Cry of Pugad Lawin

The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino: Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin), alternately and originally referred to as
the Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng Balíntawak, Spanish: Grito de Balíntawak), was the
beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire.
At the close of August 1896, members of the Katipunan secret society (Katipuneros) led by Andrés
Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere in an area referred to as Caloocan,[2] wider than the
jurisdiction of present-day Caloocan City which may have overlapped into present-day Quezon City.
Originally the term "cry" referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil
Guards (Guardia Civil). The cry could also refer to the tearing up of community tax
certificates (cédulas personales) in defiance of their allegiance to Spain. This was literally
accompanied by patriotic shouts.
Because of competing accounts and ambiguity of the place where this event took place, the exact
date and place of the Cry is in contention. From 1908 until 1963, the official stance was that the cry
occurred on August 26 in Balintawak. In 1963 the Philippine government declared a shift to August
23 in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City.

Different dates and places

Various accounts give differing dates and places for the Cry. An officer of the Spanish guardia civil,
Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry took place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896. Historian
Teodoro Kalaw in his 1925 book The Filipino Revolution wrote that the event took place during the
last week of August 1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak. Santiago Alvarez, a Katipunero and son of
Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the Magdiwangfaction in Cavite, stated in 1927 that the Cry took
place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on August 24, 1896. Pío Valenzuela, a close associate
of Andrés Bonifacio, declared in 1948 that it happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his books in 1954 that the "Cry" happened in Balintawak on
August 26, 1896. Fellow historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in 1956 that it took place in Pugad Lawin
on August 23, 1896, based on Pío Valenzuela's statement. Accounts by historians Milagros
Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas claim the event to have taken place
in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon City.
Some of the apparent confusion is in part due to the double meanings of the terms "Balintawak" and
"Caloocan" at the turn of the century. Balintawak referred both to a specific place in modern
Caloocan City and a wider area which included parts of modern Quezon City. Similarly, Caloocan
referred to modern Caloocan City and also a wider area which included modern Quezon City and
part of modern Pasig. Pugad Lawin, Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and other specific places were all in
"greater Balintawak", which was in turn part of "greater Caloocan".

Definition of the Cry

The term "Cry" is translated from the Spanish el grito de rebelion (cry of rebellion) or el grito for
short. Thus the Grito de Balintawak is comparable to Mexico's Grito de Dolores (1810). However, el
grito de rebelion strictly refers to a decision or call to revolt. It does not necessarily connote shouting,
unlike the Filipino sigaw.

First skirmish
Up to the late 1920s, the Cry was generally identified with Balintawak. It was commemorated on
August 29, considered the anniversary of the first hostile encounter between the Katipuneros and
the Guardia Civil. The "first shot" of the Revolution (el primer tiro) was fired at Banlat, Pasong Tamo,
then considered a part of Balintawak and now part of Quezon City.
Tearing of cédulas
Not all accounts relate the tearing of cédulas in the last days of August. Of the accounts that do,
older ones identify the place where this occurred as Kangkong in Balintawak/Kalookan. Most also
give the date of the cédula-tearing as August 26, in close proximity to the first encounter.
One Katipunero, Guillermo Masangkay, claimed cédulas were torn more than once – on the 24th as
well as the 26th.
For his 1956 book The Revolt of the Masses Teodoro Agoncillo defined "the Cry" as the tearing of
cedulas, departing from precedent which had then defined it as the first skirmish of the revolution.
His version was based on the later testimonies of Pío Valenzuela and others who claimed the cry
took place in Pugad Lawin instead of Balintawak. Valenzuela's version, through Agoncillo's
influence, became the basis of the current stance of the Philippine government. In 1963,
President Diosdado Macapagal ordered the official commemorations shifted to Pugad ng
uwak, Quezon City on August 23.

Formation of an insurgent government

An alternative definition of the Cry as the "birth of the Filipino nation state" involves the setting up of
a national insurgent government through the Katipunan with Bonifacio as President in Banlat,
Pasong Tamo on August 24, 1896 – after the tearing of cedulas but before the first skirmish. This
was called the Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Tagalog Nation).

Other Cries
In 1895 Bonifacio, Masangkay, Emilio Jacinto and other Katipuneros spent Good Friday in the caves
of Mt. Pamitinan in Montalban (now part of Rizal province). They wrote "long live Philippine
independence" on the cave walls, which some Filipino historians consider the "first cry" (el primer
grito).

Commemoration
The Cry is commemorated as National Heroes' Day, a public holiday in the Philippines.[7]
The first annual commemoration of the Cry occurred in Balintawak in 1908 after the American
colonial government repealed the Sedition Law. In 1911 a monument to the Cry (a lone Katipunero
popularly identified with Bonifacio) was erected at Balintawak; it was later transferred to Vinzons Hall
in the University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City. In 1984, the National Historical Institute of
the Philippines installed a commemorative plaque in Pugad Lawin.

The Cry of Pugadlawin

News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs,
and Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting. Various wings of the
Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos in Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896. Ramos
was the son of Melchora Aquino, also known as “Tandang Sora” and was later acknowledged
as the Mother of the Katipunan."

Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end. Everyone
shouted their approval, except for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was too soon for a
revolution. Heartened by his men’s response, Bonifacio then asked them to tear their
cedulas (residence certificates) to pieces, as a sign of their defiance and determination to
rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up their cedulas, shouting, Mabuhay
ang Pilipinas (long live the Philippines) -known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.
The Katipunan in Cavite

Cavite soon became the center of the Revolution, and the Katipuneros there divided
themselves into the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. Baldomero Aguinaldo, brother of
Emilio Aguinaldo, headed the Magdalo group, which was stationed in Kawit. General Mariano
Alvarez led the Magdiwang group, which was stationed in Noveleta.

The two groups fought in separate battles. Emilio Aguinaldo overran Kawit on August 31,
1896, while Alvarez attacked Noveleta. In Bacoor, Aguinaldo tried to intercept Spanish
reinforcements coming from Manila; but he was repulsed and forced to retreat to nearby
Imus. Here, on the morning of September 5, he defeated the Spanish troops under the
command of General Aguirre. A hundred Spaniards were killed and 60 weapons were
confiscated. Aguinaldo was hailed as a hero. The adoring Caviteños referred to him as
“General Miong” and no longer “Kapitan Miong.”

General Aguinaldo’s numerous victories in the battlefield made him the acknowledged
revolutionary leader in Cavite. He issued a proclamation on October 31, 1896 enjoining the
people to take courage and continue fighting for Philippine independence.

Owing to the defeat of the Spaniards in Cavite, Camilo de Polavieja replaced

Ramon Blanco as governor general on December 13, 1896. Polavieja was more successful
than his predecessor and slowly regained one-third of the province.

Andres Bonifacio's Execution

While Aguinaldo was recognized as leader by the Magdalo faction, Bonifacio was recognized
as the leader of the Katipunan by the Magdiwang faction. An assembly was held in Imus,
Cavite on December 31, 1897 to settle the leadership issue but was not successful. Then on
March 22, another assembly was held at Tejeros (known as the Tejeros Convention)
to elect officers of the revolutionary government. Aguinaldo won as president while
Bonifacio was relegated as the Director of the Interior. Bonifacio rejected the elections and
declared it void. Bonifacio later formed the Naic Military Agreement, essentially creating a
government contending Aguinaldo's. Soon after, Bonifacio was captured, stood trial, and
was sentenced to death by a War Council of Aguinaldo's government. Aguinaldo initially
commuted the sentence to deportation but later reversed the commutation upon pressure
from Pio Del Pilar and other officers. On orders from General Mariano Noriel, Andres
Bonifacio was executed at the foothills of Mt. Buntis by Major Lazaro Makapagal on May 10,
1897.

The Revolution Continues

Bonifacio’s death did not deter the Filipinos from fighting for their freedom. The Spanish
government, for its part, doubled its efforts in trying to control Cavite, which was
considered the seat of the Revolution. When Governor General Primo de Rivera
replaced Camilo Polavieja on April 27, 1897, he immediately marched to Naic, Cavite to
persuade the Filipinos to surrender. The rebels, however, stood their ground.

Aguinaldo realized that Cavite was no longer safe for his men. They moved to Batangas,
where they temporarily set up camp in the town of Talisay. However, Spanish soldiers were
able to pursue them there. Thus, they retreated to Morong on June 10, 1897 and proceeded
to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan. Click here to continue with Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
Balintawak or Pugad Lawin?
WELL OVER two decades ago, the late National Artist Nick Joaquin, in his INQUIRER column
“Small Beer,” argued repeatedly for a return to the traditional “Cry of Balintawak.” All our
textbooks, following a resolution from the National Historical Commission, state that the spark
of the Revolution started with a cry, followed by the tearing of cedulas led by Andres Bonifacio
in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City. The issue is not just historiographical but political. If the National
Historical Commission, upon review of the facts, reverses its earlier resolution and moves the
site of the “Cry” back to Balintawak then history will be moved from Quezon City to Caloocan.
Mayor Herbert Bautista’s loss will be Mayor Recom Echiverri’s gain.
Re-opening the issue looks simple because people think it’s just like tossing a coin to decide
between Balintawak or Pugad Lawin. If you bring two to three historians together you would not
get a consensus.
To the above options, you must add other contenders to the historical site: Kangkong, Bahay
Toro, Pasong Tamo, Banlat and God knows where else, depending on the primary source being
cited.
If you think location is the only issue, look again. The date declared by the National Historical
Commission as the start of the Philippine Revolution—Aug. 23, 1896—is but one date proposed,
the others being Aug. 20, 24, 25 and 26, 1896. And, if I remember from a historical forum in UP,
one scholar even insisted on a wildcard date of Sept. 5, 1896!
All these debates on dates and places, which may seem trivial to the general public, is the
lifeblood of historians.
Teodoro A. Agoncillo said that Bonifacio scheduled a general assembly of the Katipunan for
Aug. 24, 1896, the Feast of San Bartolome, in Malabon. This date was chosen to enable
Katipuneros to pass security checkpoints carrying their bolos because Malabon is famous for
manufacturing a long bladed weapon called “ sangbartolome.” Bonifacio and his men were in
Balintawak on August 19. They left Balintawak for Kangkong on August 21, and on the
afternoon of August 22 they proceeded to Pugad Lawin. The next day, August 23, in the yard of
Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, better known as “Tandang Sora,” the Katipuneros listened
to the rousing speech of Bonifacio, tore their cedulas, and vowed to fight.
Teodoro Agoncillo convinced the National Historical Commission to move the traditional Aug.
26 date to Aug. 23 and transfer the historical site from Balintawak to Pugad Lawin. If
Agoncillo’s personality wasn’t enough for the Commission, he cited as his principal source Dr.
Pio Valenzuela, a close associate of Bonifacio.
I wonder if other members of the commission bothered to remind Agoncillo that Valenzuela may
have been in Bonifacio’s inner circle, but may be unreliable as a primary source. In Wenceslao
Emilio’s fivevolume compilation of historical documents, Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino,
Valenzuela’s signed testimony before Spanish interrogators dated September 1896 stated that the
Cry of Balintawak was held in Balintawak on Aug. 26, 1896. Years later, in his memoirs
published in English after World War II, Valenzuela stated that the Cry was actually held in
Pugad Lawin on Aug. 23, 1896. Agoncillo explained that the September 1896 account was
extracted from Valenzuela under duress and couldn’t be trusted.
Balintawak was the place determined by tradition and many eyewitness accounts, including
Guillermo Masangkay who, in an interview in the Sunday Tribune in 1932, declared the place as
Balintawak and the date Aug. 26, 1896. Spanish Lt. Olegario Diaz in 1896 pinpointed the place
as Balintawak but placed the date on Aug. 24, 1896.
Depending on your source, the dates and places do not seem to match.
In 1928 Gregoria de Jesus Nakpil, widow of Andres Bonifacio, wrote a short autobiography,
entitled “Mga tala ng aking buhay,” where she stated, among other things, that the Cry of
Balintawak took place on Aug. 25, 1896 in Pasong Tamo! This place isn’t in Makati but in
Caloocan. How more authoritative can you get than the Supremo’s widow? Oryang was revered
as the muse, the Lakambini of the Katipunan.
To complicate things further, another Bonifacio associate, the composer of the Katipunan, Julio
Nakpil, second husband of Gregoria de Jesus, deposited his handwritten notes on the Philippine
Revolution in the National Library under Teodoro M. Kalaw in 1925. Here he wrote, “swearing
before God and before history that everything in these notes is the truth”: “The revolution started
in Balintawak in the last days of August 1896.” On another page he wrote, “Bonifacio uttered the
first cry of war against tyranny on Aug. 24, 1896.” Finally, he remembered that “the first cry of
Balintawak was in Aug. 26, 1896 in the place called Kangkong, adjacent to Pasong Tamo, within
the jurisdiction of Balintawak, Caloocan, then within the province of Manila.”
Now, which of these three declarations do we choose? Last but not least, we have Santiago
Alvarez whose memoirs identify the place as Bahay Toro and the date as Aug. 25, 1896. There
are more conflicting sources available, so to keep the peace, and until more conclusive evidence
can be presented, let’s just stick to Pugad Lawin and Aug. 23, 1896.

The "Cry" of Pugadlawin

The news of the discovery of the Katipunan spread throughout Manila and the suburbs. Bonifacio, informed of the
discovery, secretly instructed his runners to summon all the leaders of the society to a general assembly to be held
on August 24. They were to meet at Balintawak to discuss the steps to be taken to meet the crisis. That same night of
August 19, Bonifacio, accompanied by his brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del Rosario,
slipped through the cordon of Spanish sentries and reached Balintawak before midnight. Pio Valenzuela followed
them the next day. On the 21st, Bonifacio changed the Katipunan code because the Spanish authorities had already
deciphered it. In the afternoon of the same day, the rebels, numbering about 500, left Balintawak for Kangkong,
where Apolonio Samson, a Katipunero, gave them food and shelter. In the afternoon of August 22, they proceeded to
Pugadlawin. The following day, in the yard of Juan A. Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino who was later called the
"Mother of the Katipunan", Bonifacio asked his men whether they were prepared to fight to the bitter end. Despite the
objection of his brother-in-law, Teodoro Plata, all assembled agreed to fight to the last. "That being the case,
" Bonifacio said, "bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up
arms!" The men obediently tore up their cedulas, shouting "Long live the Philippines!" This event marked the so-
called "Cry of Balintawak," which actually happened in Pugadlawin.

The Cry of Balintawak

First Skirmishes
In the midst of this dramatic scene, some Katipuneros who had just arrived from Manila and Kalookan shouted
"Dong Andres! The civil guards are almost behind us, and will reconnoiter the mountains." Bonifacio at once
ordered his men to get ready for the expected attack of the Spaniards. Since they had inferior arms the rebels
decided, instead, to retreat. Under cover of darkness, the rebels marched towards Pasong Tamo, and the next
day, August 24, they arrived at the yard of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora. It was decided that all the
rebels in the surrounding towns be notified of the general attack on Manila on the night of August 29, 1896.

At ten in the morning of August 25, some women came rushing in and notified Bonifacio that the civil guards and
some infantrymen were coming. Soon after, a burst of fire came from the approaching Spaniards. The rebels
deployed and prepared for the enemy. In the skirmish that followed, the rebels lost two men and the enemy one.
Because of their inferior weapons, which consisted mostly of bolos and a few guns, the rebels decided to retreat.
On the other hand, the Spaniards, finding themselves greatly outnumbered, also decided to retreat. So both
camps retreated and thus prevented a bloody encounter. This was the first skirmish fought in the struggle for
national emancipation.

On August 26, Spanish reinforcements were dispatched to Pasong Tamo to drive away the rebels. But the latter,
who were going to or were already in Balara, could not be found. The Spaniards, frustrated in their attempt to
contact the Filipino contingent, shot, instead, two innocent farmers who were leisurely going on their way home.
Returning to Manila, the Spanish soldiers boasted that a great fight has taken place at Pasong Tamo, and that
they had driven the rebels to the interior. This was the origin of the so-called "Cry of Balintawak", which neither
happened on August 26 nor in Balintawak.

Meanwhile, the rebels, skirting the mountain trails day and night, finally arrived in Mariquina. Later in the day,
however, they abandoned it and proceeded to Hagdang Bato on August 27. The following day, Bonifacio issued
a manifesto inciting the people to take up the Filipino cause and to get set for a concerted attack on the
Spaniards on August 29.

Bonifacio's Manifesto of August 28

This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the
earliest possible time the nameless oppressions being perpetrated on the sons of
the people who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and
because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the revolution
shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for
all town to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who
obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an
enemy, except if he is ill or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried
according to the regulation we have put in force.
1|Page READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
WEEK 8

THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN, BALINTAWAK OR BAHAY TORO

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:

Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a particular issue using
primary sources.
INTRODUCTION:
Nineteenth-century journalists used the phrase “el grito de rebelion” or “the Cry of Rebellion” to
describe the momentous events sweeping the Spanish colonies; in Mexico it was the “Cry of
Dolores” (16 September 1810), Brazil the “City of Ypiraga” (7 September 1822), and in Cuba the
“Cry of Matanza” (24 February 1895). In August 1896, northeast of Manila, Filipinos similarly
declared their rebellion against the Spanish colonial government. It was Manuel Sastron, the
Spanish historian, who institutionalized the phrased for the Philippines in his 1897 book, La
Insurreccion en Filipinas. All these “Cries” were milestones in the several colonial-to-nationalist
histories of the world.
MILAGROS C. GUERRERO
EMMANUEL N. ENCARNACION
RAMON N. VILLEGAS
June 06, 2003

a. Raging controversy

If the expression is taken literally –the Cry as the shouting of nationalistic slogans in mass
assemblies –then there were scores of such Cries. Some writers refer to a Cry of Montalban on
April 1895, in the Pamitinan Caves where a group of Katipunan members wrote on the cave walls,
“Viva la indepencia Filipina!” long before the Katipunan decided to launch a nationwide
revolution.

The historian Teodoro Agoncillo chose to emphasize Bonifacio’s tearing of the cedula (tax receipt)
before a crowd of Katipuneros who then broke out in cheers. However, Guardia Civil Manuel
Sityar never mentioned in his memoirs (1896-1898) the tearing or inspection of the cedula, but
did note the pacto de sangre (blood pact) mark on every single Filipino he met in August 1896 on
his reconnaissance missions around Balintawak.

Some writers consider the first military engagement with the enemy as the defining moment of
the Cry. To commemorate this martial event upon his return from exile in Hong Kong, Emilio
Aguinaldo commissioned a “Himno de Balintawak” to herald renewed fighting after the failed
peace of the pact of Biyak na Bato.
2|Page READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
WEEK 8

On 3 September 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in what is now the
intersection of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive –North Doversion Road.
From that time on until 1962, the Cry of Balintawak was officially celebrated every 26 August.

It is not clear why the 1911 monument was erected there. It could not have been to mark the
site of Apolonio Samson’s house in barrio Kangkong; Katipuneros marked that site on Kaingin
Road, between Balintawak and San Francisco del Monte Avenue.

Neither could the 1911 monument have been erected to mark the site of the first armed
encounter which, incidentally, the Katipuneros fought and won. A contemporary map of 1896
shows that the August battle between the Katipunan rebels and the Spanish forces led by Lt. Ros
of the Civil Guards took place at sitio Banlat, North of Pasong Tamo Road far from Balintawak.
The site has its own marker.

It is quite clear that first, eyewitnesses cited Balintawak as the better-known reference point for
a larger area. Second, while Katipunan may have been massing in Kangkong, the revolution was
formally launched elsewhere. Moreover, eyewitnesses and therefore historians, disagreed on the
site and date of the Cry.

But the issue did not rest there. In 1970, the historian Pedro A. Gagelonia pointed out:

The controversy among historians continues to the present day. The “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
(August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It lacks positive documentation
and supporting evidence from the witness. The testimony of only one eyewitness (Dr. Pio
Valenzuela) is not enough to authenticate and verify a controversial issue in history. Historians
and their living participants, not politicians and their sycophants, should settle this controversy.

b. Conflicting accounts

Pio Valenzuela had several versions of the Cry. Only after they are compared and reconciled with
the other accounts will it be possible to determined what really happened.

Was there a meeting at Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896, after the meeting at Apolonio Samson’s
residence in Hong Kong? Where were the cedulas torn, at Kangkong or Pugad Lawin?

In September 1896, Valenzuela stated before the Olive Court, which was charged with
investigating persons involved in the rebellion, only that Katipunan meetings took place from
Sunday to Tuesday or 23 to 25 August at Balintawak.

In 1911, Valenzuela averred that the Katipunan began meeting on 22 August while the Cry took
place on 23 August at Apolonio Samson’s house in Balintawak.
3|Page READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
WEEK 8

From 1928 to 1940, Valenzuela maintained that the Cry happened on 24 August at the house of
Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino) in Pugad Lawin, which he now situated near Pasong Tamo Road.
A photograph of Bonifacio’s widow Gregoria de Jesus and Katipunan members Valenzuela, Briccio
Brigido Pantas, Alfonso and Cipriano Pacheco, published in La Opinion in 1928 and 1930, was
captioned both times as having been taken at the site of the Cry on 24 August 1896 at the house
of Tandang Sora at Pasong Tamo Road.

In 1935 Valenzuela, Pantas and Pacheco proclaimed “na hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang
sigaw ng paghihimagsik na kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog, kung di sa pook na kilala sa tawag
na Pugad Lawin.” (The first Cry of the revolution did not happen in Balintawak where the
monument is, but in a place called Pugad Lawin.)

In 1940, a research team of the Philippines Historical Committee (a forerunner of the National
Historical Institute or NHI), which included Pio Valenzuela, identified the precise spot of Pugad
Lawin as part of sitio Gulod, Banlat, Kalookan City. In 1964, the NHI’s Minutes of the Katipunan
referred to the place of the Cry as Tandang Sora’s and not as Juan Ramos’ house, and the date as
23 August.

Valenzuela memoirs (1964, 1978) averred that the Cry took place on 23 August at the house of
Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin. The NHI was obviously influenced by Valenzuela’s memoirs. In 1963,
upon the NHI endorsement, President Diosdado Macapagal ordered that the Cry be celebrated
on 23 August and that Pugad Lawin be recognized as its site.

John N. Schrumacher, S.J, of the Ateneo de Manila University was to comment on Pio
Valenzuela’s credibility:

I would certainly give much less credence to all accounts coming from Pio Valezuela, and to the
interpretations Agoncillo got from him verbally, since Valenzuela gave so many versions from the
time he surrendered to the Spanish authorities and made various statements not always
compatible with one another up to the time when as an old man he was interviewed by Agoncillo.
Pio Valenzuela backtracked on yet another point. In 1896, Valenzuela testified that when the
Katipunan consulted Jose Rizal on whether the time had come to revolt, Rizal was vehemently
against the revolution. Later, in Agoncillo’s Revolt of the masses, Valenzuela retracted and
claimed that Rizal was actually for the uprising, if certain prerequisites were met. Agoncillo
reasoned that Valenzuela had lied to save Rizal.

c. The Pugad Lawin marker

The prevalent account of the Cry is that of Teodoro Agoncillo in Revolt of the masses (1956):

It was in Pugad Lawin, where they proceeded upon leaving Samson’s place in the afternoon of
the 22nd, that the more than 1,000 members of the Katipunan met in the yard of Juan A. Ramos,
son of Melchora Aquino,…in the morning of August 23rd. Considerable discussion arose whether
the revolt against the Spanish government should be started on the 29th. Only one man
4|Page READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
WEEK 8

protested… But he was overruled in his stand… Bonifacio then announced the decision and
shouted: “Brothers, it was agreed to continue with the plan of revolt. My brothers, do you swear
to repudiate the government that oppresses us?” And the rebels, shouting as one man replied:
“Yes, sir!” “That being the case,” Bonifacio added, “bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces
to symbolize our determination to take arms!” .. . Amidst the ceremony, the rebels, tear-stained
eyes, shouted: “Long live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan!

Agoncillo used his considerable influenced and campaigned for a change in the recognized site
to Pugad Lawin and the date 23 August 1896. In 1963, the National Heroes Commission (a
forerunner of the NHI), without formal consultations or recommendations to President
Macapagal.

Consequently, Macapagal ordered that the Cry of Balintawak be called the “Cry of Pugad Lawin,”
and that it be celebrated on 23 August instead of 26 August. The 1911 monument in Balintawak
was later removed to a highway. Student groups moved to save the discarded monument, and it
was installed in front of Vinzons Hall in the Diliman campus of the University of the Philippines
on 29 November 1968.

In 1962, Teodoro Agoncillo, together with the UP Student Council, placed a marker at the Pugad
Lawin site. According to Agoncillo, the house of Juan Ramos stood there in 1896, while the house
of Tandang Sora was located at Pasong Tamo.

On 30 June 1983, Quezon City Mayor Adelina S. Rodriguez created the Pugad Lawin Historical
Committee to determine the location of Juan Ramos’s 1896 residence at Pugad Lawin.

The NHI files on the committee’s findings show the following:

 In August 1983, Pugad Lawin in barangay Bahay Toro was inhabited by squatter colonies.•
The NHI believed that it was correct in looking for the house of Juan Ramos and not of
Tandang Sora. However, the former residence of Juan Ramos was clearly defined.• There
was an old dap-dap tree at the site when the NHI conducted its survey I 1983. Teodoro
Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio Valenzuela do not mention a dap-dap tree in their
books.

• Pio Valenzuela, the main proponent of the “Pugad Lawin” version, was dead by the time
the committee conducted its research.

• Teodoro Agoncillo tried to locate the marker installed in August 1962 by the UP Student
Council. However, was no longer extant in 1983.

In spite of the above findings and in the absence of any clear evidence, the NHI disregarded its
own 1964 report that the Philippine Historical Committee had determined in 1940 that the Pugad
Lawin residence was Tandang Sora’s and not Juan Ramos’s and that the specific site of Pugad
Lawin was Gulod in Banlat.
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The presence of the dap-dap tree in the Pugad Lawin site determined by Agoncillo and the NHI is
irrelevant, since none of the principals like Pio Valenzuela, Santiago Alvarez, and others, nor
historians like Zaide- and even Agoncillo himself before that instance- mentioned such a tree.

On the basis of the 1983 committee’s findings, the NHI placed a marker on 23 August 1984 on
Seminary Road in barangay Bahay Toro behind Toro Hills High School, the Quezon City General
Hospital and the San Jose Seminary. It reads:

d. Ang Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin (1896)

Sa paligid ng pook na ito, si Andres Bonifacio at mga isang libong Katipunero at nagpulong noong
umaga ng ika-23 Agosto 1896, at ipinasyang maghimagsik laban sa Kastila sa Pilipinas. Bilang
patunay ay pinag-pupunit ang kanilang mga sedula na naging tanda ng pagkaalipin ng mga
Pilpino. Ito ang kaunaunahang sigaw ng Bayang Api laban sa bansang Espanya na pinatibayan sa
pamamagitan ng paggamit ng sandata.

(On this site Andres Bonifacio and one thousand Katipuneros met in the morning of 23 August
1896 and decided to revolt against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. As an
affirmation of their resolve, they tore up their tax receipts which were symbols of oppression of
the Filipinos. This was very first Cry of the Oppressed Nation against Spain which was enforced
with use of arms.)

The place name “Pugad Lawin “, however, is problematic. In History of the Katipunan (1939),
Zaide records Valenzuela’s mention of the site in a footnote and not in the body of text,
suggesting that the Historian regarded the matter as unresolved.

e. Cartographic changes

Was there a Pugad Lawin in maps or literature of the period?

A rough sketch or croquis de las operaciones practicadas in El Español showed the movements
of Lt. Ros against the Katipunan on 25, 26, and 27 August 1896. The map defined each place name
as sitio “Baclac” (sic: Banlat). In 1897, the Spanish historian Sastron mentioned Kalookan,
Balintawak, Banlat and Pasong Tamo. The names mentioned in some revolutionary sources and
interpretations- Daang Malalim, Kangkong and Pugad Lawin- were not identified as barrios. Even
detailed Spanish and American maps mark only Kalookan and Balintawak.

In 1943 map of Manila marks Balintawak separately from Kalookan and Diliman. The sites where
revolutionary events took place are within the ambit of Balintawak.

Government maps issued in 1956, 1987, and 1990, confirm the existence of barangays Bahay
Toro, but do not define their boundaries. Pugad Lawin is not on any of these maps.
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According to the government, Balintawak is no longer on the of Quezon City but has been
replaced by several barangays. Barrio Banlat is now divided into barangays Tandang Sora and
Pasong Tamo. Only bahay Toro remains intact.

Writer and linguist Sofronio Calderon, conducting research in the late 1920s on the toponym
“Pugad Lawin,” went through the municipal records and the Census of 1903 and 1918, could not
find the name, and concluded that “Isang…pagkakamali… ang sabihing mayroong Pugad Lawin sa
Kalookan.” (It would be a mistake to say that there is such as Pugad Lawin in Kalookan.)

What can we conclude from all this?

First, that “Pugad Lawin” was never officially recognized as a place name on any Philippine map
before Second World War. Second, “Pugad Lawin “ appeared in historiography only from 1928,
or some 32 years after the events took place. And third, the revolution was always traditionally
held to have occurred in the area of Balintawak, which was distinct from Kalookan and Diliman.

Therefore, while the toponym “Pugad Lawin” is more romantic, it is more accurate to stick to the
original “Cry of Balintawak.”

f. Determining the date

The official stand of NHI is that the Cry took place on 23 August 1896. That date, however, is
debatable.

The later accounts of Pio Valenzuela and Guillermo Masangkay on the tearing of cedulas on 23
August are basically in agreement, but conflict with each other on the location. Valenzuela points
to the house of Juan Ramos in Pugad Lawin, while Masangkay refers to Apolonio Samson’s in
Kangkong. Masangkay’s final statement has more weight as it is was corroborated by many
eyewitnesses who were photographed in 1917, when the earliest 23 August marker was installed.
Valenzuela’s date (23 August ) in his memoirs conflict with 1928 and 1930 photographs of the
surveys with several Katipunan officers, published in La Opinion, which claim that the Cry took
place on the 24th.

g. The turning point

What occurred during those last days of August 1896? Eyewitness accounts mention captures,
escapes, recaptures, killings of Katipunan members; the interrogation of Chinese spies; the arrival
of arms in Meycauyan, Bulacan; the debate with Teodoro Plata and others; the decision to go
war; the shouting of slogan; tearing of cedulas; the sending of letters presidents of Sanggunian
and balangay councils; the arrival of civil guard; the loss of Katipunan funds during the skirmish.
All these events, and many others, constitute the beginning of nationwide revolution.

The Cry, however, must be defined as that turning point when the Filipinos finally rejected
Spanish colonial dominion over the Philippine Islands, by formally constituting their own national
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government, and by investing a set of leaders with authority to initiate and guide the revolution
towards the establishment of sovereign nation.

Where did this take place?

The introduction to the original Tagalog text of the Biyak na Bato Constitution states:

Ang paghiwalay ng Filipinas sa kahariang España sa patatag ng isang bayang may sariling
pamamahala’t kapangyarihan na pangangalang “Republika ng Filipinas” ay siyang layong inadhika
niyaring Paghihimagsik na kasalukuyan, simula pa ng ika- 24 ng Agosto ng taong 1896…

The Spanish text also states:

La separacion de Filipinas de la Monarquia Española, constituyendose en Estado Independiente

y soberano con Gobierno propuio, con el nombre de Repulica de Filipinas, es en su Guerra actual,
iniciada en 24 de Agosto de 1896…

(The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish Monarchu, constituting an independent state
and with a proper sovereign government, named the Republic of the Philippines, was the end
pursued by the revolution through the present hostilities, initiated on 24 August 1896…)

These lines- in a legal document at that – are persuasive proof that in so far as the leaders of the
revolution are concerned, revolution began on 24 August 1896. The document was written only
one and a half years after the event and signed by over 50 Katipunan members, among them
Emilio Aguinaldo , Artemio Ricarte and Valentin Diaz.

Emilio Aguinaldo’s memoirs, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan (1964), refer to two letters from Andres
Bonifacio dated 22 and 24 August. They pinpoint the date and place of the crucial Cry meeting
when the decision to attack Manila was made:

Noong ika-22 ng Agosto, 1896, ang Sangguniang Magdalo ay tumanggap ng isang lihim na sulat
mula sa Supremo Andres Bonifacio, sa Balintawak , na nagsasaad na isamng mahalagang pulong
ang kanilang idinaos sa ika-24 ng nasabing buwan, at lubhang kailangan na kame ay mapadala
roon ng dalawang kinatawan o delegado sa ngalan ng Sanggunian. Ang pulong aniya’y itataon sa
kaarawan ng kapistahan ng San Bartolome sa Malabon, Tambobong. kapagkarakang matanggap
ang nasabing paanyaya, an gaming Pangulo na si G. Baldomero Aguinaldo, ay tumawag ng pulong
sa tribunal ng Cavite el Viejo… Nagkaroon kami ng pag-aalinlangan sa pagpapadala roon ng aming
kinatawan dahil sa kaselanang pagdararanang mga pook at totoong mahigpit at abot-abot ang
panghuli ng mag Guardia Civil at Veterana sa mga naglalakad lalung-lalo na sa mag
pinaghihinalaang mga mason at Katipunan. Gayon pa man ay aming hinirang at pinagkaisahang
ipadalang tanging Sugo ang matapang na kapatid naming si G. Domingo Orcullo… Ang aming Sugo
ay nakarating ng maluwalhati sa kanyang paroonan at nagbalik din na wala naming sakuna, na
taglay ang sulat ng Supremo na may petsang 24 ng Agosto. Doon ay wala naming sinasabing
kautusan, maliban sa patalastas na kagugulat-gulat na kanilang lulusubin ang Maynila, sa Sabado
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ng gabi, ika-29 ng Agosto, at ang hudyat ay ang pagpatay ng ilaw sa Luneta. Saka idinugtong pa
na marami diumano ang nahuli at napatay ng Guardia Civil at Veterana sa kanyang mga
kasamahan sa lugar ng Gulod …

(On 22 August 1896, the Magdalo Council received a secret letter from Supremo Andres
Bonifacio, in Balintawak, which stated that the Katipunan will hold an important meeting on the
24th of the said month, and that it was extremely necessary to send two representatives or
delegates in the name of the said Council. The meeting would be timed to coincide with the feast
day of Saint Bartolomew in Malabon, Tambobong. Upon receiving the said invitation, our
President, Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a meeting at Tribunal of Cavite el Viejo…We were
apprehensive about sending representatives because the areas they would have pass through
were dangerous and was a fact that the Civil Guard and Veterans were arresting travelers,
especially those suspected of being freemasons and members of Katipunan. Nevertheless, we
agreed and nominated to send a single representative in the person of our brave brother, Mr.
Domingo Orcullo… Our representative arrived safely at his destination and also returned
unharmed, bearing a letter from the Supremo dated 24 August. It contained no orders but the
shocking announcement that the Katipunan would attack Manila at night on Saturday, 29 August,
the signal for which would be the putting out of the lamps in Luneta. He added that many of his
comrade had been captured and killed by the Civil Guard and Veterans in Gulod…)

The first monument to mark the Cry was erected in 1903 on Ylaya Street in Tondo, in front of the
house were Liga Filipina was founded. The tablet cites Andre Bonifacio as a founding member,
and as “ Supreme Head of the Katipunan, which gave the first battle Cry against tyranny on August
24, 1896.”

The above facts render unacceptable the official stand that the turning point of the revolution
was the tearing of cedulas in the “Cry of Pugad Lawin” on 23 August 1896, in the Juan Ramos’s
house in “Pugad Lawin” Bahay Toro, Kalookan.

The events of 17-26 August 1896 occurred closer to Balintawak than to Kalookan. Traditionally,
people referred to the “Cry of Balintawak” since that barrio was a better known reference point
than Banlat.

In any case, “Pugad Lawin” is not historiographically verifiable outside of the statements of Pio
Valenzuela in the 1930s and after. In Philippine Historical Association round-table discussion in
February this year, a great granddaughter of Tandang Sora protested the use of toponym “Pugad
Lawin” which, she said, referred to a hawks nest on top of a tall sampaloc tree at Gulod, the
highest elevated area near Balintawak. This certainly negates the NHI’s premise that “Pugad
Lawin” is on Seminary Road in Project 8.

What we should celebrate is the establishment of a revolutionary or the facto government that
was republican in aspiration, the designation of Bonifacio as the Kataastaasang Pangulo
(Supreme Presiddent), the election of the members of his cabinet ministers and Sanggunian and
Balangay heads which authorized these moves met in Tandang Sora’s barn near Pasong Tamo
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Road, in sitio Gulod, barrio Banlat then under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Kalookan.
This took place at around noon of Monday, 24 August 1896.

It is clear that the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin of 23 August is an imposition and erroneous
interpretation, contrary to indisputable and numerous historical facts.

The centennial of the Cry of Balintawak should be celebrated on 24 August 1996 at the site of the
barn and house of Tandang Sora in Gulod, now barangay Banlat, Quezon City.

That was when and where the Filipino nation state was born.

QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION:

What is the significance of the tearing of the cedulas?
What is the purpose of cedula?
Why is it called Pugad Lawin?
What did Cry of Balintawak signify?
What are the three primary objective of the Katipunan?

REFERENCE
Solmerano et al. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Zone 051, 1239 Instruccion St., Sampaloc Manila,
1008 Metro Manila: Fastbook Publishing Inc.
Torres J.V. (2018) Batis: Sources in Philippine History. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing Inc.
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Name: Score:

Course/Section: Date:

ACTIVITY: MAPPING OUT

Various accounts give differing dates and places for the “Cry”. Using the chart below, map-out
the conflicting claims by providing the dates and places given by the claimants including their
bases, arguments or proofs for their claims.

Claimants Date Place Basis

Pio Valenzuela

Guillermo Masangkay

Gregoria de Jesus

Teodoro Agoncillo
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WEEK 8

Millagros Guerrero,
Emmanuel
Encarnacion & Ramon
Villegas

Other Claimants

Assessment of the claims:

Rubric
3- Full Accomplishment – Students mapped-out and assessed the conflicting versions of the
venue of the first cry of the Philippine Revolution in a clear and consistent manner
2- Substantial Accomplishment- Students mapped-out and assessed the conflicting versions of
the venue of the first cry of the Philippine Revolution but do so in somewhat consistent
manner.
1 – Little or Partial Accomplishment- Students have difficulty in mapping-out and assessing the
conflicting versions of the venue of the first cry of the Philippine Revolution consistently.