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    This document discusses the different types of language change studied by historical linguists and sociolinguists. It outlines diachronic changes that occur over long periods of time versus synchronic changes influenced by society. Language change happens through various processes, such as natural progression, decay, borrowing between languages, and imperfect learning by children. Changes can happen at the phonological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels of language. Native Pakistani examples are provided to illustrate each type of language change.

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    This document discusses the different types of language change studied by historical linguists and sociolinguists. It outlines diachronic changes that occur over long periods of time versus synchronic changes influenced by society. Language change happens through various processes, such as natural progression, decay, borrowing between languages, and imperfect learning by children. Changes can happen at the phonological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels of language. Native Pakistani examples are provided to illustrate each type of language change.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    33 views24 pages

    Languagechange 160607173117

    Uploaded by

    Mashair oshi
    This document discusses the different types of language change studied by historical linguists and sociolinguists. It outlines diachronic changes that occur over long periods of time versus synchronic changes influenced by society. Language change happens through various processes, such as natural progression, decay, borrowing between languages, and imperfect learning by children. Changes can happen at the phonological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels of language. Native Pakistani examples are provided to illustrate each type of language change.

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    of 24

    LANGUAGE

    CHANGE
    Language Change
     Studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists

     Diachronic Change – Hstorical Linguists


    the change of languages over time
    e.g. Old English  Middle English  Modern English

     Synchronic Change - Sociolinguists


    the origins or the causes of language changes
    how language changes with society or in particular period
    e.g. Punjabi in Pakistan and Punjabi in India
     According to Jean Aitchison, language change
    occurs in three ways
    - Progress
    - Decay
    - Neither

     Could be both Conscious and Unconscious


    e.g. Loss of Rhotic ‘r’ – Unconscious

     Could be Natural or Social


    e.g. /b/ sound lost in ‘thumb’ – natural
    Incremental
     Used for inventions or items of knowledge
     Become standard

     e.g “Selfie”, “emoji” added in dictionaries

    Native
     Laantain – lantern
     TV
     Mobile
     Picnic
     Park
     Menu
    Decremental
     Words not used anymore because of the less usage
    of the object

     E.g. words related to swordfighting are not used often


    ‘pary’ and ‘feint’

    Native
     Zarrabaktar
     Manjeek – pathar phainkne wali toop
    Replacement
     - replacements of words or structures
     coexists in language
     correct both ways

     e.g
    half – halfs – halves
    thievery – theft
    rise – rose – raised

    NAtive
     Pistol – tamancha
     School – madrassa
     Train – gaari
     Kitaab – Kutab - Kitabain
    Social Status
     people of higher status introduce changes
     later considered prestigious

    Native
     Burger – bun kabab
     Fries - Chips
     pronunciation of ‘career’
     Baba/’Papa– Abu
    Interaction / Contact
     Borrowing
     Isolation slows process of change
     Interaction increases influences on other languages

     Sushi – Japan

    Native
     Gulluband– Farsi - Necklace
     Bandar gah – Farsi - seaport
     Mayuun – hindi
    Dialectal Change
     Difference in vocabulary or pronunciation due to
    difference in dialects
     e.g
    Autumn – fall
    lift – elevator
    /r/ sound at the end and ‘schedule’

    Native
     Shaljam – Thippar (Hazara) – Gongloo (Lahore)
     Bahaar – Basant (Lahore)
     Piyo(Lahore) – Lala (Hazara)
    Gender
     Differencebetween speech of men and women
     Women introduce more standard
    forms – beautiful, sweet
     Men introduce vernacular forms – cool, wicked
     Women categorize – married/teenager/mrs/miss

    Native
     Gaari– Daala/car/totta/mazda/jeep
     Chacha – Uncle
     Women – picky
    more accurate
    terms

     Men – simplistic
    Laziness
     Occurs mainly because of laziness
     Shortening or Combining
     Become widely accepted – Standard

    I am - I’m
     Going to – Gonna

    Native
     Assalamoalikum – Salam
     Bismillah
    Imperfect Learning
     Children learn adult forms imperfectly
     Majority usage - New strandard

    Native
     Mehendi – Minhadi
    Culture / Tradition
     New places, situations, objects
     Does not matter where they go

    Native Examples
     Lassi
     Lacha
     Charkha
     Chahti
    Levels of Changes
     Changes occur on the following levels

     Phonological (sounds)
     Syntactic (structure)
     Semantic (meaning)
     Lexical (words)
    Phonological
     Complex
     Not sudden – happens over time

     Examples
    Same vowel rule (~a rule)
    pen ~ pin in some English dialects – not necessary
    ‘s’ sound at the end of Spanish words
    como ehtas / ehtah

    Native
     Sajjan – Sajan
     Minhadi – Mehendi
     Gojarwalan – Gujranwala
     Kilachi - Kirachi
    Lexical Change
     Change in the words and vocabulary used

     Addition of suffixes/prefixes to make new words


    breakable, thinkable, touchable, etc

     Addition of ‘s’ and ‘-es’


    drink – drinks
    box – boxes

    Native
     Subh – Subhu – Subha
     Sabza – Sabzazar
     Deewankhana – Bethak – Drawing room
    Syntactic Change
     Changes in word order

     Double negation – no longer part of English


    Old English - ne aux – not never

     Contracted negatives – Old English


    knew not – didn’t know

     Comparatives – Old English


    most shamefullest, more happier

    Native
     Phone karo – Phone lgao
     Film lagi hui he – Film chal rahi he
    Semantic Change
     Changes related to meanings

     Broadening
    Dogge -– specific breed - all dogs

     Narrowing
    deer -– any beast - specific animal

     Opposite
    Sick – Good

    Native
     Bandar/gah – Bandargah
     Sikh – foolish
     Akhrot
     Bera tar jaye
     Bala (musibat) – Every bad thing
    Conclusion

     Languages do change

     Follows certain processes

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