of n. gwanûn, gwanur
twirl v. hwinia-
twirling adj. hwind
twisted adj. norn
twitch I n. rinc
twitch II v. ritha-
two adj.num. tâd
two-legged (animal) n. tad-dal
tyrannous adj. baug
tyrant n. bauglir
 U
ugly pref. ul-
Ulmo n. ulu
unbreakable adj. úragui
under I pref. di-
under II prep. nu
understand v. henia-
undo v. dangar-
unintelligence n. úchannas
unique adj. minai
unite v. ertha-
unlovable adj. úvelui
unloving adj. úvel
unpronounceable adj. penbed
unquenchable adj. uluithiad
untamed adj. rhaw I
untruth n. úthannas
unwelcome adj. rhudol
up, upon prep. am
uphill adv. ambenn
uplifting adj. amchaled
uproar n. glam
urge (on) v. hortha-, huia-
Ursa Major n. balagerch
use v. iuitha-
useful adj. maer
usefulness n. maeras

170
 V
vague adj. hethu
Vala n. balan
vale, deep n. im II
Valinor n. dor-rodyn
valley n. lad
valley, deep or narrow n. imlad
valley, deep under/among hills n. tum
valley, long and narrow with a watercourse n. imrath
valley, of flowers m. imloth
valley, wide n. talath
valour n. caun II
value v. idra-
Vána n. banwen
Vanya n. miniel
Varda n. elbereth, gilthoniel, fanuilos
vassal n. bŷr
vassal, faithful n. bôr
vast adj. taur III
vastness n. tauras
vegetable n. pae
veil I n. esgal, fân
veil II v. fanna-, gwathra-
veiled adj. hall II
vein n. rant
vengeance n. acharn
venom n. lhoer
Venus n. tanngyl
verse n. linnod
very adv. íd
victory n. tûr
vigilance n. tirith
vigour n. gorf, hûr
village, walled n. gobel
viola n. salfin
violence n. breged
violent adj. asgar, bregol
violet n. helinil
violin n. salfinnel
virginity n. gweneth
viscous adj. hîw
vision n. indemm
voice n. glim
voices, echoing n. lamath
voices, many n. conath
void adj. cofen, gaw, iâ
vomit v. pama-
vowel n. panna

172
 W
wagon n. rach
wait v. dar-, dartha-
walk v. pada-
wall n. ram
wall, great n. rammas
wanderer n. randir
wandering n. mist
wandering, erratic n. rain II
want v. aníra-
war n. auth
warlike n. authren
warm adj. laug
warn v. gor-
warrior n. maethor
warrior, of orcs n. daug
wash v. puiga-
watch I v. tir-, tiria-
watch II n. tirith
watch (from afar) v. palandir-
watcher n. tirn
water n. nen
water, drop of n. nenig
water, quiet n. lorn
waterfall n. lanthir
water-vessel n. calph
watery adj. nend, nîn III
wave, large n. faloth
way n. men, pâd
weapon n. carf
weary I v. drautha-
weary II adj. lom
weave v. nathra-
weaver n. nathron
web n. gwî, nath
wed v. besta-
wedding n. best
week (of five days) n. lefnar
weep v. nínia-
welcome v. nathla-
well I adv. al- II (arch.), mae
well II n. eithel
werewolf n. gaur
west n. annûn, dûn
western adj. annui
Westron, language of n. annúnaid
wet adj. limp, mesg, nîd, nîn III
what interrogative.pron. man
when I conj. ir
when II interrogative.pron. mar
where I conj. ias
where II interrogative.pron. mas
while conj. ir
whine v. muia-
whirl v. hwinia-
whirling adj. hwind, hwiniol
whisper I n. lhoss, rhoss
whisper II v. lhussa-
whistle v. sibtha-
white adj. faen, fain, nimp I
white, as snow adj. uilos
white, shining adj. glân I
white-hot adj. brassen
whiten v. nimmid-
whoever relative pron. pephen
wholesome adj. alu
why interrogative.pron. amman
wicked adj. ogol
wide n. land II, pann, ûr II
wife n. bess, hervess
wield v. tortha-
wild adj. braig, rhaw I
wilderness n. rhovan
will n. innas
willow, of adj. tathren
willow-tree n. tathar
wily adj. coru, crumguru
wind n. gwaew, sûl I
window n. henneth
windy adj. gwaeren
wine n. gwîn
wing n. rafn
wing, great n. roval

174
winter n. rhîw
wisdom n. saelas
wise adj. goll, golwen, idhren, noen, sael
wish I n. iest
wish II v. iesta-
without prep.pref. pen- I
wizard n. curunír, ithron
with, by prep. adh
with, by adv. pref. an
withered adj. tharn
withering n. peleth, pelin
woe n. naeth
wolf n. draug, garaf
wolf-howl n. gaul
wolf-men n.class.pl. gaurwaith
woman n. bess, dî
woman, mortal n. firieth
woman, of the race of Man n. adaneth
woman, young n. dess
womb n. mûn
wondrous n. elvennui
wood I n. eryn, glad
wood II (as a material) n. tawar
wood, great n. taur II
wooden adj. tawaren
woodpecker n. tavor
wool n. taw
woolen adj. taw
word n. peth
word, of good omen n. albeth
world n. ardhon, gardh
worm n. leweg
worn (decrepit, of things) adj. gern
Wose n. drû, drúadan
wound I v. harna-
wound II n. haru, naedh
wounded adj. harn II
woven adj. remmen
wreath n. rî
wreathe v. rig-
wrist n. molif
write v. teitha-
wrong I v. neitha-
wrong II adj. raeg
wronged adj. neithan

176
 Y
yard n. sant
Yavanna n. ivann
yawn v. iag-
year n. idhrinn, în II
year, Valian n. ennin
yellow adj. malen
yellow-hammer n. emlin
yes affirmation athon
yesterday n. gîr
yet prep. dan
yoke n. ianu
young adj. neth I
youth n. nîth I
Yule n. durufuin

Z
zebra n. rêbroch
Doriathrin Sindarin

A
a genitive ending (Dagnir Glaurunga)
al- pref. negative, no, not
ar pref. outside
Argad name. "outside the fence"
Argador name. "lands outside the fence"

C
cwindor (pindor?) n. narrator (a cw becomes a p very early on in Eldarin
so this word should perhaps be normalised to pindor)

D
dag- v. to slay
dagnir n. slayer
dair n. shadow of trees
dalf n. palm of the hand
Dairon name
daudh n. pit
Denithor name "lithe and lank"
Dior name "successor"
Dolmed name "wet head"
dôn n. back
dor n. land
dorn n. oak
drôg n. wolf
dunn adj. dark
dur n. dark
durgul n. sorcery

E
Eglador name Land of the elves
el n. star
Elboron name "star fast"
Eld pl. Eldin n. Elf

G
gad n. fence
galbreth n. beech-tree

178
gald n. tree
ganu adj. male
garm n. wolf
garth n. realm
Garthurian name "fenced realm"
gell n. sky
gelu adj. blue, sky-blue
(n)gôl adj. wise, magical
(n)gold n. Noldo
Goldamir n. Silmaril (Noldo jewel)
(n)golo n. magic
(n)gorth n. horror
(n)gorthin adj. horrible

H
hedhu adj. foggy, obscure, vague

I
-ion genitive plural ending
ídhra- v. to desire
istel/istil n. starlight, silver light

L
lal- v. to laugh
laur n. gold
líw n. fish
lóm n. echo
lómen adj. echoing
lost adj. empty
luin adj. blue
lung adj. heavy
luth n. spell
Luthien name "enchantress"

M
mab n. hand
Mablost name "empty hand"
Mablung name "heavy hand"
méd adj. wet
meneg adj.num.card. thousand
Menegroth name "thousand caves"
míd n. moisture
mir/mîr n. jewel
morgul/morngul n. dark lore, sorcery
morn adj. black, dark
moth n. pool
muil n. twilight, shadow
muilë n. secrecy
muilin adj. veiled

N
Nan Dungorthin name "vale of black horror"
nand n. field, valley
nass n. web
Nauglamîr name "necklace of the dwarves"
naugol n. dwarf
neld num.card. three
neldor n. beech
Neldoreth name, great beech of Thingol
nivon n. forward, west
Nivrim name "west march"
Nivrost name "west vale"
nîw n. nose

O
orn n. tree, high tree
orth pl. orthin n. mountain

R
radhon n. east
Radhrim name "east march"
Radhrost name "east vale"
Region name "hollin"
regorn pl. regin n. holly-tree
rim n. edge, hem, border
ring n. cold pool, or lake in mountains
rost n. plain, wide land (between mountains)
rodh/roth pl. rodhin n. cave

T
Thingol name "grey cloak"

180
Thurin name "secret"
Thuringwethil name "secret shadow"

U
umboth n. large pool
urch pl. urchin n. orc
Prepositions and conjunctions

a(dh) and
adel behind
adh with
am upon
an to, for
athan beyond
be according to
bo on
dad down
dan but, yet, back, against
ed forth, out of
egor or
ᵲ eng save, except
mi in (a place)
na at, to
nan with, possessing, including (see adh)
ned in, during (when referencing time)
nef on this side of
nu beneath, under
ᵲ núf before
o(h) about (oh if before a vowel)
o(d) of, from (od if before a vowel)
or above, over
sui as, like
thar across, over
trî through

182
 Words with a medial CH and their possible later Third Age onwards
forms

This list does not include words that have a medial CH caused by mutation

Early form Later form English meaning

achad ahad n. neck
acharn aharn n. vengeance
achas ahas n. dread, fear
alchor alhor n. temple, shrine
bachor (mbachor) bahor (mbahor) n. pedlar
balchas balhas n.abst.of balch cruelty
(mbalchas) (mbalhas)
echad ehad n. camp
echil ehil n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. human being
echor ehor n. outer circle, encircling, outer ring
echui ehui n. awakening
echuir ehuir n. a season, the beginning of spring
mírechor mírehor n. bracelet
orchal orhal adj. 1. superior, lofty, eminent ○ 2. tall
rochir rohir n. horse-lord
rochirrim rohirrim n. class pl. of rochir, horse-lords, the people of
Rohan
rochon rohon n. (horse) rider
tachol tahol n. pin, brooch
I-stem conjugation tables (regular)

Present tense
Singular Plural
Imperative -o
Gerund -ed
1st person -in -im
2nd person (formal) -ol -olir
2nd person (informal) -og -ogir
3rd person Lengthened vowel -ir

Future tense
Singular Plural
1st person -ithon -itham
2nd person (formal) -ithol -itholir
2nd person (informal) -ithog -ithogir
3rd person -itha -ithar

Past tense

For I-stem verbs, there are two parts to working out the endings for
the past tense. The first table shows the consonant changes affecting
the last consonant in the stem.

Original consonant (from the stem) Becomes in the past tense

B -MM____
D -NN___
DH -NN___
G -NG___
L -LL____
N -NN___
R -RN___
V -MM___

184
After the consonant changes listed on the previous page, the
following endings then apply (the gaps are for the two consonants):

Singular Plural
1st person -___in -___im
2nd person (formal) -___inol -___inolir
2nd person (informal) -___inog -___inogir
3rd person See below See below

Third person past tense forms

The gap is for the letters of the stem before the final consonant
(e.g. Heb- v. to keep has the 3rd person past tense form Hemp).

Original consonant Singular Plural

(from the stem)
B __mp __mmir
D __nt __nnir
DH __dhant/__nd __nnir
G __nc/__gant __ngir
L __ll __llir
N __nn __nnir
R __rn __rnir
V __mp/__vant __mmir
A-stem conjugation tables (regular)

Present tense
Singular Plural
Imperative -o
Gerund -ad
1st person -on -am
2nd person (formal) -ol -olir
2nd person (informal) -og -ogir
3rd person -a -ar

Past tense
Singular Plural
1st person -nnen -nnem
2nd person (formal) -nnenol -nnenolir
2nd person (informal) -nnenog -nnenogir
3rd person -ant -anner

Consonant simplification in the past tense

Consonant cluster (end of stem) Becomes
-nna -nnen (not -nnannen)
-ida -innen
-ada -annen

Future tense
Singular Plural
1st person -tha -tham
2nd person (formal) -thol -tholir
2nd person (informal) -thog -thogir
3rd person -tha -thar

186
I-stem irregular conjugation tables (past tense)

Car- to do, to make

Singular Plural
1st person Agoren Agorem
2nd person (formal) Agorel Agorelir
2nd person Agoreg Agoregir
(informal) Agor Agorir
3rd person

Men- to go
Singular Plural
1st person Evennin Evennim
2nd person (formal) Evennol Evennolir
2nd person Evennog Evennogir
(informal) Evenn Evennir
3rd person
A-stem irregular conjugation tables (past tense)

Aníra- to want
Singular Plural
1st person Anírnen Anírnem
2nd person (formal) Anírnenol Anírnenolir
2nd person Anírnenog Anírnenogir
(informal) Anírn Anírner
3rd person

Ava- to refuse
Singular Plural
1st person Ammen Ammem
2nd person (formal) Ammenol Ammenolir
2nd person Ammenog Ammenogir
(informal) Am Amer
3rd person

Banga- to trade
Singular Plural
1st person Bangen Bangem
2nd person (formal) Bangenol Bangenolir
2nd person Bangenog Bangenogir
(informal) Banc Banger
3rd person

Carfa- to speak
Singular Plural
1st person Agarfannen Agarfannem
2nd person (formal) Agarfannenol Agarfannenolir
2nd person Agarfannenog Agarfannenogir
(informal) Agarfant Agarfanner
3rd person

Gala- to grow

188
 Singular Plural
1st person Gallen Gallem
2nd person (formal) Gallenol Gallenolir
2nd person Gallenog Gallenogir
(informal) Gall Galler
3rd person
Gawa- to falsify, disguise
Singular Plural
1st person Gonen Gonem
2nd person (formal) Gonenol Gonenolir
2nd person Gonenog Gonenogir
(informal) Gaun Goner
3rd person

Groga- to feel terror

Singular Plural
1st person Grungen Grungem
2nd person (formal) Grungenol Grungenolir
2nd person Grungenog Grungenogir
(informal) Grunc Grunger
3rd person

Ista- to know
Singular Plural
1st person Istassen/Sinnen Istassem
2nd person (formal) Istassenol Istassenolir
2nd person Istassenog Istassenogir
(informal) Istas/Sint Istasser
3rd person

Laba- to hop
Singular Plural
1st person Lammen Lammem
2nd person (formal) Lammenol Lammenolir
2nd person Lammenog Lammenogir
(informal) Lamp Lamber
3rd person

Loda- to float
Singular Plural
1st person Lunnen Lunnem
2nd person (formal) Lunnenol Lunnenolir
2nd person Lunnenog Lunnenogir
(informal) Lunt Lunder
3rd person

Muda- to labour
Singular Plural
1st person Mudassen Mudassem
2nd person (formal) Mudassenol Mudassenolir
2nd person Mudassenog Mudassenogir
(informal) Mudas Mudasser
3rd person

Síla- to shine with a silver light

Singular Plural
1st person Síllen Síllem
2nd person (formal) Síllenol Síllenolir
2nd person Síllenog Síllenogir
(informal) Síll Síller
3rd person

Thora- to fence in
Singular Plural
1st person Thoren Thorem
2nd person (formal) Thorenol Thorenol
2nd person Thorenog Thorenog
(informal) Thaur Thorer
3rd person

190
 Toba- to cover/roof over
Singular Plural
1st person Tummen Tummem
2nd person (formal) Tummenol Tummenolir
2nd person Tummenog Tummenogir
(informal) Tump Tumber
3rd person
Irregular verbs (in all tenses)

Anna- to give
Present Singular Plural
Imperative Anno
Gerund Annad
1st person Annon Annam
2nd person (formal) Annol Annolir
2nd person (informal) Annog Annogir
3rd person Anna Annar
Past
1st person Onen
2nd person (formal) Onenol
2nd person (informal) Onenog
3rd person Aun
Future
1st person Annathon
2nd person (formal) Annathol
2nd person (informal) Annathog
3rd person Annatha

Elia- to rain
Present Singular Plural
Imperative Elio
Gerund Eliad
3rd person Ail
Past
3rd person Aul
Future
3rd person Eliatha

192