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Languagechange 160607173117
Languagechange 160607173117
CHANGE
Language Change
Studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists
Native
Laantain – lantern
TV
Mobile
Picnic
Park
Menu
Decremental
Words not used anymore because of the less usage
of the object
Native
Zarrabaktar
Manjeek – pathar phainkne wali toop
Replacement
- replacements of words or structures
coexists in language
correct both ways
e.g
half – halfs – halves
thievery – theft
rise – rose – raised
NAtive
Pistol – tamancha
School – madrassa
Train – gaari
Kitaab – Kutab - Kitabain
Social Status
people of higher status introduce changes
later considered prestigious
Native
Burger – bun kabab
Fries - Chips
pronunciation of ‘career’
Baba/’Papa– Abu
Interaction / Contact
Borrowing
Isolation slows process of change
Interaction increases influences on other languages
Sushi – Japan
Native
Gulluband– Farsi - Necklace
Bandar gah – Farsi - seaport
Mayuun – hindi
Dialectal Change
Difference in vocabulary or pronunciation due to
difference in dialects
e.g
Autumn – fall
lift – elevator
/r/ sound at the end and ‘schedule’
Native
Shaljam – Thippar (Hazara) – Gongloo (Lahore)
Bahaar – Basant (Lahore)
Piyo(Lahore) – Lala (Hazara)
Gender
Differencebetween speech of men and women
Women introduce more standard
forms – beautiful, sweet
Men introduce vernacular forms – cool, wicked
Women categorize – married/teenager/mrs/miss
Native
Gaari– Daala/car/totta/mazda/jeep
Chacha – Uncle
Women – picky
more accurate
terms
Men – simplistic
Laziness
Occurs mainly because of laziness
Shortening or Combining
Become widely accepted – Standard
I am - I’m
Going to – Gonna
Native
Assalamoalikum – Salam
Bismillah
Imperfect Learning
Children learn adult forms imperfectly
Majority usage - New strandard
Native
Mehendi – Minhadi
Culture / Tradition
New places, situations, objects
Does not matter where they go
Native Examples
Lassi
Lacha
Charkha
Chahti
Levels of Changes
Changes occur on the following levels
Phonological (sounds)
Syntactic (structure)
Semantic (meaning)
Lexical (words)
Phonological
Complex
Not sudden – happens over time
Examples
Same vowel rule (~a rule)
pen ~ pin in some English dialects – not necessary
‘s’ sound at the end of Spanish words
como ehtas / ehtah
Native
Sajjan – Sajan
Minhadi – Mehendi
Gojarwalan – Gujranwala
Kilachi - Kirachi
Lexical Change
Change in the words and vocabulary used
Native
Phone karo – Phone lgao
Film lagi hui he – Film chal rahi he
Semantic Change
Changes related to meanings
Broadening
Dogge -– specific breed - all dogs
Narrowing
deer -– any beast - specific animal
Opposite
Sick – Good
Native
Bandar/gah – Bandargah
Sikh – foolish
Akhrot
Bera tar jaye
Bala (musibat) – Every bad thing
Conclusion
Languages do change