Chapter 12: Carbon & its compounds C12

(A) Carbon
1. Mention the properties of carbon.
Carbon is a non-metal
It is the first member of group 14 of periodic table.
Its valency is four.

2. What happens when?

a) A little sugar is heated in a spatula
It turns black indicating that it contains carbon.
b) Chapati or roti is over heated.
It turns black indicating the presence of carbon.
c) A small quantity of milk is continuously boiled.
It gets charred indicating the presence of carbon in it.
d) A small quantity of sand is heated.
It gets hot but not black indicating the absence of carbon.

3. Why are carbon-based compounds lumped together as a separate subject within

the study of chemistry?
Carbon is a unique element. It is the king of versatility. Its ability to connect with other
carbon atoms through strong and stable covalent bonds sets it apart from other elements.
Carbon forms an exceptionally large number of compounds because of its unique
characteristics like catenation, tetravalency and isomerism. Therefore carbon-based
compounds lumped together as a separate subject within the study of chemistry.

4. Will carbon as an atom interact with other atoms to form ionic or covalent bonds?
Carbon as an atom interacts with other atoms to from covalent bonds.
5. What is allotropy?
Allotropy is the property of elements which have same chemical properties but different
physical properties.
6. Name the allotropic forms of carbon
Crystalline carbon – Diamond & graphite
Amorphous carbon

7. Why is diamond hard whereas graphite soft even through both are crystalline forms
of carbon?
The reason for difference is because of arrangement of carbon atoms.
8. Mention the uses of graphite.
a) Graphite is used as lead in pencils.
b) It is used as a pigment.
c) It is used as a moulding material in glass manufacture.
d) It is used as electrode in batteries, electroplating and electroforming.
e) It is used in brushes of electric motors
f) It is used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.
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9. Why is carbon a unique element?

Carbon is the king of versatility.
It has the ability to connect with other carbon atoms through strong and stable covalent
bonds.

10. How is carbon able to form large number of compounds?

Carbon is able to form thousands of compounds because of its unique characteristics like
catenation, tetravalency and isomerism.

11. What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of a large
number of carbon compounds?
Catenation and isomerism

12. What is meant by catenation?

The unique ability of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon is called catenation.

13. Mention the type of chain formed by carbon.

a) Straight chain b) Branched chain c) Closed chain

14. Why cannot thousands of compounds of Boron or silicon or germanium not

possible?
Even though B-B, Si-Si, Ge-Ge bonds exits, these compounds are unstable and very
reactive and do not last long.

15. Write the electronic configuration of carbon atom when it is in ground state.
The electronic configuration of carbon atom in ground state is 1s2, 2s2, 2p2

16. Write the excited state electronic configuration of carbon atom.

2 1 1 1 1
1s , 2s 2px 2py 2pz

17. Why is carbon tetravalent?

Carbon has four electrons in its outermost orbit, so its valency is four.
The electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
It has 2 paired and 2 unpaired electrons. On excitation, one electron from 2s level is
promoted to 2p level thus there will be four unpaired electrons. Hence carbon is
tetravalent.

18. What is isomerism?

The phenomenon in which organic compounds have same molecular formula with
different structural arrangement of atoms in them is known as isomerism.

19. What are the properties of isomers?

a) Isomers have same molecular formula.
b) They have different structural arrangement.

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c) They have different physical and chemical properties.

20. What do you call the compounds having the same molecular formula but different
structural arrangements of atoms?
Isomers
21. Name some elements which exhibit isomerism.
Butane, Pentane

22. Why do first three alkanes methane, ethane and propane have no isomers?
Methane (CH 4), ethane (C 2H 6 ) and propane (C 3 H 8 ) have no scope for branching of C –
C chain hence they do not exhibit isomerism.

23. Write the isomers of butane.

Molecular formula of Butane is C 4 H 10 . It has two isomers n-Butane and Iso-butane.

n-butane Iso-butane

24. Write the isomers of pentane (C 5 H12 ).

n-pentane Iso-pentane Neo-pentane

25. What is the vital force theory?

In 1827 Berzelius put forward the vital force theory to account for the formation of organic
compounds. According to this theory – Organic compounds were synthesized in living
systems under the influence of a vital force.
26. Which was the first organic compound to be prepared?
In 1828 Friedrich Wohler prepared urea, a typical product of animal metabolism by
heating an aqueous solution of an inorganic compound ammonium cyanate which is
obtained from non-living material.

27. Organic compounds are formed under some vital force. True or false. Explain.
Organic compounds are not formed under vital force is false because earlier they thought
that organic compounds could not be prepared in the laboratory. In 1828 Friedrich Wohler
prepared urea, a typical product of animal metabolism by heating an aqueous solution of
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an inorganic compound ammonium cyanate which is obtained from non-living material.

This disproved that organic compounds are formed under some vital force.
28. Which events disproved the vital force theory of Berzelius? OR Why was vital force
theory rejected?
The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wohler, acetic acid by Kolbe and methane by Berthellot
disproved the vital force theory.

29. Why are Calcium Carbide (CaC 2 ), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO 2),
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) classified as inorganic
compounds through they contain carbon?
These compounds contain only one or two carbon atoms per formula unit and contain no
carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hence they are classified as
inorganic compounds.

30. Who suggested the classification of chemical compounds as inorganic and

organic?
J.J.Berzelius

31. Mention the differences between organic and inorganic compounds.

Sl. Organic Inorganic
Property
No compounds compounds
Melting & Boiling Low, generally High, generally non-
1
points volatile volatile
2 Nature of bonding covalent ionic
insoluble in water, soluble in water,
3 Solubility soluble in organic insoluble in organic
solvents solvents
4 Combustibility almost all burn very few burn
5 Nature of reaction slower & molecular very fast reactions
Homology &
6 is common is not common
Isomerism

32. What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds and reactions involving carbon. OR It is the
study of chemistry of carbon compounds of both natural and synthetic origin.

33. Name three typical organic compounds commonly present in our food.
Starch, sugar, citric acid, cooking oil etc.

34. Write a note on the significance of organic chemistry.

Organic chemistry is used in biochemistry especially in the pharmaceutical industry and
petro-chemistry.
It is used as dyes, flavours, detergents, perfumes, cosmetics.

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(B) Hydrocarbons
35. What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are the simplest binary organic compounds containing carbon and
hydrogen.

36. Why are hydrocarbons currently the main source of world’s electrical energy and
heat source?
The energy produced when burnt often this energy is used directly as heat as in home
heaters which use either oil or natural gas.

37. On the basis of structure, how are hydrocarbons classified?

Based on the structure, hydrocarbons are classified into:
a) Open chain or acyclic compounds.
b) Closed chain or cyclic or ring compounds.

38. What are aliphatic or acyclic or open chain hydrocarbons?

The hydrocarbons which consist of straight or branched chains of carbon atoms are called
aliphatic or acyclic hydrocarbons.

39. How are aliphatic hydrocarbons classified?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are classified into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

40. What are saturated hydrocarbons?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are the simplest hydrocarbons which have single bond between
carbon atoms.

41. What are alkanes?

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are connected by only
single bond.
Ex: Methane, Ethane, Propane
42. Give reason: Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Ethane is said to be saturated hydrocarbon since each molecule has no carbon-to-carbon
double bond and has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
43. Mention the characteristics of alkanes.
a) In alkanes the carbon atoms are bonded with maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
b) They have single bond between carbon atoms.
c) Their general formula is C n H 2n+2
d) The primary suffix of these hydrocarbons is ‘ane’.
44. Why are alkanes referred to as paraffins?
Paraffin is derived from the Latin word meaning ‘less activity’. Alkanes are compounds
which undergo few reactions. Hence they are referred to as paraffins.
45. Why is methane referred to as ‘marsh gas’?

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Methane is formed in marshy places by bacterial decomposition of the vegetable matter.

Hence it is called marsh gas.

46. Give reason: Alkanes are chemically stable.

In alkanes all carbon atoms are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. They
are made up single bond between carbon atoms and are saturated with hydrogen in every
bond is used. Hence they are chemically stable.

47. Write the molecular formulae of the third and fifth member of homologous series of
carbon compounds represented by the general formula C n H 2n+2
Third member n = 3, C 3 H 2x3+2 = C 3 H 8
Fifth member n = 5, C 5 H 2x5+2 = C 5 H 12

48. What does IUPAC represent?

IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

49. Briefly explain the structure of methane.

The molecular formula of methane is CH4. It is the first member of alkanes or the
saturated hydrocarbons.
In methane, each carbon is bonded to four other atoms through single covalent bond.
The following is the structure of methane.

50. Explain the laboratory method of preparation of Methane.

A mixture of sodium acetate and soda lime (NaOH + CaO) is heated in a hard glass test
tube and methane gas is evolved. It is collected by the downward displacement of water.
CH 3 COONA + NaOH CaO
Na 2CO 3 + CH 4
51. Draw a neat diagram of the laboratory manufacture of methane.

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52. Why is methane gas collected by the downward displacement of water?

Methane gas is collected by the downward displacement of water because it is insoluble
in water.
53. Mention the physical properties of methane.
a) Methane is colourless, odourless gas.
b) It is lighter than air.
c) It is slightly soluble in water and favourable soluble in organic solvents like alcohol and
ether.

54. Mention the chemical properties.

a) Methane being saturated is chemically inert.
b) It is not attacked acids, alkalies and oxidising agents like concentrated sulphuric acid,
nitric acid and potassium permanganate.

55. What happens when:

a) When a mixture of sodium acetate and soda lime is heated in a hard glass test
tube.
Methane gas is evolved.
CH 3 COONA + NaOH CaO
Na 2CO 3 + CH 4
b) Methane is burnt in air or oxygen or methane undergoes complete combustion.
It forms carbon dioxide and water.

CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
c) Methane gas burns with yellow flame or methane undergoes incomplete combustion.
It forms carbon monoxide and water.

2CH 4 + 3O 2 2CO + 4H 2 O
d) A mixture of methane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet light (sunlight).
Organic product chloromethane is formed
UV
CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3 Cl + HCl
56. Write about the combustibility of methane.
a) Complete combustion:
During complete combustion methane burns in air or oxygen with a non-luminous flame,
forming carbon dioxide and water.

CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
b) Incomplete combustion:
During incomplete combustion, methane gas burns with yellow flame, carbon particles are
seen.
Methane + Oxygen Carbon monoxide + Water

2CH 4 + 3O 2 2CO + 4H 2 O
57. Complete and balance the following equation:

a) CH 4 + O 2
UV
b) CH4 + Cl 2

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58. State two disadvantages of incomplete combustion.

Incomplete combustion leads to unburnt carbon in the form of soot which pollutes the
atmosphere, blackens cooking utensils.
It leads to the formation of extremely poisonous gas called carbon monodioxide.
59. What is meant by substitution reaction?
The reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by
some other atoms is called substitution reaction.

60. Name the product obtained when methane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet
light (sunlight).
When a mixture of methane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet light, chloromethane is
formed.
UV
CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3 Cl + HCl

61. How is dichloromethane formed?

When two hydrogen atoms of a methane molecule is replaced by chlorine,
dichloromethane is formed.
UV
CH 3 Cl + Cl 2 CH 2 Cl 2 + HCl

62. How is trichloromethane formed?

When three hydrogen atoms of a methane molecule is replaced by chlorine,
trichloromethane is formed.
UV
CH 2 Cl 2 + Cl 2 CHCl3 + HCl

63. How is tetrachloromethane or carbon tetrachloride formed?

When four hydrogen atoms of a methane molecule is replaced by chlorine,
tetrachloromethane is formed.
UV
CHCl 3 + Cl 2 CCl4 + HCl

64. What is homologous series?

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula,
similar chemical properties and successive members differing by – CH 2.

65. Name the homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons have three homologous series – Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

66. State the characteristics of members of a homologous series.

a) They have properties that vary in a regular and predictable manner.
b) They have similar chemical properties.
c) They have gradually varying physical properties.
d) Their formula fit the general molecular formula
e) The adjacent members CH 4 and C 2 H 6 or C5 H 12 and C 6 H 14 differ by one carbon and
two hydrogen.
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67. Write the next homologue of Methane and Pentane

Methane is CH 4 next homologue is CH 4 + CH 2 = C 2 H 6 (Ethane)
Pentane is C 5 H 12 , next homologue is C 5 H 12 + CH 2 = C 6 H 14 (Hexane)

68. Give the names and structural formulae of next two higher homologues of methane.

Ethane C 2 H 6 and Propane C 3 H 8

69. What is unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a double bond or a triple
bond is called unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Ex: Alkenes and Alkynes

70. Mention the differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
1. Hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are 1. Hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms are
linked by single covalent bonds. linked by double and triple covalent bonds.
2. Names of these hydrocarbons end with 2. Names of these hydrocarbons end with
‘ane’. ‘ene’ or ‘yne’

71. What are alkenes?

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons in which the two carbon atoms are connected by
double bond.
The name of these hydrocarbons end with ‘ene’.
Their general formula is C n H2n .
They are referred to as olefins.
Ex: Ethene, Propene, Butene etc

72. How is double bond formed in alkenes?

In alkenes, two hydrogen atoms are less when compared to the saturated hydrocarbons.
The two of the carbon atoms in the molecule is joined together by two covalent bonds.
Thus a double bond is formed.
73. Give reason: Ethene is said to be unsaturated.
Ethene is said to be unsaturated because each molecule does have carbon-to-carbon
double bond and has less maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.
74. The general formula of a homologous series of carbon compounds is Cn H2n . Write
the molecular formula of the second and fourth member of the series.
Second member is n=3, C 3 H 2x3 = C 3 H 6
Fourth member is n=5, C 5 H 2x5 = C 5 H10
75. What are alkynes?

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Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one triple bond between carbon
atoms.
The name of these hydrocarbons end with ‘yne’.
Their general formula is C n H 2n-2 .
Ex: Ethyne, Propyne etc.
76. Give the general name of the class of compounds having the general formula
C n H 2n-2 . Write the first member of this homologous series.
Alkynes. The first member is Ethyne.

77. Compare the characteristics of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
They are saturated They are unsaturated They are unsaturated
They have single bond They have double bond They have triple bond
between carbon atoms between one of the between one of the
carbon atoms carbon atoms.
Their general formula is Their general formula is Their general formula is
C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n C n H2n-2
Their names end with Their names end with Their names end with
‘ane’ ‘ene’ ‘yne’

78. Select the hydrocarbons which are members of the same homologous series.
C 5 H 10 , C 3 H 8 , C 6 H 10 , C 4 H 10 , C 7 H 12 , C 8 H 16
Alkanes: C 3H 8 and C 4H 10, Alkenes: C 5 H 10 and C 8 H 16 , Alkynes: C6 H 10 and C 7H 12

79. Classify the following into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons – Benzene,
cyclopropane, alkene and alkane, methane, ethene, Propyne, butene
Saturated: Alkane, cyclopropane, methane
Unsaturated: Benzene, alkene, ethene, Propyne, butene

80. Classify the following compounds containing double bond and triple bond –
Ethyne, benzene, Butyne, pentene
Double bond: Benzene, pentene
Triple bond: Ethyne, Butyne

81. Give reason: Alkanes undergo only substitution reactions but alkenes and alkynes
undergo both substitution and addition reactions.
Alkenes and alkynes have double and triple bonds, which on breaking can add hydrogen
atoms to satisfy the valency.

82. What are Cycloalkanes?

Cycloalkanes are closed chain saturated hydrocarbons having one ring and the general
formula C n H 2n .

83. Write the structural formula of the first member of Cycloalkanes.

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The first member of the Cycloalkanes is cyclopropane (C3H6). Its structure is

84. Give reason: Alkenes and Cycloalkanes have same general formula.
Alkenes and Cycloalkanes have same general formula because they have double bond
between carbon atoms.

85. Mention the differences between alkenes and Cycloalkanes.

Alkenes Cycloalkanes
1. They are unsaturated 1. They are saturated
2. They have double bond between 2. They have single bond between
carbon atoms carbon atoms.
3. Their name end with ‘ene’. 3. Their names end with ‘ane’
4. They are acyclic. 4. They are cyclic

86. Even though alkenes and Cycloalkanes have the same general formula, they are
different. How?
Alkenes are unsaturated where as Cycloalkanes are saturated.

87. What are aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes?

Aromatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that have atleast one aromatic ring (benzene
ring).

88. Write the structure of the first member of the aromatic

hydrocarbons. OR Explain the structure of benzene.
Benzene is the first member of the aromatic hydrocarbon series.
Its molecular formula is C 6 H6 . A benzene molecule is made up of
6 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms. Its structural formula is as
shown in the figure. A benzene ring has six carbon atoms with
alternate single and double bonds.

89. Cyclohexane does not belong to aromatic class even though it has a ring structure.
How do you justify this?
Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are joined by single
covalent bonds to form a ring where as in aromatic hydrocarbons have alternate single
and double bonds. Hence Cyclohexane is does not belong to aromatic class.

90. Write the different type of representation of structure of benzene.

or or
91. Write the structure of Toluene.

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or

92. Write the structure of Naphthalene.

OR
93. Mention the uses of Benzene
a) Benzene is used as solvent for oils, fats, resins, rubber, sulphur, iodine etc.
b) It is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, perfumes, explosives etc.
c) It in used in preparation of gammexane, an insecticide.
d) It is used for dry cleaning.
94. Mention the uses of Toluene
a) Toluene is used as a solvent for oils, fats, paints, lacquers, resins etc.
b) It is used in the manufacture of TriNitroToluene (TNT) an explosive.
95. Mention the used of Naphthalene
a) Naphthalene is used as an insecticide in the form of moth balls.
b) It is used in the synthesis of dyes.
(C) Functional Groups

96. What are functional groups?

Derivative hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by
atom or group of atoms of other elements are called functional groups.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms or bonds within molecules that are
responsible for characteristics chemical reactions.
Functional groups are the sites where reactions occur in organic molecules.

97. On the basics of functional groups present, how are organic compounds
classified?
Alkyl / Aryl radical (Less reactive part) and Functional group ( Active part)

98. What are alcohols? Write their general formula.

Compounds containing –OH as the functional group are called alcohols. Their general
formula is R – OH or C n H 2n+1 OH

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99. Even though NaOH & KOH contains –OH group. It is not included in the group of
organic substances. Why?
NaOH and KOH are strong bases which are ionic compound that contain OH ions.
Alcohols are covalent compounds, even though they have on or more hydroxyl ( -OH )
functional group, they do not behave like bases. The – OH group attached to a carbon
atom is a covalent bond.

100. Write the molecular formula of first five members of alcohol.

Name of Alcohol Molecular Formula
1. Methanol CH 3 OH
2. Ethanol C 2 H 5 OH
3. Propanol CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH or C 3 H 7 OH
4. Butanol C 4 H 9 OH
5. Pentanol C 5 H 11 OH
101. Write the IUPAC name of the following compounds.
a) C 2 H 5 OH – Ethanol b) C 3 H 7 OH – Propanol
c) C 4 H 9 OH – Butanol d) C 5 H 11 OH – Pentanol

102. What are aldehydes? Write their general formula.

Compounds containing –CHO as the functional group are called aldehydes. Their general
formula is R – CHO.

103. Write the molecular formula of first five members of aldehydes.

Name of Aldehyde Molecular Formula
1. Methanal HCHO
2. Ethanal CH 3 CHO
3. Propanal CH 3 CH 2 CHO
4. Butanal CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO
5. Pentanal CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CHO

104. What are carboxylic acids? Write their general formula.

Compounds containing –COOH as the functional group are called Carboxylic acids. Their
general formula is R – COOH.

105. Write the molecular formula of first five members of carboxylic acid.
Name of carboxylic acid Molecular Formula
1. Methanoic acid HCOOH
2. Ethanoic acid CH 3 COOH
3. Propanoic acid C 2 H 5 COOH
4. Butananoic acidu C 3 H 7 COOH

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5. Pentananoic acid C 4 H 9 COOH

106. Give the IUPAC name of the following compounds:

a) HCOOH – Methanoic acid
b) CH 3 COOH – Ethanoic acid

107. What are amines? Write their general formula.

Compounds containing –NH 2 as the functional group are called amines. Their general
formula is R –NH 2
108. Write the molecular formula of some members of amines.
Name of amine Molecular Formula
1. Methyl amine CH 3 NH 2
2. Ethyl amine C2 H 5 NH 2

109. Name the members of the alkyl groups.

Methyl, ethyl, propyl etc.

110. Name the members of aryl group.

Compounds containing benzene ring are aryl group.
111. Name the functional groups present in the following compounds.
a) CH 3 CHO – Aldehyde b) CH 3 CH 2 COOH – Carboxylic acid
c) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH – Alcohol d) Methanal – Aldehyde
e) Methanol – Alcohol f) Methanoic acid – Carboxylic acid
g) Amino acids – Amines

112. Write the names of the following functional groups:

a) C C Alkyne b) C C Alkene
c) – CHO Aldehyde d) – OH Alcohol
e) – COOH Carboxylic acid

113. Give one example each of the compounds having the following functional groups:
a) Aldehyde group – Methanal
b) Alcohol group – Methanol
c) Carboxylic acid group - Methanoic acid

114. What are amino acids?

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Amino acids is a molecule that contains both amino (– NH 2 ) and carboxylic acid (–
COOH) functional groups.

115. Name the simplest and the smallest amino acid found in protein.
Glycine, Its formula is H 2 N – CH 2 – COOH

116. What are poly-functional compounds?

Organic compounds having more than one functional groups are called polyfunctionsl
compounds.
Ex: Glycerol, Salicylic acid

117. Write the structure of glycerol or Write the structural formula of the compound
having 3 – OH group.

118. Write the structural formula of the compound having one – COOH group.

119. Give reason: Ethanol cannot be called poly-functional compound.

Ethanol has only one functional group – OH.

120. What is glycerol?

Glycerol is a poly functional compound which is obtained as a byproduct of soap. It
contains three hydroxyl groups. It is a trihydric alcohol.

121. What is salicylic acid?

Salicylic acid is a poly functional compound which contains one – OH and one – COOH
group. It is used in the production of aspirin.

122. Even though Methyl alcohol (CH3 OH) and Ethyl alcohol (C 2 H5 OH) contains –OH
group. They are not called hydroxides but alcohols. Why?
OR
NaOH is not called as sodium alcohol. Why?
OR
CH 3 OH is not called Methyl hydroxide but Methyl alcohol. Why?

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In Methyl alcohol and Ethyl alcohol, hydroxyl group is just a group of atoms –OH which is
covalently bonded to a carbon atom. In hydroxides –OH is a hydroxyl ion which is formed
by ionic bond. Hence methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol are not called as hydroxides.

(D) Hydrogenation of Oils

123. What are fatty acids?
Long chain alkanes or alkenes if contain a terminal carboxylic acid group( – COOH ) are
called fatty acids.
124. What are glycerides? How are they formed?
Glycerides are fats or oils. When fatty acids react with trihydric alcohol like glycerol to form
ester called glycerides.
125. How are fats and oils formed?
When fatty acids react with glycerol, fats and oils are formed.
Fatty acid + Glycerol Esterification
Fat/oil + Water
126. Write the molecular formula and structure of Stearic acid.
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is C 17 H35 COOH. Its structure
is

127. Why is Stearic acid a saturated fatty acid?

Stearic acid does not contain double bonds in its carbon atom hence it is a saturated fatty
acid.

128. Mention the differences between fats and oils.

Fats Oils
Fats are mostly saturated Oils are mostly unsaturated
They are solids at room temperature They are liquids at room temperature
They are chemically inactive They are chemically reactive
They are digested slowly They are digested fast
They have longer shelf life They have short shelf life
It is easy to transport It is difficult to transport

129. Give reason:

a) Oils are easy to digest.
Unsaturated oils are easy to digest because they are chemically reactive.
b) Fats are digested slowly.
Fats are saturated, they are chemically inactive hence they are digested slowly.
c) Oils have short shelf life.
Unsaturated oils have short shelf life because they undergo oxidation in air and produce a
foul smell.
d) Fats are easy to transport.
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Fats are solids at room temperature and have more shelf life as they are chemically
inactive. Hence it is easy to transport,

130. What is meant by rancidity of oils?

Rancidity is the process which causes a substance to become rancid, that is, having
unpleasant smell or taste.

131. What is meant by hydrogenation of oils?

The process of converting liquid oils into solids saturated fats by passing hydrogen gas
through them is called hydrogenation of oils. Finely divided nickel is used as catalyst
during the process.
Ex: Vanaspathi

132. What is meant by hydrogenation reaction?

The reactions in which hydrogen atoms are added are called hydrogenation reactions.
Ex: Addition of hydrogen to make Alkyne into Alkene, Addition to hydrogen to make
benzene into Cyclohexane.

133. Why is hydrogenation done? OR What is the importance of hydrogenation?

a) Hydrogenated oil has longer shelf life and will not go rancid quickly.
b) It also has a higher melting point and hence used in frying and pastries.

134. Give reason: Hydrogenated Oils are often used in frying and pastries.
Hydrogenated oils have a higher melting point. Hence it is used for frying and pastries.

135. What is meant by saponification?

The process of neutralizing the fatty acids present in oils or fats by adding sodium or
potassium hydroxide is called saponification.

136. Explain the steps involved in saponification.

Saponification is the reaction that takes place between oil and sodium hydroxide during
the manufacture of soap.
The steps involved are:
1) Hydrolysis of fats or oil into carboxylic acid and glycerol.
2) Neutralization of the fatty acid by sodium hydroxide.

137. What is meant by saponification value?

Saponification value can be defined as the amount of potassium hydroxide in ‘mg’
(milligrams) required to neutralize the fatty acid present in one gram of oil or fat.

138. Why is the knowledge of saponification value of oil important?

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Saponification value helps the manufacturer of soap to prepare soap which does not
contain excess of potassium hydroxide.

139. Mention the importance of fats and oils?

a) Fats and oils are sources of food in which vitamin A, D, E & K are soluble.
b) It is also a source of light for tribal people.
c) Eskimos use animal fat as a source of light in their igloos.
d) It is also used as a source of heat.

140. How are paraffin wax and beeswax different?

Paraffin wax is a hydrocarbon. Beeswax, a natural wax is mainly made of esters of fatty
acids and various long chain alcohols.

141. Mention the uses of beeswax.

Beeswax is used in cosmetics, preparation of drip less candles and skin ointments.

142. Give reason: Hydrocarbon oils are not oils.

As they do not contain fatty acids.

143. What is PUFA?

PUFA stands for Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid. It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain.
Because of the presence of double bonds, it is reactive. This makes them more reactive
than saturated fatty acids. They are susceptible to attack by free radicals which cause
aging, hormone imbalance and immune disorders.

Molecular & Structural formula:

Sl.No Compound Molecular formula Structure

1. Methane CH 4

2. Ethane C2H6

3. Propane C3H8

4. Butane C 4 H 10

5. Pentane C 5 H 12

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6. Ethene C2H4

7. Propene C3H6

8. Butene C4H8

9. Pentene C 5 H 10

10. Ethyne C2H2

11. Propyne C3H4

12. Butyne C4H6

13. Pentyne C5H8

14. Cyclopropane C3H6

15. Cyclobutane C4H8

16. Cyclopentane C 5 H 10

17. Cyclohexane C 6 H 12

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18. Benzene C6H6

19. Toluene C6 H5 CH 3

20. Naphthalene C 10 H 8

21 Glycerol C3H8 O3

22 Salicylic acid C7H 6O3

Fill in the blanks:

1. The most common alloy of carbon and iron is steel.
2. The valency of carbon is four.
3. The second strongest bond between like atoms is C-C bond.
4. The crystalline forms of carbon are diamond and graphite.
5. The nature of chemical bond present in organic compounds is covalent bond.
6. The bond angle between H-C-H in methane molecule is 109o28|.
2 2 2
7. The electronic configuration of carbon is 1s , 2s 2p
2 1 1 1 1
8. The electronic configuration of carbon in excited state is 1s , 2s 2px 2py 2pz
9. The ability of carbon atoms to link together to from short or long chain by covalent bond is
called catenation.
10. The property of carbon atoms to form long chains in compounds is called catenation.
11. Organic compounds having same molecular formula with different structural arrangement
of atoms in them is known as isomerism.
12. The number of organic compounds increases due to the phenomenon of isomerism.

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13. The person who suggested that organic compounds are derived from organisms is
Berzelius.
14. The first organic compound which was synthesized from inorganic compound was urea.
15. The person who synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate was Friedrich Wohler.
16. Friedrich Wohler prepared the organic compound urea.
17. The unique properties of carbon atom are catenation, tetravalency and isomerism.
18. The study of compounds and reactions involving carbon is called Organic chemistry.
19. An example of an organic compound present in our food is starch.
20. Simplest binary organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only are called
hydrocarbons.
21. Compounds of carbon with hydrogen alone are called hydrocarbons.
22. IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
23. An example of a hydrocarbon in gaseous form is methane/ propane.
24. An example of a hydrocarbon in liquid form is hexane/benzene.
25. An example of a hydrocarbon in solid form is wax/naphthalene/asphalt.
26. An example of a hydrocarbon which is a polymer is polyethylene.
27. Hydrocarbons have a characteristic odour only in vapour state.
28. The main source of the world’s electric energy and heat source is hydrocarbons.
29. The two principal sources of hydrocarbons are petroleum and coal.
30. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are mainly obtained from petroleum.
31. Aromatic hydrocarbons are mainly obtained from coal.
32. Saturated hydrocarbons are referred to as paraffins.
33. The general formula of alkanes is C n H 2n+2
34. Hydrocarbons having the general formula C n H 2n+2 are called alkanes.
35. Alkenes are referred to as olefins.
36. The first member of the alkanes or saturated hydrocarbon is methane.
37. Carbon compounds have usually low melting points and boiling points.
38. Two adjacent homologues differ by 1 carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms.
39. The unsaturated hydrocarbons having double bond between carbon atom are alkene.
40. The general formula of alkene is C n H 2n .
41. The hydrocarbon having the general formula C n H 2n is alkene.
42. The first member of the alkene hydrocarbon group is Ethene.
43. The unsaturated hydrocarbons having one triple bond between carbon atoms are
alkynes.
44. The general formula of alkynes is C n H2n-2
45. The first member of the alkyne series is Ethyne.
46. In homologous series one member differs from the preceding member by a CH 2 group.
47. The derivatives of a series of hydrocarbons whose simplest member is benzene is
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
48. Benzene ring was proposed by Kekule.
49. The active part of an organic compound is the functional group.
50. The less reactive part of an organic compound is the alkyl/aryl part.
51. Compounds containing – OH group as functional group are called alcohols.
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52. The functional group present in CH 3 OH is alcohol.

53. Compounds containing – COOH group as functional group are called Carboxylic acids.
54. Compounds containing – CHO group as functional group are called Aldehydes.
55. Compounds containing – NH 2 group as functional group are called amines.
56. The compound containing three carbon alcohol is Propanol.
57. Organic compounds having more than one functional groups are called poly-functional
compounds.
58. An example of a poly-functional compound is amino acid.
59. A compound having 3 – OH functional group is Glycerol.
60. The by-product of preparation of soap is Glycerol.
61. A poly-functional compound containing one – OH group and one – COOH group is
Salicylic acid.
62. Long chain alkanes or alkenes containing terminal carboxylic acid ( – COOH) are called
fatty acid.
63. Fatty acids react with trihydric alcohols to form glycerides.
64. The formula of Stearic acid is C 17 H35 COOH
65. Oils are unsaturated and liquids at room temperature.
66. Fats are saturated and solids at room temperature.
67. The process in which oils undergo oxidation and produce a foul smell is called rancidity.
68. The process of converting liquid oil into solids saturated fats by passing hydrogen gas is
called hydrogenation.
69. A reaction in which hydrogen atoms are added is called hydrogenation reaction.
70. The process of neutralizing the fatty acids present in the oils or fats by adding sodium
hydroxide is called saponification.
71. PUFA stands for Poly unsaturated Fatty Acid.

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