Cestodes: 1. Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) & Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Cestodes: 1. Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) & Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Rodent control - preventing rats from Stool examination for egg detection
contaminating foodstuffs such as
Life Cycle
grains and cereals.
Protection of food from both rat Consumption of an infective egg
droppings and from intermediate host initiates human H. nana infection.
insects. Development of the cysticercoid larva
Inspect all potentially contaminated occurs in the intestine.
foodstuffs before human On further maturation, the scolex
consumption. emerges and attaches to the
intestinal mucosa.
3. Hymenolepsis nana (dwarf tapeworm) The resulting adult worm resides in
the intestine, in which it is capable of
Morphology
self-reproduction.
EGGS Disintegration of gravid proglottids
Roundish to oval egg releases numerous eggs.
45 by 38 μm in size. A resulting egg may take one of two
Centrally located hexacanth embryo is routes: passed outside the body via
equipped with the standard 3 pairs of the feces, or initiate autoreinfection.
hooklets. An egg released into the outside
A shell complete with polar environment is in the infective stage.
thickenings protects the embryo. No intermediate host is required to
Numerous polar filaments originate complete the cycle.
from the polar thickenings, which help
This parasite may exist in a number of Avoidance of contact with potentially
other animal transport hosts, such as infected rodent feces.
fleas, beetles, rats, and house mice,
and the cysticercoid larval stage may 4. Dipylidium caninum (Dog or cat
develop in these hosts and are tapeworm/ pumpkin seed tapeworm)
infective to both humans and rodents
Morphology
Epidemiology
EGGS
H. nana is considered to be the most Egg packets – contains 5-6 eggs.
common tapeworm recovered in the Each measure 30-60 µm.
United States, particularly in the Six-hooked oncosphere
southeastern part of the country. SCOLICES
Tropical and subtropical climates Equipped with four-suckers and a
worldwide are known to harbor this club-shaped armed rostellum.
parasite. Has 1-6/7 circlets of spines that
Person residing to close quarters reside on the rostellum.
(institutional setting, children at day PROGLOTTIDS
care centers) are at a particularly Resemble pumpkin seeds.
high risk of contracting H. nana. Each mature segments has 2 sets of
Stool from contaminated rodents may both male and female reproductive
also serve as a source of infection. organs.
The resulting eggs are enclosed in
Clinical manifestation
embryonic membrane.
Hymenolepiasis: Dwarf Tapeworm
Laboratory diagnosis
Disease - Persons with heavy H. nana
infections often develop Recovery of the egg packets or gravid
gastrointestinal symptoms, such as proglottids in stool sample.
abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea,
Life Cycle
dizziness, and headache.
D. caninum is a parasite of dogs and
Treatment
cats but humans can be infected
Praziquantel (Treatment of choice) following the ingestion of infected
Niclosamide (Effective alternative) fleas which can be transmitted
through the lick of the cat or dog to
Prevention and Control
humans or by hand-to-mouth
Controlling transport host populations transmission.
Infection begins after the ingestion Dogs and cats should be treated and
of the infective larval stage. The larva protected against flea infestation
matures into adult worms once inside regularly.
the intestine and these adult worms Children should be taught not to let
undergo self-fertilization. the dogs and cats lick them in or near
The egg packets and gravid their mouths.
proglottids are passed in stools.
Ingestion by cat or dog’s fleas of the 5. Diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish
stool initiate new life cycle. tapeworm)
Epidemiology Morphology
medications.
Eggs and frequently proglottids in Epidemiology
stool specimens.
D. latum are found worldwide. Alaska
To ensure the that the treatment was
and Great Lake in USA are known to
successful the finding should consist
harbor the tapeworm. Other endemic
of the passage of the scolex and
areas include, South America, Asia,
absence of new proglottids.
Central Africa, Baltic region and
Life Cycle Finland. These areas routinely
consume freshwater fish. Some
D. latum has a complex life cycle and
animals that eat infected freshwater
basically needs 2 intermediate hosts
fish may also become infected and are
to complete its life cycle.
known as definitive host. The
Infection in human begins after the
diagnostic stage are the eggs and the
consumption of raw or undercooked
infective stage are the plerocercoids.
freshwater fish contaminated with
the infective plerocercoid (precursor Clinical Symptoms
larval stage).
Diphyllobothriaisis: Fish Tapeworm
Inside the small intestine a scolex
Infection or Broad Fish tapeworm
emerges and attached to the
infection
intestinal mucosa.
Characterized by consistent digestive
The resulting adult worm undergo
discomfort, overall weakness, weight
self-fertilization and the undeveloped
loss, and abdominal pain. Patient might
eggs are excreted through
also have vitamin B12 deficiency
defecation.
(which mimics the pernicious anemia)
A coracidium which is a free-swimming
if the adult worm of D. latum reside
larva hatches if the eggs in stool
on the proximal part of jejunum.
comes in contact with the fresh
water. Treatment
The coracidium will be ingested by the
Praziquantel and Niclosamide
Cyclops species copepod, the first
intermediate host. Prevention
Once inside the copepod he Proper human fecal disposal.
coracidium develops into a procercoid. Avoidance of eating raw or
This infected copeod is then ingested undercooked fish.
by the freshwater fish and ingestion Thorough cooking of all fish before
of the infected freshwater fish by ingestion.
humans initiates new life cycle.
Not seen in humans but found in
canines (definitive host)
Laboratory Diagnosis
Eggs are primarily seen in specimens. Human infection begins when a human
1. Fasciolopsis buski (large intestinal Once inside the human body, the
Prevention
Adults – has separate sexes.
Avoid human ingestion of undercooked Round in appearance measuring 2 cm in
crayfish and crabs. length (female) and 1.5 cm (male).
Exercise proper fecal disposal. The male surrounds the female almost
completely for copulation.
Laboratory Diagnosis
5. Schistosoma spp.
S. mansoni (Manson’s blood
fluke)
S. japonicum (blood fluke) Life Cycle
S. haematobium (Bladder fluke) Schistosoma spp. are known as blood-
Morphology dwelling flukes. Human infection
begins when an infective cercariae
Eggs that emerge from the mollusk
S. S. S. penetrate into the skin which usually
manosoni japonicum haematobiu happens when the susceptible host
m swim or wade contaminated water.
Size 112-182 50-85 µm 110-170 µm Following the human penetration, the
µm by 40- by 38-60 by 38-70 µm
schistosomula, a morphologic form
75 µm µm
that emerges from the cercariae
Shape Oblong Somewhat Somewhat
roundish oblong travel into the bloodstream to
Conten Developed Developed Developed complete the maturation.
S. mansoni and S. japonicum reside in cercaria and the diagnostic stage are
the veins that surround the intestinal the eggs.
tract, while the S. haematobium is in
Clinical Manifestation
the veins surrounding the urinary
bladder. Schistosomiasis is also known as
Male and female adult worm are Bilharziasis or Swamp fever. Person
needed to complete the copulation and infected with Schistosoma first
the resulting eggs will exit the human experience inflammation on the site
body through urinating (S. where the cercaria penetrates. Acute
haematobium) or defecating (S. infection results to abdominal pain,
mansoni and S. japonicum). fever, chill, weight loss, cough, bloody
Once outside the environment, the diarrhea and eosinophilia. Person
eggs must come in contact with a infected with S. haematobium
freshwater so the miracidium is experience painful urination and
released which will penetrate into the hematuria. On the site of the
snail and develop into cercaria. penetration, lesion, necrosis and
granulomas may develop. Secondary
Epidemiology
bacterial infection, obstruction of
Schistosoma mansoni is prevalent in ureters or bowel, CNS and other
some parts of Africa, other endemic tissue involvement may also result.
countries include Puerto Rico, West Other disease cause by Schistosoma
Indies and some parts of South and spp. is the Katayama fever, a systemic
Central America. hypersensitivity reaction which is
Schistosoma japonicum is distributed resulted from the migration of the
in China, Indonesia, and Philippines. schistosomulae through tissue.
Japan was previously an endemic Katayama fever is characterized by
country but today they are no longer rapid onset of fever, nausea, malaise,
part of the endemic countries. fatigue, myalgia, cough, diarrhea and
Schistosoma haematobium is found in eosinophilia after 1 to 2 months of
Africa, South Arabia. Middle, East, exposure. It typically affects tourists
Iran and Iraq. Monkeys, cattle, other and travelers in endemic areas.
livestock, rodents, dogs and cats are
Treatment
the reservoir host of Schistosoma
spp. Transmission is via skin Praziquantel is the drug of choice.
penetration of the infective stage Oxamniquine – S. mansoni
Antimalarial, artemisinins,
artemether, artesunate is proven
effective but not in areas endemic for
malaria.
Surgery for patients with obstruction.
Prevention