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Mixture - Wikipedia
Mixture - Wikipedia
Mixture
In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different Chemical
substance/substances which are not chemically combined.[1] A mixture is the physical combination of
two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions,
suspensions and colloids.[2][3]
Mixtures are one product of mechanically blending or mixing chemical substances such as elements
and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient
substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup.[4] Despite the fact that there are no
chemical changes to its constituents, the physical properties of a mixture, such as its melting point,
may differ from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into their components by
using physical (mechanical or thermal) means. Azeotropes are one kind of mixture that usually poses
considerable difficulties regarding the separation processes required to obtain their constituents
(physical or chemical processes or, even a blend of them).[5][6][7]
Contents
[8]Characteristics of mixtures
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
Solution
Gases
Distinguishing between mixture types
Homogenization
See also
References
[8]Characteristics of mixtures
Mixtures can be characterized by being separable by mechanical means e.g. heat, filtration,
gravitational sorting, centrifugation etc.[9] Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous': a
mixture in which constituents are distributed uniformly is called homogeneous, such as salt in water,
otherwise it is called heterogeneous, such as sand in water.
One example of a mixture is air. Air is a homogeneous mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen,
oxygen, and smaller amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and substances dissolve in water to
form homogeneous mixtures. A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent
present is also a solution. Mixtures can have any amounts of ingredients.
The substances in a mixture can be separated using physical methods such as filtration, freezing,
and distillation.
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There is little or no energy change when a mixture forms (see Enthalpy of mixing).
Mixtures have variable compositions, while compounds have a fixed, definite formula.
When mixed, individual substances keep their properties in a mixture, while if they form a
compound their properties can change.[10]
The following table shows the main properties of the three families of mixtures and examples of the
three types of mixture.
Mixtures Table
Dispersion Dissolved
medium or
Solution Colloid Suspension (coarse dispersion)
(mixture dispersed
phase) phase
Gas mixture: air
Gas (oxygen and other None None
gases in nitrogen)
Liquid
aerosol:[11]
whipped
Solution:
Liquid Solution:
milk,
Liquid Vinaigrette
alcoholic beverages mayonnaise,
hand cream
Suspension:
Liquid sol:
Solution:
mud (soil, clay or silt particles are
Solid pigmented
sugar in water suspended in water), chalk powder
ink, blood
suspended in water
Solid foam:
Solution:
aerogel, Foam:
Gas
hydrogen in metals styrofoam, dry sponge
pumice
Solution:
Gel:
In chemistry, if the volume of a homogeneous suspension is divided in half, the same amount of
material is suspended in both halves of the substance. An example of a homogeneous mixture is air.
In physical chemistry and materials science this refers to substances and mixtures which are in a
single phase. This is in contrast to a substance that is heterogeneous.[12]
Solution
During sampling of heterogeneous mixtures of particles, the variance of the sampling error is
generally non-zero.
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Pierre Gy derived, from the Poisson sampling model, the following formula for the variance of the
sampling error in the mass concentration in a sample:
in which V is the variance of the sampling error, N is the number of particles in the population (before
the sample was taken), q i is the probability of including the ith particle of the population in the
sample (i.e. the first-order inclusion probability of the ith particle), m i is the mass of the ith particle
of the population and a i is the mass concentration of the property of interest in the ith particle of the
population.
The above equation for the variance of the sampling error is an approximation based on a
linearization of the mass concentration in a sample.
In the theory of Gy, correct sampling is defined as a sampling scenario in which all particles have the
same probability of being included in the sample. This implies that q i no longer depends on i, and can
therefore be replaced by the symbol q. Gy's equation for the variance of the sampling error becomes:
where abatch is that concentration of the property of interest in the population from which the sample
is to be drawn and Mbatch is the mass of the population from which the sample is to be drawn.
Homogenization
See also
Chemical substance
Mixing (process engineering)
References
1. Chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied. "IUPAC Gold Book - mixture" (https://goldboo
k.iupac.org/html/M/M03949.html). goldbook.iupac.org. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
2. Whitten K.W., Gailey K. D. and Davis R. E. (1992). General chemistry, 4th Ed. Philadelphia:
Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 978-0-03-072373-5.
3. Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geography (2002). General chemistry:
principles and modern applications (https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill) (8th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-014329-7. LCCN 2001032331 (https://lcc
n.loc.gov/2001032331). OCLC 46872308 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46872308).
4. De Paula, Julio; Atkins, P. W. (2002). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (7th ed.). ISBN 978-0-19-
879285-7.
5. Alberts B.; et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th Ed. Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-
8153-4072-0.
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IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online
corrected version: (2006–) "mixture (https://goldbook.iupac.org/M03949.html)".
doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03949 (https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M03949)
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