1factors Affecting The Approaches of Crimes and Criminality

Factors Affecting the Approaches of Crimes and Criminality
1. GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS
 NORTH AND SOUTH POLE (QUETELET)

- Crimes against person predominate in South Pole during warm season, while crimes against property
predominate in North Pole during cold season.
 APPROACH TO THE EQUATOR (MONTESQUIEU)
- Criminality increases in proportion as one approach to the equator and drunkenness increases as one
approaches the north and South Pole.
 SEASON OF THE YEAR
- Crimes against person are more in summer, while crimes against property are more during rainy season.
 MONTH OF THE YEAR
- Violent crimes during warm months from April to July. Having its peak in May (many festivities).
 SOIL FORMATION
- More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly rugged terrain (irritation and
incidence of rape).
 TEMPERATURE
- Arrest increases quite regularly with the increase of temperature. The influences of temperature upon
Females are greater than male.
 HUMIDITY AND ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE (SURVEY)
- Assaults increases in low humidity and decreases in high humidity.
 WIND VELOCITY
- During high wind, numbers of arrest were less.
2. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
 PHYSIOGNOMY
- Study of the relationship between the facial features and human conduct of a person in relation to his
crimes.
- Study was used by Beccaria in 1764 (Crime and Punishment) and Lavater in 1775 (Physiognomical
fragment) wherein they both stated that the way to discover the character of a person is by:
a. observation of physical appearance
b. measurement of the outward appearance
 PHRENOLOGY OR CRANIOLOGY
- Study of the external formation of the skull
- Franz Joseph Spurzheim claimed in their study that the shape of the head of the criminals differs from
that of non- criminals.
 BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
 Believe that criminals are born and that they can be identified by their physical characteristics.
• Johann Kaspar Lavater (Physiognomist)
- studied the facial features; shape of ears, nose and eyes and distance between them associated with
anti-social behavior.
 CHEMICAL FACTORS
 Food components that cause allergies and associated with behavioral disorder.
 In 1979, Dan White San Francisco, USA (Junk food Defense)
STUDY OF HEREDITY AS THE CAUSES OF CRIME

 KALLIKAK FAMILY (GODDARD)=MARTIN married to a Feeble Minded girl
-143 Feeble- minded; 46 normal; 36 illegitimate; 3 epileptics;3 criminals; 8 kept brothers; 82 died in infancy
 JUKE FAMILY(DUGDALE) =Ada Juke
-140 criminals; 280 paupers; 50 habitual thieves; 300 infants prematurely born; 7 murderers; 50 prostitutes;
440 contaminated with sexual disease; 30 Prosecuted for bastardies
 SIR JONATHAN EDWARDS FAMILY
- Famous preacher
- none of the descendants became criminal (President; Governor; Members of Supreme Court
; Famous writers; Preachers and teachers
3. PSYCHOANALYTIC & PSYCHIATRIC FACTORS

 PSYCHOANALYTIC- analysis of human behavior
 PSYCHIATRIC- the study of human mind
Sigmund Freud (1856- 1969)

- Psychoanalytic theory:
The ID
 Pleasure principle- concerned with instant pleasure or gratification while disregarding concern for others.
 The primitive part of a person’s mental makeup that is present at birth.
 Freud (1933) believed the id represents the unconscious biological drives for food, sex, and other
necessities over the life span.
The Ego
 Reality principle- it compensates for the demands of the id by guiding an individual’s actions or behaviors
to keep him or her within the boundaries of society.
 Its job is to balance the demands of the id and superego in the practical context of reality.
The Superego
 Altruism principle- The focus of the superego is morality. The superego serves to pass judgment on the
behavior and actions of individuals.
 concerned with social rules and morals—similar to what many people call their ” conscience ” or their
“moral compass.” It develops as a child learns what their culture considers right and wrong.
 Develops as a person incorporates the moral standards and values of the community; parents; and
significant others, such as friends and clergy members.
Ernest Kretschmer (1888-1864)

- Types of Physique
1. Pyknic type
- Stout and round bodies
- Tend to commit deception, fraud and violence
2. Athletic type
- Muscular and strong
- Crimes of violence
3. Asthenic type
- Skinny and slender
William H. Sheldon (1898- 1977)

- Somatotyping Theory
1. Endomorphic- Fat, round body, small bones, smooth skin

2. Mesomorphic- Muscular, large wrist and hands
3. Ectomorphic- Fragile delicate bones, small face, sharp nose, fine hair

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Factors Affecting the Approaches of Crimes and Criminality

 NORTH AND SOUTH POLE (QUETELET)

STUDY OF HEREDITY AS THE CAUSES OF CRIME

3. PSYCHOANALYTIC & PSYCHIATRIC FACTORS

Sigmund Freud (1856- 1969)

Ernest Kretschmer (1888-1864)

William H. Sheldon (1898- 1977)

1. Endomorphic- Fat, round body, small bones, smooth skin

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