Lec 7
Lec 7
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Diodes
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Diode Characteristics
Forward biasing
When the anode is connected to the positive voltage of the source and the
cathode is connected to the negative voltage.
Reverse biasing
When a diode is connected in the reverse direction, with its cathode to positive
and anode to negative.
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Diode Connection
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Voltage drop on diode
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Example
Find the voltage V1
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Rectifiers
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Half-wave rectifier
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Half-wave rectifier
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Full-wave rectifier (Bridge)
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Full-wave rectifier (Bridge)
During positive half cycle
D1 and D2 are forward biased.
D3 and D4 are reverse biased
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Applications
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Smoothing
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Ripples
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Zener diode
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Zener diode
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Zener diode operation
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Zener diode operation
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Zener diode applications
Voltage stabilizer
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Light Emitting Diode (LED)
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Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• When an LED is lit by a higher voltage, the LED may be burnt out if
the forward voltage across it exceeds 2 V.
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Selecting series resistor
according to KVL, the voltage drop across the resistor is
Vs – 2.
𝑉 𝑉𝑠 − 2
𝑅= =
𝐼 𝐼
Example:
Solution
𝑉𝑠 − 2 5−2 5−2
𝑅= = = = 150 Ω
𝐼 20 mA 0.02
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Transistors
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BJT transistor
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Notations
• C: Collector terminal
• B: Base terminal
• E: Emitter terminal
• VCE: Collector-Emitter voltage
• VBE: Base-Emitter voltage
• VCB: Collector-Base voltage
• IC: Collector current
• IB: Base current
• IE: Emitter current
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NPN as a switch
• For a transistor to operate as a switch, it operates in two
modes: saturation mode (on) and cut-off mode (off).
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Saturation mode (ON state)
• Here, the input voltage Vin is large enough to
forward bias the Base-Emitter junction.
• In this case, the transistor appears as a near
short-circuit between the collector and emitter
terminals, and maximum current (Ic(sat)) will
be drawn from the source Vcc to the load.
In saturation mode, the following behavior is noted:
• Vbe > 0.7V (base-emitter junction is forward biased)
• Ib > 0 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 0.2
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑐 (𝑠𝑎𝑡) =
• Ic = Ic(sat) (Isat is the max current which can flow in the 𝑅2
circuit)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0.7
𝐼𝑏 =
• Vce = Vce(sat) ≈ 0.2V 𝑅1
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Example
• For the following circuit, determine the base and collector currents when:
a) Vin = 0.5 V
b) Vin = 5 V
Solution
a)
Ib = 0
Ic = 0
b)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0.7 5 − 0.7
𝐼𝑏 = = = 0.43 mA
𝑅1 10 × 103
𝑉𝑐𝑐 −0.2 10−0.2
𝐼𝑐 = = = 9.8 mA
𝑅2 1×103
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Applications of using transistor as a switch
a) Controlling a motor
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Applications of using transistor as a switch
b) Using LDR to control a lamp
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Applications of using transistor as a switch
c)Tank overflow indicator
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Relay
• A relay is an electro-mechanical
switch used to control loads that
need high voltages and current.
• As an example, you can control
most of electrical appliances
(lamp, fan, TV, washer, heater, …)
that operate on 220 V AC using a
relay that can be controlled by a 5
V source.
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Relay
Example
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Relay
Arduino Example
The below Arduino code switches on the bulb for 1 second and
off for 1 second.
int relay_pin = 2;
void setup()
{
pinMode(relay_pin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(relay_pin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(relay_pin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
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