Module1. Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed The Course of Science and Technology
Module1. Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed The Course of Science and Technology
INTRODUCTION
Science and Technology plays a major role in our day to day living. It allows
us to complete our tasks easier and more efficient. S&T innovations help us
accomplish difficult and complicated tasks with so little time and so little effort without
sacrificing its output. The continuous developments in this field are not just products
of people’s imagination or the ―AHA moment‖ but by gradual improvements of
earlier works from different periods which was driven by our continuous desire to
raise the quality of life of the people.
This module will focus on the development of science and scientific ideas in
the community and on how it gradually made an impact on our society. After
completing the module, you should be able to answer the following:
⮚ How did Science and Technology affected the society and environment & vice
versa?
⮚ What were the significant innovations and inventions that changed the world
over the course of history?
⮚ What were the scientific and technological advancements in the Philippines
throughout time?
Science,Technology and Society-
(STS-GEC 6) Isabela State University
2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING CONTENT
8. Power and energy. Fundamental to all inventions are power and energy,
the harnessing of the capacity of the physical world to do work. The
human race has applied its genius to using all sources of energy for a
multitude of ends.
∙ Example: waterwheel, controlled fire, windmill, steam engine, electric
battery, electric generator and motor, incandescent lightbulb, steam
turbine, gasoline engine, jet engine, nuclear reactor laser, wind
turbine, solar cell, fuel cell
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many
ancient civilizations. It is host to many cultural, economic, scientific and
political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology and
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China and the
Middle East civilizations (Mesopotamian Civilizations.) These civilizations
were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of
knowledge during their time.
▪ It is first true city on the world and for the way it was erected ▪ There
were no building stones in the location of the city and the lumber was
limited - making the construction a big challenge. ▪ The Sumerians were
able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river which they
mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks - a true engineering feat.
▪ They used bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh
weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild
animals and neighboring raiders from entering.
∙ WHEEL
▪ latter part of history - wheel was invented
▪ the first wheels were not made for
transportation but farm work and food
processes
▪ with the use of wheel and axle mass
production was made easier
▪ Farmers were able to mill grains with less
effort in less time
Fig. 1.3 Ancient Sumerian Sailboat Carving
∙ THE PLOW
▪ Another farm technology invented by the
MESOPOTAMIANS
▪ It is used to dig the ground where seeds
would be planted
Fig. 1.4 Mesopotamian
Wheel
Fig. 1.5 Sumerians invented the plow
for farming
∙ ROADS
▪ Sumerians developed the first road
▪ it made the flow of traffic become faster and more organized ▪ they made the roads with
the same technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the
the most powerful state in the world after defeating the Assyrians at
Nineveh 612 BC.
o The Neo-Babylonian Empire was a period of cultural renaissance
in the Near East. The Babylonians built many beautiful and
lavish buildings and preserved statues and artworks from the
earlier Babylonian Empire during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar
II.
⮚ The ancient scientists who lived in the city made important discoveries in
mathematics, physics and astronomy. Among their many
accomplishments, they developed trigonometry, used mathematical
models to track the planet Jupiter and developed methods in tracking
time that are still used today. Ancient Babylonian records are still used
by modern- day astronomers to study how the rotation of the Earth has
changed.
⮚ One of the major contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon,
one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Fig.1.7 Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
(Graphical illustration as described by archaeologists and historians)
.
It is one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World and was
supposedly built high above the ground on split-level stone terraces. It
was believed that the gardens were destroyed by war and erosion,
while others believe an earthquake destroyed them.
Fig. 1.8 The Silk Road is a 4,000 mile trade route that
stretched from China to the Fertile Crescent in
Southwestern Asia (opened up by the Han Dynasty)
⮚ it is known as middle kingdom and located on the far east of Asia ⮚ it was
famous among other ancient civilizations because of the silk trade
∙ SILK
▪ naturally produced by silk worms and the Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it
to produce paper and clothing
▪ SILK TRADE opened China to the outside world making way for
cultural, economic and scientific exchanges bridging the gap
between the western world and the middle kingdom.
∙ TEA PRODUCTION
▪ Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over
crushed or shredded dried tea leaves
▪ believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Emperor
▪ Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese
inventor created a machine that was bale shred tea leaves into
strips
∙ GREAT WALL
OF CHINA
▪ the only
man-made
structure
that
could be
seen
from
outer
space
▪ largest and
most extensive
infrastructure that the nation built
▪ it was constructed to keep out
foreign invaders and control the
borders of China
▪ made with stone, brick, wood,
earth and other materials
▪ it showcased the extent of
engineering technology at that time
▪ the wall’s construction put the nation among the powerful civilizations during the
ancient times
Fig. 1.9 The Great Wall of China
▪ this was the pride of their land and their crowning glory
∙ CHINESE
MEDICINE
▪ The
Chinese are
known for
traditional
medicines, a product of
centuries of experiences and
discovery of the Chinese people.
They discovered various medical
properties and uses of different
plants and animals to cure human
illness
▪ Acupuncture is a form of treatment
widely practiced in China. It
involves inserting very thin needles
through a person’s skin at specific earliest known Chinese doctor
points on the body to various
depths which help relieve pain
and
∙ COMPASS
▪
https://www.history.com/tag/an
cient-china
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the advantages of the spacious and fertile Indus River valley. ⮚ Perhaps
the best-known artifacts of the Indus civilization are a number of small
seals, generally made of steatite (a form of talc), which are distinctive in
kind and unique in quality, depicting a wide variety of animals, both
real—such as elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, and antelopes—and fantastic,
often composite creatures. Sometimes human forms are included. A few
examples of Indus stone sculpture have also been found, usually small and
representing humans or gods. ⮚ Aside from farming, Indians creatively
developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
∙ METALLURGICAL WORKS
▪ Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with
high regard in the Roman Empire.
▪ High quality steel was being produced in southern
India the crucible technique. In this system, high-purity
wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in crucibles
and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.
The resulting high-carbon steel, called fūlāḏ
in Arabic and wootz by later Europeans, which was exported
throughout Asia and Europe
.
∙ AYURVEDIC MEDICINE
▪ Ayurveda is a system of
traditional medicine that
originated in India before 2500
BC
▪ Ancient texts like Sursuta
Samhita, describes different
surgical and other medical
procedures famous in Ancient
India.
astronomy. They
∙ ASTRONOMY developed theories on the
▪ Ancient India is notable in the field ofconfiguration of the Universe,
the spherical self-supporting
Earth, and the 360days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days each
Siddhanta Shiromani, an
ancient Indian text covers
topics including mean Fig. 1.15
The Ayurvedic Man
longitudes for planets; true
Fig 1.16 Aryabhatta and his heliocentric
longitudes of planets; the three
theory
problems of diurnal rotation;
∙ MATHEMATICS
▪ THE VALUE OF PI
The value of ―pi‖ was first calculated by the Indian
mathematician Budhayana, and he also explained the
concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem.
▪ NUMERAL NOTATIONS
Indians, as early as 500 BCE, had devised a system of
different symbols for every number from one to nine. This
notation system was adopted by the Arabs who called it the
hind numerals. Centuries later, this notation system was
adopted by the western world who called them the Arabic
numerals as it reached them through the Arab traders.
▪ FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Fibonacci numbers and their sequence first appear in
Indian mathematics as mātrāmeru, mentioned by Pingala in
connection with the Sanskrit tradition of prosody. Later on,
the methods for the formation of these numbers were given
by mathematicians Virahanka, Gopala and Hemacandra ,
much before the Italian mathematician Fibonacci introduced
the fascinating sequence to Western European mathematics.
▪ BINARY NUMBERS
Binary numbers is the basic language in which computer
programs are written. Binary basically refers to a set of two
numbers, 1 and 0, the combinations of which are called bits
and bytes. The binary number system was first described by
the Vedic scholar Pingala, in his book Chandahśāstra, which
is the earliest known Sanskrit treatise on prosody ( the study
of poetic metres and verse).
https://www.khanacademy.org/
Want to
know more
about the
Indus Civilization?
humanities/world-history/world
READ history-beginnings/ancient
india/a/the-indus-river-valley civilizations
Fig.
1.19 Cyperus Papyrus (Egyptian Papyrus), an
aquatic plant found in the Nile River
Fig.
1.21 Stele of Minnakht
∙ ALCHEMY
▪ Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is known as the
forerunner of chemistry.
▪ Egyptian beliefs in life after death and the mummification procedure
they developed gave rise to rudimentary knowledge and a goal of
immortality
∙ COSMETICS
▪ Were used for both
health and aesthetic
reasons
▪ Egyptians wore
KOHL - eye
cosmetic(created
by mixing soot or
malachite with
mineral galena)
to cure
diseases
▪ Soot (black powder
that is formed when
something is burned)
▪ Egyptians believed that a person
wearing make-up was protected from
evil and that beauty was a sign of
holiness.
▪ At present - cosmetics are used to 1.22 A picture of an Egyptian woman
improve and highlight the facial features applying Kohl with a wig on her side
of a person
∙ WIG
Fig.
∙ WATER
CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA
▪ Another important
ancient Egyptian
contribution is
the water clock
▪ utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of
water from one
vessel to the
other
▪ the amount of
water remaining in the
device determines how much time has
elapsed since it is full (time is
measured)
▪ used as time keeping device
READ
❖ WESTERN CIVILIZATION
https://www.history.com/topics/ancien
∙ GREEK CIVILIZATION
⮚ Greece - is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe known in Greek
as Hellas or Ellada
⮚ known as the birthplace of Western philosophy
⮚ The Early influences were the Egyptians and the Minoans (Isle of Crete) ⮚
The geography of Greece greatly influenced the culture in that with few
natural resources and surrounded by water, (the cities were built around the
Aegean, Ionian and the Black Seas) the people eventually took to the sea for
livelihood.
∙ ALARM WATER CLOCK
▪ One of the most utilized gadgets today invented by the Greeks ▪ they
made used of water or small stones or sand that dropped into drums
which sounded the alarm
▪ Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm to signal the start of his
lecture
∙ MILL
▪ one of the most important contributions of the Greek Civilization to the
world
▪ commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which
was necessary form of food processing
▪ because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the
mass production of rice, cereals, flours became common
▪ better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less
effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have time to raise
the animals
READ
https://www.britannica.com/pla
ce/ancient-Greece
∙ ROMAN CIVILIZATION
⮚ Roman Empire
Romans
▪ GAZETTES - first newspaper
∙ ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
▪ one of the most visual contributions of the
Roman Empire to the world
▪ considered a continuation of Greek
architecture
▪ all engineering and architecture
development was fully supported and
funded by the Roman government
▪ able to implement major projects such as
large churches (basilicas and cathedrals,
coliseums amphitheaters etc.) Fig.
1.29
The
Capitolium temple at Thugga (Dougga) in
modern Tunisia, c. 166 CE
Fig 28. The Roman theatre at Thugga in modern Tunisia, c. 168 CE (Left), and The Arch of
Alexander Severus is a Roman triumphal arch which was built in 228 CE, in gratitude to the emperor
for his beneficence towards the city. The arch functioned as one of the city gates, at the end of a
road linking to the road between Carthage and Tébessa.
READ
__________________________________________________________________
∙ MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
⮚ Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from
Southern Mexico up to the boarder of South America. There is no
doubt that Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior
to the arrival of its European colonizers.
Science,Technology and Society-
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∙ MAYAN CIVILIZATION
⮚ One of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately
2,000 years.
⮚ The Maya Empire, centered in the tropical lowlands of what
is now Guatemala, reached the peak of its power and
influence around the sixth century A.D.
⮚ The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing,
calendar-making and mathematics, and left behind an
astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic
artwork.
▪ ASTRONOMY
▪ They incorporated their advanced understanding of
astronomy into their temples and religious structures. A
good example is the pyramid El Castillo at the Chichen Itza
in Mexico is situated at the location of the sun during the
spring and fall equinoxes.
▪ They were able to predict eclipses and used astrological
cycles in planting and harvesting.
▪ They built observatories so their priests could watch the
stars and plan the best time for festival, religious rituals and
cultural celebrations.
▪ The Maya used two calendars .An everyday calendar with
13 months of 20 days each was probably related to the
appearance of the planet Venus.
▪ The Maya developed their own hydraulic system
∙ WEAVING LOOMS
▪ They also have weaving loom for weaving cloths
∙ HEIROGLYPH
▪ The Maya hieroglyph writing is arguably one of the most
visually striking writing systems in the world. It is also very
complex, with hundreds of unique signs or glyphs in the form
of humans, animals, supernaturals, objects, and abstract
design
∙ INCA CIVILIZATION
⮚ The Inca civilization
made advanced
scientific ideas
considering their
limitations
as an old civilization.
⮚ The largest empire in pre-Columbian
America, and possibly the largest empire in
the world in the early 16th century.
⮚ It flourished in Ancient Peru between 1400
and 1533 BCE.
⮚ The following were scientific ideas and tools
that they developed to help them in
everyday life :
Fig. 1.33 Quipu
∙ AZTEC CIVILIZATION
⮚ The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the
fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. They were a
civilization with a rich cultural heritage whose capital, Tenochtitlan,
rivaled the greatest cities of Europe in size and grandeur.
⮚ Among the significant contribution of the Aztec Civilization are the
following:
∙ MANDATORY EDUCATION
▪ The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children
are mandated to get education regardless of their social class,
gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive
education.
∙ CHOCOLATES
▪ The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In
the Mayan culture, they used it as currency The Aztec valued
∙ AZTEC CALENDARS
▪ This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting
seasons.
∙ INVENTION OF THE CANOE
▪ A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems
Fig. 1.36 Aztec Calendar (Left), and Aztec canoeing as illustrated in Florentine Codex, Book 2
(Right)
African Civilization
∙ PRINTING PRESS
▪ After the Chinese
developed
woodblock
printing Johann
Gutenberg was
able to
invent a more
reliable way of
printing
using a cast
type
▪ utilized a wooden
machine that
extracted
from juices
▪ Attached to them a metal impression of
the letters and pressed firmly the cast
metal into a piece of paper which then
made an exact impression on paper.
▪ soon evolved to be a mechanical printing
press which was eventually used all over
the world Fig.
▪ advantage: to address the need for 1.37 Gutenberg Printing Press
∙ MICROSCOPE
Another invention in the middle ages is
the microscope. Growing populations
caused massive migration and
urbanization during the period. More
and more people transferred to polluted
and populated urban areas which
resulted in many people getting sick and
needed medical attention. To develop
the proper medications for illnesses,
experts must understand the sickness
through an investigation. Fig.
▪ It was invented by ZACHARIAS 1.38 Janssen’s Microscope
▪ for open area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows
so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping
themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses
▪ in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something
to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron
body armors
▪ body armors were heavy and limited their movements
___________________________________________________________________
⮚The set of
pictures discuss
public
transportation.
The photo essay
also tells us the
importance of
Jeepney to
commuters who
are usually
traveling for work
or school.
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∙ Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes
also including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be
about 1880 to 1945. It forms a late part of the Second Industrial
Revolution
C. Contemporary Period
The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics
saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and
transistor.
and has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and ideologies
as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of ―art‖.
∙ Atomic Age or World War II. The Atomic Era, is the period of history
following the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity, on July 16,
1945, during World War II. New weapons made warfare much more
mobile - mainly tanks but also air power. That made World War II much
more about maneuvering than about fortification and concentration of
firepower to thin defensive line. As the Germans learned first and
Allies, learned next, tactics, intelligence, and maneuvering ruled the
battlefield of the 1940s, not trenches and barbed wire.
∙ Space Age is a time period encompassing the activities related to Space Race,
space exploration, space technology, and cultural developments influenced by
these events. The space age is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik.
∙ Information Age also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age or New Media
Age is a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from
traditional industry that the Industrial revolution brought through industrialization,
to an economy based on information technology. This era brought about a time
period in which people could access information and knowledge easily.
∙
PASTEURIZATION
▪ It is the process
of heating dairy
products to kill
harmful bacteria
that
allow them to
spoil faster
▪ It is a better
means of
production to
meet the needs for population, food
preservation and food safety
▪ It was invented by Louis Pasteur
(French biologist, microbiologist and
chemist)
▪ advantage: milk could be stored and
consumed for a longer period
▪ prevents illnesses caused by harmful
bacteria Fig. 1.42 Pasteurization process
∙ PETROLEUM REFINERY
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙
∙ TELEPHONE
▪ The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they
needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate
with each other in real time
▪ It was one of the most important inventions at that time and was invented
by ALEXANDER Graham Bell
_______________________________________________________________________
⮚ AMERICAN PERIOD
∙ The progress of Science and Technology in the Philippines continued under the
American rule of the Islands
∙ They established the public education system
∙ Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people. ∙ They
established the University of the Philippines which is a research university. ∙ The
Americans created more public hospitals than the Spaniards. ∙ Basic education
science focused on nature studies and sanitation. Later, the subject was formally
called ―Science‖
∙ Researchers were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other
tropical diseases.
Fig. 1.49 The University of the Philippines in its Early years
Source: https://www.up.edu.ph/about-up/university-history/
⮚ JAPANESE OCCUPATION
∙ The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945,
when Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during
World War II.
The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the
attack on Pearl Harbor.
∙ Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan
∙ During this time, many of the established industries in the Philippines were turned
into ashes and many lives were destroyed. Horses, cars and trucks were
confiscated.
EDUCATION
∙ Under Education, the country was subjected to Military Order No. 2 on February 17,
1942which contains the Japanese educational policies that upholds Six Basic
Principles:
1. Realization of new order;
2. Propagation of Filipino Culture;
3. Endeavor to elevate the morals o people, giving up, over emphasis
materialism;
4. The teaching and propagation of Niponggo;
5. Diffusion of elementary and vocational education; and
6. Promotion of love of labor
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∙ The educational system prioritized the opening of elementary schools and next was
the re-opening of vocational and normal schools which offers Agriculture, Fisheries,
and Engineering. This classes were composed of sixty students each
∙ School calendars became longer since there were no summer vacation ∙
American songs were banned including American symbols, poems and pictures ∙
During the time of Jose P. Laurel, he required teachers to obtain licenses
TRANSPORTATION
∙ Transport was a big problem for local people throughout Japanese occupation
because they were in control of the world’s rubber and many oil fields. They
forced many motor vehicles to run on coal gases or inferior petrol made from
vegetable sources.
∙ Bicycles were widely used as mode of transport during the Japanese reign ∙ Public
vehicles dwindled and cars ceased to be available for almost all other than the
Japanese.
∙ Generally, there was transportation through land air and water and machines were
available
∙ Rice production sank and most of the lands were planted with cotton. ∙ Coffee and
tea were produced but Erzatz and Mango leaves also became a substitute to these.
INFRASTURCTURE
∙ Several government corporations were reorganized and new ones were created to
perform such varied functions as the exploitation and development of natural
resources.
∙ During Commonwealth, National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) was established.
∙ There were 22,970 km of road in the country, half of which was in Central and
Southern Luzon
The human spirit to survive and rebuild the country maybe strong but the capacity of
the country to bring what has been destroyed was limited. The reparation funds
focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals, and
transportation system. The reparation money from Japan was also concentrated on
building highways and providing technological training and human resource
development in the country.
Since the establishment of the New Republic, the whole nation has been
focusing on its limited resources in improving its science and technological
capability. Human resource development is the heart of these efforts focusing
more on producing engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors and other
professionals in the country.
SEVERAL PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
∙ SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS
TRICYCLE
▪ The conversion of American
military jeeps
used in WORLD WAR II
into jeepneys
▪ Another invention is addition
of sidecar to
a motorcycle transforming
it into a tricycle
to accommodate more
passengers
▪ During rainy season-flooding is common,
Water Technologies headed by Dominic
Chung and Lamberto Armada together
with Chief designer Victor Atoy Llave
invented the SALAMANDER (an
amphibious tricycle that can cross not only
flooded streets but also rivers and lakes.) toxic gases
Fig.
∙ SALT LAMP 1.50 Amphibious Salamander
∙ MEDICAL INCUBATOR
▪ A common problem in the Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn
babies due to maybe lack of available incubators especially in far-flung
barrios due to lack of resources and electricity
▪ Dr. Fe del Mundo - Filipino pediatrician invented incubator
▪ first Asian woman who admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not
run on electricity.
▪ made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one.
▪ hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and
makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation
▪ Main purpose - maintain conditions suitable for a newborn usually a pre-term
baby.
▪ Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to Del Mundo include her
works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet
(includes banana and rice) for curing diarrhea.
∙ EJEEPNEY
▪ Major innovation that
changed the
transportation industry in
the Philippines
was the development of the
jeepney
▪ The iconic public utility
vehicle was built
using the military jeeps left
by the
Americans after World War
II.
▪ It utilizes electricity instead of the more
expensive diesel
▪ It is environment-friendly (smoke free and
noise free)
You have seen an overview of the history of Science and Technology in the
Philippines all throughout the ages.
Your task is to describe the development of Science and Technology condition in the
Philippines by completing the Multi-Bubble Map showing the similarities of pre colonial,
colonial, and post-colonial ages. Write words or phrases to compare and contrast each
period. Remember, the similarities are written in the inner circles, while thee differences
are written on the outer circles.
PRE
COLONIAL
COLONIAL
PHILIPPINES
POST
COLONIAL
/ PRESENT
DAY
Internal Influences
∙ Survival
∙ Culture
∙ Economic
Activities Science and
Technology in the
Philippines
External
Influences
∙ Foreign
Colonizers
∙ Trades with foreign
countries Fig. 1.54 Influences in the
∙ International Economic Development of Technology in the
Demands Philippines
Development of
Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people
and in the development of the Philippine society. However, improving the quality of
science education still remains as a big challenge in the country.
46
❖ ASSESSMENT TASK
STANDING ON THE SHOULDER OF THE GIANTS
The things discussed in this module are only some of the great inventions and
developments during the time periods. There are still some more innovations and
discoveries that were made during history that changed the world.
Hence, the people along our historical roots have shown to us a great understanding
of nature. Using their understanding, we can build on previous discoveries to make
intellectual progress. Thus, the famous adage by Sir Isaac Newton in 1675 ―If I have seen
further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.”
❖ REFERENCES:
∙ McNamara, J et al. 2018. Science Technology and Society. C&E Publishing Inc. ∙
Serafica, J. et al.2018. Science Technology and Society, Rex Book Store Inc.