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Abaarso Tech University
THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND FIELD OF STUDY ON STUDENTS

ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CASE OF ABAARSO
TECH UNIVERSITY, BURAO, SOMALILAND
A thesis proposal
Presented to the faculty of Business
Abaarso Tech University
Burao, Somaliland
By
1. Said A. Suleiman
2. Mohamed A. Abshir
3. Salma A. Rasheid Jama
4. Abdifatah I. Ibrahim
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the bachelor degree in accounting and finance
February, 2021
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Psychologist define attitude as learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way. This is
mainly come from social psychology which originated from allport (1935) “… a mental and neural
state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon
individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related” . This could evaluations that
are taken from certain condition people or issues that are occurring naturally in this world, that
we are living. Evaluation cpuld be positive or negative. Breckler (1984), suggested that attitude
consists of three different components. Which are cognitive components, affective component
and behavioral component. Congnetive component is how thought and belief about a matter is,
affective component is how an object, event and issue makes you feel (Katz, 1960)). While,
behavioral is how your attitude makes you feel. Scholars ( cunninghuam, preacher and Banji,
2001) also classify attitude to two main branches which are implicit explicit attitudes, explicit
attitudes are those which we are consciously aware of while implicit attitudes we could aware of
but they affect our interactions and behaviors. I this research we could define attitude as peoples
assumption and believes about a condition, event or issues.
Several factors can contribute to formation of attitudes which includes: past experience,
experience that is resulted from the previous lessons learned from the environment (katz,1960).
social factors, this are the facors thet result from social norms and what the community in that
habitat respects, this could contribute to the building of the attitudes muehling(1987). Other
factor that could contribute to the formation of the attitude is learning whether it is classical
conditioning, this is the learning that results from repeated experience to the stimuli like Ivan
Pavlov’s famous experiment (Lineros & Hinojosa, 2012),operant learning this is the belief and
tolerance to repeat a behavioral that could contribute to the positive result (Fazio & Olson, 2003).
Or observational conditioning, this refers to the persons utilizing their modes of assesments
towards other persons actions and their consequences, to handle their thoughts, desires and
feelings (Mensah et al., 2013).
2.2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
Elaboration Likelihood theory
Elaboration likelihood theory is a persuasion theory that states people can change their attitudes in two
ways. First, they can be motivated to listen and think about a message, which results to shift their
attitudes. Second, they may be inclined by the characteristics of the speaker, leading to temporary shift of
their attitudes. Persuasion theory means “symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other
people to change their attitudes or behaviors in regarding an issue through transmission of message in
atmosphere of free choice” perloff (2003). This theory is mainly used by speakers and political leaders to
shift and change audience minds into their parties.
Dissonance theory
This theory explains when people come to disagree about an issue or they have conflicting beliefs about a
topic, to reduce the problem they should always shift their attitudes. Dissonance theory is a theory that
makes hints about the modes of settling arguments and easy ways to shift from the previous attitudes
about matter or issue to settle better decisions about disagreed parts or sections.
2.3 RELATED STUDIES
A research that was taken from students in two universities Puerto Rico and in Catalonia have
showed positive attitude to establish a business for the purpose of profit seeking. The most of the
students nearly 92.2% in Puerto Rico and 74% in Catalonia reported that they are going to start
new firm. Making comparison to that previous studies finding from research adapted in in spain
the willingness has increased in the past decades (Genesca` and Veciana, 1984). If make a
comparison between the studies carried out Genesca and Veciana (1984), there is great
advancement in the attitudes towards entrepreneurship.
It is interesting view that female entrepreneur in many countries. Females face more obstacles in
starting and leading a business compared to that of males in different countries due to social and
cultural issues ( Davidson and Burke, 2004). It was noticed that that female entrepreneurs in
Indonesia are facing large doses of barriers including financing problems law market activities.
Which results profit and revenues are achieved by females (sigh, el al, 2001)
There is no visible relationship between gender and entrepreneurship in the University of Puerto
Rico. Both genders are not always driven into entrepreneurship by monetary values, although it
is important they always do this by developing in terms of decision making, innovation and
creation of new styles and so on (OECD,1998). In the case of females, they are not always driven
by a single motive. They are lead by a group of causal agents including jo dissatisfaction,
financial reason, and economic recession (Stevenson, 1986). Study taken from students showed
that young students are going to be entrepreneurs because of, they are going to do interesting
tasks and have leadership duties but older students revealed that they are going to get freedom
and independence from their previous jobs that they were doing in the past years (kaseorg and
raudsaar, 2003). The interesting result from this study is that students were having low attitude
about the entrepreneurship skills, most of them have no past experience of managing a venture.
They see it only as a method of running from insecurity in jobs and other obstacles in the market
(kaseorg and raudsaar, 2003. In contrary to that previous research another study taken from
Botswana showed that fourth year students have positive attitude about the entrepreneurship and
understand its impact on the society( Douglas et al, 2016). Furthermore, there is an influence
from the gender, when it comes to entrepreneurship but, field of specialization has no effect on
attitude of creating new firm ( Douglas et al, 2016).
2.4 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review showed that attitudes towards entrepreneurship were mainly positive. Although
some of them are affected by many factors such, experience, background of the family, area of
living. The literature showed that gender has no effect on the entrepreneurship on them although
in some cases, they face many sociocultural obstacles, such community view about a women
entrepreneur, and competition from males who mainly dominate in the business market. Finally
literature showed that field of specialization has no effect on entrepreneurship. Students were
having equal attitudes in entrepreneurship.

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THE EFFECT OF GENDER AND FIELD OF STUDY ON STUDENTS

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