1st Quarter-Module 2-21st Century Literature From The Philippines and The World
1st Quarter-Module 2-21st Century Literature From The Philippines and The World
Prepared by:
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Content Standard:
The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the elements and contexts of 21st century
Philippine literature from the regions.
Performance Standard:
The learner will be able to demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21st Century Philippine
literature from the regions through:
1. a written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary text in terms of form and theme,
with a description of its context derived from research; and
2. an adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia
Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the ones from the earlier
genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions.
Important Notes:
We hope that through this, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant lessons and competencies. Good luck!
LESSON 2: COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST CENTURY GENRES FROM EARLIER
GENRES/PERIOD
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As you study this module, you will be able to identify the literary genres produced in the 21 st
century and the ones from the earlier period.
Through literary genres and samples, this module will bring you to the current world of
Philippine writing in the 21 st century and will also take you back to the period long before the Spaniards
set foot on the Philippine island. Studying this module will make you appreciate the origin and
development of Philippine literature through several generations.
As a student writer, your good knowledge of the literary genres and samples is beneficial as it
would help you in effectively establishing your connection with the readers. As a reader, it would allow
you to make sense of the materials that you are reading.
1.) identify the literary genres and samples produced in the 21 st century and the ones from
In order to achieve the above-mentioned learning competencies, this module will bring you to a
fun-filled learning journey which includes challenging tasks like creating your well-designed literary
genre chart! So, brace yourself as you engage in the different activities in this module. Learn and have
fun as you explore 21st century and pre-colonial literary genres and samples!
In order to experience a smooth-sailing journey, always make sure that you have your pen and
notebook with you! Are you ready for another exciting learning adventure? Please open your module
and let me welcome you, Literary Genres: A journey to the 21st Century and the Earlier Periods!
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What literary types do you know? Let us check your knowledge about literary genre.
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space provided before
the number.
________1. These are written works such as poems, plays, and novels that are considered to be very
good and have lasting importance. It could be printed materials that provide information about
something.
a. genres
b. literature
c. written arts
d. printed materials
________2. It is a story passed down from one generation to another through the word of mouth and it
became a part of the culture of the community.
a. epic
b. myth
c. legend
d. folktale
________3. It is a story that explains the origin of things, animals, beliefs, practices and of natural
phenomena.
a. epic
b. fable
c. myth
d. legend
________4. It is a genre of literature that uses rhythmic and aesthetic of language to evoke meaning.
a. poetry
b. drama
c. fiction
d. nonfiction
a. poetry
b. drama
c. fiction
d. nonfiction
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________6. It is a long narrative poem which tells and describes the life, achievements or events of a
hero.
a. epic
b. fable
c. myth
d. legend
________8. It is telling a story with less than 1000 words to condense a story into fewest words
possible. It emphasizes plot than other elements of the story.
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry
_______9. It is a story that tells about women, their lives, trials, tribulations, and success.
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry
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________ 12. It is a fictional love story set during a time in our past like The Death March, Edsa
Revolution and World War II.
a. Mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction
________ 13. It is a futuristic adventure in space with robots and cyborgs as characters.
a. science fiction
b. realistic fiction
c. historical fiction
d. futuristic fiction
a. tercet
b. sestet
c. couplet
d. quatrain
________15. It refers to a literary device that uses a part to represent the whole or vice-versa.
a. simile
b. metaphor
c. synecdoche
d. onomatopoeia
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MOTIVATION: I CAN SCRIBBLE
Study the picture below. Do you have similar scenario in your homes?
Share how you felt after looking at the picture above by doing any of the following tasks. You can write
your draft on a paper and write your final text on the space provided after each task. You may also use a
separate sheet if necessary.
A. Write a short poem that summarizes the idea of the picture. It must consist of 3 quatrains.
Remember to use figurative language and literary devices to convey the appropriate emotion to your
readers.
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B. Write a short comical skit about the use of electronic gadget based on the drawing.
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C. Share a real life account or anecdote similar to the picture using less than 100 words. Be specific
about the actual setting; use real characters, and tell the factual incidents.
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D. Write a legend about the origin of cell phone or laptop. It must be less than 100 words and must
teach a moral lesson.
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LESSON 2: COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST CENTURY GENRES FROM EARLIER
GENRES/PERIOD
The desire for self-expression resulted to the production of literature. It is a writer’s expression
of his mind, heart, emotions, thoughts, and ideas.
Literature is written works like poetry, novels, journals of famous authors and usually published.
‘Genre’ literally means ‘type”, so literary genre means types of literary works.
On this part of the lesson, you will recall and differentiate the four major literary genres; poetry,
fiction, nonfiction and drama; however, literature changes to adapt to the trends of the contemporary
world; thus, new genres of literature are born. In this lesson, we will study and appreciate both the
earlier genres and the contemporary genres.
Literature reinvents itself as it changes its form to adapt to the changing times and changing
trends; especially for the young people like you. The need to express oneself gave birth to literature and
humanity never got contented on their attempt to express themselves resulting to new genres like
hyperpoetry, mobile textula, flash fiction, chick lit, and, blogs.
Each literature genre has distinct sub-genres, structure and elements. Study the table below:
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characters and (encyclopedia, of-view, literary
setting) dictionary, devices
thesaurus),
autobiography,
narrative (memoir,
testimonio), and
periodicals
(newspapers,
magazines, journal
that are written
regularly)
Drama tragedy, comedy Literary element The script serves as the
(script), text and it is performed
Technical element, before an audience
(scenery set),
makeup, costume,
lights,
And sound)
performance element
(acting, character
analysis, character
motivation…)
The given genres with their elements and structures are further discussed in detail below:
A. Poetry
Poetry is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was either recited or sang back to prehistoric times
to call for help from a deity, narrate a hero’s life and victories, tell about the love story of their rulers, or
describe someone who inspires them. In order to understand or even write a good poem, you must
know the elements of poetry:
1. Rhyme – it is the identical rhyme if the last words or sounds match each other.
alliteration: followed, flats, front
bother, back
picked, slimy
2. Meter – it is also called the rhythm in poetry. It is the pattern of beats (foot) (stressed and
unstressed syllables in a line). It is also called foot.
There are four basic rhythms in poetry:
2.1 Iamb -unstressed / stressed (buh BUH) buh BUH/ buh BUH
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Today, / we live /
Ex. Hundred heads of cattle Ex. The wind spoke of hope and Ex. I am so thirsty that I could
bought at a good price. redemption. drink an ocean.
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Symbols
It is the use of symbols to convey ideas. A symbol represents various ideas or things at one time.
Like darkness or color black may symbolize death, uncertainty, failure, or an end. A white rose
may mean purity, freshness, new beginning, or death.
To appreciate and write a good poem, it is also essential to know its structure. Poems are
written in lines that comprise a stanza. Thus, each type of poem differs from each other because of its
structure.
On the next page is a sample of a free-verse poem which the author used symbols and imagery to
convey his thoughts and feeling.
of sea grasses
awakened me,
I followed
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in the reefs flats
in front of my
bamboo cottage.
I nearly stepped on
a parrotfish
It was as big
as my slipper.
I picked
and returned it
to the sea.
In its excitement
it forgot to
thank me
to look back—
it swam quickly
away from me
It dived
of the horizon
was hiding.
that parrotfish
will surprise me
with a greeting.
It shall brag to me
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painted by
The given poem is free-verse and unmetered. It has no rhythm but it uses alliteration, assonance,
repetition, and symbolism.
dived, direction
horizon, hiding
perhaps, parrotfish
- an ungrateful person
- someone passive
- someone who has a very colorful life
- an experienced person
- a person who picks up someone else’s trash
words/ lines used repeatedly: - sea, moon, parrotfish
B. Fiction:
Fiction is a story of make believe. It is a story made by the author’s creative imagination. It has
various sub-genres like mystery, fantasy, suspense, historical fiction science fiction, realistic fiction and
folklore (myths, fables, legends).
To understand fiction and to write a good fictional story, you must be able to identify and
understand its elements that comprise the texts’ contents and message the story wanted to impart to
its readers.
Now, you will read a legend that tells how a great lake was formed. It was retold by one of the
writer’s former senior high school student who lived in a village near Lake Sebu.
Located in South Cotabato, Lake Sebu is considered as the “Summer Capital of Southern
Mindanao” because of the cool weather and uphill location of the town. It is the home of the T’boli, a
tribe famously called as “Dreamweavers” because of their colorful bead works and hand-woven cloth
called T’nalak.
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The Legend of Lake Sebu
(A T’boli Folktale)
From that day on, the village was covered with water. The eleven islets became the home of
the locals.
Fiction uses the basic elements of a story, namely; the plot, setting, characters, and conflict, to convey
its ideas.
Fiction follows the Freytag’s Pyramid to create an interesting and detailed narrative. Below is
an illustration of the story pyramid which consists also the parts of a plot.
climax
rising action
falling action
exposition denouement
2. Rising action is the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and events in the
story begin to reveal probable conflicts that the protagonist must resolve. It also involves events
that lead to the climax of the story.
3. Climax is the highest point of tension in the story. It is usually the most interesting part.
4. Falling action is the part of a story after the climax and before the very end.
5. The denouement is the final outcome of the story and it is where other secrets are revealed, if there
is any.
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The setting includes the time or period and place where the event happened. The characters
are the persons/ animals/ or any inanimate object that functions as the protagonist, antagonist and
other minor entities that perform the actions, speak dialogue and moving the story along a plot line.
Conflict creates tension in the story and it involves the struggle of between two opposing forces/
characters, usually the protagonist and the antagonist.
Conflict can be internal and external. Internal conflict is a psychological conflict which arises
when the character experiences two opposite emotions (like love and hate, patriotism and devotion) or
aspirations (like career and marriage, fame and peace of mind) which usually involves good and evil.
External conflict is the struggle of a protagonist against outside forces that hamper his/ her
progress and hinders him/her to achieve his/ her goal.
Nonfiction is a literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life. The sub genres of
literary nonfiction are biography, memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries, periodicals and references.
These works of literary nonfiction have character, setting, plot, conflict, figurative language, and theme
just like literary fiction, fiction and thriller or suspense. To interpret fiction, we must analyze and
interpret using the elements of fiction.
The story below was a personal account of the author about his ordinary encounter with a
Champorado vendor which made him realized how lucky he was.
Another Universe
He was about my age and about my size. He first approached us while we were eating at a
cottage at a spring resort.
“Champorado mo, Ma’am. Sir”, he said. “Init pa.”
Champorado. Chocolate porridge. Still hot.
I declined.
I watched him as he went on his way, selling champorado in a small pot to other resort- goers.
He might have more customers if only he has better container than peddle an iron pot.
I took a plunge
into the cold. Everything
was familiar. Too familiar
even: The laughter of the
persons around me, the
giant splash as a kid
cannonballs into the
water, the off-key singing
from a karaoke booth, the
jovial mood, and the
calming effect as I float in
the spring water. I always
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believe that cold waters cleanse the body and the mind from any stress. It’s like floating in your own
universe, as I like to describe it.
Then there he was again, walking on top of the wall that separates the water into smaller pools.
“Champorado, Champorado. Init pa,” he shouted, hoping someone would buy his hot champorado.
I asked my girlfriend.
From the water, I watched him as he peddled his pot. I noticed that it was not only small, it was
also blackened by soot; he must’ve used it over open fire frequently. We kept swimming until twilight.
The people began to thin down; but he kept on peddling his champorado.
I let my girlfriend change her clothes first while I sat on a circular bench nearby. I noticed a guy,
looking so miserable, sitting next to me. On his side, on the bench, was the small, sooty pot. He must be
the champorado vendor. I figured. On his other hand was a slipper. I saw that the front strap broke.
I watched as he tried reattaching the broken strap. Unconsciously, I followed him with my eyes
as he softly placed his slipper on the ground. He tried wearing it, but it immediately broke again. Then I
noticed something- he was wearing two different footwear. On his left foot is a slide slipper, the one
athletes commonly wear, while on the other foot, the one that broke, is a traditional flip-flops.
I wanted to help him - maybe give him some money to buy a new pair of slippers. But money, I
have none too plenty, I might need it on the way home. Give him my old pair of shoes? I can’t drive my
motorcycle bare-footed. I might get caught by the traffic enforcers. I saw plenty of slippers repaired by
sticking a wire through the rubber to hold it down. The least I can do is to help him fix his slipper, but
the resort is too dark to find any wire that might be laying on the ground.
After a while, he went inside the changing room, carrying his pot on one hand, and his slipper on
the other. He also had a backpack, I concluded that he might have carried his utensils there.
He was about my age and about my size. We could’ve been similar in many ways; he might also
be the eldest, he might also have four siblings. He might also want to plunge into the cold, spring water.
I liked to ask him questions: Where he lives, was the champorado sold out, what happened to his
slippers and what he would do next.
But the biggest question was for myself: would I do the same if circumstances dictate me so?
My girlfriend finished changing. It was already my turn. He still didn’t come out.
I tried to take my mind off of him while I change into dry clothes. It bothered me why it took so
long inside the changing room. Was he able to fix his slipper? I had no way of knowing. When I got out,
out of the dusk, at a distance, I saw the vendor. He had backpack to be exact., there was a little light to
see him clearly. He was sort of walking with a drag. I just hoped he gets home safe and sound. It was
already dark when we were ready to leave. The frogs already began their chorus. To me, it sounded like
a woeful dirge.
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I wanted to jump into the cold again- to wash my guilt away.
Study the table below to check on the elements of Non-fiction used in the memoir, “Another Universe”:
D. Drama
A script may only come to existence once it is performed before an audience. Its basic
elements include the literary element (script), technical element (scenery set, make-up, costume, lights,
and sound) performance element (acting, character analysis, character motivation…)
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A script is a written text of a play. It is consisting of the dialogues or words that will be spoken
by the actors and the stage directions which give instructions about the position and movement of the
actors and other aspects of the set.
The technical element of a play is complicated. It includes scenery set, make-up, costume,
lights, and sound.
A scenery set can be chair, a house or a forest and other properties used to identify the location
and period of the dramatic production. Make-up is used in drama to aid the actors in taking the
appropriate appearance of the character they play. Costumes are clothes, garments or attires worn by
actors on stage to aid dramatic actions and interpretations. There various types of lights used on stage.
It provides not only visibility of the actors but also creates and enhance the mood and atmosphere.
Sound can be produced by actors or by props, musical instruments, and recorded music and effects that
can help engage the audience and bring them into another time.
Performance element includes acting, character analysis and character motivation. Acting is
the enactment of an actor or actress who portrays a character, character analysis is evaluating the
character’s traits, his/ her role in the story, and the conflicts they experience, character motivation is
the element that drives the character to achieve his goal.
That is how complicated a drama is! It is more complicated than other genres of literature
because aside from the script, other elements must suit and work together to the theme of the show
and make the audience feel the plight of the protagonist, antagonist and other characters in the story
effectively.
Below is an excerpt from the script of a one-act play which is included in the literary element.
(Beat. Howell goes out. Mila continues boxing things. Her cell phone rings. Its ringing tone is an ordinary
one taken from her bag. She answers the call.)
Mila: Hello? Yes, Dad… No, were still boxing ma’am Mendoza’s things… Yes, but Val texted he’s still
caught in the traffic. An hour more, maybe … No, Benjie is not with me. He’s still in the lab … He can’t
force organometallics to catalyse even if it’s for his thesis … No, don’t wait for us. You have to take your
medicine by seven. Eat your dinner now … Don’t start with your fish bone story. You haven’t had a fish
bone pulled from your throat since Benjie was born … No, Val won’t join us for dinner. It’s a three-hour
drive He has to start back home after he gets his mother’s stuff … I don’t know about Howell… Now,
stop with your excuses, Dad we’ll have meat once your arteries are de-clogged … Of course I won’t
bend.
I don’t care if you hate fish. It’s what’s good for you now. And I already told Manang to spy on you. So
don’t you dare go out to have meat. (Laughs a little) She’ll drag you back to the house with all the might
of her sumo wrestler weight … Dad, dad, listen. You know I have to keep you alive ‘til we visit Mabel and
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Marnie at Texas next year. We’ll take Benjie with us then show them where they were all convinced …
(Laughs a little) Now don’t be coy, Dad. Come on. Have fish for dinner, take your medicines, I’ll be home
in an hour. Bye, Dad.
(Mila terminates the call, returns her cell phone to her bag. She tries to carry the filing cabinet. She gives
up after two attempts. Them, she starts pushing it. Howell enters.)
The various genres of literature and its sub-genres changes through time. The invention of electricity,
use of electronics and other modern technology affected how people view life and express themselves
differently from their contemporaries 10 years, 20 years, or a hundred years ago.
Technology made our lives easier than the last decade. It made people work fast. Beating deadlines
and presenting marketing and management strategies creatively. These changes have also brought
new literary genres that gave us new avenues of expressing ourselves; like cell phones and computer
screens. These new genres include mobile textula, hyperpoetry, flash fiction, chick lit and blogs.
To understand these new genres, their definitions are given below to give you clue on how
similar or different they are from the major genres of literature.
1. Hyperpoetry- It is poetry uploaded in the internet. Its medium is the computer screen.
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Pain is earthly and temporal
Sacrifice is surely irrational
Hope is hazily conventional
Existence is hastily corporeal
2. Mobile Textula - It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is sent through SMS on mobile
phone. It consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables using (/) to end a line and (//) to end the stanza.
From: MaryelKate
Mamamaya’y balisa /
Gobyerno’y aligaga /
Salut na karamdaman /
Hinde nalulunasan //
3. Flash Fiction – It is telling a story in a few words, usually about 100-1000 words or less. A flash
fiction can be as short as Earnest Hemingway’s 6-word memoir, “For sale: baby’s shoes; never
worn.”
The example below was written by former student to express a person’s many facets as an
individual:
They have known him as a weakling and a loser. He never said a word or done a
thing to defend himself or speak what was on his mind.
Ten years have passed and here I am waiting for my son’s return from Manila. There he is…
accomplished, full-fledged doctor, and a hero of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Raniel Cuñado
Grade 12 HUMSS A
FNHS 2019-2020
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4. Chick Lit - It is a heroine-centered fiction narrative; usually focus on the trials of the protagonist.
Below is an excerpt of a chick lit taken from Wattpad. One needs to download the Wattpad App
and the story to experience reading chick lit.
It was a wonderful day because it is our 4th wedding anniversary. We took a day off to celebrate
it. I woke up at 2:30 in the morning to cook and to prepare a little surprise. He usually surprises me but
this time I wanted him start and enjoy the day differently.
When I was done cooking, I cleaned our living room. I set a table for two with wine at the center
and partially covered the floor with petals.
When I set it all up I texted him.
“Hon, let us go downstairs. Don't forget to wear white, I love it when you wear white. I said
with a smile.
“Okay, I'll be there in a minute.” He texted back.
I put down the mobile phone and waited for him. I turned on the CD player with our favorite
song, “I’ll Be” by Edwin McCain.
I was wearing a white jumper suit and as the song started to play, a handsome man in white
shirt and pants walked down the stairs.
“Happy 4th anniversary, Hon.” I said as I came close to him and hugged him tight.
“Hon, you surprised me. Thank you and I love you.” He said smiling at me.
5. Blog - a regularly updated web page or website that is written in conversational style.
Here is a sample blog uploaded on March 15, 2020 on the author’s Facebook page.
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Raniel Cuñado
Grade 12 HUMSS A
FNHS 2019-2020
NAME:_____________________________ DATE:_____________________
GRADE AND SEC:_____________________ SCORE:_______ PT#: Q1_PT2
Try your writing skills by choosing one (1) task from the given tasks below. Write on a separate
answer sheet and submit it to your teacher with this module (as needed).
1. Write an original poem and upload it in the internet using Facebook. It must consist of 3
quatrains, must have rhythm or rhyme, and remember to use literary devices to provide vivid
description and intense feeling
2. Send your teacher a mobile textula through SMS. Write a poem using the tanaga format about
your feeling, ideas, opinions, love, or frustration about the current pandemic and community
quarantine. Remember to use / to end your lines and // to end your stanza.
3. Write a flash fiction using 150 words with 1 setting and 2-3 characters about your parents’ and
your experience on they dealt with the scarcity of income during the CoVid-19 Pandemic.
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RUBRICS:
Features 10 9 8 7
NAME:_____________________________ DATE:_____________________
GRADE AND SEC:_____________________ SCORE:_____ WW#: Q1_WW2
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space provided before
the number.
a. plot
b. facts
c. setting
d. characters
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________3. How does literary nonfiction differ from fiction?
________4. If you're experiencing a piece of fiction that's being performed on stage, joining
monologues and dialogues by characters with stage directions, then what kind of fiction are you
experiencing?
a. drama
b. poetry
c. fiction
d. nonfiction
________5. Which literary form is written in ordinary, non-metrical language and communicates facts
or opinions about reality?
a. poetry
b. drama
c. fiction
d. nonfiction
a. drama
b. fiction
c. poetry
d. nonfiction
________ 7. An anonymous, timeless, placeless story that was originally told rather than written.
a. poetry
b. folk Tale
c. fantasy
d. historical fiction
________8. It is telling a story with less than 1000 words to condense a story into fewest words
possible. It emphasizes plot than other elements of the story.
a. blog
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b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry
_______9. It is a story that tells about women, their lives, trials, tribulations, and success.
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry
a. blog
b. chick lit
c. flash fiction
d. hyperpoetry
a. mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction
________ 12. It is a fictional love story set during a time in our past like The Death March, Edsa
Revolution and World War II.
a. mystery
b. suspense
c. realistic fiction
d. historical fiction
________ 13. It is a futuristic adventure in space with robots and cyborgs as characters.
a. science fiction
b. realistic fiction
c. historical fiction
d. futuristic fiction
a. tercet
b. sestet
c. couplet
d. quatrain
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________15. It refers to a literary device that imitates sound for emphasis.
a. simile
b. metaphor
c. synecdoche
d. onomatopoeia
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