BR Maths Indefinite Integrals (11-05-21) Synopsis
BR Maths Indefinite Integrals (11-05-21) Synopsis
and is denoted by f x dx
Thus, d x C f x f x dx x C
dx
Here is the integral sign, f x is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the element
of integration or differential of x.
The process of finding an indefinite integral of a given function is called integration of the function.
Follows from the above discussion that integration a function f x means finding a function x such
that d x f x .
dx
Since d x f x f x dx x C.
dx
Therefore, based upon this definition and various standard differentiation formulas, we obtain the
following integration formulas:
d x n 1 xn 1
i) x , n 1
n
x ndx C,n 1
dx n 1 n 1
d 1 1
ii) log x dx log x C
dx x x
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy 11/05/21 BR MATHS II SYNOP
d
iii)
dx
e x e x e x dx e x C
d ax ax
iv) C
x x
a ,a 0,a 1 a dx
dx log e a log a
d
v) cos x sin x sin x dx cos x C
dx
d
vi) sin x cos x cos x dx sin x C
dx
d
vii) tan x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx tan x C
dx
d
viii) cot x cos ec 2 x cos ec
2
xdx cot x C
dx
d
ix) sec x sec x tan x sec x tan x dx sec x C
dx
d
x) cos ec x cos ec x cot x cos ec x cot x dx cos ec x C
dx
d
xi) log sin x cot x cot x dx log sin x C
dx
d
xii) log cos x tan x tan xdx log cos x C log sec x C
dx
d
xiii)
dx
log sec x tan x sec x sec x dx log sec x tan x C
d
xiv)
dx
log cos ec x cot x cos ec x cos ec x dx log cos ec x cot x C
d 1 x 1 1 x
xv) sin dx sin1 C
dx a a x
2 2
a x
2 2
a
d 1 x 1 1 x
xvi) cos dx cos 1 C
dx a a x2
2
a x2 2
a
d 1 1 x 1 1 1 x
xvii) tan
dx a
2
a a x2
a 2
x 2
dx tan1 C
a a
d 1 1 x 1 1 1 x
xviii) cot 2 dx cot1 C
dx a a a x2 a x22
a a
d 1 1 x 1 1 1 x
xix) sec dx sec 1 C
dx a a x x2 a 2 x x2 a 2 a a
d 1 1 x 1 1 1 x
xx) cos ec dx cos ec 1 C
dx a a x x2 a 2 x x2 a2 a a
i) d
dx
f x dx f x
i.e., the differentiation of an integral is the integrand itself or differentiation and
integration are inverse operations.
k .f x k
1 f
2 2 x k 3 f3 x ...... k n fn x dx
k 1 . f1 x dx k 2 . f2 x dx ...... k n fn x dx
i.e., the integration of the linear combination of a finite number functions is equal
to the linear combination of their integrals.
iv) Geometrical interpretation
x2
y x dx C
2
F ' x f x ;F ' x1 f x1
Hence, y f x dx denotes a family or curves such that the slope of the tangent at
x x1 on every member is same i.e., F ' x1 f x [when x1 lies in the domain of f(x)]
f x dx F x C
F 'x f x
3 2/3
But x C is continuous at x 0.
1/3
dx x
2
1 x
3. 2x x dx 4. dx
x
cot sec
2 2
5. x dx 6. x cos ec2 x dx
sec 4
x 1 x2 dx
2
7. x cos x x 2 dx 8.
4 1
x cosh x sinh x dx
3
9. cos x dx 10.
x2 1
a
2
x
x6 1 bx
11. 1 x 2 dx 12. a x bx
dx
1
15. 1 cos 2x dx 16. 1 cos x dx
x a 3 1 x4 7 x 2 1 x 3
17. dx
x3 1 x
x 2 1 x 1 x
2
x
Answers:
x8 x4 x2 1
1. c 2. 3 3log x 2 c
4 4 2 2x
5
4 2
3. x c 4. log x 2 x c
5
5. cot x x c 6. tan x cot x c
1 3 x2
7. tan x sin x x c 8. 4 tan1 x c
3 2
1 4
9. x sin x 4sinh1 x c 10. sinh x cosh x c
4
x x
a b
x5 x 3
11. x 2 tan1 x c 12. b a 2x c
5 3 log a log b
1
13. cot x xc 14. sin x cos x c
2
a2 a3 x2 x 3 x 4
17. x 3a log x 3 2 x 7sec1 x log x 1
x 2x 2 3 4
3 5 7
1 6 2
2 x 2x 2 x 2 x 2
x 1 5 7
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Integrations of certain functions cannot be obtained directly if they are not in one of the standard
forms discussed in previous sections, but they may be reduced to standard forms by proper substitution.
The process of evaluating an integral by reducing it to standard form by a proper substitution is called
integration by substitution.
Space for rough work Page 5
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy 11/05/21 BR MATHS II SYNOP
If x is a continuous differentiable function, then to evaluate integrals of the form
f x ' x dx,
We substitute x t and ' x dx dt
This integral can be evaluated by using the standard results. After evaluating this integral, we substitute
back the value of t as x
The above substitution can also be performed in the following manner:
f x ' x dx
f x d x d x ' x dx
Some more standard formulae
f x
n 1
f x f ' x n 1
n
i) dx C
n 1
f 'x
ii) f x dx n f x C
f' x
iii) f x dx 2 f x C
iv) If f x dx F x and g x is a differentiable function then
fog x g ' x dx F g x C
Proof
g x t g ' x dx dt
x
vii) sec x dx n sec x tan x C n tan 4 2 C
Proof
sec x dx
x
1 cos x 2sin2
2 c n 4 2 x
n c n tan c
x x x 4 2
sin x 2sin cos
2 4 2 4 2
x
viii) cos ec x dx n cos ec x cot x C n tan C
2
1
Putting ax b t so that a dx dt dx dt
a
1 1 1 1
Then I f t dt f t dt F t C F ax b C
a a a a
From this we obtain the following results
ax b
n 1
ax b
n
i) dx C, n 1
a n 1
dx 1
ii) ax b n
a n 1 ax b
n 1
C, n 1
dx 1
iii) ax b a n ax b C
ax b 1 ax b
iv) e dx
a
e C
1 a px q
v) px q
a dx a 0 C
p n a
1
vi) sin ax b dx a cos ax b C
1
vii) cos ax b dx a sin ax b C
1
viii) tan ax b dx a n sec ax b C
1
xi) cos ec ax b dx a n cos ec ax b cot ax b C
1
= n cos ec ax b cot ax b C
a
1 ax b
= n tan C
a 2
1
sec ax b dx a tan ax b C
2
xii)
1
cos ec ax b dx a cot ax b C
2
xiii)
1
xiv) sec ax b tan ax b dx a sec ax b C
1
xv) cos ec ax b cot ax b dx a cos ec ax b C
cot log x
cos
3
9. dx 10. x sin x dx
x
sin4 x
sec tan x sec x dx cos6 x dx
2
11. 12.
1
etan x
1
15. 1 x2 dx 16. sin 1
x 1 x2
dx
sin cos
2 3
17. x dx 18. x dx
1 1
21. a sin x b cos x dx 22. sin x 3 cos x
dx
2x3 x5
23. 1 x8 dx 24. 1 x12 dx
sin 2x
25. x 4x 3 dx 26. a cos2 x b sin2 x dx
Answers:
2 1
1. 1 5x c 2. cos 7x c
5 7
1
2
7. tan x e x c 8. 3x 2 4 c
12
cos 4 x
9. log sin log x c 10. c
4
1 1
11. log tan tan x c 12. tan5 x c
4 2 5
1 1 1
13. c 14. c
2 1 tan x
2 4b a b cot x 4
1
15. etan x
c 16. 2 sin1 x c
1 sin2x 1 sin3x
17. x c 18. 3sin x c
2 2
4 3
sin3x 3sin x 1 1
19. c 20. 3x 2sin2x sin 4x c
6 8 4
1 1
23. tan1 x 4 c 24. tan1 x 6 c
2 6
5 3
1 1 1
25. 4x 3 2 4x 3 2 c 26. log a cos2 x b sin2 x c
40 8 ba
1 2
27. log sec x tan x c
2
dx x
Substitution x a sec 2 b tan2 , 2sin1 C
x x
1
ix) Form of Integrand
x a x b
Substitution x a t 2 or x b t 2
dx 1 ax
iii) a 2
x 2
2a
log
ax
C
dx x
iv) a x2
sin1 C
a
2
dx
v) a x2 2
log x x 2 a 2 C
dx
vi) x a2 2
log x x2 a 2 C
1 1 x
vii) a 2 x 2 dx
2
x a 2 x2 a 2 sin1 C
2 a
1 1
viii) a 2 x 2 dx
2
x a 2 x2 a 2 log x a 2 x2 C
2
1 1
ix) x2 a 2 dx
2
x x2 a 2 a 2 log x x 2 a 2 C
2
Important formulas
f1 x f x
i) dx sin1
a
C
a 2 f x
2
f1 x f x
C log f x f x a C
2
2
ii) dx cosh1
f x a
2 2
a
1 1 2
4. 25 9x 2
dx 5. 1 4x 2 dx 6. x dx
1 x 2
dx
7. x 2 81 8. 4x 2 9 dx 9. 9x 2 25 dx
1 1
10. 16 25x 2 dx 11. 2
5 2x 4x
dx 12. 2
x 2x 10
dx
dx dx
13. 3 8x 3x 2 dx 14. 15. a 2 b cx 2
a 2 b cx
2
Answers:
x 1 3x
1. sin1 c 2. sin1 c
2 3 2
x 1 3x
3. cosh1 c 4. sinh1 c
5 3 5
3
1 2 2 1 x
5. tan1 2x c 6. x log c
2 3 1 x
1 x 9 1 9 2x
7. log c 8. x 4x 2 9 sinh1 c
18 x9 2 4 3
1 25 3x x 8 5x
9. x 9x2 25 cosh1 c 10. 16 25x2 sin1 c
2 6 5 2 5 4
1 2 x 1
11. sin1 x 1 c 12. sinh1 c
2 7 3
3x 4 3 8x 3x 2 25 3x 4
13. sin1 c
6 6 3 5
1 b cx 1 b cx
14. sin1 c 15. tan1 k
c a ca a
If ax 2 bx c can be factorized then the integral can be resolved into a sum of partial fractions which
can be integrated directly. If ax 2 bx c cannot be factorized (or if the factors involve irrational
numbers).
In order to evaluate these types of integrals, we use the following algorithms.
dx 1 3x 1
1. Prove that 3x 2
2x 1
2
tan1
2
C
dx 1 2x 5 1
2. Prove that 1 x x n C
2
5 5 1 2x
1 2 log x 1
3. Prove that x 6 log x dx log C
2
7 log x 2 3 log x 2
cos x
sin2 x 4sin x 5 dx tan sin x 2 c
1
4. Prove that
MODEL – 2
Step I
Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if its is not, by multiplying and dividing by it.
Step II
Add and subtract the square of the half of the coefficient of x to express ax 2 bx c in
2
4ac b 2
the form a x
b
2a 4a 2
Step III
4x 3 23 4x 3
1. Prove that 2x 2 3x 4 dx
8
2x 2 3x 4
16 2
sinh1
23
C
MODEL – 3
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx
ax bx c
2
1 1 3x 1
2. Prove that 2 6x 9x 2
dx
3
sin1
3
C
1
3. Prove that 5 2x x 2
dx log 1 x 5 2x x 2 C
1
log sin2 x 2 sin4 x 4sin2 x 2 C
sin2x
4. Prove that sin4 x 4sin2 x 2
dx
2 6
MODEL – 4
px q
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax dx a 0, p 0
2
bx c
Numerator (Differential coefficient of Denominator) m , where and m are constants
d
i.e., px q ax 2 bx c m
dx
or px q 2ax b m
3e x
4 3 1 ex 1
2. Prove that e 2x
2e x 10
e x dx
2
log e2x 2e x 10 tan 1
3 3
C
1 1 3 e x 1
3. Prove that 2e 2x
3e 1
x
dx log e 2x 3e x 2 log x
2 2 e 2
C
MODEL – 5
3 2x x 1
1. Prove that dx 2 4 2x x sin
2 1
C
4 2x x 2
5
5x 3 2x 7
2. Prove that dx x 25 x
sin1 C
x 2 2 3
2x 3 11 4x 5
3. Prove that 2x 5x 6
2
dx 2x 2 5x 6
2 2
cosh1
73
C
MODEL – 6
2ax b q
p bp
px q
2a 2a
1 2x 3
6
4x 2 18x 1 2 3x x 17
2
4
sin 1
C
17
2. Prove that 6x 5 6 x 2x 2 dx
3
13 637 4x 1
6 x 2x 2 2 4x 1 6 x 2x 2 sinh1 C
16 32 2 7
MODEL – 7
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM px q ax 2 bx c
dx
1
To evaluate this integral, we use to substitution px q . The method is explained through the
t
following example.
1 1 3x
1. Prove that 1 x 3 2x x 2
dx
2 1 x
C
1 2x 1
2. Prove that x 1 2x 2 3x 1
dx 2
x 1
C
1 1 4x 7
3. Prove that 2x 1 dx sin1 C
x2 x 2 5 6x 3
1 x 1 1 2x 1 3 x 2 1
4. Prove that dx log C
x 2
3x 2 x 2 1 x 1 3 3 x 2
MODEL – 8
dx
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM x k r
ax 2 bx c
where r 2 and r I
1
To evaluate this integral, we use to substitution x k . The method is explained through the
t
following example.
dx
Ex: Evaluate x 3 3
x 2 6x 10
.
1 1
Sol: Substitution x 3 dx 2 dt
t t
1
dt
dx t2
We get, x 3 3
x 2 6x 10
2
1 1 1
3 3 6 3 10
t t t
t 1
log t 1 t2 1 t2 log t 1 t2 C
2 2
1 t
log t 1 t2 1 t2 C
2 2
1 x 2 6x 10 x 2 6x 10
log C
2 x 3 x 3
2
MODEL – 9
ax 2 bx c
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx e fx 2 gx h
dx
x 1 2x 1 x 1 dx
dx 2 dx 6
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1 x2 x 1
2x 1 dx dx
x x 1
2
dx 2
x x 1
2
6
x 1 x2 x 1
du dx dt
2 6
u
2
1 3 t t 1
2
x
2 4
1
Where u x 2 x 1 and x 1
t
1 dt
2 x 2 x 1 2 1log x x 2 x 1 6
2 1
2
3
t
2 4
2 2
1 1 x x2 x 1
2 x 2 x 1 2 log x x 2 x 1 6 log C
2 2 x 1
x 2
3x 7 x 2
4x 8
1. Prove that dx
x 1
n x 2 x 2
4x 8 C
x 1
2
x 4x 8
2
MODEL – 10
px 2 qx r px 2 qx r
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx, dx and
ax 2 bx c ax 2 bx c
ax bx c ex fx g dx
2 2
Where l, m and n are to be so chosen by comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term,
that it becomes equal to the given numerator.
2x
9
n x 2 6x 10 11tan1 x 3 C
1. Prove that x 6x 10 dx
2
2
9 27 27
2. Prove that x 2x 3 x x 1 dx sec3 tan sec tan
2 2
64 128 128
3
3
n sec tan
1 2
3
x x 1 2 2x 1
8
x 2
x 1
9 1
16
n x
2
x 2
x 1 C
2x 1
Where tan
3
MODEL – 11
P x
EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax dx, where P x is a polynomial of degree
2
bx c
greater than or equal to two
Space for rough work Page 18
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy 11/05/21 BR MATHS II SYNOP
To evaluate this type of integrals we divide the numerator the denominator and express the integrand as
R x
Q x Where R (x) is linear function of x.
ax bx c
2
P x R x
dx Q x dx dx.
ax bx c
2
ax bx c
2
Now to evaluate the second integral on RHS apply to method discussed earlier.
x3 x 1 x2 1 x 1
1. Prove that x2 1 dx
2
log x2 1 log
2 x 1
C
x 2 5x 3 x 1
x 2 3x 2 dx x log x 3x 2 2log x 2 C
2
2. Prove that
x 4 2x 3 3x 1 x3 x2 2 2x 1
3. Prove that x2 x 1 dx
3
2
2x 2n x 2 x 1
3
tan1
3
C
MODEL – 12
P x
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax 2 bx c
dx, where P(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or
equal to two
a 0 x n a1x n1 ..... a n1x a n
In order to evaluate integrals of the form ax 2 bx c
dx
1
b0 x n1 b1x n 2 ... bn1 ax 2 bx c bn dx
ax bx c
2
Step II
Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
Step III
x 2 2x 3 2x 5 15 1
dx x2 x 1 x x x 1 C
2
1. Prove that log
x2 x 1 4 8 2
6x 3 15x 2 7x 6
2. Prove that 2x 2 2x 1 dx
1 1
x 2 5x 3 2x 2 2x 1 2 2 log x x 2 x C
2 2
x 3
3 2
1 2
3. Prove that x 1 dx x 13 x 2
1 3n x x 2 1 C
2 3
MODEL – 13
dx dx dx
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM i) x x n
1
ii) n 1
iii) 1
, where n N
x 2
x n
1 n x 1 x
n
n n
Explanation of 13.i
Taking xn common and put 1 x n t
dx dx dx dx dt
x x n
1
1
n1
x 1 x
n
Put 1 x n t nx n1dx dt or n1
x n
x n1 1 n
x
dx 1 dt 1 1
x x n t c n 1 x n c
n
1 n t n n
Explanation of 13.ii
Taking xn common and put 1 x n t
dx dx dx
n1
n 1
n 1
x 2 x n 1 n
x x n 1 1 n x n 1 1 x n n
1 n
2
x
dx dt
Put 1 x n t nx n1dx dt or
xn1 n
n n n 1
x 2 x n 1 n
t n 1 1
n
Explanation of 13.iii
Taking xn common and put 1 x n t
dx dx dx
1
1 1
x n 1 x
n n
n1 1 n
x n 1 1 x n n
x n 1
x
dx dt
Put 1 x n t nx n1dx dt or n1
x n
1
1 1
dx 1 dt 1 1 t 1
1 1 n
Then 1 t dt c
n t n c
x n 1 x n n
1
n n n
t
n 1
1
1 n
n
1
1
1 x n n c
1
1 n
x 3 1 x 3 3
1
x x
6
5 5
5 1 5
4. Prove that x6
dx 4 1 C
24 x
3
x2 1 x2 2
5. Prove that 5
dx C
3a a bx 2
a bx 2 2
MODEL – 14
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
Integral Method of Integration
i) 1 1 1 1
f x x 1 x 2
dx Put x
x
t 1 2 dx dt
x
ii) 1 1 1 1
f x x 1 x 2
dx Put x
x
t 1 2 dx dt
x
iii) 1 1 1 1 1
f x x 3 dx Put x2 t x 3 dx dt
2
2 2
x x x x 2
x
sin3
2
3. Prove that x
dx tan1 cos x sec x 1 C
cos cos 3 x cos 2 x cos x
2
1 tan x cot x
4. Prove that
tan x cot x dx 2 tan C
2
1
5. Prove that
1 x 2
dx
1
n
x2
x2
1 3
C
1 x 1 x 2 2
x 4
2 3 1
x 2 1 3
2
MODEL – 15
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
x 2
a2 x 2
a2
i) x 4
kx 2 a 4
dx ii) x 4
kx 2 a 4
dx
1 x2
iii) x 4 kx 2 a 4 dx iv) x 4 kx2 a 4 dx , where k is any constant.
Explanation of i
x 2
a2
x 4
kx 2 a 4
dx
Explanation of ii
x 2
a2
x 4
kx 2 a 4
dx
x
a2 a2
Put x t 1 2 dx dt
x x
x 2
a2 dt
Then a 4
kx a 2 4
dx t 2
k 2a 2
dx dx
Which is of the form x 2
a2
or x 2
a2
and can be integrated.
Explanation of iii
1
x 4
kx 2 a 4
dx
x 4 kx 2 a 4 2 x a 4 dx
x k 2
x
1
and, multiplying above and below by 2 a 4 2a 2 ( coefficient of 2
is a 4 )
x
2a 2
dx 1 x2
then x 4
kx a 2a 2
2 4
2
a4
dx
x k 2
x
x k 2
x
a2 a2
1 1
1 x2 1 x2
2a 2 2 2a 2 2
dx dx
a4 a4
x k x k 2
x2 x
a2 a2
1 2 1 2
1 x 1 x
2
dx 2 dx
2a a
2 2
2a 2 a
2
x k 2a
2
x 2 k 2a 2
x x
Then integrals on RHS can be evaluated easily as in forms (i) and (ii).
Explanation of iv
x2
x 4 kx 2 a 4 dx
Divide above and below by x2 , then
x2 dx
x 4 kx 2 a 4 2 a4
x k
x2
x k 2
x
a2 a2
1 1
1 x2 1 x2
a4 2 2
dx
2 2 a4
x k 2 x k 2
x x
a2 a2
1 1
1 x2 1 x2
dx
2 a2
2
2 a2
x k 2a
2
x k 2a
2
x x
Then integrals on RHS can be evaluated easily as in forms (i) and (ii).
Algebraic Twins and Trigonometric Twins
Space for rough work Page 24
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy 11/05/21 BR MATHS II SYNOP
2x 2 x2 1 x2 1
i) x4 1dx x4 1 dx x 4 1 dx
2 x2 1 x2 1
ii) x4 1dx x4 1 dx x 4 1 dx
b
a A 1 2 B 1 2
x2 x x
iii) 2 2 dx 2 2 dx 2 2 dx
x 2 k x 2 k x 2 k
x x x
where A B a, B A b
iv) tan x dx
1
2
tan x cot x dx
1
2
tan x cot x dx
v) cot x dx
1
2
cot x tan x dx
1
2
cot x tan x dx
sin x 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x
vi) a b sin x cos x dx 2 a bsin x cos x dx 2 a bsin x cos x dx
cos x 1 sinx cos x 1 sin x cos x
vii) a bsinx cos x dx 2 a bsincos x dx 2 a bsinx cos x dx
1 x2 1 1 x2 2 x 1
2. Prove that tan d tan1 log 2 C (where tan x 2 )
2 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 1
x3 1 x 2 x 8 2x 4 2
8
1 1
3. Prove that x16 4 dx
32
tan 4
2x 64
log
x 8 2x 4 2
C
1 1 2
1 x 1
1 x2 2 x 1
4. Prove that 4 dx tan n 2 C
x 1 2 2 2x 4 2 x x 2 1
1 1
1 x x
1 x 1 x C
5. Prove that 4 dx tan1 tan1
x 1 5x 2 2 7 7 2 3 3
x2 1 2
1 x 1
1 x2 x 1
6. Prove that x4 x2 1 dx tan n 2 C
2 3 3 x 4 x x 1
1
To evaluate this type of integrals, put x .
t
The method is explained through the following example.
1
Ex: Evaluate dx
1 x 2
1 x2
1 1
Sol: Put x , then dx dt
t t2
1 t dt
dx … (i)
1 x 2
1 x 2
t 2
1 t2 1
1 1 y
dy tan1 C
y 2
2
2 2
1 t2 1
tan1 C
2 2
1 1 x2
tan1 C
2 x 2
1 x2 2
2. Prove that dx tan1 C
x 2
1 x2 2
x
MODEL – 17
1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM ax 2
bx c px q
dx
x 2 2 x
3. Prove that x 2
3x 3 x 1
dx
3
tan1 C
3 x 1
MODEL – 18
px q ax b
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx or dx o r px q ax b dx or
ax b px q
1 1
px q ax b
dx . Put ax b t 2 . Then dx
a
2t dt
t 1 1
Sol: 4x 3 t2 4dx 2t dt dt . Also 2x 3 4x 6 t2 3
2 2 2
1 2
2x 3 t 3 t 1 t2 3 t 1 1 t3
dx 2 dt dt t 2 3 dt 3t C
4x 3 t 2 2 4 t 4 43
1 3
3 1
4x 3 2 4x 3 2 C
12 4
1
Ex:2 Evaluate 2x 3 4x 5
dx
1
Sol: Put 4x 5 t . Then 4x 5 t 2 , and dx t dt
2
1 1
2x 3 4x 5 1 t2 1
2 2
1 1
2x 3 4x 5
dx
t 1
2
dt, t 4x 5 tan1 t C tan 1
4x 5 C
1
2. Prove that x 5 dx 2 tan 1 x 4 c
x4
MODEL – 19
m1 m2
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM f x, ax b n , ax b n dx , where is a function and m1, n1 ,m2 , n2 are
1 2
integers
Algorithm
Step I Obtain n1 , n 2 , n 3 ...
Step II Find the LCM of n1 , n 2 , n 3 ... Let it be s.
Step III Substitute ax b t s . This substitution will reduce the integrand to a rational function
of t.
Step IV Evaluate the integral obtained in step III by the methods discussed in the previous sections.
1
Step V Replace t by ax b s .
5 1 1
x x x6 x2 x3
16
2. Prove that x 3x
dx 6 x log x 1 C
6
6 5 3 2
MODEL – 20
2 1
1
1
3 1
6x 6
2. Prove that x 2
2 3x dx
3 1
tan x 6
1
C
6 2 2 3x 3
8
21
4 7
x 7 1 3 x4 dx 1 x 3 C
3
3. Prove that
32
2 5
1 3
4. Prove that x 6 1 2x 3 3 dx
5
x 2 3 C
MODEL – 21
1 1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM a sin 2
x b cos x
2
dx,
a b sin 2 x
dx,
1 1 1
a b cos 2
x
dx, a sin x bcos x dx, a b sin 2
x cos 2 x
dx
cos x 1 1 3 tan x
1. Prove that cos 3x dx
2 3
n
1 3 tan x
C
2tan x 3
2. Prove that sin 2
x 2sin x cos x 5 cos2 x
dx
MODEL – 22
1 1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM dx, dx,
a sin x b cos x a bsin x
1 1
a bcos x dx, a sin x bcos x c dx
To evaluate this type of integrals we follows the following algorithm:
Step I
2tan x /2 1 tan2 x / 2
Put sin x , cos x .
1 tan2 x /2 1 tan2 x / 2
Step II
Step III
x
1 tan
2 2 C
2. Prove that dx tan 1
2 cos x 3 3
x
tan2
1 sin x 1 x 2 2tan C
x
3. Prove that dx log tan
sin x 1 cos x 2 2 2 2
1
Special Case to Evaluate Integrals of The Form a sin x b cos x dx
To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute
1 b
a r cos , b r sin and so r a 2 b2 , tan .
a
a sin x b cos x r cos sin x r sin cos x r sin x
1
So, a sin x bcos x dx
1 1
dx 1 cos ec x dx
r sin x r
1 x 1 x 1 b
log tan C log tan tan1 C
r 2 2 a b
2 2
2 2 a
1 x
dx log tan C
1
2. Prove that 3 sinx cos x 2 2 12
1 x
dx log tan C
1
3. Prove that sin x 3 cos x 2 2 6
MODEL – 23
c cos x d sin x
dx dx x log c sin x d cos x K.
c sin x d cos x
a cos x bsin x ac bd ad bc
ii) c cos x dsin x dx c 2
x 2 2
n c cos x d sin x K
2
d c d
3cos x 2sin x 18 1
1. Prove that 4cos x 3sin x dx
25
x
25
log 4cos x 3sin x k
4e x 6e x 19 35
9ex 4e x dx 36 x 36 n 9e 4e C
x x
2. Prove that
MODEL – 24
a sin x bcos x c
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM psin x q cos x r dx
To evaluate this type of integrals, we express the numerator as follows:
Numerator (denominator) (Diff. of denominator) + v
i.e., a sin x b cos x c p sin x q cos x r p cos x q sin x v
Where , , v are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and
constant term on both sides.
a sin x bcos x c 1
dx dx Diff.of denominator dx v dx
psin x q cos x r Denominator psin x q cos x r
1
x log Denominator v dx.
psin x q cos x r
cos x 3sin x 7 x
3. Prove that cos x sin x 1
dx 2x log cos x sin x 1 5 log 1 tan k
2
MODEL – 25
1 1
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM a b cos x 2
dx, a bsin x dx
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we follows the following algorithm.
Step I
sin x cos x
Define P , or P according as the integral to be evaluated is of the
a b cos x a b sin x
1 1
form a b cos x 2
dx, or a bsin x 2
dx.
Step II
Step III
Integrals both sides of the expression obtained in step II to obtain the value of the required integrals.
MODEL – 26
a sin x b a cos x b
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM a b sin x 2
dx ; a b cos x 2
dx
iii) f sin x cos x, sin x cos x, sin x cos x sin x cos x dx , put sin x cos x t
iv) f sin x cos x, sin x cos x, sin x cos x sin x cos x dx , put sin x cos x t
1 1 3 sin cos x 1
2. Prove that sin x sec x dx log tan1 sin x cos x C
2 3 3 sin x cos x 2
2sin x 5 cos x
4. Prove that 2 5sin x 2
dx
2 5sin x
C
cos x 2 sin x
5. Prove that 1 2cos x 2
dx
1 2cos x
C
sin x cos x
6. Prove that dx
sin x cos x sin x cos x sin 2
x cos 2 x
tan1
sinx cos x 1 C
4
MODEL – 27
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM sin m x cos n x dx
1 2 2 3
2. Prove that dx tanx 2 C
sin3 x cos5 x tanx 3
MODEL – 28
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM sin mx cos nx dx if m n
1
i) sin mx cos nx
2
sin m n x sin m n x
1
ii) cos mx sin nx sin m n x sin m n x
2
1
iii) sin mx sin nx cos m n x cos m n x
2
1
iv) cos mx cos nx cos m n x cos m n x
2
MODEL – 29
i) If m is even or odd integer and n is even positive integer, then put tan x t .
ii) If m is odd positive integer and n even positive integer, then put sec x t .
iii) If m 0 and n 2r 1 r N , then sec 2r 1 x dx sec 2r 1 x sec 2 x dx , then
tan3 x tan5 x
1. Prove that tan 2 x sec 4 x dx C
3 5
tan4 x tan6 x tan8 x
2. Prove that tan 3 x sec 6 x dx C
4 3 8
sec 7 x sec5 x
3. Prove that tan 3 x sec 5 x dx C
7 5
MODEL – 30
INTEGRALS OF THE FORM cot m x cos ec n x dx
i) If m is even or odd integer and is even positive integer then put cot x t .
ii) If m is odd positive integer and n even positive integer then put cosecx t .
iii) If m 0 and cos ec 2r 1 x dx cos ec 2r 1 x cos ec 2 x dx , then integrate by parts
MODEL – 31
f x, ax
2
bx c dx are calculated with the help of three Euler’s substitutions:
or ax 2 bx c t 2 ax 2 2t x a or bx c t2 2t x a
or ax 2 bx c t 2 x 2 c 2t x c or ax b t2 x 2t c
ax 2 bx c a x x , then we put ax 2
bx c x t or x t
x 1 x 1 x
15 15
2
x 2
1. Prove that dx C
1 x 2 15
dx 1 3 1
2. Prove that x n t 1 2n t 2 n t 1
t 1
C (where
x 2
2x 4 2 2
x 2
2x 4 2
t )
x
INTEGRATION BY USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
f x
i) An expression of the form of , where f x and g x are polynomials in x, is
g x
constants and m, n N .
f x
is called a proper fraction.
g x
x2
Ex: is a proper fraction.
x 3x 5
2
f x
is called an improper fraction.
g x
f x x
Then divided f x by g x so that hx
g x g x
x
Where h x is an integral function and is a proper fraction.
g x
x2 1
Ex: is an improper fraction.
x 1
Here degree of numerator 2 and degree of denominator 1
x2 1 2
x 1
x 1 x 1
2
Here x 1 is an integral function and is a proper fraction.
x 1
Partial Fractions
Any proper fraction can be expressed as the sum of two or more simple fractions. Each
such fraction is called a partial fraction and the process of obtaining them is called
f x
the resolution or decomposition of into partial fractions. Based on the type of factors of the
g x
f x A B C D
Ex: … (i)
ax b cx d x x ax b cx d x x
In the equation (i) the LHS is the given fraction and RHS is the sum of partial fractions
corresponding to the linear factors of g x . The unknown constant A, B, C, D are to
be found by solving the equations obtained by comparing the coefficients of different
powers of x in the identity (which is obtained after multiplying both sides of equation
(i) with the denominator D r of f x ).
b
obtained by substituting x in the LHS of (i) after covering-up (or removing) the
a
factor ax b .
Similarly
d
f
B c
d d d
a c b c c
f
C
a bc
f
D
a b c d
f x A1 A2 B1 B2 B3
Ex: … (ii)
ax b x ax b ax b x x x
2 3 2 2 3
f x Ax B Cx D Ex F
Ex: 2 2 … (iii)
x 2
a 2
x 2
x 1 x x 1 2
x a
2 2
x x 1 x x 1
The values of the unknown constants A, B, C, E and F are to found by solving the
equations obtained by equating the coefficients of like powers of x in the identity
(obtained after multiplying the equation (iii) with the denominator of f x in the
equation).
iv) g x contains repeated irreducible quadratic factors only
f x
Ex:
x 2 2
x x 1
3
2
a 2
A1x B1 A2 x B2 C x D1 C2 x D2 C3 x D3
21 … (iv)
x a x2 a 2 x x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
2 2 2 2 3
f x
Ex:
x x x 1 x 2 x 1
2 2 2
A B B2 C x D1 C2 x D2 Ex F
1 12 2 … (v)
x x x x 1 x 2 1 x x 1
2 2
Where the unknown constants A, B,… F are to be found by solving the equations
obtained by equating the coefficients of like powers of x in the identity that results
when the equation (v) is multiplical with the Dr of f x .
f x
vi) If is not a proper fraction (i.e., if the deg f x deg g x ) should be expressed as
g x
f x
the sum of a polynomial g x and a proper fraction by dividing f x with g x .
g x
x 5 2x 7
3. 4.
x 2 2
x 1 x 2 4
2x 1 2x 4 2x 2 x 1
5. 6.
3x 2 4x 2 5x 6 x x 2 1
2
7. Prove that
x 2
4
dx
x 1 x
2 2
2 x 2 3
5 6 x 7 x
tan1 x tan1 tan1 C
2 2 2 2 3 3
Answers:
1 1 4 1 1 3 1 1
1. 2. x
15 x 1 3 x 2 5 2x 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 2
1 7
3.
x 2 x 2 2
29
1 x 3 3 x
4
4. 2 5.
x 1 x 4 40 3x 2 10 4x 2 5x 6
1 x 1
6.
x 1 x 1 x2
2 2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
i) If u and v are two functions of x, then
du
uv dx u v dx dx v dx dx
i.e., the integrals of the product of two functions
(First function) (integral of second function)
- integral of {(Diff. of first function) (integral of second function)}
Proof:
For any two functions f x and g x , we have
d d
or, f x . g x dx g x . f x dx f x g x
dx dx
d d
or, f x . g x dx f x .g x g x . f x dx
dx dx
uv dx u v dx du
dx
. v dx dx
ii) Proper choice of first and second function integration with the help of the above rule is
called the integration by parts. In the above rule there are two terms on RHS and in
both the terms the integral of the second function is involved. Therefore in the product of two
functions if one of the two functions is not directly integrable (e.g.,
log x,sin1 x,cos 1 x,tan 1 x etc.) we take it as the first function and the remaining
function is taken as the second function. If there is no other function, then unity is taken
as the second function. If in the integral both the functions are easily integrable, then the first
function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the function is a sample
function and the function thus obtained under the integral sign is easily integrable
than the original function.
iii) We can also choose the first function as the function which comes first in the word
ILATE, where
I- stands for the inverse trigonometric function sin 1 x, cos 1 x, tan 1 x etc.
Alternative Proof
d
dx
e x f x e x f x e x f ' x e x f x f ' x
On integrating both sides, we have
e f x f ' x dx e f x c
x x
v) e f x f ' x dx e .f x c
x x
f ' x x f x
e f x
x
vi) dx e . c
The successive differential coefficient of u have been denoted by u',u'',u''' etc. and
v1 v dx, v 2 v 1 dx, v 3 v 2 dx, etc.
Where u n stands for u with n dashes and vn stands for with n lower suffixes.
Note: If f x a 0 x n a 1 x n 1 a 2 x n 2 ... a n 1 x a n where a0 ,a1,a2,...,an R and
n N , then
e f x dx e
x x
f x f ' x f '' x f ''' x ... 1 n
f n x
Integral of Inverse Trigonometric functions
sin
1
viii) x dx x sin 1 x 1 x 2 C
cos
1
ix) x dx x cos 1 x 1 x 2 C
1
x) tan
1
x dx x tan1 x log 1 x 2 C
2
1
xi) cot
1
x dx x cot1 x log 1 x 2 C
2
xii) sec
1
x dx x sec 1 x cosh 1 x C
xiii) cos ec
1
x dx x cos ec 1 x cosh 1 x C
sinh
1
xiv) x dx x sinh1 x x 2 1 C
cosh
1
xv) x dx x cosh 1 x x 2 1 C
x 1 x
sinh
1
xvi) dx x sinh x a C
2 2
a
a
x 1 x
cosh
1
xvii) dx x cosh x a C
2 2
a a
3. x
2
e 3x dx 4. x
2
cos x dx
x sec x sec
2 2
5. x dx 6. 2x dx
9. e
x
tan x sec x dx 2
10. e
x
sec x 1 tan x dx
1 x log x
tan x log sec x e e
x x
11. dx 12. dx
x
log x
2
x
5
15. log x dx 16. dx
x log 1 x dx
1
17. 18. cos x dx
1 1
19. x cos x dx 20. x sin x dx
1 1
21. tan x dx 22. x tan x dx
1 2x
x tan 1 x dx tan
2
23. 24. dx
1 x2
e cos
x
25. dx 26. x dx
e
x
27. a 2 x 2 dx 28. sin x dx
e x x 1
e sin bx c dx x 22
ax
29. 30. dx
cos sin
x log x
2
33. dx 34. cos 2 log cos sin d
ex x3 x 1
35.
log x x a dx
2 2
36. 3
dx
x 2
1 2
xe
x
37. cos x dx
dx 1 x2 1 1
x3
2
38. Prove that tan x 1
x2 1 2 x2
Answers:
1. e x x 1 c 2.
e x x 2 2x 3 c
e3x
3.
27
9x 2 6x 2 c 4. x 2 sin x 2 x cos x sin x c
1 1
5. x tan x log sec x c 6. x tan 2x log sec 2x c
2 4
x2 x 1
7. sin2x cos 2x c 8. e x sin x c
4 4 8
9. e x tan x c 10. e x sec x c
x2 x2
13. x log x 1 c 14. log x c
2 4
x 6 log x x 6
x log x 2log x 2 c
2
15. c 16.
6 36
1 2 x2
17. x log 1 x x log 1 x c 18. x cos 1 x 1 x 2 c
2 2
x 2 cos 1 x cos 1 x x 1 x 2
19. c 20.
2 4 4
1 2 1 1 x
x sin x 1 x2 c
2 2 2
x2
21. x tan1 x
1
2
log 1 x 2 c 22.
2
1
2
1
tan1 x x tan1 x c
2
x3
23.
3
3
2
3
tan1 x 1 x 2 log 1 x 2 c
2
24. 2x tan1 x log 1 x 2 c
eax
29. a sin bx c b cos bx c k
a 2 b2
1 x
30. ex c 31. ex cot c
x2 2
3
x4 1 1 2 2 4 8
32. log x 2 x 4 log x x 4 c 33. x log x log x c
2
4 8 32 3 3 9
1 1
34. sin 2 log tan log sec 2 c
2 4 2
35. x log x x 2 a 2 x 2 a 2 c
x ex
36. ex c 37. x 1 sin x x cos x c
2
x 2
1
sinn1 x cos x n 1
ii) If In sin n x dx, n N then In In 2 n 2
n n
cos n 1 x sin x n 1
iii) If I n cos n x dx then In In 2
n n
tann 1 x
iv) If I n tan n x dx then In In 2
n 1
cot n1 x
v) If In cot n x dx then In In2
n 1
sec n 2 x tan x n 2
vi) If I n sec n x dx then In In 2
n 1 n 1
sinm 1 x cosn 1 x n 1
a) Im, n Im, n2
mn mn
sinm1 x cos n 1 x m 1
b) Im, n Im2, n m, n N, m 2, n 2
mn mn
sin nx 2
ix) If In dx n N then In sin n 1 x In2
sin x n 1
x m 1 n
If Im, n x m log x dx m,n N then Im, n log x
n n
x) Im, n1
m 1 m 1
tn t n 1
xi) If In dt n N then I n 2 In
t2 1 n 1
dx 1 x 2n 1 1
xii) If In , n N , then In1 In .
x
2 n 2na x 2 a 2
2 n
2
a 2n a 2
eax n n
xiii) For n N , if I n x n e ax dx then In x In1
a a
sin nx 2
In dx In cos n 1 x In2
cos x n 1
cos nx 2
In dx In cos n 1 x In2
sin x n 1
1 1
1. Prove that tan5 x dx tan4 x tan2 x log sec x C
4 2
cot4 x cot 2 x
2. Prove that cot 5 x dx log sin x C
4 2
sin2 x cos5 x 2
3. Prove that sin 4 x cos 5 x dx cos5 x C
7 35
cos nx 2
4. If In dx Prove that In cos n 1 x In2
sin x n 1
cos m x cos nx m
cos m 1 x sin n 1 x dx
mn
7. Prove that I m, n cos m x sin nx dx
mn
KEY NOTES
x n1
1. If n 1, x ndx C
n 1
2. tan x dx log|Sec x| C log cos x c
3. Cot x dx log|Sin x| C log cosecx c
x
4. Sec x dx log|Sec x tan x | C log tan 4 2 C
x
5. Cosec x dx log|Cosec x Cot x| C log tan
2
C log Cosec x Cot x C
xx
6. x dx
2
c
x
7. x dx x c, x 0
f x
n 1
f x
n
8. .f 1
x dx C n 1
n 1
f 1 x
9. f x
dx 2 f x C
f1 x
10. f x dx log|f x | C
f g x .g x dx f g x C
1 1
11.
f ax b
f ax b dx a C
1
12.
f 1(x) f(x)
13. a 2 (f(x))2
dx sin1
a
C
2
log f x f x a 2 C
f '(x) f(x)
15. dx Sinh1 c log f(x) f(x)2 a 2 c
f(x) a
2 2 a
fx 1 f x
16. a2 dx tan1 c
f x
2
a a
Standard Integrals:
1 x
17. a 2 x2
dx sin 1 c
a
1
1 x
18. x2 a2
dx Sinh c
a
log x x 2 a 2 c
1 1 1 x
19. x2 a 2 dx a tan c
a
1 1 ax
20. a 2 x 2 dx 2a log a x c
1 1 x a
21. x 2 a 2 dx 2a log x a
c
x a2 x
22. a 2 x 2 dx a 2 x2 Sin1 c
2 2 a
x a2 x
23. x 2 a 2 dx x2 a2 Cosh1 c
2 2 a
x a2
x2 a 2 log x x 2 a 2 c
2 2
x a2 x
24. x 2 a 2 dx x2 a2 sinh1 c
2 2 a
x a2
x2 a 2 log x x 2 a 2 c
2 2
27. e
kx
kf x f 1 x dx D ekx f x ekx f x c
eax
30. e Sin(bx c)dx
ax
aSin(bx c) bCos(bx c) K
a 2 b2
e
ax
31. Cos(bx c)dx
ax ax
35. Form of integrand: ,
ax ax
Substitution: x a cos 2 (or) x a cos
x ax
36. Form of integrand: ,
ax x
x ax
37. Form of integrand: ,
ax x
x a 1
38. Form of integrand: , x a b x ,
bx x a b x
Substitution: x a cos 2 b sin 2
xa
39. Form of integrand: , x a x b
xb
i) Put cos x t if ‘m’ is odd and ‘n’ is even integer or n is a rational number.
ii) Put sin x t if ‘n’ is odd and ‘m’ is even integer or m is rational number.
iii) If both m, n are odd and m n then take sin x t
iv) If both m, n are rational numbers such that m n negative even integer then put
tan x t (or) cot x t
x 2 1 x2
45. If the given integral is of the form x 4 x 2 1 dx (or) x 4 x 2 1 dx
1
(or) x 4 x 2 1 dx
1 1
Where is a constant then divide both Nr, Dr with x 2 and then take x t (or) x t
x x
46. If the given integral is of the form R(x.x m/n ,.....x r/s )dx where R is a rational function of its
ax b 1/n ax b n
47. x, cx d dx, then put cx d t
R
1 1 ax b
48. (ax b)(cx d) dx ad bc log cx d K
1 1 1 x 1 x
(x 2 a 2 )(x 2 b2 ) dx b2 a 2 a tan
1
49. tan1 c
a b b
x 1 x 2 b 2
50. (x 2 a 2 )(x 2 b 2 ) dx
2(a 2 b 2 )
log
x2 a2
c
1 1 xn
60. x(x n k) dx
nk
log n
x k
c
1 1 xn k
61. x(x n k) dx
nk
log
xn
c
Sin
1
63. x.dx x Sin 1 x 1 x 2 c
Cos
1
64. x.dx x Cos 1 x 1 x 2 c
1
Tan
1
65. x.dx x Tan1 x log(1 x 2 ) c
2
Reduction formulae:
eax n n
66. For n N, if In x neax dx , then In x In1 for n 1
a a
Sinn1 x Cos x n 1
67. For n N, if In Sinn x dx , then In In2 for n 2
n n
tann1 x
69. For n N, if In tann x dx, then In In2 for n 2
n 1
cot n1 x
70. For n N, if In cot n x dx, then In In2 for n 2
n 1
Secn2 x tan x n 2
71. For n N, if In Sec n x dx , then In In2 for n 2
n 1 n 1
Sinm1 x Cosn1 x m 1
73. For n N, if Im,n Sinm x Cos n x dx, for n 2 then Im,n Im2,n
mn mn
for m 2
n
74. For n N, if In1 (log x)n dx, then In x log x n. In1 for n 1
x2 2 1
iii) dx iv) dx
x 2x 10
3
x 5x 4 tan x x 2
2 2
4 2 1
cos 7x cos 8x
Sol: i) 1 2cos 5x
dx
1
Sol: ii) dx
sin3 x sin x cos a cos x sina
1
dx
sin4 x cos a cot x sina
cos ec 2 x
cos a cot x sin a
dx
1 sina cos ec 2 x
sin a cos a cot x sin a
dx
1 1
d cos a cot x sin a
sin a cos a cot x sin a
1 1
sin a t
dt , where t cos a cot x sina
2
t C
sin a
2
cos a cot x sina C
sina
x2 2
Sol: iii) dx
x 5x 4 tan x x 2
2
4 2 1
x x
1 2
2 1
dx
2 x
x tan x
x x
1 x2
t 2
1 tan t
1
dt , where t
x
1
1
dt tan1 t
tan t
log tan 1 t C
2
log tan1 x C
x
1 1
Sol: iv) I dx dx
x 2x 10
3 3
2
x 12 32
Putting x 1 3tan and dx 3sec2 d , we get
1
I 3sec2 d
9 tan 9
2 3
1
243 cos 4 d
1 1
3 4cos 2 cos 4 d
243 8
1 sin 4
3 2sin 2 C
1944 4
1 x 1 1
3 tan1 2sin 2 sin 2 cos 2 C
1944 3 2
1 x 1 1
3 tan1 sin 2 4 cos 2 C
1944 3 2
1 1 x 1 tan 5 3 tan2
3 tan C
1944 3 1 tan2 1 tan2
1
3tan1
x 1
3 x 1
3 15 x 1
2
C
1944 3 9 x 1
2
9 x 1
2
1
1 x 1
9 x 1 x 2 2x 16
3 tan C
1944
2
3 x 2
2x 10
Space for rough work Page 54
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy 11/05/21 BR MATHS II SYNOP
sin x cos x
2. Evaluate 9 16sin2x dx
Sol: Here, sin x cos x occurs in the differential of ( cos x sin x ). So, we express 9 16 sin 2x in
terms of cos x sin x . We have, cos x sin x 1 sin 2x
2
9 16 sin 2x 9 16 1 cos x sin x
2
9 16 sin 2x 25 16 cos x sin x
2
sin x cos x
9 16sin2x dx
sin x cos x
25 16 cos x sin x 2
dx
1 4 sin x cos x
4 52 4 cos x sin x 2
dx
1 1
d 4 cos x sin x
4 52 4 cos x sin x 2
1 1
dt , where t 4 cos x sinx
4 5 t2
2
1 1 5t
log C
4 25 5t
1 5 4 cos x sin x
log C
40 5 4 cos x sin x
1 5 4cos x 4sin x
log C
40 5 4 cos x 4sin x
sin x
3. Evaluate sin x
dx
sin x
Sol: sin x
dx
sin x
dx
sin2 x sin2
sin x cos x
cos dx sin dx
sin x sin
2 2
sin x sin2
2
sin x cos x
cos dx sin dx
cos cos x
2 2
sin x sin2
2
1 dv
cos du sin , where u cosx and v sin x
cos 2 u2 v 2 sin2
u
cos sin1 sin log v v sin C
2 2
cos
cos x
cos sin1 sin log sin x sin x sin C
2 2
cos
tan d
2x
x2 dx
1 x4
2x 2
x 4 1 dx
2
1
dx
x2
x2
1 1
1 2 1 2
x x
dx
1
x2 2
x
1 1
1
2
1 2
x dx x dx
1 1
x 2
2
x 2
2
x x
1 1 1 1
2
dx 2
dx
1 x 1 x
x 2 x 2
x x
du 1 1 1
dv , where u x , and v x
2 2 x x
2 2
u2 v2
1 u 2 v 2
tan1 log C
2 2 2 2 u 2
1 x2 1 1 x 2 12x 1
tan1 log C
2 2x 2 2 x 2 12x 1
t2 1
2 dt
t4 1
1
1
2 t 2 dt [Dividing N r and D r by t 2 ]
1
t2 2
t
1 1
2 2
dt
1 t
1 2
t
1 1 2 u
2 du , where u t tan1 c
2 t
2
u
2 2 2
tan x cot x 1
2 tan1 C u t t tan x cot x
2
cos 3 x cos5 x
5. Evaluate sin2 x sin4 x dx
cos 3 x cos5 x
Sol: sin2 x sin4 x dx
cos2 x cos4 x
cos x dx
sin2 x sin4 x
1 sin x 1 sin x
2 2 2
cos x dx
sin2 x sin4 x
2 3sin2 x sin4 x
d sin x
sin2 x sin4 x
2 3t 2 t 4
t2 t4 dt , where t sin x
t 4 3t 2 2
t 4 t2 dt
4t 2 2
1 4 dt
t t2
6 2
1 2 2 dt
t 1 t
2
t 6 tan1 t C
t
sinx 6tan1 sin x 2cos ec x C
1 x2
6. Evaluate dx
1 x
2
1 x2 x4
1 x2
Sol: Let I dx . Then,
1 x
2
1 x2 x 4
1 x2
I x2 dx [Dividing N r and D r by x 2 ]
1 x x
2 4
1
x
x x2
1
1
I x2 dx
1 2 1
x x 2 1
x x
1 1
I dx
1 1
2
x
x x 3
x x
dt 1
I , where x t
t t2 3 x
u du
I , where t 2 3 u2 and 2t dt 2u du
u 2
3 u 2
1
I du
u 3
2
1 u 3
I log C
2 3 u 3
1 t2 3 3
I log C
2 3 t2 3 3
1
x2 1 3
1 x2
I log C
2 3 1
x 2 1 3
2
x3 x2 x 1
7. Evaluate dx
x 2
1 2 x 2
x3 x2 x 1
Sol: dx
x 2
1 2 x 2
x 1 x x 1 dx
2 2
x 1 2 x
2 2
1 x 2
1 x
dx dx
2 x 2
x 2
1 2 x 2
1
dx
x 2
1 x
dx
2 x2 1 2 x2
2
x 2
x 3 t2 t dt , where 2 x 2 t2
sin1
2 1 t2 t2
x 3 t2
sin1
dt
2 1 t2
x 1 t2 2
1
sin dt
2 1 t2
x 2
sin1 1 2
dt
2 1 t
x 1 1 t
sin1 t 2 log
2 2 1 t
x 1 2 x2
sin 1 2 x 2
log C
2 1 2 x2
x2
8. Evaluate x sin x cos x 2
dx
x2
Sol: I x sin x cos x 2
dx
x cos x
x sec x dx
x sin x cos x
2
II
1 1
x sec x x sec x tan x sec x dx
x sin x cos x x sin x cos x
x sec x
x sin x cos x
sec2 x dx
x sec x
tan x C
x sin x cos x
d x cos x
x ex sin x cos x d x sin x cos x e x sin x cos x
x cos x
2
I II
II
1 1
x ex sin x cos x ex sin x cos x dx ex sin x cos x ex sin x cos x x cos x dx C
x cos x x cos x
e x sin x cos x
x e x sin x cos x C
x cos x
1
10. Evaluate 4 tan x cot x dx
tan x
Sol: I dx
tan x 4tan x 1
2
t dt
Putting tan x t and sec2 xdx dt , we get I
t 4t 1 1 t2
2
t
t 2
1 t 2 4t 1
dt
t At B Ct D
Let 2 2
t 1 t 4t 1 t 1 t 4t 1
2 2
t At B t 2 4t 1 Ct D t 2 1
1 1 1 1
I
4 t 1
2
dt 2
4 t 4t 1
dt
1 1 1 1
4 t 2 12
dt dt
2
4 t 2 2 3
1 1 t2 3
tan1 t log C
4 8 3 t2 3
1 1 tan x 2 3
x log C
4 8 3 tan x 2 3
1 x cos x
11. Evaluate x 1 x 2 2sin x
e
dx
1 x cos x
Sol: I dx
x 1 xesin x
2
1 x cos x esin x
dx
xesin x 1 xesin x
2
1
d xesin x
xe sin x
1 xe
sin x 2
dt
t 1 t , where t xe
sin x
2
1 1 1
dt
t 2 1 t 2 1 t
1 1
log t log 1 t log 1 t C
2 2
1 t2 1 x 2e2 sin x
log C log C
2 1 t2 2 1 x 2e2 sin x
x3 x2 x 1
Sol: I dx
x 2
1 2 x 2
x 1 x x dx
2 3
x 1 2 x
2 2
1 x3 x
dx dx
2 x2 x 2
1 2 x 2
1 x x 2 1 2x
dx dx
2 x2 x 2
1 2 x 2
1 x 2x
2 x2
dx
2 x2
dx
x 1 x 1
2
dx
1
dx
x
dx
x 1 x 1 dx
2 x2 2 x2 x 2
1 2 x 2
1 x 1 1
2x 2
dx
2x 2
dx
x 1 2 x 2
dx
x 1 2 x2
dx
x
sin1 2 x I1 I2 C , where
2
2
1 1
I1 x 1 2 x 2
dx and I2 x 1 2 x2
dx
1 1
Putting x 1 in I1 and x 1 in I 2 , we obtain
u v
x 1 x 1
I1 log and I2 log
2 x 2 x 2
2 x 2 x2
Hence,
x x 1 x 1
I sin1 2 x log
2
log C
2 2 x 2 x 2
2 x 2 x2
1
13. Evaluate
x 1 x 1
3
dx .
1
Sol: Let I 1 1
dx .
x 1 3 x 1 2
Here L.C.M of 2 and 3 is 6. So, we substitute x 1 t 6 and dt 65 dt .
t3
6 dt
t 1
t3 1 1
6 dt
t 1
t3 1 1
6 dt 6 dt
t 1 t 1
1
6 t2 t 1 dt 6 dt
t 1
t3 t2
6 t 6 log t 1 C
3 2
2t3 3t2 6t 6log t 1 C
1 1 1 1
2 x 1 2 3 x 1 3 6 x 1 6 6 log x 1 6 1 C
1
13
5 2
14. Evaluate x 2
1 x 2
dx
13
13 5 1 1
m 1
Sol: Here, m ,n and p We have, 2 3 , an integer.
2 2 2 n 5
2
5 3
5
So, we substitute 1 x t 3 and 2
x 2 dx 3t2dt
2
1
3
5 2 3 3
6t 2
x 1 x 2 dx x 2 t 2
2
3
dt
5x 2
7 7
6 6
x 5 t 2 dt t 3 1 t 2 dt
2
5 5
6 2
7 19 13 7
6
t 2t 1 t dt t 2t t 2 dt
6 3 2 2
5 5
7 5 3
6 2 4 2 2 2
21 15 9
4 4
5 2 5 2 5 2
t2 t t C 1 x 2
1 x 2
1 x 2
C
5 21 15 9 35 25 15
x m 1 1 x
n
n n
1 I
m, n Im, n1
m 1 m 1 m 1
m n 1 Im, n x m 1 1 x nIm, n 1
n
3
16. If In x n a 2 x 2 dx, prove that n 2 In x n1 a 2 x 2 2 n 1 a 2In 2
1 n1 2
a x 2 2x dx
2
Sol: In x n 1 a 2 x 2 x dx In x
1 n1 2
In x a x2 d a2 x2
2 I II
1 2 n 1 2 3
2 3
In
2 3
x a x
2 2
3
n 1 x n 2
a 2
x
2 2
dx
1 2 3
2 n 1
In x n1 a 2 x2 2 x n2 a 2 x 2 a 2 x 2 dx
2 3 3
1 2 3
2 n 1 a 2 2 n 1 n 2
In x n1 a 2 x 2 2 x n2 a 2 x 2 dx x a x2 dx
2 3 3 3
1 n 1 2 3
a 2 n 1 n 1 I
In x a x 2 2 In 2 n
3 3 3
n 1 1 n1 2 3
a 2 n 1
In 1 x a x
2 2
In2
3 3 3
3
n 2 In x n1 a 2 x 2 2 n 1 a 2In2