Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

Lesson 2
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Lesson Learning Outcomes

In this lesson, you will be able to:

1. distinguish inductive from deductive reasoning;
2. give examples of inductive and deductive processes of inference;
3. use either the inductive or deductive reasoning to solve practical problems; and
4. value the importance of reasoning.

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Instruction: Classify the reasoning employed in the following arguments as INDUCTIVE or DEDUCTIVE.
Write your answer on the space provided before the item number.

____________1. All numbers ending in “0” or “5” are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a “5”, so it is
divisible by 5.

____________2. To earn a master’s degree, a student must have 32 credits. Tim has 40 credits, so Tim will
earn a master’s degree.

____________3. All horses have manes and the Arabian is a horse therefore, Arabians have manes. 1

____________4. Ray is a football player. All football players weigh more than 170 pounds. Ray weighs more
than 170 pounds.

____________5. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bed
room is red. All chairs in the house are red.
Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

LESSON MAP

REASONING

GENERALITIES

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE

SPECIFIC
CASES Principle of
Mathematical
Induction (PMI)

The lesson map illustrates the two types of logical reasoning- Deductive (General to Specific)
Inductive (Specific to General). The Principle of Mathematical Induction is an example of an
Inductive reasoning. The lesson map will serve as your guide as you go through in learning this
lesson.

CONTENT

ENGAGE ENGAGING MYSELF ON REASONING

Activity No. 1- Reason Out!

2
Instruction: Construct your own reasoning to the following situations below. Organize your way of reasoning
by writing one sentence for each of the lines provided every item. An example is given for you to be guided.

Example:
I am always updated on Facebook.
I have an account on Facebook.
I want to engage more with my friends and to the happenings around us.
That is why I always keep myself updated on Facebook.

1. I am taking Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

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2. I passed the Mathematics subject.

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3. I choose NEMCO as my Alma Mater.

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Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

4. I am a human being.
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5. My parents are very supportive.

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EXPLORE EXPLORING ON REASONING

Activity No. 2 – Read Me!

Instruction: Closely read the text below.

Deductive and inductive reasoning are methods of making inferences, used heavily when making
statements about some mathematical concepts or phenomena.

GENERALITIES

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
3

SPECIFIC CASES

Inductive Reasoning
If based from the hypothesis (hypotheses) there is uncertainty (doubt) in the conclusion then the
reasoning is said to be an inductive reasoning. In other words, the reasoning is inductive when the
conclusion does not necessarily follow from the hypothesis (hypotheses).
Example:
Mr. Jacob is rich.
He is a nemconian.
Therefore, nemconians are rich.

Deductive Reasoning
If based from the hypothesis (hypotheses) there is certainty (no doubt) in the conclusion then the
reasoning is said to be a deductive reasoning. In other words, the reasoning is deductive when the
conclusion follows absolutely from the hypothesis (hypotheses).
Example:
All nemconians are rich.
Mr. Jacob is a nemconian.
Therefore, Mr. Jacob is rich.
Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

The Principle of Mathematical Induction

The Principle of Mathematical Induction (PMI) is an example of an inductive reasoning. It has 3 goals:

Hypothesis 1: Suppose that a statement Pn about a natural number n is either true or false for every natural
number n.

Hypothesis 2: P1 is true (Condition 1) and if Pk is true then Pk+1 is also true, where k is a natural number
(Condition 2).

Conclusion: Then Pn is true for every natural number n.

Example:
n(3 n−1)
Prove that 1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3n - 2) = for all n ≥ 1.
2

Solution:

For any integer n ≥ 1, let Pn be the statement that

n(3 n−1)
1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3n - 2) = .
2

Base Case: The statement P1 says that

n(3 n−1) 4
1= .
2

¿
1 = 1¿¿ 2

1(3−1)
1=
2

1(2)
1=
2

2
1=
2

1=1 which is true.

Inductive Step: Fix k ≥ 1, and suppose that Pk holds, that is,

k (3 k −1)
1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3k - 2) =
2
Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

It remains to show that Pk+1 holds, that is,

(k + 1)(3 ( k +1 )−1)
1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3(k+1) - 2) =
2

¿
= (k + 1)(3 k + 3)−1¿ 2

(k + 1)(3 k + 2)
=
2

1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3(k+1) - 2) = 1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3(k+1) - 2)
= 1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3k+3) - 2)
= 1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3k+1)
= 1 + 4 + 7 + . . . + (3k-2) + (3k+1)

k (3 k −1)
= + (3k+1)
2

k ( 3 k−1 ) +2(3 k +1)

=
2
2 ¿
= 3 k −k +6 k + 2¿ 2

2 ¿
= 3 k +5 k +2 ¿ 2 5

( k +1 ) (3 k +2)
=
2

Therefore, Pk+1 holds.

Thus, by the principle of mathematical induction, for all n ≥ 1, Pn holds.

EXPLAIN DELVING ON THE CONCEPT OF REASONING

Activity No. 3- Let Me Share!

Instruction: From the concepts presented above, answer the following process questions. You may share
your answers during the online synchronous class schedule.

Process Questions:

1. How do you reason out? Do you use any patterns/strategies in daily reasoning?
2. Have already used Inductive Reasoning in your daily reasoning? How about Deductive Reasoning?

EXTEND EXTENDING ON THE CONCEPT OF REASONING

Activity No. 4- Appreciate My Existence!

Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

Instruction: Solve the given logical problem.

Each of the four friends Donna, Sarah, Nikkie, and Xhanelle, has a different pet (fish, cat, dog, and
snake). From the following clues, determine the pet of each individual:

1. Sarah is older than her friend who owns the cat and younger than her friend who owns the
dog.
2. Nikkie and her friend who owns the snake are both of the same age and are the youngest
members of their group.
3. Donna is older than her friend who owns the fish.
(Hint: Use tables for an easy process of solving the logical problem.)

Activity No. 5- Let’s Play Sudoku!

Instruction: Sudoku is a 3x3 puzzle such that numbers 1 to 9 are placed in each of the box only once per
box, row and column. Solve the Sudoku puzzle below:

1 3 7 5 9
8 5 7 2
4 9 1
6 7 1 4
4 6 9
5 1 4 3 7
6 4 2
9 5 6
6 7 9 5 1 8

Process Questions:

1. What do you think is the possible type of reasoning to be used in solving the puzzle?
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2. Is there any specific rule to follow to get the grid complete? Why?
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Activity No. 6- Tower of Hanoi Puzzle!

Instruction: Tower of Hanoi consists of three pegs or towers with n disks placed one over the other. The
objective of the puzzle is to move the stack to another peg following these simple rules. Only one disk can be
moved at a time. No disk can be placed on top of the smaller disk.

Solve and play the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle. You can use improvised materials. Make a video of yourself while
solving/playing the said puzzle. In your video, include the objectives/rules of the puzzle and your
explanations while solving/playing it. Submit your video on FLARE.
Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

EVALUATE EVALUATING ON THE CONCEPT OF REASONING

Activity No. 7- Give Me A Try!

Instruction: Answer each of the following subtests by following each instruction.

A. Identify the following reasoning either it is a Deductive reasoning or Inductive reasoning. If it is a

deductive, transform to deductive, and vice versa.

1. I am a hard-working person. I study in NEMCO. Therefore, NEMCO students are hard-working.

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2. Jizz is an intelligent person. She is a BEED student. Therefore, BEED students are intelligent.
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3. All cats are hunters. Suzzy is a cat. Therefore, Suzzy is a hunter.

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B. Answer the questions being asked comprehensively: How will you value the importance of reasoning
in your daily living?
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C. Prove the following using PMI.

n(3 n−1)
1. 1+4+7+… + (3n-2) = for all n≥1.
2

n(n+1)
2. 1+2+3+… + n = for all n≥1.
2

3. 1+3+5+… + (2n-1) = n2 for all n≥1.

TOPIC SUMMARY

In this lesson, you learned that:

 Deductive and inductive reasoning are methods of making inferences, used heavily when making
statements about some mathematical concepts or phenomena.
 The reasoning is inductive when the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the hypothesis
(hypotheses).
 The reasoning is deductive when the conclusion follows absolutely from the hypothesis (hypotheses).
 The Principle of Mathematical Induction (PMI) is an example of a deductive reasoning.
 Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning

POST-ASSESSMENT

Instruction: Classify the reasoning employed in the following arguments as INDUCTIVE or DEDUCTIVE.
Write your answer on the space provided before the item number.

____________1. All numbers ending in “0” or “5” are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a “5”, so it is
divisible by 5.

____________2. To earn a master’s degree, a student must have 32 credits. Tim has 40 credits, so Tim will
earn a master’s degree.

____________3. All horses have manes and the Arabian is a horse therefore, Arabians have manes.

____________4. Ray is a football player. All football players weigh more than 170 pounds. Ray weighs more
than 170 pounds.
8

____________5. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bed
room is red. All chairs in the house are red.

REFERENCES

 Richard T. Earnhart, Edgar M. Adina, Mathematics in the Modern World, 2018

 Ethel B.,Carmelita R.,Justina E., Mathematics in the Modern World, 2018
 Burns Carol JVF One Mathematical Cat, Please (A First Course in Algebra) [Journal]. -
Massachusetts : [s.n.], 2004.
 Orlando O., Marilyn M., E-Math 10 Worktext, 2015
 [Journal]. - Clemson University : [s.n.], 2000.
 Dana, Charles A. Advanced Mathematical Decision Making. Center at The University of Texas at
Austin, 2010
 Harary, Frank. Graph Theory. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969
 Aufmann, Richard, et.al., Mathematical Excursion. Brooks/Cole CENGAGE Learning, 2013
 Esmeralda A. Manlulu, Liza Marie M. Hipolito, A Course Module in Mathematics in the Modern World,
2019
 Juan Apolinario C. Reyes, Mathematics in the Modern World, 2018
 Winston S. Sirug, Mathematics in the Modern World,2018
 Caraga State University -MMW TG, 2019
Module 3 – Problem Solving and Reasoning