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Electromagnetic Properties of The Great Pyramid: First Multipole Resonances and Energy Concentration
Electromagnetic Properties of The Great Pyramid: First Multipole Resonances and Energy Concentration
energy concentration
Mikhail Balezin, Kseniia V. Baryshnikova, Polina Kapitanova, and Andrey B. Evlyukhin
(Received 21 February 2018; accepted 22 June 2018; published online 20 July 2018)
Resonant response of the Great Pyramid interacting with external electromagnetic waves of the
radio frequency range (the wavelength range is 200–600 m) is theoretically investigated. With
the help of numerical simulations and multipole decomposition, it is found that spectra of the
extinction and scattering cross sections include resonant features associated with excitation
of the Pyramid’s electromagnetic dipole and quadrupole moments. Electromagnetic field
distributions inside the Pyramid at the resonant conditions are demonstrated and discussed for
two cases, when the Pyramid is located in a homogeneous space or on a substrate. It is revealed
that the Pyramid’s chambers can collect and concentrate electromagnetic energy for the both
surrounding conditions. In the case of the Pyramid on the substrate, at the shorter wavelengths,
the electromagnetic energy accumulates in the chambers providing local spectral maxima for
electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that basically the Pyramid scatters the electromagnetic
waves and focuses them into the substrate region. The spectral dependence of the focusing effect
is discussed. Published by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5026556
conjugation, and x is the angular frequency of the incident in Eq. (5) denotes the double scalar product of tensors. Here,
monochromatic electromagnetic waves with the time depen- ^ ^
P scalar product of two dyads A and B in the
we use the double
dence defined by exp ðixtÞ. In the case of incident electro- form A^ : B^ ¼ nm Anm Bnm .
magnetic plane waves, the power W ¼ ðe0 ed =l0 Þ1=2 jEinc j2 =2, In contrast to recent works15,16 in this field, here we
where e0 ; ep , and ed are the vacuum dielectric constant, rela- apply the expressions for the Cartesian multipole moments
tive permittivities of the scatterer, and the surrounding obtained beyond the long-wavelength approximation,4
medium, respectively, and l0 is the vacuum permeability. because in our consideration, the size of the scattering object
Note that the induced polarization can be calculated using is comparable to the wavelengths of indecent electromag-
total electric field E in the scatterer P ¼ e0 ðep ed ÞE. The netic waves. With expressions for the multipole moments
scattering cross section rscat is determined as a normalized including the electric and magnetic dipoles and quadrupoles
total power scattered to the far-field zone12 located at the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system, one
ð can write as follows:17
1
rscat ¼ Im r Esc Esc dS; (2) ð ð
2xl0 W k2 1 2 15j2 ðkrÞ
S p ¼ Pj0 ðkrÞdr ½r P r r P dr; (6)
10 3 k2 r 2
V V
where S and dS are the close surface around the scatterer and ð
the surface element vector, respectively, and r is the nabla ix 3j ðkrÞ
m¼ ½r P 1 dr; (7)
operator. The scattered electric field Esc at a point r in the 2 kr
V
far-field zone is calculated as
ð 3j1 ðkrÞ
ð Q^ ¼ 3ðrP þ PrÞ 2½r PU^ dr þ 6k2
k2 ^
Esc ðrÞ ¼ G F ðr; r0 ÞPðr0 Þdr0 ; (3) kr
e0 V
ð
V j3 ðkrÞ
5rr½r P ðrP þ PrÞr2 r2 ½r PU^ dr;
where G^ F ðr; r0 Þ is the far-field approximation of the Green k3 r 3
V
tensor corresponding to the system without the scatterer.13,14
(8)
Using multipole expansion of the induced polarization P
in the irreducible representation of the Cartesian multipole and
moments15 and inserting this expansion in the extinction and ð
scattering cross sections, one can obtain their multipole pre- ^ ¼ x ½r Pr þ r½r P 15j2 ðkrÞ dr;
M (9)
sentations. The multipole contributions [up to magnetic 3i k2 r 2
V
quadrupole (MQ)] to the scattering cross section for a scat-
terer located in the homogeneous medium with a relative where jn denotes the n-order spherical Bessel function, U^ is
dielectric constant ed can be written as15 the 3 3 unit tensor, and k is the wavenumber in the sur-
rounding medium.
k04 k04 ed l0
rsca ’ 2
jpj2 þ jmj2
6pe20 jEinc j 6pe0 jEinc j2 III. PYRAMID IN HOMOGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT
k06 ed X
þ 2
jQ^ ab j2 To clarify the role of a pyramidal shape object on elec-
720pe20 jEinc j tromagnetic scattering, we first study the scattering of an
k06 e2d l0 X external radio frequency electromagnetic wave by the
þ ^ ab j2 ;
jM (4)
80pe0 jEinc j 2 Pyramid located in a homogeneous environment. The plane
wave propagating along the Pyramid symmetry axis is con-
^ and M
where p, m, Q, ^ are the electric dipole (ED), magnetic sidered for two directions (see the insets in Fig. 1). It is
dipole (MD), electric quadrupole (EQ), and magnetic quad- known that the Pyramid blocks are made of limestone. From
rupole (MQ) moments of the scatterer, respectively. The the literature,18–20 one can observe that the limestone permit-
multipole presentation of the extinction cross section is given tivity value slightly varies in the range of 4–6 depending on
by the following formula: porosity, temperature, humidity, etc. Unfortunately, we did
not find the direct measured data for the permittivity disper-
x sion of the limestone samples taken from plateau of Giza in
rext ’ Im Einc ðr0 Þ p þ l0 Hinc ðr0 Þ m
2W Egypt. Therefore, we assumed that the permittivity of the
1 1 Pyramid’s blocks is e ¼ 5 þ i0:1. Slight deviations of the
^
þ rEinc ðr0 Þ : Q þ rHinc ðr0 Þ : M ; ^ (5)
6 2 permittivity from this value will only minor shift the spec-
trum features of the Pyramid’s electromagnetic response and
where rEinc ðr0 Þ and rHinc ðr0 Þ denote the tensors of the will not affect the obtained conclusions.
electric field and magnetic field gradients, respectively, and For the simulations, we use a real size 3D model of the
r0 is the position where point multipole moments are located. Pyramid with the following parameters: the height of 138.75 m
For the arbitrary-shaped scatterer (particle), it is convenient and each base side of 230 m. We also take the Pyramid’s
to take this point at the particle centre of mass.9 The sign “:” “King’s Chamber” with the size of 11 5 11 m3 into the
034903-3 Balezin et al. J. Appl. Phys. 124, 034903 (2018)
FIG. 2. Distributions of electric (a)–(d) and magnetic (e)–(h) field magnitudes in the x-z plane of the Pyramid located in the free space. The propagation direc-
tion of the incident plane waves corresponds to Fig. 1(a). The incident waves are polarized along the x-axis. The black rectangular inside the Pyramid repre-
sents the “King’s Chamber.”
excitation of MD and MQ moments, maximums of which to take into account the substrate permittivity. We consider
are shifted to the longer wavelengths as comparison with the the incident plane electromagnetic waves propagating nor-
case of the inverse incident condition. The maxima of the mally with respect to the substrate surface along the vector k
electric and magnetic fields intensities in the King’s chamber as shown in Fig. 5(a). We now take all three chambers: the
for the both cases of propagation directions are summarized “King Chamber,” the “Queen’s Chamber,” and the chamber
in Fig. 4. located under the Pyramid into the consideration. The
“Queen’s Chamber” is 5 m 5 m 6 m in size, and its cen-
IV. PYRAMID ON SUBSTRATE tre is located at a distance of 2.5 m from the Pyramid’s axis
Next, we study the more realistic case when the on the height of 20.8 m from the Pyramid’s base. The cham-
Pyramid is located on the limestone plateau (substrate) as ber located under the Pyramid has the size of 5.2 m 5.6 m
depicted in Fig. 5(a). The same value of e ¼ 5 þ i0:1 is used 4.6 m. Its centre is moved from the Pyramid’s axis on
FIG. 3. Distributions of electric (a)–(d) and magnetic (e)–(h) field magnitudes in the x-z plane of the Pyramid located in the free space. The propagation direc-
tion of the incident plane waves corresponds to Fig. 1(b). The incident waves are polarized along the x-axis. The black rectangular inside the Pyramid repre-
sents the “King’s Chamber.”
034903-5 Balezin et al. J. Appl. Phys. 124, 034903 (2018)
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, we have considered electromagnetic excita-
tion of the Great Pyramid by plane waves with the wave-
lengths being larger than the typical size of the scatterer. In
this case, only several first-order multipole resonances have
been observed. The multipole analysis of electromagnetic
wave scattering by the Great Pyramid has been performed in
the radio frequency range and revealed important physical
properties concerning the accumulation and focusing of elec-
tromagnetic energy. It has been shown that the Pyramid can
FIG. 5. (a) Schematic representation of the Pyramid located on a substrate. resonantly scatter electromagnetic waves and support resonant
The electromagnetic linear-polarized (along the x-axis) plane wave propa-
excitation of electromagnetic multipoles which resulted from
gates along the vector k. (b) Spectra of the extinction and scattering cross
sections for the Pyramid located on the substrate. Contributions provided by strong electromagnetic fields in the Pyramid volume. For the
the main multiples are shown as well. Pyramid located in the free space, we have demonstrated that
034903-6 Balezin et al. J. Appl. Phys. 124, 034903 (2018)
FIG. 6. Distributions of electric (a)–(e) and magnetic (f)–(j) field magnitude in the x-z plane of the Pyramid and its supporting substrate. The propagation direc-
tion of the incident plane waves corresponds to Fig. 5. The polarization of the incident waves is along the x-axis. The black rectangular inside the Pyramid rep-
resents the position of the “King’s Chamber.”
FIG. 7. (a) Distribution of electric field magnitude inside the Pyramid, including its chambers at the wavelength k ¼ 200 m. Field scale, configuration, and inci-
dent wave conditions correspond to Fig. 6. Spectra of maximal values of the normalized electric and magnetic field intensities in the Pyramid’s chambers: (b)
“King’s chamber”; (c) “Queen’s chamber”; (d) chamber under the Pyramid. The lines are obtained by an approximation of the calculated fields for discrete val-
ues of incident wavelengths. The field intensities are normalized on the corresponding intensities of the incident waves.
the total extinction cross-section does not depend on the In the conclusion, note that the excitation of the
considered incident conditions; however, the electromag- Pyramid with shorter incident wavelengths, than considered
netic field distributions inside the Pyramid are different for here, could result in the excitation of higher order resonances
the same wavelengths. It leads to the different multipole with strong field concentration effects. But it is out of the
decompositions for the both considered incident conditions. scope of the current work and will be a next step of our
For the Pyramid located on the substrate, we found that it investigations.
basically scatters electromagnetic waves into the substrate,
where the focusing effect is observed. It was established ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
that the Pyramid’s chambers can concentrate electromag- The results of numerical simulation by CST Microwave
netic energy at the resonant conditions. In general, one may Studio were supported by Russian Science Foundation,
conclude that pyramidal objects located on a substrate and Project No. 17-79-20379. DDA modelling was supported by
supporting multipole resonances can significantly suppress Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 16-12-10287. The
the reflection of incident electromagnetic waves. In the financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
earth conditions, this could be used for controlling the (DFG), Project No. EV 220/2-1, is acknowledged.
radio-wave propagation and reflection. Due to the scaling
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