AEX 101 Rural Sociology and Educational 2+0

Psychology
Question Bank – Questions for revision
I.Rural Sociology
Lecture 1
Sociology and Rural Sociology – Definitions, nature of rural sociology

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

* 1. Auguste comte (1789- 1857), often referred to as the father of sociology
* 2. Rural sociology is the sociology of rural life in the rural environment
* 3. The science of society or social phenomena is called Sociology
* 4. The science of rural society is called Rural sociology
5. The term Sociology was coined during 1837
* 6. The word sociology is derived from Greek “logos” means word, speech, reasoning,
or calculation, and the Latin “Socius’ means companion
* 7. Sociology is a scientific study of the structure of social life
* 8. Rural sociology is the sociology of rural life in the rural environment
* 9. Rural sociology is the study of human relationship in rural environment
10 As far as the exactness and the use of laboratory is concerned rural sociology is
. every day heading towards that and as far as the use of scientific method is
concerned, rural sociology is even a science today

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define Sociology
* 2. Define Rural Sociology

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1. Rural Sociology is a science - Discuss
* 2. Discuss the nature of Rural Sociology

Lecture 2
Importance of rural sociology in extension education
D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Explain the importance of Rural sociology in extension education
Lecture 3
Society – rural and urban, characteristics, differences and relationship,
important characteristics of Indian rural society;

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 A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Society is the complex of organized associations and institutions within the
community
* 2. Man is called a social animal and his life and behaviour are governed by society
* 3. Society is nothing but a web of social relationships
* 4. A society is a collection of individuals united by certain relations and modes of
behaviour
5. A society may be defined as a group of people who have lived together long enough to
become organized and to consider themselves and be considered as a unit more or less
distance from other human units.
6. The familiar dichotomy between the ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ is more of the theoretical
concept than a division based upon facts of the community life
7. Both the rural and urban societies are changeable
8. Urban society is characterized by predominance of man-made environment over
natural.
9. Density is more in urban communities
10 Rural communities are more homogeneous
.
11 Rural is quite conservative and tradition bound
.
12 Social differentiation and stratification are less in rural society
.
13 Rural has the traditional system of stratifications
.
14 Status is determined by birth in rural community
.
15 Stratification is more or less static in rural society
.
16 Social mobility is comparatively less intensive in rural society
.
17 Man is interacted as a human person in rural society
.
18 Man is interacted as a "number" and address" in urban society
.
19 Social control is informal in rural society
.
* 20 Primary institutions have social control in rural society
.
* 21 Secondary institutions control social life in urban society
.
* 22 The process of social change takes place at a very slow rate in rural society

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 .
23 Social change is fast in urban society
.
* 24 Status of women is considered as inferior to men in rural society
.
* 25 We feeling is high in rural community
.
26 Sense of belongingness is more in rural community
.
* 27 Rural community is similar to calm water in a pail and urban life is like the boiling
. water in a kettle
* 28 The village is the basic unit of rural society
.
* 29 Indian rural society is based predominantly on agriculture
.

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define society

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. List out the elements of society
2. The rural and urban societies are changeable - Discuss
* 3. List out the Significant Criteria to Distinguish Rural and Urban

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Differentiate rural from urban
* 2. Describe the characteristics of Indian rural society
Lecture 4

Social Groups – definitions, classification, role of social groups in extension

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Group is a unit of two or more individuals who are in reciprocal communication and
interaction with each other
2. Category means collection of items that have at least one common characteristic that
distinguishes from other items which have other characteristic in common
3. Aggregation is a collection of individuals in physical proximity of one another
4. Potential group is a group made up of number of people having some characteristic
common but does not possess any recognizable structure
5. A potential group may become a real group, if it becomes organized and comes to
have a union or organisation
* 6. Social group is a number of units of anything in close proximity to one another
* 7. A social group is an aggregate of people playing inter- related roles and recognised by
themselves or others as a unit of interaction
8. Any collection of human beings who are brought into social relationship with one

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 another is called Social Group
* 9. Primary groups are characterized by intimate face-to-face associations and informal
personal relationships
* 10 A secondary group is characterized by few ties of sentiment, formality of contacts
. and impersonal relationships
11 Primary groups are relationship-directed, and secondary groups are goal-oriented
.
12 Group decision are more traditional and non-rational in primary groups
.
13 Secondary groups consist of temporary-members who spend relatively little time
. together
* 14 The concept of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was developed by the German
. sociologist, Ferdinand Tonnies
15 The concept of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft refer to the type the quality of
. relationships within the group and can be represented on a continuum
16 The Gemeinschaft is a society in which most relationships are traditional or personal
. or often both
* 17 Zamindari System in India is an example of Gemeinschaft
.
18 The Gesellschaft is a society in which there is neither personal attachment nor the
. importance of traditional rights, obligations and duties
* 19 In Gesellschaft relationships are based on bargaining and clearly defined written
. agreements
* 20 The term Horizontal group is used to describe members who are alike in the status or
. position in the class system of society
* 21 Vertical groups are those groups that are composed of members from different social
. strata and whose membership cuts vertically across the "horizontal" groupings in
society
* 22 Based on social class , groups are classified as Horizontal and Vertical groups
.
* 23 Based on the quality or type of relationships the groups are classified as Primary and
. secondary groups
* 24 Based on personal feeling of belonging groups are classified as in group and out
. group
* 25 A reference group may be defined as a group with which the individual feels
. identified, the norms and objectives of which he accepts.
* 26 Dwight Sanderson classified group as involuntary, voluntary and delegate group
.
* 27 Delegate group is one which a man joins as a representative of a number of people
. either elected by them or nominated by some power
* 28 Tonnies classified the groups into communities and associations
.
* 29 Community is a social group with some degree of "we-feeling" and living in a given

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 . area
* 30 Community is a human population living within a limited geographic area and
. carrying on a common inter-dependent life
* 31 A group of people organised for a particular purpose or a limited number of purpose is
. called association
* 32 Association is an organisation deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some
. interest or set of interests, which its members share
33 A group of social beings related to one another or have instituted in a common
. organisation with a view to secure a specific end or specific ends is called association
* 34 Cooley classified the groups on the basis of kind of contact into Primary and
. Secondary groups
35 F.H.Giddings classifies groups into genetic and congregate groups
.
36 The disjunctive group is one which does not allow a person to be a member of other
. groups at the same time
37 The congregate group is the voluntary group into which one moves or joins
. voluntarily
38 An overlapping group is one whose members also belong to other groups of the same
. type
39 George Hasen classified the groups on the basis of their relationships to other groups
. into unsocial, pseudo-social, anti-social and pro-social
40 Pseudo-social group participates in the larger social group but mainly for its gain and
. not for the greater good
41 Unsocial group is one which largely lives to itself and for itself and does not
. participate in the larger society of which it is a part
42 Anti-social group is one that acts against the interest of society
.
43 Pro-social group works for the larger interests of the society
.
44 Sorokin divided the social groups into horizontal and vertical groups
.
* 45 Horizontal groups are large, inclusive groups such as nations, religions,
. organisations, political parties etc
* 46 Vertical groups are small divisions such as economic classes
.
47 Park and Burgers distinguished the groups as territorial and non-territorial groups
.
* 48 Sumner classified the group as in group and out group
.
* 49 In group is the group with which the individual identifies himself
.

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. What is social group?
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 2. Define reference group
3. What is community ?
4. What is Association?

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. List out the occasion / situations in which people unite and form groups
* 2. Mention the characteristics of social group.
* 3. Write the deference between primary and secondary groups
4. Describe Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
5. Listout the elements of community
6. State the elements of association
7. Differentiate society and community
8. Differentiate community and association
9. Differentiate society and association

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1. Write the importance and role of social groups in extension
* 2. Write an essay on the classification of social groups
Lecture 5
Culture – concept, cultural traits, characteristics, functions,

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

* 1. Culture stands for the moral, spiritual and intellectual attainments of man
* 2. Culture is the expression of our nature in our modes of living and our thinking
* 3. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
* 4. Culture is the sum total of the ways in which human beings live, transmitted from
generation to generation by learning
* 5. Culture is an organised group of learned responses characteristic of a particular
society
* 6. There are two types of culture and they are material and non material culture
7. Material culture refers to concrete objects created by human beings to satisfy their
desires
8. Material culture are external to human beings
9. Non-material culture refers to an abstract creation of man such as ideas, customs,
beliefs, habits, morals, laws, knowledge, etc
10 Non-material culture are internal to human beings and are acquired through process
. of learning
11 According to Ralph Linton culture may be the thought in terms of three different
. orders and they are overt, covert and Psychological
* 12 Culture makes man a human being
.
* 13 A culture trait is the smallest unit of culture
.

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 * 14 A culture trait is reportedly irreducible unit of learned behaviour pattern or material
. product thereof’

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define culture
* 2. Define culture trait

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. Mention the characteristics of culture
2. State the functions of culture

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. What is culture? Explain the characteristics and functions of culture
* 2. Discuss the role of culture in agricultural extension
Lecture 6
Ethnocentrism, Acculturation, Cultural lag, Cultural diffusion,
Marginal man, Ethos
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1. A culture complex is a group of cluster of related traits
2. A culture pattern is a group of culture complexes
* 3. Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one
group to another
* 4. Cultural diffusion is the process by which the cultural traits invented or discovered in
one society are spread directly or indirectly to other societies
* 5. Cultural lag means that some parts of people is culture do not change as do other
traits
* 6. Cultural Lag is a situation in which some parts of culture (usually material culture)
change at a faster rate than other parts (usually non-material culture).
7. The term "marginal man" was first coined by sociologist Robert Ezra Park in 1926
to describe an individual influenced by two differing ethnic or racial groups
* 8. Difference in culture produces a marginal man
* 9. A person who is living in two cultures is likely to occupy not the centre of either but
the margins of both
* 10 A migrant, who has moved into a decidedly different culture area from the one in
. which he grew to manhood, likely to be a marginal man
* 11 Cultural Change is the process of alterations in different spheres of culture of a
. society
* 12 Ethos is a Greek word originally meaning "accustomed place", "custom, habit"
.
* 13 The term 'ethos' is used to signify those traits that are characteristic of, or peculiar to a
. particular culture which may be used to differentiate one culture from another
* 14 Ethnocentrism is the view that one's own culture is better than anyone else's culture
.

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 15 William Graham Sumner coined the term ethnocentrism in 1906
.
* 16 Acculturation is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs
. and behaviours of another group
17 As enculturation is used to describe the process of first-culture learning,
. acculturation can be thought of as second-culture learning
18 J.W. Powell coined the word "acculturation" in 1880
.

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1. Define Acculturation
2. Define Ethnocentrism
3. What is Cultural lag ?
* 4. Define Cultural diffusion
* 5. Who is Marginal man ?
* 6. What is Ethos?

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Write short notes on Acculturation
* 2. Discuss Ethnocentrism
* 3. Explain Cultural lag with a suitable example
4. Write a note on ethos of the Indian culture
5. Write a note on ethos of the western culture
6. Explain the major types of cultural diffusion

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )

Lecture 7

Structure of Rural Society – Patterns of rural settlement

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Society is a group of people who have lived together, sharing common values and
general interests long enough to be considered by others and by themselves as a unit.

* 2. Rural society has a form-a structure-like a building. This structure consists of a

physical, tangible form that can be seen and touched. This is called the physical
structure.
* 3. There is also an intangible form that cannot be seen and touched, and this is called the
social structure.
* 4. Together the physical and social structures form the structure of rural society within
which the people live
* 5. The physical structure of rural society refers to the tangible entities in rural society
* 6. The social framework of rural society is not as easily and readily identified or
observable as is the physical structure

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* 7.
Linear pattern is commonly found along main roads, railways, streams, etc
* 8.
In Isolated farmsteads the individual farmer lives in the midst of the farm,
surrounded by his or her farm land.
* 9. Villages pattern of settlement consists of dwellings of rural people concentrated
together with their farm land outlying their clustered dwellings or village
* 10. In Line villages houses are located along a road, a waterway or artery of
transportation, each with adjoining strips of farm land oblong in shape extending away
from the road.
* 11. In a round village houses are arranged in a circle enclosing a central area with the
house and yard at the apex of a triangular plot.
* 12. Hamlets are small villages located away from other villages or on the fringes of larger
villages.

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1. What is structure of society

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Components of physical structure of society
* 2. Components of social structure of society

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Discuss the types or patterns of rural settlement
2. Discuss the factors influencing the pattern of settlement
Lecture 8

Social institutions, Social organizations and ecological entities – region,

community, neighbourhood and family
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1. A well-established and structured pattern of behavior or of relationships of group of
people that is accepted as a fundamental part of a culture is called social institution
2. Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing
the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity
3. A set of organized beliefs, rules, and practices that establishes how a society will
attempt to meet basic needs is called social institution
4. A socially approved system of values, norms, and roles that exists to accomplish
specific societal goals are called social institution
* 5. A social institution may be defined as an organizational system which functions to
satisfy basic social needs by providing an ordered framework linking the individual to
the larger culture
* 6. The term ‘institution’ is used to indicate the procedures followed by social
organizations
* 7. Institution is an established forms or conditions of procedure characteristic of group
activity

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* 8. Institution is the normative order of defining and governing the patterns of social
action, deemed by the members of the group or society as morally and socially crucial
to the existence of group or society
* 9. An institution is an organized system of social relationships which embodies certain
common values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of society
* 10. Social institutions are formal cultural structures devised to meet basic social needs
11. An institution is a relatively permanent structure of social patterns of roles and
relations that people enact in certain sanctioned and unified ways for the purpose of
satisfying basic social needs
* 12. Family is a universal primary social institution
* 13. Family is the most basic social institution in a society
14. Family is defined as a group of people who are related by marriage, blood or adoption
and who often live together and share economic resources
* 15. Family is defined as the biological social unit composed of husband, wife and children
* 16. Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to
provide for the procreation and upbringing of children
* 17. Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without
children, or a man or woman alone with children
* 18. Family is classified as family of orientation and procreation based on how one
enters into them
19. A family consisting of an adult male and female with one or more children is called
nuclear family
20. A family containing relatives in addition to the nuclear family is called joint family
21. A family form that consists of three or more generations of a family sharing the same
residence is called extended family
22. A family form that consists of several generations of a family who keeps separate
households but stay emotionally bonded is called modified extended family
* 23. Someone is married to only one person at a time is called monogamy
24. Individuals are permitted to marry again often on the death of the first spouse or after
divorce but they cannot have more than one spouse at one and the same time is called
Serial monogamy
25. Remarriage is not allowed in straight monogamy
* 26. Someone is married to more than one person at a time is called polygamy
* 27. There are two forms of polygamy and they are polygyny and polyandry
* 28. Polygyny refers to a man being married to more than one woman at the same time
29. Polygyny is of two types . Sororal polygyny and non sororal polygyny
30. Sororal polygyny is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably the sisters
31. Non-sororal polygyny is a type of marriage in which the wives are not related as
sisters
* 32. When a woman is married to more than one man at the same time is called polyandry
* 33. Polyandry is the marriage of one woman with more than one man
34. Polyandry is of two types. Fraternal Polyandry and non fraternal polyandry
35. Fraternal polyandry is one in which a woman is married to two or more men who are
one another's brothers

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 36. Non- fraternal polyandry is the other in which one woman can marry with many
men but that is not necessary that these husbands would be brothers
37. The marriage of two or more women with two or more men is called group marriage
* 38. Based on relationship family is classified as Consanguine family and Conjugal family
39. A group of people related by biological or blood ties is called Consanguine family
40. A group of people related by marriage ties is called Conjugal family
* 41. Based on the residence family is classified as Patrilocal family, Matrilocal family,
Neolocal family and Bilocal family
42. Couple lives with or near the male's family after marriage is called Patrilocal family
43. Couple lives with or near the female's family after marriage is called Matrilocal
family
44. Couple chooses to live on their own after marriage and located away from both sides
of the family is called Neolocal family
45. Residential pattern in which a newly married couple is allowed to choose whether
they will live with the husband's parents or the wife's parents is called Bilocal family
* 46. Based on lines of descent or ancestry family is classified as Patrilineal family,
Matrilineal family and Bilateral descent
* 47. In Patrilineal family the ancestry continues through the father
* 48. In Matrilineal family the ancestry continues through the mother
49. In Bilateral descent kinship is traced through both parents
* 50. Based on structure or power or authority family is classified as Patriarchal family,
Matriarchal family and Egalitarian
* 51. In Patriarchal family father holds most of the authority
* 52. In Matriarchal family mother holds most of the authority
53. In Egalitarian, mother and father share authority
54. Government is referred to as political institution
55. Government consists of Executive, Legislative and Judiciary
56. Economic institutions provide basic physical subsistence for society and meet basic
needs for food, shelter, clothing and other necessities
57. Educational institutions are those which seek to socialize the individuals in society or
introduce them in formal ways into their social and cultural world
* 58. Organizations are those classes of human relationships structures wherein people
purposefully associated in systematically arranged units to promote and achieve some
common purposes or interests that are not specifically expressed in the institution
* 59. Each member has a formal status and role in organizations
* 60. An organization differs from an institution by its focus on a narrowly limited purpose
* 61. Organisations may operate within institutions, and help, it to achieve its objective.
62. Voluntary organisations exist in non-totalitarian societies and arise as spontaneous
expressions of the interests of people in society.
63. Open social organizations are the one whose programmes, goals and membership are
known to the general public
64. Secret social organizations are those whose purposes, programmes, membership or
activities are known only to the members
* 65. On the basis of admission to membership organizations are classified as Inc1usive,

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 Restricted and Exc1usive
66. Inc1usive organization is open to anyone who is interested in the purposes of the
organisation and meets its requirements,
67. Restricted organization is open to only those persons who possess predetermined
qualifications that characterise the organisation and the individual
68. In Exc1usive organization admission is limited through selection by members of the
organisation
* 69. The term region refers to an area of sufficiently homogeneous physical features to
distinguish it from another region
* 70. Region has been defined as an area within which the combination of environmental
and demographic factors have created homogeneity of economic and social structure
* 71. An area within which historical and environmental factors have combined to create a
relatively homogeneous social structure and a consciousness of individuality is called
region
72. A cultural region is an area in which society is characterized by a sufficient
homogeneity in patterns of behaviour, including ways of living, values, beliefs and
social organizations, to differentiate it from other areas
73. Service regions are man-made regions formulated for administrative purposes by
government and non-government agencies
74. A sub-region or minor region is a sub-division of a major region representing some
variation within the larger framework of the homogeneity of the major region
* 75. A community has both a territorial dimension and a social dimension; the former
being its geographical area, and the latter being the groups themselves
* 76. The neighbourhood is a smaller unit than the community
* 77. A community often is composed of several neighbourhoods.
* 78. Carl Taylor has described the community as "the first social group in modern life that
approaches self-sufficiency
* 79. Neighbourhoods have been described as limited geographic areas in which the
individuals and families are known to each and carry on intimate associations together
80. Neighbourhoods usually have homogeneity
* 81. Planned ecological entities are those land based units that are purposefully created by
man in order to fulfil specific functions and meet definite needs
* 82. Natural, Unplanned Ecological Entities are regions, communities and
neighbourhoods
* 83. In isolated farmsteads the individual farmer lives in the midst of the farm surrounded
by his or her farm land
* 84. Village consists of dwellings of rural people concentrated together with their farm
land outlying their clustered dwellings
* 85. In line villages houses are located along a road, a water way or artery of
transportation, each with adjoining strips of farm land oblong in shape extending away
from the road
* 86. In a round village houses are arranged in a circle enclosing a central area with the
house and yard at the apex of a triangular plot

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* 87. Hamlets are small villages located away from other villages or on the fringes of larger
villages

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define social institution
* 2. Define family
3. Mention the structure of government
* 4. Define organization
* 5. Define region
* 6. What is community?
* 7. Define neighbourhood

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. State the elements of social institutions
* 2. List out the characteristics of social institutions
* 3. Mention the functions of social institutions
4. Write a note on the functions of family
5. Describe the various types of family
6. List out the functions of government
7. Mention the functions of economic institutions
* 8. How will you classify the organizations
9. Describe the stages of development of organizations
10. List out the features of a region
11. Explain how will you classify the region
* 12. Mention the essential components of community
* 13. List out the characteristics of neighbourhood

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1. Discuss the composition and functions of social institutions
* 2. Write an essay on major social institutions
* 3. Explain the characteristics and roles of organizations
* 4. Describe ecological entities
Lecture 9

Social stratification – Concept, functions, types, difference between class

and caste system
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1. Social status refers to social standing or position of an individual or group in relation
to others as ranked by society in accordance with criteria which are considered of
social worth or value by the society
* 2. Stratification tends to perpetuate the differences in status so that through this process
they are fixed in the structure of society
* 3. Stratification is the division of population into two or more layers , each of which is
relatively homogeneous and between which there are differences in privileges,

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 restrictions, rewards and obligations
4. A stratified society is one marked by inequality, by differences among people that are
evaluated by them as being “lower” and “higher
* 5. Stratification is a pattern of superimposed categories of different privilege
* 6. The process by which individuals and groups are ranked in more or less enduring
hierarchy of status is known as stratification
* 7. Social Stratification refers to the ranking of individuals on a scale of superiority-
inferiority-equality, according to some commonly accepted basis of valuation
* 8. Social stratification is horizontal division of society into “higher” and “lower” social
units.
* 9. Social stratification is a particular form of social inequality
* 10. The Indian Caste system provides an example of stratification system
* 11. Caste is a hereditary endogamous social group in which a person’s rank and its
accompanying rights and obligations are ascribed on the basis of his birth into a
particular group
* 12. Class-Stratification on the basis of class is dominant in modern society
13. Estate system of medieval Europe provides another system of stratification which
gave much emphasis to birth as well as to wealth and possessions
14. Slavery had economic basis
* 15. The term caste was derived from the Portuguese word ‘Casta’ meaning lineage or
race
* 16. In India the term varna is used to apply to caste.
* 17. A caste is a social category whose members are assigned a permanent status within a
given social hierarchy and whose contacts are restricted accordingly
* 18. Caste is the most rigid and clearly graded type of social stratification and has been
often referred to as the extreme form of closed class system
19. The Hindu caste system of India is a striking illustration of stratification in society
on the basis of caste
20. The Varna system prevalent during the Vedic period was mainly based on division of
labour and occupation
21. Sharply contrasted with the caste system , the open class system can be placed at the
opposite end of the continuum
* 22. A social class has been defined as an “abstract category of persons arranged in levels
according to the social status they possess.
* 23. A social class consists of a number of individuals who share similar status often
ascribed at birth but capable of being altered
24. Class does not consist of organized, closed groups defined by law
* 25. Status is achieved in class pattern and is ascribed in caste pattern

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. What is stratification ?
* 2. Define caste
* 3. Define social class

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 C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. List out the features of stratification
2. Describe the characteristics of stratification
* 3. Explain the types of social stratification
* 4. Describe the characteristic features of caste system
* 5. Write the difference between class and caste system
6. Mention the social conditions influencing class structure

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Discuss the functions and dysfunctions of social stratification
* 2. Explain the caste system of India
Lecture 10

Social Values-Definition, values and norms, characteristics of values,

functions
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Attitudes held by society that define what society considers correct and of relative
importance are referred to as social values
* 2. Values are relative importance or preferences we give to any object, idea or content of
experience etc
* 3. Social values are the parts of social institution and therefore they are called high order
norms.
* 4. Values mainly deal with what “is” and more with what “must’ be
* 5. Social values are relatively enduring (lasting or permanent) awareness plus emotion
regarding an object, idea or person
* 6. General enduring preferences that govern behaviour and decisions in daily life are
called social values
* 7. Ideas as to whether objects or behaviour are good, bad, desirable or the like are called
social values
* 8. Social values are abstract and often unconscious assumptions of what is right and
important
* 9. Values are the attitudes, held by individuals, groups or society as a whole, as to
whether material or non – material objects are good, bad, desirable or undesirable
* 10. The rules that govern action directed towards achieving values are called norms
* 11. Norms are the accepted and approved forms of behaviour that are based on values
12. A set of social values will always have an accompanying set of social norms or rules
that uphold and support values.
13. Every society has a unique set of ultimate values which forms the general framework
within which the behaviour of individuals and groups is controlled or influenced
14. Ultimate values often referred to as dominant values and they constitute the core of
society's value system
15. Ultimate values are abstract and often not attainable.
16. Intermediate values are derived from ultimate values and are actually ultimate values

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 that have been rephrased into more reasonably attainable categories
17. The sub-divisions of intermediate values are called specific values and are almost
unlimited in number
* 18. On the basis of degree of compulsiveness, values or norms commonly classified into
three board categories viz., Folkways, Mores and Laws
19. Values are not ends in themselves and do not serve as objectives or goals towards
which social action is directed
20. Values provide a readymade means for judging the social worth of persons and
pluralities
21. Values are guide – posts for people in their choice and fulfillment of social roles
22. Values act as means of social control and social pressure

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define social values

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Differentiate values from norms
2. Mention the types of social values

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Write an essay on characteristics and functions of values
2. Discuss the Role of Values in Agricultural Extension
3. Discuss the major values prevailing in rural society

Lecture 11

Migration- concept, factors influencing migration

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Migration is not merely a physical movement of people from one place to another; it
has its social, economic, cultural and other dimensions as well
* 2. Migration involves a sustained or permanent sojourn in the place of destination from
their place of origin
* 3. Migration should be defined as a change of residence from one civil division to
another
* 4. Migration always involve area of origin and destination
* 5. Migration of people from one part of the country to another part is known as internal
migration
* 6. International migration relates to migration from one country to another country
7. Internal migration is classified into short, medium and long distance migration
8. Migration within the district of enumeration is called intra-district migration
9. Migration within the State of enumeration but outside the district of enumeration is

16
 called inter district migration
10. Migration outside the State of enumeration is called interstate migration migration
11. Flow of migrants from one area to another area makes a stream of migration
* 12. The word migration means the movements of individuals or groups from one place
of abode to another or from one country to another
* 13. The movement of people over considerable distances, abandoning their former homes
for a more or less permanent new domicile is called migration
* 14. The act of changing place of residence or abode is termed as migration
* 15. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another in research of jobs,
for improving their life career etc
16. A person can become ‘migrant’ when he leaves territorial jurisdictions of a state,
district or even a village
* 17. Within a country when an individual migrates from an area of origin and enters into
some area of destination by crossing its boundaries, he or she is in-migrant to the area
of destination and out-migrant from the area of origin
* 18. Total in-migrant to an area minus total out-migrants from that area during a fixed
period is known as net-migration
19. If net-migration is positive it shows net in-migration and a negative value of net-
migration will show net out-migration
* 20. Migration of foreign nationals into a country from a place outside the country is
known as immigration and the individual will be known as immigrants to the
country of destination. To the country of origin it will be known as emigration and the
individual will be known as emigrant
21. when a government forces a large group of people out of a region, usually based on
ethnicity or religion is called population transfer
22. Population transfer is also known as an involuntary or forced migration
23. Individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable
situations such as warfare, political problems or religious persecution and is called
impelled migration
24. Impelled migration is also called reluctant or imposed migration
25. A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person’s place of origin to final
destination – such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town and finally to a city is
called step migration
26. A series of migrations within a family or defined group people is called chain
migration
27. The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their places of origin is called return
migration
28. Return migration is also known as circular migration
29. The process of moving for a period of time in response to labour or climatic conditions
is called seasonal migration

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. What is Migration?

17
 C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Write a note on types of migration
2. Explain stream of migration
3. Mention the different types of migrants
* 4. Explain the causes of migration
5. Describe the laws of migration

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Briefly explain the factors influencing migration
2. Discuss the impact of migration
Lecture 12
Social Control – Definition and Meaning
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1. Society is a collectivity of groups and individuals
* 2. Social control is nothing but control of the society over individuals
* 3. Social control refers to all the ways and means by which society enforces conformity
to its norms.
* 4. social control refers to the patterns of pressure which society exerts to maintain order
and established rules
5. Social control is the system of measures, suggestions, persuasion, restrain and
coercion by whatever means including physical force by which society brings into
conformity to the approved pattern of behaviour, a subgroup or by which a group
moulds into conformity its members
* 6. Social control is the way in which entire social order coheres and maintains itself –
how it operates as a whole, as a changing equilibrium

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define social control

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
Explain the need for social control

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )

Lecture 13
Customs – conventions, folkways, mores, rituals, taboos
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Customs are socially prescribed forms of behaviour transmitted by tradition
2. Customs regulate the whole of man’s action
3. Customs have become an integral part of human life and they range from the practices
followed from birth to the death
* 4. Customs are the group accepted techniques of control that have become well
established, that are taken for granted and are followed from generation to generation
* 5. Customs are the social habits which through repetition become the basis of an order of

18
 social behaviour
6. Customs involve an element of sacredness and therefore, people obey and show
reverence to them
7. Customs involve value judgment
8. Barness called customs as strong holds of social life
* 9. Customs are classified into Folkways and Usage , Conventions , Mores and
Taboos and Rituals
10. The concept of folkways has been made popular by W.G.Sumner through his classic
work ‘Folkways’
* 11. Folkways are the behaviour patterns recognized by a group or society which are learnt
spontaneously or automatically
* 12. Folkways are the behavioural patterns of everyday life which generally arise
unconsciously in a group
* 13. Folkways are recognized and accepted ways of behaving in society
14. The Folkways are socially acceptable ways of behavior
15. Folkways are expected forms of behavior but are not rigidly enforced
16. Generally, folkways do not involve value judgment and an element of sacredness
17. The violation of folkways does not result in serious punishment
18. Observations of folk-ways are not a must
* 19. Conventions are customs regulating more significant social behaviour
* 20. Conventions are less violated than folkways
* 21. The mores are the customs or patterns of behavior, which are regarded by members of
social system as vital and essential to the welfare of the group
* 22. Mores may be defined as those customs, which are held to be essential to ethical or
moral values of people
* 23. Mores are the socially acceptable ways of behavior that do involve moral standards
(regulations) and violation of more may result in severe social action or sanction.
* 24. Mores refer to positive action and Taboos refer to negative action
25. Religion provides foundation for mores of the society
* 26. Generally the term ‘more’ is used for the positive action or things that ought to be
done but the term ‘taboo’ is used for the negative action and for the things that one
ought not to do
* 27. Taboos are negative action envisaging what ought not to be done
28. Taboos are the prohibitive norms followed in a group or society
* 29. The important taboos followed in groups or societies are modesty taboos, linguistic
taboos, food taboos and incest taboos
30. Linguistic Taboos prohibit people from using foul words and also misusing sacred
words
31. Modesty Taboos prohibit people from living without wearing clothes
32. Food Taboos prohibit people from eating certain foods other than the one accepted by
the group or society.
33. Incest Taboos prohibit people from having marital relationships with blood relatives
like brothers and sisters, parents and children, cousins etc
* 34. Ritual is prescribed form of behaviour for certain occasions and certain actions are

19
 designated in prescribed manner
* 35. Ritual may be defined as a pattern of behaviour or ceremony, which has become the
customary way of dealing with certain situations
* 36. Rituals refer to a set ways of carrying out religious ceremonies such as birth
ceremony, puberty, marriage, death, etc

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define conventions
* 2. Define folkways
* 3. What is taboo?
* 4. Define mores
* 5. Define rituals

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Write a short note on customs
* 2. Differentiate mores from taboos
* 3. Write the difference between conventions and folkways
4. List out the characteristics of folkways
5. Differentiate mores from folkways
6. Write a note on types of taboos

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. What is social control ? and explain the formal and informal means of social control
* 2. Discuss the various forms of social control
Lecture 14

Social Interaction Process – Definition, basic social processes

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. By social interaction we refer to social relations of all sorts in functions – dynamic
social relations of all kinds
* 2. Social interaction is the general process whereby two or more persons are in
meaningful contact-as a result of which their behaviour is modified, however, slightly
3. The two basic condition of social interaction are (i) social contact and (ii)
communication.
4. Social interaction is the foundational process in society
* 5. The major five basic social processes are: (I) Cooperation, (II) Competition, (III)
Conflict, (IV) Accommodation, (V) Assimilation
* 6. Cooperation means working together toward common objectives or goals
7. Co-operation means working together in the pursuit of like or common interests
* 8. Cooperation is a form of social interaction wherein two or more persons work
together to gain a common end
* 9. Cooperation is the process by which the individuals or groups combine their effort in
a more or less organised way for the attainment of common objective
10. Most of human cooperation may be considered symbiotic in nature

20
 11. Antagonistic Cooperation, often occurring in labour disputes when management and
labour agree to discuss differences
12. Primary cooperation is one where the group and individual fuse so that the group
engulfs all or nearly all of the individual’s life
13. Secondary cooperation is characteristic of modern western society, is highly
formalised and specialized and occupies only part of an individual’s life
14. Tertiary cooperation is insecure because of latent conflict underlying it
* 15. Competition is the social process or form of social interaction in which two or more
individuals or groups strive against each other for the possession or use of some
material or non-material good
* 16. Competition has been defined as the process of seeking to monopolize a reward by
surpassing all rivals
* 17. Competition is a contest to obtain something which does not exist in quantity
sufficient to meet the demand
* 18. Competition is the striving of two or more persons for the same goal with is limited
so that all cannot share it
* 19. Competition is an interaction without social contract
* 20. “Survival of the fittest” is based on competition for commodities that are in short
supply
* 21. Absolute competition exists when the goal is such that it can be achieved or secured
by one competitor only at a time, and he is declared the victor.
* 22. Relative competitions on the other hand, are based on the degree to which a goal or
objective may be achieved by competitors
* 23. In personal competition the focus of attention of each competitor is on other
competitors whom he strives to eliminate as well as on the goal.
* 24. Impersonal competition has no personal focus on individual rivals, striving instead to
reach a goal rather than to defeat an opponent
* 25. Conflict refers to the struggle in which competing parties, attempting to reach a goal,
strive to eliminate an opponent by making the other party ineffectual or by annihilation
* 26. Conflict has been defined as “the process of seeking to monopolize rewards by
eliminating or weakening the competitors
27. Conflict is a codified form of struggle
28. Conflict is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or
others
29. Conflict is the social process in which individuals or groups seek their ends by
directly challenging the antagonist by violence or threat of violence
30. Conflict is social interaction to achieve goals by conquest with focus on elimination of
opposing parties
* 31. Accommodation is a process of developing temporary working agreements between
conflicting individuals or groups
32. Accommodation is a term used by sociologist to describe the adjustment of hostile
individuals or groups
33. Accommodation is the process by which competing and conflicting individuals and

21
 groups adjust their relationship to each other in order to overcome the difficulties
which arise in competition, contravention or conflict
* 34. In a compromise, each antagonistic party agrees to make concessions that allow them
to reach an agreement
* 35. Conversion is a form of accommodation, one of the interacting parties accepts and
adopts the views of the other
* 36. Tolerance is a form of accommodation where interacting parties agree to disagree.
Each party holds its own position, but respects the fact that the other party has an
opposing viewpoint
* 37. When contending parties do not settle differences among themselves, arbitration is
frequently employed-the problem is submitted to a mutually agreeable third party who
acts as a mediator, capable of studying the issue objectively.
* 38. A truce is an agreement to cease rivalries interaction for a definite or indefinite period
of time
* 39. Displacement involves termination of one conflict by replacing it with another
* 40. Assimilation has been referred to as the fusing or blending process, whereby cultural
differences tend to disappear and individuals and groups once dissimilar become
similar.
41. Assimilation is the process of mutual cultural diffusion through which persons and
groups become culturally alike
42. Assimilation is the social process whereby individuals or groups come to share the
same sentiments and goals
43. Assimilation is a process whereby attitudes of many persons are united, and thus,
develop into a united group
* 44. Assimilation is the process whereby individuals or groups once dissimilar become
similar, that it become identified in the interests and outlook
B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define social interaction process
2. Absolute vs relative competition
3. Personal vs impersonal competition
4.
C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Write a note on basic social processes
2. Define cooperation and explain different forms of cooperation
* 3. Write the difference between competition and conflict
* 4. Write a short note on assimilation

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Discuss social interaction process with suitable examples
* 2. Explain different forms of accommodation with suitable examples
Lecture 15

Social Change – concept, theories, factors and indicators of social change.

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

22
 1. Social change occurs in all societies, slow, perhaps, in primitive and folk societies and
rapid in complex modem societies
* 2. Social change involves a change in the structure or function of societal forms.
3. Social change is a term used to describe variations in or modification of any aspect of
social process, social patterns social interaction or social organization.
* 4. Social change is meant only such alterations that occur in social organisation that is
structure and functions of society.
* 5. Change in social structure is social change
* 6. Social change means variations or modifications in any aspect of social processes,
patterns or form.
7. Social change may be defined as modification in the ways of doing and thinking of
people.
8. Cultural change is social change, since culture is social in its origin
9. Social change may be defined as the process in which is discernible significant
alternation in the structure and functioning of a particular social system
* 10. Social change involves alternations in the structure or functioning of societal forms or
processes themselves
11. Two type of changes are e.g. (i) changes in the structure of society, (ii) changes in the
values and social norms
12. Social progress is also social change but all social change is not progress
13. Social progress is moving and changing in a particular direction with some aim in
view
14. Change can be called progress only if it fulfills the desire aim.
15. Cultural change is more comprehensive, social change is relatively restricted or
narrow
16. Social change is more intimately related to change in the non-material aspect of
culture whereas cultural change comprehends both material and non-material
changes
17. Social change is a part of cultural change.
18. Social change is faster as compare to cultural change
19. Three major dimensions of social change are structural dimension, cultural
dimension and interactional dimension
* 20. Change is universal, an eternal and invariable law of nature
* 21. Any change in the social structure or its function is social change
22. All Social changes essentially involves a human aspect
* 23. Social change involves tempo and direction of change
24. Social change can be classified as planned and unplanned
25. Theories that explain social change in terms of some feature or feature of the natural
environment constitute theories based on geographic determinism
26. Theories that explain social change on the basis of traits or characteristics of the
human organism are referred to as biological determinism
27. Theories that consider economic factors such as production, demand and supply as the
basis of social change are referred as to economic determinism.
28. Cultural determinism refers to theories that seek to explain social change as a result

23
 of some element or elements of cultural heritage.

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define social change
2. Dimensions of Social change
3.
C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. List out the areas of social change
2. Social change vs Progress
3. State the aspects of social change
4. Mention the common features of social change
* 5. List out the major characteristics of social change
* 6. Write an short note on indicators of social change

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Write an essay on theories of social change
* 2. Explain the factors of social change
Lecture 16
Social Development
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
* 1. Social Development is equality of social opportunities
* 2. Three basic criteria of social development are Poverty Eradication, Employment
Generation and Social Harmony

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
* 1. Define social development

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
* 1. Describe the components of social development
* 2. List out the indicators of social development
* 3. Explain the factors affecting social development

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
* 1. Write an essay on social development

II.Educational Psychology
Lecture 18
Education – Psychology – Educational Psychology –Definitions,
Importance in extension

24
 A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1.* Education is the production of desirable changes in human behaviour
2.* Education is a process in which human behaviour is modified so as to be in closer
agreement with some model or ideas determined by the values of society
3. Formal education is institutionalised, chronologically graded and well-structured
system of education
4. Non Formal education is an organised, systematic educational activity carried on
outside the framework of the formal system
5. Informal education is the life long process by which every person acquires
knowledge, skills, attitudes and insights from daily experiences
6.* The word "psychology" was formed from two Greek words.
7. Psychology is the science of behavior
8.* Psychology is the study of human nature
9. Psychology is the study of human behavior and human relationships
10. Educational Psychology deals with the behaviour of human beings in educational
* situations
11. Educational Psychology is that branch of Psychology which deals with teaching and
* learning
12. Educational Psychology is the science of education
*
13. Educational Psychology is the branch of psychology that works within the
educational system to help children with emotional, social and academic issues

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1. Education
2.* Extension Education
3.* Psychology
4.* Educational Psychology

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. Types of education
2. Importance of Psychology in Extension
3.* Importance of Educational Psychology in Extension

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
Lecture 19
Social Psychology – Definitions, importance in extension.

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1. The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another is
called Social Psychology
2. The scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and cause of individual
behaviour and thought in social situations is called Social Psychology

25
3. Social Psychology is the study of individual in various group
*
4. Social Psychology is a discipline that uses scientific methods to study social influence,
social perception and social interaction.
5. Wilhelm Wundt  is called as the father of psychology
*
6. Edward Thorndike is called as the father of modern educational psychology
7. Kurt Lewin is called as the father of Social psychology

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1. Social psychology
*
C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. Importance of Social Psychology in Extension

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )

Lecture 20-23
Basic principles of Human behavior – Sensation, Attention, Perception –
meaning, characteristics; Cognitive, affective, psychomotor domain

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1.* Sensations are the simplest mental activities of man
2. A sensation is the awareness of a quality of an object that stimulates any sense organ
3. Sensations can be defined as the passive process of bringing information from the
outside world into the body and to the brain
4. Attention is a process of attending to a series of stimuli
5.* Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one subject rather than another
6. Attention is the process of getting an object of thought clearly before the mind
7. Perception is usually described as a response to stimulus
8.* Perception is the process of understanding sensations or attaching meanings based on
past experience to signs
9. Perception is the process of organizing and interpretation of sensory data in terms of
one’s previous experience and present needs
10. Perception is the process by which impressions, opinions and feelings about an object
is formed by means of a sensory operation
11. An illusion is a wrong or mistaken perception
*
12. Hallucination is a false perception
*
13. An error in perception which has no basis in a real sensory stimulus is called
Hallucination
14. All activities or behaviour can be fitted into the Stimulus – Response mechanism.

26
*
15. A Stimulus is anything that arouses the organism or any of its parts to activity
16. A response is any activity that is aroused by a stimulus
17. The cognitive domain involves the development of our mental skills and the
* acquisition of knowledge
18. The affective domain involves our feelings, emotions and attitudes.
*
19. The psychomotor domain is comprised of utilizing motor skills and coordinating them
*

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Sensation
2.* Attention
3.* Perception
4.* Span of attention
5. Shifting of attention

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1. S-R Mechanism
2.* Characteristics of sensation
3.* Characteristics of attention
4.* Characteristics of perception
5. Span of attention
6.* Errors of perception
7.* Types of sensation

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Write a note on the basic principles of behaviour and explain the characteristics
2. Define sensation. Describe the different types of sensation and explain the
determinants of sensation
3. Explain determinants of attention
4. Describe the detereminants of perception
5.* Write an essay on cognitive,affective and psychomotor domains

Lecture 24 & 25
Intelligence – Concept, types, measurement and factors affecting
intelligence
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1.* Intelligence is the ability of an individual to cope with his environment
2.* The word intelligence is derived from the Latin verb ‘intellegere’ which means
understanding

27
3. Intelligence is the ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving
problems and adapting to the world
4. One’s capacity to deal effectively with situations is called intelligence
5. An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued
within one or more cultural settings
6.* A global concept that involves an individual’s ability to act purposefully, think
rationally, and deal effectively with the environment is termed intelligence
7.* There are three types of intelligence and they are Concrete Intelligence, Abstract
Intelligence and Social Intelligence
8.* Multiple theory of intelligence was developed by Howard Gardner
9.* William Stern, a German psychologist, devised the concept of Intelligence Quotient
(IQ).
10. Chronological age is the biological age or actual age in year from birth
*
11. Mental age is a measure of a person’s intellectual development relative to people of
* her/his age group
12. Psychologist Robert Sternberg (1985) has constructed a three—pronged, or
Triarchic theory of intelligence and the three types are Analytical intelligence,
Creative intelligence and Practical intelligence
13. Howard Gardner ‘s multiple theory of intelligence consists of eight types of
intelligence

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Intelligence
2.* Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1* Types of intelligence
2.* Factors influencing intelligence

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1* Define intelligence. Describe the tests for measuring intelligence and explain the
factors influencing intelligence

Lecture 26 & 27
Personality – concept, types, measurement and factors influencing
personality
A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )
1. The word Personality originated from the Latin word Personare which used to mean
the voice of an actor speaking through a mask
2.* Personality is the total quality of an individual
3.* Personality is the organization and integration of a large number of human traits
4. Personality is that which permits of what a person will do in a given situation
5. Personality is defined as an individual’s typical or consistent adjustments to his

28
 environment
6.* Personality consists of one’s Material self, Social self and Spiritual self
7. Personality is the most characteristic integration of an individual’s structures, mode of
behaviour, interests, attitudes, capacities, abilities and aptitudes.
8. Personality traits can be classified as Source traits and Surface traits
9.* The qualities of one’s behaviour that are observable directly in action is called Surface
trait
10. The qualities at a deeper level are termed as Source traits
*
11. A drive is a form of motivation in which the organism is impelled by factors,
essentially beyond its control to act without foresight of ends
12. Temperamenis the characteristic method of an individual which may bring elation,
depression or confidence to him
13. Personal capacity is a sort of inherited potentiality or adaptability which enables the
organism to acquire the ability to do a certain task or to solve a particular type of
problem.
14. Ability is equal to inherited capacity plus training
15. Ideas include all mental pictures, concepts, impression, notions, factual knowledge,
and the like which we carry in our heads
16. Habits include all the acquired ways of feeling and doing which tend to repeat
themselves under appropriate conditions
17. An attitude is acquired, or learned and established tendency to react toward or against
something or somebody
18. A wish is one, or a set of attitudes, focussed on a goal
19. An attitude is a pre-disposition to want (or to avoid) something, while a wish is actual
wanting
20. Jung has identified introversion- extroversion types in personality
*
21. Introverts will react negatively to situations; withdraw from the society, inwardly
* reflective
22. An extrovert is spontaneous in his emotional expression, impersonal in argument,
* neither deeply affected by failures nor much occupied with self analysis or self-
criticism
23. Sheldon classified the people on the basis of temperament and Physical structure
*
24. Sheldon classified the people into three types based on their physical structure as
* Endomorphic, Mesomorphic and Ectomorphic
25. Sheldon classified people into three types according to their temperament. They are
* Viscerotonia, Somatotonia and Corebrotonia
26. Two well known protective tests are Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic
* Apperception Test ( TAT ).

27. Rorschach ink blot test is used to measure personality

29
*
28. Rorschach test was introduced by Herman Rorschach,a Swiss psychiatrist during
1921
29. Thematic Apperception Test is used to measure personality
*
30. Rorschach ink blot test is a projective test to measure personality
*
31. Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test to measure personality
*
32. TAT was first given by Murray
*

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Personality
2. Personality traits

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1.* Types of personality
2.* Extroversion vs Introversion
3.* Factors affecting personality

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Explain the various methods of measurement of personality

Lecture 28&29 - Teaching–Learning Process

28. Teaching – Definition and Meaning
29. Principles of teaching and Steps in Extension Teaching

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1. Teaching is undertaking certain tasks or activities the intention of which is to induce learning
2. Teaching is the process of carrying out those activities that experience has shown to be
effective in getting students to learn
3. Teaching is undertaking certain ethical tasks or activities the intention of which is to induce
learning
4.* Teaching is the process of providing situations in which learning takes place
5.* The first task of the extension worker is to attract attention of the learner to the new and better
ideas
6.* Once attention has been captured it becomes possible for the teacher to appeal to the basic
needs or urges of the individual and arouse his interest in further consideration of the idea
7.* The desire is concerned with the continuing learner’s interest in the idea or better practice
until that interest becomes a desire or motivation force
8.* At conviction stage learner knows what action is necessary, and just How to take that action
9.* Unless conviction is converted into action, the efforts are fruitless.
10. Satisfaction is the end product of the extension teaching process
*

30
 B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Define teaching

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Describe the principles of teaching
2.* Explain the steps in Extension teaching

Lecture 30
Learning –Definition, meaning and principles

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1. All living experience is learning
2.* Learning is a process by which a person becomes changed in his behaviour through
self – activity
3.* Learning is a process of progressive behaviour adaptation
4. Learning is the relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due
to experience
5. The process of gaining knowledge and expertise is called learning
6. Learning is growth like and continuous.
7. Learning is purposeful
8. Learning results through self-activity
9. Learning must result in functional understanding

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Define learning

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Discuss the principles of learning and their implications for teaching

Lecture 31
Types of learning and learning situation

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1.* Trial and Error Learning was developed by EL Thorndike
2.* Classical conditioning got its name by the experiments of Ivan P Pavlov
3.* Operant Conditioning was developed by BF Skinner
4. Operant Conditioning is also known as ‘Instrumental conditioning
5. Learning by Insight was developed by a psychologist known as Wolf gang Kohler
6.* Albert Bandura is the psychologist most linked with the term Observational learning.
7. Learning through association  - Classical Conditioning
8. Learning through consequences – Operant Conditioning

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9. Learning through observation – Modelling/Observational Learning

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Define learning experience
2.* Define learning situation

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Write an essay on types of learning
2.* Draw learning situation and explain its components

Lecture 32
Motivation – concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (including selfless-
service), intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1.* Motivation is the process or initiating in and purposeful action
2.* Motivation may be defined as goal seeking or goal-directed behavior or activity
3. Motivation refers to all those phenomena, which are involved in the stimulation of
action towards particular objectives
4. Motivation is an inner control of behavior as represented by physiological conditions,
Interests, attitudes and aspirations
5. Motivation is an internal factor that arouses, directs and integrates a person’s
behaviour
6. Motivation is the process of arousing ,sustaining and regulating activity
7.* Need is the gap between what is? and ‘What ought to be?
8. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a
five-tier model of human needs
9. Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs.
10. Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak
experiences is called Self-actualization needs
11. According to Maslow human beings are motivated by a hierarchy of needs
*
12. Self-actualization could be measured through the concept of peak experiences
13. Motivation is intrinsic when an individual recognizes an activity self rewarding
*
14. In intrinsic motivation the individual does an activity since there is an urge from
within the individual
15. In extrinsic motivation the stimuli for the activity is from outside
*

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Define motivation

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 C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1.* Describe intrinsic motivation
2.* Explain extrinsic motivation
3.* Write a note on self actualization
4. List out the characteristics of motivation
5. Mention the causes of motivation
6. Write the factors affecting motivation

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Write an essay on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Explain how motives are classified

Lecture 33
Techniques of motivation, importance of motivation in extension.

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
1.* Write a note on award system in extension

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Write an essay on techniques of motivation / How will you motivate farmers and
extension workers
2.* Describe the importance of motivation in extension

Lecture 34
Attitude – Concept, factors influencing the development of attitude

A. Part A ( 0.5 Marks )

1. An attitude is a pattern of behaviour that has been learned
2. Attitude causes a person to react in a particular way towards ideas, objects or other
people.
3.* An attitude is a predisposition to react in a favourable or unfavourable way towards
persons, events, objects etc.
4.* Attitudes refer to the likes & dislikes of the individuals
5.* An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or
event
6. An attitude is an evaluation of an attitude object, ranging from extremely negative to
extremely positive
7. A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some
degree of favor or disfavor is termed as attitude
8. An attitude is a readiness to respond in such a way that behavior is given a certain

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 direction
9. An attitude is a particular feeling about something.
10. An attitude is a predisposition or readiness to respond in a predetermined manner to
* relevant stimuli.

B. Part B ( 1 Mark )
1.* Define attitude

C. Part C ( 2 Marks )
Mention the components of attitude
State the characteristics of attitude
Write a note on factors affecting attitude

D. Part D ( 5 Marks )
1.* Explain how attitude is developed and describe the factors influencing the
development of attitude
2. Describe the role of attitude in extension

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