Religion in Ethiopia

Religion in Ethiopia consists of a number of faiths. Among these mainly Abrahamic

religions, the most numerous is Christianity (Ethiopian Orthodoxy, Pentay, Roman
Catholic) totaling at 67.3%, followed by Islam at 31.3%.[2] There is also a longstanding but
small Jewish community. Some adherents of the Baháʼí Faith likewise exist in a number of
urban and rural areas. Additionally, there is also a substantial population of the adherents of
traditional faiths.

According to the national census conducted in 2007, over 32 million people or 43.5% were
reported to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, over 25 million or 33.9% were reported to be
Muslim, 13,7 million, or 18.6%, were Protestants, and just under two million or 2.6%
adhered to traditional beliefs.[3] Neither in the 2007 census, nor in the 1994 census, were
responses reported in further detail: for example, those who identified themselves as
Hindus, Jewish, Baháʼí, agnostics or atheists were counted as "Other". Religion in Ethiopia
The Kingdom of Aksum in present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea was one of the first Christian (2016)[1]
countries in the world, having officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th Ethiopian Orthodox (43.8%)
century.[4] Ethiopia was the only region of Africa to survive the expansion of Islam as a Muslim (31.3%)
Christian state.[5]
P'ent'ay (22.8%)
Traditional faiths (0.6%)
Catholic (0.7%)
Contents Other (0.8%)

Geography
Abrahamic religions
Christianity
Islam
Judaism
Baháʼí Faith
Traditional faiths
Views on the emperors
Religious politics and tensions Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis
Orthodox Christian-Muslim Relations Ababa. Ethiopia was one of the first
Adherents regions in the world to adopt
Christianity.
See also
References
External links

Geography
In general, most of the Christians (largely members of the non-Chalcedonian Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) live in the
highlands, while Muslims and adherents of traditional African religions tend to inhabit more lowland regions in the east and
south of the country. The numerous indigenous African religions in Ethiopia operate mainly in the far southwest and western
borderlands.

Abrahamic religions
Ethiopia has close historical ties to all three of the world's major Abrahamic religions. Christians form the majority of the
population.[6] Islam is the second most followed religion, with 33.9% of the population being adherents. 2.6% of the population
(mainly in the far south and southwest) follow traditional religions; other religions (the Baháʼí Faith, Judaism, etc.) make up the
remaining 0.6%.[3] Ethiopia is the site of the first hijra in Islamic history and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash.
 Until the 1980s, a substantial population of Ethiopian Jews
resided in Ethiopia. The country is also the spiritual homeland
of the Rastafari religious movement.

Christianity

Ethiopia is one of the oldest Christian states in the world. The

A church in Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Orthodox Church is an Oriental Orthodox Church,
which is the largest Christian denomination in Ethiopia. It was
part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959, and is the only
pre-colonial Orthodox church in Sub-Saharan Africa. The apostle St. Matthew is said to have
died in Ethiopia.[7]

According to the government's 1994 census (which the CIA World Factbook follows), 61.6%
A mosque in Jimma.
of the Ethiopian population was Christian: 50.6% of the total were Ethiopian Orthodox, 10.1%
were various Protestant denominations (such as P'ent'ay and the Lutheran Ethiopian Evangelical
Church Mekane Yesus), and Roman Catholics
constituted 0.9% of the population).[8] The U.S. State
Department estimates that just over 50% of the country is
Christian (40 to 45% of the population belongs to the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, about 10% are members of
Christian evangelical and Pentecostal groups).[9][10]
Orthodox Ethiopian Christians are predominant in the
The Church of Our Lady
Tigray (95.6%) and Amhara (82.5%), while the majority of
Mary of Zion, rumored to
Protestants live in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and
hold the original Ark of
Peoples Region or SNNPR (55.5% of the inhabitants) and
the Covenant
the Oromia Region (4.8 million or 17.7%).[3] According to
The rock-hewn Church of Saint the government's most recent census from 2007, Christians
George in Lalibela is a UNESCO
constitute 62.8% of the total population, with the largest group being Ethiopian
World Heritage Site.
Orthodox Christians at 43.5%, followed by Protestants 18.6% and Catholics at 0.7%.[3]
A 2015 study estimates some 400,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in
the country, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.[11]

The Kingdom of Aksum was one of the first nations to officially accept Christianity,
when St. Frumentius of Tyre, called Fremnatos or Abba Selama ("Father of Peace") in
Ethiopia, converted King Ezana during the 4th century AD. Many believe that the
Gospel had entered Ethiopia even earlier, with the royal official described as being
baptised by Philip the Evangelist in chapter eight of the Acts of the Apostles (Acts
8:26–39). Orthodox Christianity has a long history in Ethiopia dating back to the 1st
century, and is dominant in northern and central Ethiopia. Both Orthodox and Protestant
Christianity have large representations in southern and western Ethiopia. A small
ancient group of Jews, the Beta Israel, live in northwestern Ethiopia, though most
emigrated to Israel in the last decades of the 20th century as part of the rescue missions A leather painting depicting Ethiopian
undertaken by the Israeli government, Operation Moses and Operation Solomon.[12] Orthodox priests playing sistra and a
Some Israeli and Jewish scholars consider these Ethiopian Jews as a historical Lost drum.
Tribe of Israel. Today, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, part of Oriental
Orthodoxy, is by far the largest denomination, though a number of Protestants (P'ent'ay)
churches have recently gained ground. Since the 18th century there has existed a relatively small (uniate) Ethiopian Catholic
Church in full communion with Rome, with adherents making up less than 1% of the total population.[3]

The name "Ethiopia" (Hebrew Kush) is mentioned in the Bible numerous times (thirty-seven times in the King James version).
Abyssinia is also mentioned in the Qur'an and Hadith. While many Ethiopians claim that the Bible references of Kush apply to
their own ancient civilization, pointing out that the Gihon river, a name for the Nile, is said to flow through the land, some
scholars believe that the use of the term referred to the Kingdom of Kush in particular, or Africa outside of Egypt in general. The
modern name Ethiopia is from the Greek term Aethiopia used to translate Kush, and was applied to all of Sub-Saharan Africa,
including what is now Sudan, but with a few classical geographers giving more detailed descriptions of present-day Ethiopia and
Eritrea (e.g. Adulis) as well.

Islam
Islam in Ethiopia dates back to the founding of the religion; in 615, when a group of
Muslims were counseled by Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca and travel to
Ethiopia via modern-day Eritrea, which was ruled by Ashama ibn Abjar, a pious
Christian king. Bilal ibn Ribah, the first Muezzin, the person chosen to call the faithful
to prayer, and one of the foremost companions of Muhammad, was born in Mecca to an
Abyssinian mother. Moreover, the largest portion of non-Arab Companions of
Muhammad belonged to Ethiopian ethnic groups.
A mosque in Mekelle.
According to the most recent 2007 CSA governmental data, Muslims are 33.9% of the
population,[3] up from 32.8% in 1994 (according to the census data of that year).[8][13]
Before the publication of the 2007 census results, however, the U.S. State Department estimated that "approximately 45 percent
of the population is Sunni Muslim."[9][14] Roughly 68% of Ethiopian Muslims are Sunni, whilst 23% are non-denominational
Muslims, whilst another 2% adhere to other sects such as Shia, Quranist, Ibadi etc.[15] and some belonging to various Sufi
orders. Islam first arrived in Ethiopia in 614 with the First Migration to Abyssinia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital city, is home
to about 443,821 Muslims or 16.2%.[16] While Muslims can be found in almost every community, Islam is most prevalent in the
Somali (98.4%), Afar (95.3%) and Oromia (47.5%) Regions.[3] Haile Selassie's government reportedly concealed the actual
figures of the Muslim population in order to present Ethiopia as a Christian nation to the outside world.[17] The writers of
Ethiopia: a country study claimed that Islam made up 50% of the total population in 1991 based on the 1984 census
commissioned by the Derg regime.[17] Some web columnist even say the Muslim population are the majority and disagree with
the current Ethiopian governments claims.[18]

Judaism

The Beta Israel, also known as the Falashas (though this term is considered
derogatory), are a long-isolated group of African Jews who have lived in Ethiopia since
antiquity. Their existence was not widely known to the outside world for many years,
and they likewise were not aware of other Jewish groups outside of their own
community.[19] They became known to the West during the 19th and 20th centuries,
and were accepted as Jews by the Israeli government in 1975. After this, Operation
Moses and Operation Solomon, conducted in 1984 and 1991, respectively, airlifted the
vast majority of the Ethiopian Jewish population to Israel, where there is currently a
population of 150,000 Beta Israel. A small Jewish community still exists in Ethiopia,
although it is mostly composed of Falash Mura, Ethiopian Jews who converted to
Christianity in the past, and as such have not been recognized as Jews by the State of
Israel, but have returned to Judaism (the Falash Mura now number some 22,000).
Areas inhabited by the Beta Israel
before their mass aliyah.
Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith in Ethiopia begins after `Abdu'l-Bahá wrote letters encouraging taking
the religion to Africa in 1916.[20] Mr. Sabri Elais, then a 27-year-old Bahá'í from Alexandria, Egypt, introduced the Baháʼí Faith
to Ethiopia in 1933.[21] A year later, in November 1934, the first Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assembly in the country was formed in
Addis Ababa.[22] In 1962, Ethiopia Baháʼís elected a National Spiritual Assembly.[23] By 1963, there were seven localities with
smaller groups of Baháʼís in the country.[24] The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated that there were around 23,000
Baháʼí adherents in 2010.[25] The Ethiopian community celebrated its diamond jubile in January 2009.[26] As of 2016 the largest
Baháʼí community is in Addis Ababa.[27] A number of towns (such as Awassa, Nazareth, Mekele, Zway and Shashemenie) and
rural areas in Oromia and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR) have active and growing Baháʼí
communities.

Traditional faiths
An estimated 2.6% of Ethiopia's population adheres to various traditional faiths, according to the 2007 census (down from 4.6%
in the 1994 census data). The largest numbers of practitioners of traditional religions are in the SNNPR (about 993,000 people)
and Oromia (895,000).[3]

Views on the emperors

Ethiopia is the spiritual homeland of the Rastafari movement, whose adherents believe Ethiopia is Zion. The Rastafari view
Emperor Haile Selassie as Jesus, the human incarnation of God. The Emperor himself was the defender of the Ethiopian
Orthodox Church, that also has a concept of Zion, although it represents a unique and complex concept, referring figuratively to
St. Mary, but also to Ethiopia as a bastion of Christianity surrounded by Muslims and other religions, much like Mount Zion in
the Bible . It is also used to refer to Axum, the ancient capital and religious centre of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians, or to its
primary church, called Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion.[28]

Religious politics and tensions

Freedom of religion is provided by the constitution of 1995, and freedom of worship had also been guaranteed by the 1930 and
1955 Constitutions of Ethiopia, although in certain localities this principle is not always respected in practice. There is no state
religion, and it is forbidden to form political parties based upon religion; all religious groups are required to register with the
government, and renew their registration once every three years. It is a crime in Ethiopia to incite one religion against another.
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church published works by an unknown author written in Ge'ez and translated to Amharic in
1986 which claimed Habesha should refrain from sexual intercourse with Oromo, Muslims, Shanqella, Falasha and animals
because it was an abomination.[29] Discrimination against Muslims has been rampant since the creation of modern Ethiopia,
Muslims were marginalized in the Haile Selassie era.[30] Haile Selassie actually came to power during the rise of opposition to
Muslims in government positions.[31] U.S ambassador David H. Shinn stated in 2005 that the Ethiopian leadership continued to
be largely Christian.[32] Tension between Christian and Muslim Oromo were witnessed during the 2005 Ethiopian general
election, when Muslim Arsi Oromo denounced the Shewa Oromo for participating in political nepotism.[33] There is some
tension between members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Protestant Christians, as well as between the Ethiopian
Orthodox and Muslims in general. According to the Barnabas Fund, 55 churches were torched in March 2011 in the Jimma
Zone by Muslims after a dispute. In December 2019 several mosques and Muslim owned businesses were attacked in the
Christian dominated Amhara Region.[34]

Orthodox Christian-Muslim Relations

In the Hadith, Prophet Mohammed explicitly prohibited jihad against the Abyssinians as long as they were not hostile to
Muslims.[35] This is because Abyssinia's (present-day Ethiopia) Aksumite monarch embraced a group of Muslims embarking on
the first Hijrah from Arabia, fleeing persecution from their homeland.[36] The founder of Solomonic dynasty, Yekuno Amlak
was heavily assisted by Muslim Sultanate of Showa in his struggle against the Zagwe dynasty.[37] Yekuno Amlak paid back this
favor when the Sultan of Shewa appealed to him to put down an insurrection in Showa.[38] These friendly and collaborative
relations between Muslim and Christian states would soon deteriorate in the following centuries. In the early fourteenth century
Emperor Amda Seyon launched a crusade against the neighboring Muslim state of Ifat Sultanate, several mosques were
demolished.[39] In the early fifteenth century Emperor Zara Yaqob invaded the Muslim state of Hadiya Sultanate and married the
captured Hadiya princess Eleni which was condemned by Muslims.[40] In the late fifteenth century Adal Sultanate invaded
Abyssinia led by Imam Mahfuz, his defeat brought about the early 16th century Jihad of the Adalese Imam Ahmed Gran against
Ethiopia, where several churches were demolished.[41]

Adherents
Year Christians Ethiopian Orthodox Protestants Catholics Muslims Traditional faiths Other
1994 61.6% 50.6% 10.1% 0.9% 32.8% 4.6% 1.0%
2007 62.8% 43.5% 18.6% 0.7% 33.9% 2.6% 0.7%
Growth 1.2% -7.1% 8.5% -0.2% 1.1% -2.0% -0.3%

Year Christians Ethiopian Orthodox Protestants Catholics Muslims Traditional faiths Other
1994 32,689,482 26,844,932 5,366,360 478,190 17,406,087 2,444,085 531,323
2007 46,420,822 32,154,550 13,748,842 517,430 25,058,373 1,921,881 517,430
Growth 13,731,340 5,309,618 8,382,482 39,240 7,652,286 -522,204 -13,893
 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007 1994 2007
Ethiopian Traditional
Region Christians Protestants Catholics Muslims Other
Orthodox faiths
Addis Ababa 86.65% 83.0% 82.0% 74.7% 3.9% 7.8% 0.8% 0.5% 12.7% 16.2% 0.8%
Afar 4.4% 4.7% 3.9% 3.9% 0.4% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 95.6% 95.3%
Amhara 81.6% 82.7% 81.5% 82.5% 0.1% 0.2% 18.1% 17.2% 0.1%

Benishangul- 40.6% 46.5% 34.8% 33.0% 5.8% 13.5% 44.1% 45.4% 13.1% 7.1%
Gumuz
Dire Dawa 36.7% 28.8% 34.5% 25.7% 1.5% 2.8% 0.7% 0.4% 63.2% 70.9% 0.1% 0.3%

71.35% 90.2% 24.1% 16.8% 44.0% 70.0% 3.2% 3.4% 5.15% 4.9% 10.3% 3.8% 1.1%
Gambela
Harari 39.49% 30.8% 38.1% 27.1% 0.9% 3.4% 0.5% 0.3% 60.3% 69.0% 0.2%
Oromia 49.9% 48.2% 41.3% 30.5% 8.6% 17.7% 44.3% 47.5% 4.2% 3.3% 1.1%
Somali 0.9% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6% 98.7% 98.4% 0.3% 1.0%
SNNPR 65.4% 77.8% 27.6% 19.9% 34.8% 55.5% 3.0% 2.4% 16.7% 14.1% 15.4% 6.6% 1.5%
Tigray 95.9% 96.1% 95.5% 95.6% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 4.1% 4.0%

See also
Baháʼí Faith in Ethiopia
Buda (folklore)
Catholic Church in Ethiopia
Christianity in Ethiopia
Demographics of Ethiopia
Ethiopian Catholic Church
Ethiopian Jews
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Islam in Ethiopia
P'ent'ay (Ethiopian Evangelicalism)
Zār

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External links
Berhanu Abegaz, "Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities" (http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20P
ortrait.pdf)

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