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UNIT 1 Merged
UNIT 1 Merged
1) What are boiler troubles? Explain Scales and Sludge ii) Deposition of CaSO4:
formation. Solubility of CaSO4 decreases with increase in temperature.
Boiler troubles are 1) Priming & foaming 2) Sludge & Scales3) Caustic It is completely insoluble in super heated water.
embrittlement4) Boiler corrosion Hard scale formation takes place in high pressure boilers
Sludge & Scale formation iii) Hydrolysis of Magnesium salts:
In a boiler, water is continuously evaporated and converted into steam. Soft scale formation due to hydrolysis of Mg salts in high pressure boiler.
As a result the water becomes saturated due to increase in the MgCl2 + 2H2O Mg (OH)2↓ + 2HCl
concentration of dissolved impurities. Finally a stage is reached where iv) Presence of silica:
the ionic products of these salts exceeds their solubility product and are Even very small amounts of silica leads to deposits of Ca/Mg
thrown out as precipitates on the inner walls of the boiler. silicates(CaSiO3 & MgSiO3), which adheres firmly to the inner boiler
Sludge: walls. It is difficult to remove.
Soft, loose and slimy precipitate formed within the boiler. Disadvantages of scale formation:
Formed at comparatively colder portions of the boiler and are i) Wastage of fuel:
collected at the bends. Rate of heat transfer is greatly reduced due to poor conductivity of scales
Formed by substances which have greater solubility in hot water than Overheating is required for steady supply of heat hence fuel consumption
in cold water, e.g., MgCO3, MgCl2, CaCl2, MgSO4, etc increases.
Easily removed with wire brush ii) Lowering of boiler safety:
Disadvantages of sludge formation To supply steady heat overheating is required, which makes the boiler
Sludges are poor conductors of heat, so they tend to waste a portion material weak &soft. Results in distortion of boiler tube & makes the
of heat generated. boiler unsafe to bear the high pressure.
Excessive sludge formation disturbs the working of the boiler. iii) Decrease in efficiency of boiler:
Sludge can be removed by using 1) Softened water 2) by blow down Deposition of scales in valves and condensers choke them partially&
operation i.e. drawing off a portion of the concentrated water. decreases the efficiency of boiler
Scales: iv) Danger of Explosion:
Hard deposits firmly sticking to the inner walls of the boiler. Due to uneven expansion the thick scales gets cracked, results in
Difficult to remove, even with the help of hammer & Chisel. formation of large steam & develops high pressure. It may cause
Formed due to: explosion of boiler.
i) Decomposition of Calcium bicarbonate: Removal of scales:
Ca (HCO3)2 CaCO3↓ + H2O+CO2 Mechanical/chemical method
Scale Loosely adhering scales are removed with the help Scraper/wire brush
(Soft, formed mainly in low pressure boilers) Brittle scales are removed by giving Thermal shocks
In high pressure boilers, CaCO3 is soluble due to formation of Ca (OH) 2 Loosely adhering scales are removed by frequent blow down operation
CaCO3 + H2O Ca (OH)2 + CO2↑ (frequently removing precipitates)
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