Prac. 1 UNIT 4
Prac. 1 UNIT 4
Duration: _______________
Date of Submission: _______________
Subject Teacher: Romulo D. Reas
Phone Number: 09955041600
Facebook Account: Chod Reas
I. INTRODUCTION
Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills
through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five chapters, in which
Chapter 2 is the review of related literature.
A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of research.
It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a particular topic. The
literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize,
objectively evaluate and clarify this previous research. The literature review
acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that
your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in
the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into the
work at hand.
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVE/S: At the end of the week, you are expected to:
GENERAL INSTRUCTION: Write your answers on a yellow pad. Use only the front
page of it. Don’t forget to write your name, section and strand and the subject.
Follow the example and fill in your answers in the blank provided.
Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
Source1:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Source 2:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Source 3:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha agreed that there are still gender inequalities in
the technical vocational field and that women are still concentrated in certain
types of area.
Answer:
______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:
Example: Bagale and Mustapha disagree on the factors that contributes and are
affected by the gender inequality issues on technical vocational majors.
Answer:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Conclusion: Summarizing
Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives
on gender inequality among technical vocational learners.
Answer:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next step
of this study?
Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gender
inequality among TVL learners in the senior high schools of this division as
compared to others in this region.
Answer:
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT:
Visit webpages, journals, and similar on-line materials that has published theses
and dissertations. Examine the Review of Related Literature section of these
materials and based on what you have learned about RRL, comment on how
these appear in the manuscript. Produce a written copy of your observations
about the RRL section in the manuscript.
There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will help
learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to proceed in the
conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how many sources should
be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited, how to cite authors, and
further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-step guide in undertaking a review
of literature to facilitate your understanding.
Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
▪ What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
▪ What do you have to critically say about your prior knowledge on
the topic?
▪ What do you want to know more about your topic?
▪ Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
▪ What does your research have that other researches do not?
▪ Who are these authors who have works which has more or less
same ideas as yours?
Example of References
Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more
sustainable, resilient and responsive …
STYLES OF CITATION
1. Integral citation – one way of citing or referring the author whose ideas appear
in your work. You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to
report the author’s ideas.
Examples:
APA
One study by Manalo (2015) reveals…
The latest work by Lee (2020) asserts…
According to Reas et.al (2020) context is…
MLA
One study by (Manalo 70)
The latest work by (Lee 123)
According to (Reas et.al.:54)
2. Non-integral citation – downplays any strength of the writer’s personal
characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the
owner of the ideas.
Examples:
a. The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which
people from different cultural background can harmoniously relate
themselves with one another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
b. The other components of Intercultural Competence which are also present
in SFG are: context (Harold, 2015), appropriateness (Villar, Marcos,
Atienza, 2016; Santos, and Daez, 2016), and emotions (Flores, 2016).
There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your
paper. These are the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern
Language Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we will
be focusing on the two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover,
between the two, APA is the most frequently used within the social sciences in
citing various sources. The following table shows examples of MLA and APA
styles of referencing:
What have you noticed in the styles of writing the above entries?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
PATTERNS OF CITATION
1. Summary – shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own
language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important
ideas or aspects of the text.
2. Paraphrase – antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the
form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.
In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or exceed the
number of words of the original text.
3. Short Direct Quotation – only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole
sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote
or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.
Example:
Contexts is influenced by these four factors: “language, culture,
institutions, and ideologies,” (Aranda, 2015, p.8)
4. Long Direct Quotation or Block quotation, or Extract – makes you copy the
author’s exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit
is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indentation, the copied
lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.
Example:
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social nature of language.
Stressing this nature of language, he says:
Language features result from the way people use language to meet their
social needs. In their interactions, they use language to describe, compare,
agree, explain, disagree, and so on. Each language function requires a certain
set of language features like nouns for naming, adjectives for comparing, verbs
for agreeing, prepositions for directing, and conjunctions for connecting ideas.
(p. 38)
5. Tense of Verbs for Reporting - active verbs are effective words to use in
reporting author’s ideas. Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present,
simple past, or present perfect tense. The APA system, however, prefers the
use of present perfect tense.
Examples:
Present tense – Reas explains…
Past tense – Reas explained…
Present perfect tense – Reas has explained…
ACTIVITY 2. REFERENCING!
Directions: The following entries in each box are essential in writing references. The
headings in each table are examples of correct format of referencing. Fill in the table
with the data provided in the headings as guide. Arrange the entries in proper order,
use appropriate format using APA writing style (i.e. underline or italicize if necessary).
Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics
Farming. Cebu City, Philippines: Digital Books.
Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Marshall. Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., &
Genobaten, D. (2009). Work Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
Author1’s First Middle Author2’s First Middle Author3’s First Middle Author4’s First Middle
Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial
Name Name Name Name
Author5’s First Middle Author6’s First Middle (Publication Book Place of Publisher
Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Date) Title Publication:
Name Name
Initial
ACTIVITY 3. PARAPHRASING!
PARAPHRASING ACTIVITIES
Part 1
Read the original text below. Enclose in parenthesis the words that should not
be changed when paraphrasing. Underline which should be changed.
Between the two paraphrases below, which statement best provides the
most suitable paraphrase of the original text above? Further, justify your answer
using sentence structure and changes in keywords.
Paraphrase 1
Paraphrase 2
A bio stimulant makes a plant grow beautifully and bigger when added
with traditional plant nutrient (Sharma et.al., 2011).
Justification
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Part 3
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Part 4
During the course of the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise
that will greatly affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be
adept enough to foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be
resolved sooner. Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues
you may encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight
1.
2.
3.
LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION:
“In every problem, there is a simple and plausible solution’, an adage once says.
Here are some tips to minimize problems in conducting research:
1. Ensure available funds and budget for study to be conducted.
2. Team members should know their assigned tasks well.
3. Identify respondents ahead of time and maintain a list of contact lines and
addresses to easily follow them up.
4. Draft a clear and reliable timeline of activities
5. Reproduce copies of essential documents always.
6. Ask for permits always before conducting any activity.
7. Conduct ocular inspection of research or sampling site ahead of time.
8. Always send emails, communications and appointments beforehand.
9. Have a clear written agreement with all participating persons, agencies, and
areas.
10. Bear in mind the objectives of the study and be flexible in adjusting to present
conditions when necessary.
Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical standards are not followed
such as the following:
1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another
person’s ideas, work or publication violating intellectual property rights by
stealing and dishonesty. This usually happens in scientific publications.
2. Fabrication of data. It involves producing data without an actual
experimentation or altering data in recording with the intent to fit them to
desired results.
3. Falsification of data. Entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence
and carelessness which lead to errors in measurement or instrument use.
Error may also be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the
subjects and poor data recording.
4. Non-publication of data. In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this
involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the
well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research
hypothesis. Only the results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported
and published.
Research Title:
Below is an example.
The Respondent
Opol NSTS
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
Sincerely yours,
Erika P. Bucag
ASSESSMENT:
Choose the best answer from the choices given.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior
high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR
Publishing, Inc.
Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles:
Sage.
Sharp, J. 2012. Success with Your Educational Research. USA: John Wiley and
Sons.
This module was pulled together with help from following websites:
http://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review
http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/get-assistance/writing/specific-types-
papers/writingliteraturereview
https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-
LiteratureReview-worksheet.pdf
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFp
bnx2eWVzdGFjZXl8Z3g6NzJiNTg5N2VlNzZmNDEwNg