Poptronics 1975 08
Poptronics 1975 08
Popular Electronics
W'ORLD'S LARGEST- SELLXNG ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE AUGUST 1975/75c
Will Audio
Go Digital?
Listen to Your
Heart with
Do und
Imitating Musical
Instruments with
ynthesized Sound
*7- ..a.:-2.1t~
You GET
WHAT You
PAY FOR.
Hy -Gain grew up in the quality that's made our .Hy-Gain distributor for
west, where the going can antennas the performance details or write for our
be mighty tough. And we leader of the industry. free CB catalog.
found out early its
For years, we've been You wouldn't buy
important to give a man
making CB radios and anything less than the
the best for his money.
antenna systems for every best for your vehicle, don't
So it is with our new installation, from the settle for a second -rate
Hy -Range CB radios. They simplest to the most radio. Buy Hy -Gain.
have the same Hy -Gain elaborate. Check with your
yYlt.
.--.
CIRCLE NO 26 ON READER SERVICE CARD
World's Most Inexpe ASIC Language System
L *
BankAmericard u
6328 Linn, N.E., Albuquerque, NM 87108 505/265 -7553 Warrant-: 90 days on parts tor kits and 90 days on parts and labor tor assembled units.
Prices, specifications and delivery subject to change.
CIRCLE NO. 34 ON READER SERVICE CARO
AUGUST 1975
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New Mallory Ni-Cad Batteries.
Economical recharging -
Mallory BC -1 Charger draws only two watts.
Team these long -life nickel- cadmium cells and you'll never run out of battery power
with an automatic Mallory Charger, and you again. They recharge to full strength, two or
can recharge them 1000 times, or more. four at a time. And unlike ordinary dry cells
You II be sure of having fresh D, C, and AA that lose voltage during discharge, Mallory
batteries, while saving money, time and Ni -Cads with a full charge maintain operating
trouble. Mallory Rechargeable Nickel - voltage during the entire work cycle. You get
Cadmium Batteries keep on coming back for maximum power, continuously, for top product
more In electronic calculators, tape recorders, performance.
radios, cameras, toys, other battery -powered For the long run, Mallory Rechargeable
products. Ni -Cads ... the 1000 -time batteries. Get them
Keep a spare set of Mallory Ni -Cads on hand, now at your Mallory Distributor.
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AUGUST 1975 VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2
FEATURE ARTICLES
ELECTRONIC CROSSOVER NETWORKS FOR HI -FI Leonard Feldman 33
What they are, how they work, and how you can design your own.
IMITATING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH SYNTHESIZED SOUND Don Lancaster 37
How the sounds of traditional instruments can be produced electronically.
SPECIAL REPORT ON CB TRANSCEIVERS
USER'S BUYING GUIDE TO CB BASE STATIONS John J. McVeigh 45
What to look for in terms of performance.
BASE STATION EQUIPMENT DIRECTORY 48
Specifications, features, and prices.
CB COMMUNICATION RANGE Leo Sands 53
The factors that affect the "talk power" of your CB station.
CONSTRUCTION ARTICLES
A DIGITAL TIMER-SCOREBOARD FOR ATHLETIC EVENTS Philip Harms 27
Giant -sized readout for schools and amateur sports.
LISTEN TO YOUR HEART WITH DOPPLER ULTRASOUND Joseph Jaffe 60
Stethoscope lets you hear snapping of heart valves and blood -flow sounds.
A SIMPLE ON -BOARD TESTER John T. Frye 70
Checks many components with the aid of a scope.
COLUMNS
STEREO SCENE Ralph Hodges 16
Will Audio Go Digital?
SOLID STATE Lou Garner 78
Audio Amplifiers for Hobbyists.
HOBBY SCENE Editorial Staff 85
DEPARTMENTS
EDITORIAL Art Salsberg 4
No Frowns in Distributor Land.
LETTERS 6
NEW PRODUCTS 12
NEW LITERATURE 14
ELECTRONICS LIBRARY 86
ADVERTISERS' INDEX 100
POPULAR ELECTRONICS. August 1975. Volume 8. Number 2. Pub- Ziff -Davis also publishes Boating. Car and Driver. Cycle, Flying. Modern
lished monthly at One Park Avenue. New York, NY 10016 One year sub- Bride. Popular Photography. Skiing and Stereo Review
scription rate for U.S.. $6.98; U.S. Possessions and Canada. 57.98. all Editorial correspondence: POPULAR ELECTRONICS, Park Ave.. New
1
other countries. $8.98. Second Class postage paid at New York. NY and at York. NY 10016. Editorial contributions must be accompanied by return
additional mailing offices. Authorized as second class mail by the Post postage and will be handled with reasonable care: however. publisher
Office Department. Ottawa. Canada and for payment of postage in cash. assumes no responsibility for return or safety of manuscripts, art work. or
Subscription service and Forms 3579. P.O. Box 2774. Boulder, CO 80302. models
POPULAR ELECTRONICS including ELECTRONICS WORLD. Trade Forms 3579 and all subscription correspondence: POPULAR ELEC-
Mark Registered Indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. TRONICS. Circulation Dept.. P.O. Box 2774. Boulder. CO 80302. Please
COPYRIGHT '1975 BY ZIFF -DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. ALL allow at least eight weeks for change of address. Include your old address.
IUF11J HtJtHVtU. enclosing. if possible. an address label from a recent issue.
AUGUST 1975 3
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Popular Ellantrimino®
EDGAR W. HOPPER
Publisher
Editorial
ARTHUR P. SALSBERG
Editorial Director
LESLIE SOLOMON
Trchmral FArtor
JOHN R. RIGGS
%fa witting, Editor
z
\nUUó \y
sNt
mot`
C' Member Audit Bureau
of Circulations
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Cobra 85:
Performance
plus Simplicity
If your want the most performance with are good if the meter reads normally.)
the easiest operation, you want Cobra 85. Cobra 85 operates from either 117VAC
Select any of 23 channels; adjust or 12VDC with detachable power cords,
squelch and volume -the rest is automatic. so you can use it as a mobile too.
Like talk -range extending Dynaboost You get big sound from the up front,
modulation circuitry that automatically carefully baffled speaker. You'll
gives you the most modulation the law hear clearly in your living room or car.
allows and built -in automatic noise Like every Cobra radio, Cobra 85 is
limiting that extends your listening backed by warranty service stations
range. The large illuminated meter in all 50 states. See the advanced
tells you the strength of incoming Cobra 85 styling at your dealer.
signals and your relative power output. You'll like its small size and price
(You know that your radio and antenna as weil as its superior performance.
www.americanradiohistory.com
points Mr. Hodges did not mention. The
Aee,i,/
Lr'/
first is head rotation, which is very impor-
tant on modern tape decks that do not have
PROBE
CAT.NO.
N pressure pads. Rotation must be set so that
the wear pattern is equal on both sides of
the head gap and, more important, for max-
imum output at 15,000 Hz. am certain that
I
Letters
5104 in most decks, any change in one align-
ment parameter will affect the other align-
ment parameters to some degree.
The second point, in azimuth alignment,
is the importance on a multi -channel deck
to check the phase relationships of the
MANUFACTURER CHANGES TYPE NUMBER tracks to each other. It is possible to read
maximum level at high frequencies and still
In Mac's Service Shop "Lightning Dam- be 180' out of phase.
CHECK FOUR FUNCTIONS In short, when it comes to a critical
age Insurance Jobs" (January 1975), re-
WITH CNE INSTRUMENT! ference was made to the General Electric alignment procedure, the job is best left to
Continuity Polarity No. 9L15CCB007 home lighting protector. a professional who has the knowledge and
Voltage Digital Logic The number for this item has been equipment to do the job correctly.
changed to 9L15DCB002. This device is a HOWARD M. LIEBERMAN
-
LIGHTWEIGHT POCKET SIZE 2- pole/3- conductor unit for 120 /240 -volt Audio Concepts
PROTECTIVE, VINYL C:IRRYIN grounded metal service. Spring Valley, N.Y.
POUCH. SEE YOUR FAVORITE RICHARD W. BEHNKE The column was not intended to be a
ELECTRONICS DISTRIBUTOR. Texas formal discourse on head alignment. It was
merely a loose discussion of a few cheap -
MANY USES FOR PE
and -dirty diagnostic tricks that might help
POPULAR ELECTRONICS is a most exciting one to keep tabs on a deck's variations in
and easy -to -read magazine. particularly
I performance. I share any reservations Mr.
appreciate the construction projects for Lieberman has about these procedures
Out of Tune
!
pressed as f /no, which is equal to d /fl,
where d is the lens diameter and fl is the
focal length. This part of the text should
GC ELECTRONICS
DVISION OF HYDROMETALS, INC. P> read, "The term f- number (this is the
ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS 61101 U.S.A. proper designation-not f /no) is used to In "Digital Marine /Auto Tachometer"
define the ratio of focal length to lens (June 1975), the connection where the line
diameter and is expressed as f -no equal to coming from pin 5 crosses the line between
fl /d. pins and 8 of IC2 in the schematic should
1
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Royce
3on{ruc{íon -Range- PerThrmanee
New! Royce offers you a full line of professional antennas!
MODEL 2 -202. *MODEL 2 -205. *MODEL 2 -208. *MODEL 2 -222. *MODEL 2 -224.
MOBILE ANTENNA. MOBILE ANTENNA. MOBILE ANTENNA. MOBILE ANTENNA. MOBILE ANTENNA.
102" stainless steel 46" high. Trunk lip /hole Gutter clip type. Cen- High efficiency fiber- 48" high. Twin truck.
whip. Stainless steel mount. Spring, tapered ter loaded. Stainless glass. Trunk lip mount. Fiberglass shafts. Two
spring. 180° swivel stainless whip, chrome steel spring, bar and 50" high. Chrome West Coast mirror
mount. All hardware plated brass cup. In- whip, with 10 -foot low plated brass cup as- mounts, and a low loss
included. cludes hardware and loss coax assembly. sembly and 17 -foot low coax phasing harness.
17 -foot low loss coax loss coax cable as-
assembly: sembly.
Antennas in the Royce tradition of quality. Specially *MODEL 2 -223. MOBILE ANTENNA. Same as Model
designed to deliver maximum performance from your 2-224, except sirgle mirror mount antenna with low
Royce (or any brand) transceiver. loss coax assembly.
MODEL 2 -200. MCBILE ANTENNA. Stainless steel 102" MODEL 2 -230. MARINE VHF ANTENNA. 6db gain. 8%.
whip. Spring and bumper strap. foot. Includescycclac tilt mount and coax cable.
*MODEL 2 -203. MOBILE ANTENNA. 44" high. Rooftop MODEL 2 -234. MARINE CB ANTENNA. Stationary base
mount. 3/8" snap in base. Stainless steel spring and with 17 -foot coaxial assembly. High efficiency center
whip. With low loss coax assembly. load coil.
*MODEL 2 -209. MOBILE ANTENNA. 20" high Trunk MODEL 2 -240. POPULAR GROUND PLANE BASE
lip reduced size antenna. Stainless steel whip bar and ANTENNA.
spring with low IoEs coax assembly. MODEL 2-24.5. SKY- MASTER I. 1,2 WAVE 3.75 db GAIN
*MODEL 2 -210. PORTABLE ANTENNA. Screws in back BASE ANTENNA.
of set for temporary or portable use. MODEL 2 -250. SKY -MASTER II. 5/8 WAVE 5 db GAIN
* MODEL 2-220. MOBILE ANTENNA 48" high. Fiber- BASE ANTENNA.
glass shaft, top coil and stainless tuning tip. % "x24" stud.
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The real way to learn digital electronics!
the only
NRI is
school to train
you at home on
areal digital
computer.
MOM
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Only NRI offers you five NRI's complete communication
TV/Audio Servicing Courses course includes your own
CB Training Transceiver
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NEW single- and dual -gate FET's, and relative
front -to -back ratios of diodes. A conduc-
tive foam pad on the front panel is included
to discharge FET leads. A special "square -
law" meter makes possible one extended
high range for all tests. Relative gain readings
are indicated on a single "good -bad"
Electronics
Catalog CLARION UNDER -DASH CASSETTE
WALL -LENK SOLDERING PISTOL PLAYER /RECORDER
Mail this card to-
day, or reserve a
Wall -Lenk's new Model 2116 is a light- The Clarion Model 812 car cassette player
copy through weight, 30 -watt pistol -grip soldering gun. It features record capability, a microphone
your Lafayette is UL listed and has a nylon handle that is with coiled cord and an on /off switch for
store. said to stay cool even during prolonged
use. The pistol is balanced for comfort, and
its heating element reaches operating
1
Dept. 35085
temperature in a few seconds, according to
the manufacturer.
CIRCLE NO. 11 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Lafayette Radio Electronics
111 Jericho Tpke., Syosset, New York 11791
RCA PORTABLE SEMICONDUCTOR CHECKER
Send me your FREE 1976 Catalog
The new portable, battery -powered
Name Transistor /Diode /FET Checker, Model stop /start operation, and automatic re-
WC- 506B by RCA, permits quick checks of verse. Also included are fast forward /re-
Address Apt.
both in- and out-of- circuit devices. The in- wind and volume, tone, and balance con-
City State
strument provides four ways to connect a trols, automatic or manual program switch-
Zip
12 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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KENWOOD LUXURY RECEIVER
The new KR -9400 stereo receiver boasts
120 watts rms /channel into 8 ohms be-
tween 20 and 20,000 Hz, with no more than
0.1°ro THD. The amplifier section uses
BUILD&TEST
direct-coupled output circuitry, and a pro-
Bring IC leads
$5
from pc board for fast signal tracing and
troubleshooting. Inject signals. Wire unused circuits
into boards. Scope probes and test leads lock onto
Dynagrip inset (see circle) for hands -off testing. Plastic
construction eliminates springs, pivots. Non -corrosive
nickel /silver contacts for simultaneous
low resistance connections.
PC -14, 14 -pin Proto Clip, $4.50 ea.
PC -16, 16 -pin Proto Clip, $4.75 ea.
Add 75C shipping /handling.
Order today off -the -shelf from CSC
or local distributor. Charge: BAC,
MC, AX. Write for free catalog. Free
English /Metric Slide Rule with each
order. Dealer inquiries invited. =M--. =Continental Specialties Corp.
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1 a
arowninl
Browning Laboratories, Inc.
Energy Electronic Product's Resistor Set
Model RS 10 contains over 2700 1/4 -watt,
5% carbon film resistors. Included are 170
different values from 0.51 ohms up to 5.6
new VOM's, as well as Triplett's tempera-
ture testers, special feature testers, and
general -purpose portable units. The
catalog also contains a product selection
1269 Union Avenue megohms. The quantity of each value has guide for easy comparison of the
Laconia, New Hampshire 0324~ been chosen for its average frequency of manufacturer's various units. Address:
Telephone (E03) 524 -5454 applications in electronic design. $126.00 Triplett Corporation, Dept. PR, Bluffton,
CIRCLE NO 81 ON READER SERVICE CARD OH 45817.
CIRCLE WO. 12 ON READER SERVICE CARD
14 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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Get the news before it's news...
witha "behind-the -scenes °Scanner Radio from
Pocket -size Realistic scanners seek and lock -in on exciting police,
fire and emergency calls, even continuous weathercasts* There's
one to cover the action in your area -11 models in all.
Radio Shack!
PRO -6- VHF-Hi and VHF -Low
Electronically scans up to 4 crystal -con-
trolled channels on 148 -174 or 30 -50
MHz. Stops on each active channel until
conversation ends, then resumes scan-
ning. You don't miss a thing -it's like 4
radios in one. Lighted channel indicators,
switches for bypassing any channels,
scan /manual switch, variable volume and
squelch, tuilt-in antenna, earphone jack.
With 4 "AA" cells. Requires up
to 4 crystals. #20 -171. 11995
PRO -4A- VHF-Hi Band
Like the PRO -6, but covers VHF -
Hi only. #20 -174 9995
PRO -5 UHF "Metro" Band
Same as the PRO -4A, but covers 450-470
MHz used in many larger cities. 1199
#20-169.
Accessories Available. Plug -in antenna.
1 2VDC adapter, AC adapter /battery
charger, rechargeable batteries.
Name Apt. No
"loft -7QEAa L/SÍ7L
Street
City
State _ ZIP
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Bank Americard at
A TANDY CORPORATION COMPANY
OVER 3000 STORES 50 STATES 7 COUNTRIES
participating stores
L- .J Reiail prices may vary at individual stores
CIRCLE NO 42 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AUGUST 1975 15
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timing notation, derived from a very
stable and accurate electronic clock.
This notation can drive a mechanical
servo system that regulates the rate at
which the recording is scanned (a
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ONE -TIME OFFER
TO READERS OF
POPULAR
What does it take to
ELECTRONICS
ONLY
build the world's smallest
SAVE 15
Regular Price $49.95
scientific calculator?
About three hours. And only $34.95
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Bell &Howell Schools inviles you to
BREAK IN 4IL
Pick up new professional
skills in this exciting
field as you build
Bell & Howell's new
quadraphonic audio center.
It's the very first
learn-at-home program
of its kind!
You've probably heard a lot about Completely different from the typical We'll start you off on the right foot.
4- channel sound by now. It's the most kind of school you grew up with. You may be thinking, "I don't have
talked about and impressive technical Learning all about quad sound with any training in electronics ... I might be
advancement in sound in years. Sepa- Bell & Howell Schools is a lot more getting in over my head."
rately recorded channels literally wrap a interesting and convenient than "school" Well, you can stop worrying about
room in sound for a totally new listening used to be. First of all, we know you that. You don't need previous experi-
experience. can't afford to quit your job. So we set ence. You'll begin with the basics and
And the excitement doesn't stop up a program that lets you work at home acquire a thorough understanding of the
there. Thanks to Bell & Howell Schools' in your spare time. fundamentals before moving on.
brand new learning program, now you There are no classes to attend. No dry And remember, it's not just reading.
can explore quad sound for yourself - lectures to sit through. Everything With your very first lesson you get our
from the inside out -and master the comes to you in the mail. Lesson by LAB STARTER KIT, consisting of a
technology behind this important lesson. Exciting package after package. simple voltmeter and electronics "bread-
advancement right in your own home! And you work at a flexible pace in the board" you can experiment with
It's your opportunity to break away relaxed atmosphere of your workshop - right away.
from the everyday routine and learn or wherever your favorite spot may be. Of course, if you're already into
new occupational skills that could lead electronics, you might be thinking,
you in exciting new directions. Mail the Sure, books are important. "I already know the basics ... I want to
attached card, postage free, to get the But they're only the beginning. get into the advanced stuff right away!"
facts today! With this fascinating learn -at-home For you there's an advanced standing
Take hold of opportunity with program, you do a lot more than just program that lets you skip the begin-
both hands now! read about electronics. You'll conduct ning lessons.
The world around you is changing dozens of experiments . .. build your Next you build the exclusive
every day. Forging ahead. The man who own laboratory equipment for testing Electro -Lab® electronics
keeps pace is the man who continues to out electronics principles . .. and also as training system.
learn and grow. He's in the mainstream part of this program you put together a Once you've mastered the basics,
of life. Interested in what's going on. 4 -channel amplifier and FM /FM stereo we'll send you everything you need to
And he's much more interesting, too. tuner as you delve into advanced audio put together these three important test-
Bell & Howell Schools' new 4- channel technology. ing instruments:
audio program was designed to help The design console. You use it to set
you learn and grow. To put you in the up and examine various kinds of cir-
mainstream of audio electronics tech- cuits. It's completely modular . .. no
nology. Where you can delve into soldering!
fascinating electronics principles. Solve The digital multimeter. Use it to
challenging problems and get actual measure voltage, current and resistance.
hands -on, build-it-yourself experience. We try to make learning so interesting Displays data accurately in big, clear
And where you can acquire a sense of you look forward to receiving each new numbers -just like on a digital clock.
satisfaction and accomplishment you lesson. And enthusiastically dive into The solid-state "triggered- sweep"
may not currently be getting. each new project we send you. oscilloscope. Use it to analyze modern,
18 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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HANNEL AUDIO! applied audio technology. So you
35 watts per .channel -Min. RMS into 8 ohms
at less than 0.25% total harmonic distortion from actually have an easier time with it.
20- 20,000 Hz, all channels fully driven.
Special learning opportunities give
As you build and experiment with this you extra help and attention.
remarkable piece of equipment, you'll lit case you do run into a problem or
learn about matrix 4- channel and two, we're ready to give you more help
discrete-including CD -4 when proc- and personal attention than you'd expect
essed through an external demodulator. from most learn -at-home programs.
And with it you'll have the advanced For example, many home study
circuitry you need to get into signal schools ask you to mail in your ques-
tracing low level circuits ... trouble- tions. Bell & Howell Schools gives you
shooting high power amplifier stages ... a toll -free number to call for answers
and checking the operation of tone you need right away.
control circuits. Few home study schools offer per-
Next, the advanced FM -FM stereo sonal contact with instructors. Bell &
state -of- the -art integrated circuits.
tuner. As you build this superb stereo Howell Schools organizes "help ses-
Triggered-sweep feature locks in signals
tuner, you'll come to fully understand sions" in 50 major cities at various times
for easier observation.
These three superb testing instru- how the advanced, "state -of- the -art" during the year -where you can discuss
features lead to such high performance. problems with fellow students and
ments are the basis of your own home
You'll learn about all solid -state con- instructors in person.
electronics laboratory. You'll use them
throughout the program as you move struction, FET front end for superior And when you're done, you'll know
into more advanced electronics prin- sensitivity, crystal IF filters for wide a lot more than just 4- channel sound!
ciples and work into audio technology. bandwidth and the superior multiplex You'll have covered the complete
circuit that produces such excellent. spectrum of electronics principles, lead-
Bell & Howell's high performance stereo separation. ing to a full understanding of audio
4-channel audio center you actually technology.
build and experiment with yourself! A wealth of 'knowledge in
digestible chunks. And while no school can promise you
You need practical experience with a job or income opportunity, you will
O.K.! So now you might be thinking,
high caliber equipment to develop pro- have occupational skills necessary to
fessional skills and understand the ins "It sounds really interesting ... but kind
of complicated." And you're right. become a full -service technician. With
and outs of today's audio technology. the ability to work on the entire range of
But that is why we use the "hands on"
So we came up with a system that audio equipment. Such as tape recorders,
Bell & HowelI is proud to have its
teaching approach.
We've taken all the material and cassette players, FM antennas and com-
name on: mercial sound systems. You'll know
broken it down into short, simple-to-
First, there's the sophisticated out- audio technology from the inside out.
grasp lessons, so you can master one
standing 4- channel amplifier And you'll be proud of it.
with SQ full -logic decoding thing at a time before moving on. And
we take you through it step by step. Plus you will have the basic skills that
and front to back separation. apply to the entire electronics field, in-
From the basics to advanced theory to
cluding television technology and repair.
For more details, mail card today!
Here's your chance to break out of
the mold. And break into 4- channel
audio with Bell & Howell Schools. Why
not look into it today. Mail the attached
postage -paid card now.
Taken for vocational purposes, this
program is approved by the state
approval agency for Veterans' Benefits.
Wood cabinets available at extra cost.
" Electro- Lab®" is a registered trademark
of the Bell & Howell Company
If card has been removed, write:
An Electronics Home Study School
DVRVInSTITl1TEOFTECHOOLOGV 766 R2
ONE OF TIE
l
BELL E HOWELL SCHOOLS
4141 Belmont, Chicago, Illinois 60641
AUGUST 1975 LI
www.americanradiohistory.com
dibly perfect reproduction without A
VOLTS
blowing a simple instruction sheet up
into a lengthy (and expensive) book.
How do you convert music to num-
bers? You could use any number of
systems, as long as you're consistent.
Figure 1 shows, for example, a musi-
cal waveform (such as a microphone
output) of perhaps a millisecond's du-
ration applied to a rectangular coor-
dinate system; the t axis is time, and A
is amplitude (voltage or current). Any
point on the waveform can obviously
be expressed in coordinate values of A
and t. and that is how the waveform 2 3 4 5 6
-nt -I
t
5
---J
r---
4
3
MODEL MS 119 Super Scanner electronic beam
antenna with control console 2
o
irantenna specialists co. l-nt--1
2 3 4 5 6 t
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do so but we would have to add more
bits, just as we have to add columns to
the right of the decimal point in our
own number system.
AP
terminal Et
solderless
plug -in
The binary code described here lets
us put the information we feed to the
distribution universal
computer somewhat in a suitable strips breadboarding
form. Still, were hard pressed to ex- elements
press the amplitude of the waveform
at any instant with only the 15 num-
bers of a four-bit code. First of all, if
the waveform should go below zero,
merely to be able to express all the
whole numbers will require an addi-
tional bit to distinguish between posi-
tive and negative values. (A 0, meaning
positive, or a 1, meaning negative.
preceding the four -bit digital "word for fast
will readily accomplish that function). circuit buildup
and checkout
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Second, we must worry a lot about rate, giving rise to heterodyne (sum of elegant ways to cheat on the
values that fall between the numbers and difference) tones of the two fre- analog -to- digital converter. One is the
we have available. The value 5.5, for quencies. The difference tone is lower "dither" technique, in which a trace of
example, cannot be expressed by our in frequency than either the signal or random noise is fed to the converter
four -bit system; it will have to write the sampling rate, and thus it tends to along with the signal. The noise keeps
5 (0101) or 6 (0110) in its place. The get heard. The sum tone is inaudible. the least significant bit occupied with
difference between 5.5 and the 5 or 6 The phenomenon is called aliasing. It things other than the low -level sine
the converter gets from it i5 the is equivalent to gross intermodulation wave, so that the process won't pro-
quantization error, and it is something distortion. duce a series of higher harmonics.
you have to put up with unless you can In front of the input of any digital The result, of course, is some noise in
afford to divide up the values (with audio converter there will inevitably the output, but this is much more tol-
more bits) to achieve a closer approx- be a pretty sharp low -pass filter to erable to most ears than the reedy
imation to the actual value. What forestall such nuisance. The skirt of whine.
quantization errorsounds like is a sub- the filter determines where the sam- Another technique, mentioned
ject we'll approach a little later. pling rate must be placed to avoid specifically by Dr. Blesser, involves lit-
If all has gone well up to now, we trouble. But unfortunately, not -al- tle more than compression of the
confront our third problem: the re- lowed high frequencies may be gener- input signal, so that there are no low -
cording medium. Most existing digital ated within the converter itself under level signals. The input to the conver-
systems use magnetic tape, laying certain circumstances, with the same ter is fed by several amplifiers of in-
down the 1's and 0's as dc pulses and unwholesome effects. This takes us creasingly higher gain. The lowest -
non -pulses, or pulses of opposite po- back to quantization error and (again) level input signals are switched
larity, or ac pulses with two discrete to Dr. Blesser. through the highest -gain amplifier,
frequencies. But whatever the system Quantization error results in distor- and when the signal is recovered,
of recording, tape has a notoriously tion of the output waveform-dis- there is a complementary amplifier
limited packing density; you're al- tortion that does not strictly corres- array to undo the compression, con-
lowed just so many bits per inch. More pond to the spurious products we're trolled by information digitized along
information per time unit can be re- used to from analog devices, but with the program. The approach is
corded by increasing tape speed measurable by HD and IM analyzers quite similar to that used by the non-
(sometimes to absurdity), or it is cer- nonetheless, and just as audible. In linear amplifiers in the Dolby system
tainly possible to use several tape complex, high -level signals, quantiza- and other analog noise reducers. (In
tracks for one audio channel. How- tion error sounds like hiss (white fact, nonlinearcompanderand coding
ever, you're still at the mercy of those noise), although it doesn't come from schemes also turn up in digital sys-
imperfections in the tape that cause the tape or from thermal noise in the tems.) It's most reminiscent of the
dropouts. If the bit in the farthest -to- electronics. It is simply (I would guess) Dynatrack noise -reduction technique
the -right column (the "least signifi- the sum of highly randomized mis- that Mullin devised for 3M: recording
cant bit" or LSB) happens to get re- takes made by the recording system. high- and low -level signals on sepa-
corded on a tape dropout hole, the However, for simpler, low -level sig- rate tape tracks, whilst employing
consequences are not likely to be too nals, the audible character of quanti- high -gain electronics for the low -level
dire. But if it's the leftmost digit (MSB, zation noise changes. track.
or "most significant bit "), the perfor- Consider a sine wave so low in level
mance of your electronics must be that its fluctuating value is expressed Then Why Digital? According to
phenomenal if you don't get a dis- only by the least significant bit in the Blesser, none of the above will suc-
tinctly audible pop or other sonic system. The device that quantizes the ceed in reducing quantization error,
clunker as a result. waveform can at best indicate only its but it will convert the offensive noise
maximum values in the positive and into a form we can live with. Beyond
Sampling Rate. Leaving for the negative directions. There are no bits that, the way to reduce error is
moment the problem of recording left to chronicle the rate of its rise and to increase the number of bits
amplitude values, let's take a closer fall. To the quantizer, therefore, this available -an expensive remedy right
look at the time axis. Our "sampling" sine wave is indistinguishable from a now, but surely not for always. In
of the waveform is done at a uniform square wave, and a square wave, as we terms of naked semiconductor hard-
rate with samples separated by a know, possesses an infinite series of ware, a bit cost about 10 cents a few
more-or -less short space of time. How odd -order higher harmonics. Some of years ago; the price is now more like
frequently should we sample? The these harmonics will fall above the 1/10 of a cent (figures provided by
rule is that the sampling frequency highest frequency the sampler can Mahlon D. Burkhard at the Midwest
must be at least twice the highest sine handle, and up come the beat tones Acoustics Conference).
wave of frequency of interest -40 kHz again. Of course, no typical audio Is it worth all the trouble and ex-
for a 20 -kHz audio bandwidth, for ex- signal is a simple sine wave, so the pense? Again, perhaps not im-
ample. And in fact, we must do every- usual result is several beat tones, mediately, but it certainly will be
thing possible to prevent a signal fre- creating a dreadful, whining accom- someday. Several of the speakers at
quency higher than 20 kHz from reach- paniment to the music. the conference brought along tapes to
ing a 40 -kHz sampler. The reason is demonstrate digital audio at its worst
simple. A signal frequency above 20 The Fix Is In. To diminish the beat and best. It was obvious, even from a
kHz cannot be adequately sampled. tones, which are always much more brief listening, that digital's best is
When this state of affairs crops up, the annoying than the white -noise form of very good indeed. So let it come if it
signal is modulated by the sampling quantization error, there are a couple will; I'll buy it, if can afford it.
I
24 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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New 2lZjiagjHêathkit digital-design Color TV
Popular Electronics editors called the digital- design GR -2000 "the
color TV of the future." Now you can enjoy the same technology and
features in the new GR -2050 with the convenient, popular 21 -inch pic-
ture tube.
On-screen electronic digital channel numbers -big, bright, bold, and
easy to read, even from across the room. On-screen electronic digital
clock time -low cost insurance against missed programs. In 12 or 24 12:3524
hour format, 4 or 6 digits. Silent, electronic, touch -tuning, thanks to
the combination VHF -UHF varactor tuner. No knobs to turn, nothing to
wear out. Just touch to tune...on the front panel or the Remote. Pro-
grammable digital counter /channel selector -a
computer -like pro-
gramming board for you to pre -program any 16 stations, UHF or VHF,
or both, in any order, even repeating if you wish. Touch the tune but-
ton and the counter silently sweeps up or down through all 16 chan-
nels, stopping when you release the button.
Exclusive fixed ten- section LC bandpass filter -does away with ad-
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it never needs instrument alignment.
100% solid- state -with more ICs than any other set and a black nega-
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Easy to build with modular circuits. Easy to service with built -in digi-
tal dot generator, check -out meter, and slide -out service drawer. Build
the GR -2050 TV of the future...Remote, $89.95. Cabinets from $119.95*
New Digital Tachometer is faster than New Breakerless Ignition Adapter devel-
New Model Railroad Control Center/ any meter -type tach. Numbers whirl by ops timing signal electronically so your
Power Supply provides acceleration and to show peak performance level your car is timed correctly at all speeds and
braking of unsurpassed realism plus engine reaches. Great for monitoring stays correct for longer periods. For use
power for two HO or N -gauge engines best cruising RPM for your car, camper, with C -D ignition systems only, it replaces
and accessories. Throttle slide control boat (inboard or outboard), planes, cy- the points of all pre -1975 GM V -8 and V -6
plus 5- position Brake switch (Run, Re- cles, mowers, tractors, even stationary engines, and all AMC V -8s with external
lease, Normal, Quick- Service, Emer- engines. 2 -digit electronic readout shows dwell adjustment. Unit mounts under
gency), and Mode switch (Momentum or RPMs from 100 to 9900 in 100 RPM hood; sensor mounts in distributor with-
Direct). Adjustable pulse width and fre- steps. For 4, 6, or 8 cyl., 4 -cycle engines; out removing points (switch returns en-
quency allow accurate control at low 2, 3, or 4 cyl. 2 -cycle engines; 2, 3, or gine to point timing when you wish).
speeds, eliminate "jack rabbit' starts.
Voltage control optimizes for each en-
4 -rotor Wankel engines; conventional,
C -D, or factory electron" ignitions (12 v.
Operates from -
37.2 °C to +85 °C. Easy
to build. Kit CP -1051, $44.95'.
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evenings. Kit RP -1065, $79.95 *. bracket. Kit CI -1079, $49.95`.
Send for
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CIRCLE NO 5 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AUGUST 1975 25
www.americanradiohistory.com
66(BRIM90900 111115.11kre
powERpvL:..
p "PENETR.4T/NG::.
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Speech Compression is built -in every Johnson CB radio.
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that penetrate noise and interference ... then boosts the level of
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www.americanradiohistory.com
Popular Electronics'
CONSTRUCTION AUGUST 1975
--
ELECTRONIC timers and score- The project has two independent the time and will start to operate
boards for athletic events are modes of operation timing and (either up or down) when timing is re-
often too expensive for amateur or- score displaying both remotely sumed.
ganizations and small school groups. controlled. Usually, the time is dis- The four -digit readout can be set to
This is particularly true of a display played, but while the score is being indicate a preset score. When the time
that can be read across a gymnasium displayed, the internal electronic is displayed, a colon is lit between the
or stadium. The combination timer/ clock keeps operating so that the time two sets of digits. For a score, there is
scoreboard described here can be display is always available. In addition, no colon. Provision is also made for an
built with readily available compo- the timing can be made to run back- instant test of all the display lamps.
nents (TTL logic), many of which can ward and the operator can start the The electronic portion of the
be obtained from surplus dealers. timer at any selected time and run the scoreboard control is easily assem-
Though variations on the display are time up or down from that point. If it is bled on printed circuit boards.
possible, the prototype has four sev- desired to stop the timing (for time - Though some carpentry is involved in
en- segment digits, each one foot high. outs in basketball or football), this can the construction of the display, it is not
It can be built for about $100. also be done. The readouts will hold beyond the capability of a high -school
AUGUST 1975 27
www.americanradiohistory.com
Photo of interior of prototype display board shows how lamps
are placed in each segment and for colon. Note plastic
front panel with all but figures painted flat black.
student. Ordinary 71/2 -watt lamps Circuit Operation. An overall logic Control Box. The control switches
(Christmas -tree type) are used to il- diagram is shown in Fig. 1. Portions of for the various functions are shown in
luminate the display. The remote con- the circuit are shown in individual Fig. 2. All of the circuits to which they
trol board and the display are con- schematics and will be discussed are connected are terminated in resis-
nected by a multi- conductor cable. separately. tors connected to the 5 -volt line.
!
1000'S B
100'S B
53 D
10'S B
C
I'S. B
LAMP TEST I I
S7
LOAD t I
S4 I
S9
56
SB
RESET
RUN
1II II
ND
i iii A B C
SECONDS DECODER
DI EI
(FIG 4)
G A B C D E G
CARRY
BORRO
A B C
MINUTES DEC OD ER
(FIG 5)
F G C D E G
+5V
CO
CLK
,i7VAC
RUN RE ET
POWER SUPPLY
AND
CLOCK
(FIG 3)
1_
1H
+5V
+9V
SEGMENT POWER
rUYULAM tLCl,I1fUPIR,
www.americanradiohistory.com
S3
C
1000'S
B
C
100' S
B
C
10'S
B
A
C
I'S
B
main electronic board, and relay board for two digits are in S7
one chassis. Relay boards for other two digits are in second chassis.
0--LAMP TEST
Thus, when the switches are open, the counter). To prevent contact bounce
LOAD
lines indicate a logic state.1 from the RUN switch from producing S4
0--0/
0-
The four sections of thumbwheel false signals, the switch signal is con- 40--TIME/SCORE
'.SCORE
switch S3 have a complementary BCD ditioned by /C7. The latter operates S5
output. Each section has a common IC1OC (an AND gate) to allow the 60-Hz -ß-c76 SSS
DOWN /UP
wiper contact and four output lines. signal to pass to the countdown cir- Sa
RESET
System ground is tied to each com- cuits.
mon line and the selected code is pre- $ RUN
sented at the output terminals. The Seconds Decoder. this circuitIn S9
complementary BCD code is as fol- (Fig. 4), IC12 is an up /down counter GND
C2
The other is a simple rectifier (D4) and D4 + 2000yF
AC TO IN4001
filter (C2) circuit to provide 9 volts for SEGMENT
LAMPS
+9V
10
14 5 17-171 5
7492
ZC9 S 14 ZCII
7490
1Hz
7400
Integrated circuit IC8 is a one-shot 6 7 10 7-1-7"-T
6 7 I
www.americanradiohistory.com
A
9 8
9
10
PARTS LIST 200 IC24C LOAD
3
0
plexer RESET
IC20 -7404 hex inverter
1C21,1C22 -74H21 dual 4-input AND
gate
IC23 -7473 dual JK flip -flop
1'8 SWITCH 53 10'5 SWITCH
IC24 -7410 triple 3-input NAND gate
K l to K29- 12- V reed relay +5V Á B C + V +5V
QI,Q3- 2N5225 transistor R14 RI5
Q2- 2N3055 transistor R17
/ --
I I
n,
RI- 150-ohm, -W resistor R13 RI6
/
I
IC15 15 15 ICI6
SI -Dpst switch
7 9 7 9
S2,S4,S6,S9 -Spst switch
S3- Four -decade thumbwheel switch
(EECO 1776 or similar)
S5 -Spst switch
S7- Normally open spst pushbutton
switch
S8- Normally closed spst pushbutton 2
12 5
15 10 9
12
switch -CARRY
IH= 4 ICI2 31 IC I?
Tl- 6.3 -V, 2 -A filament transformer
4 14 III I
I
I I
I I 4
14
BORROW
J
I II I I I I
RESET
display back; translucent white plastic E
RII ICI3
metal strips for segment dividers; suit- 7 6 15 10 2 5 II 141
31 41121131
able metal chassis; multiconductor TIME/ IC18
SCORE
cable; press -on type; mounting hard-
ware; line cord; perforated board; IC + 5V
121 131
7 2 6 7141
sockets (24); component mounting ;I
clips; etc. R12 IC14 IC19
I
LAMP
131 121 III 101 91 151 141 131 12 10 9 15 14
TEST
I
A
I1
BC
I
D
I
E
I
F
I
G A B C D E F G
POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
100'5 SWITCH S3 1000'9 SWITCH
+5v + 5V
ing down, the sequence is 5- 4-3-2-
s B C D Á B C D
R19
Rzo
III I 1
R2 3
V
RN 2VQN.
1-0-5-4 etc.
The feedback to produce this logic
I
R I I
is implemented as follows (for the up
R22 R26 count; the down count logic is identi-
cal). When the counter cycles from 5
to 6, we want it to replíce the 6 with a
O. The 6 count from IC' 7 is sensed by
LAMP -
1
TEST 71 I1 21 61 2 6
LAMPI COLOy
AC 1
12
When pin 11 of IC12 is low, the BCD
present on pins 15, 1, 10, and 9 is
loaded into the counter; and when tim- + 9V
SEGMENT
Decade counters can be cascaded IDENTIFICATION
For counting, up, the sequence must Fig. 6. There is one relay board for each digit in display.
be 1- 2- 3- 4- 5-0-1 -2 etc.; while for count- Relay circuit for colon display is on only one board.
AUGUST 1975 31
www.americanradiohistory.com
code from the thumbwheel switch
routed into the counter during the
normal loading time.
The minutes and tens of minutes
decoders are shown in Fig. 5. These
are conventional circuits receiving
+9V ) TO
BUZZER
www.americanradiohistory.com
What they are, how they work,
W4,./
FOR H IFI
BY LEONARD FELDMAN
THE FIRST thing you're likely The Crossover Network. With a In a simple two- driver speaker sys-
to learn about loudspeaker sys- single source of power energizing all tem, the typical circuit of a crossover
tems, whether through experience or of the drivers in a multi- speaker sys- network would look like that shown in
by reading about them, is that differ- tem, a device is needed to direct the Fig. 1A. The lower part of the network
ent speakers are needed for different proper portions of the audio band to would deliver to the woofer low fre-
portions of the audio spectrum. You their respective speakers. This device quencies up to some predetermined
need a woofer to handle deep bass is usually a passive capacitor/inductor point based on the values of inductor
tones and a tweeter to handle the network. L1 and capacitor Cl. Beyond the
highs. Very often, one or more extra
speakers are used to handle the mid-
range, upper bass range, and the
super highs.
The analogy is often made between
a multi- driver (speaker) system and a
human choral group in which basses,
baritones, tenors, mezzo- sopranos,
and coloraturas are all needed to
cover the spectrum of songs created
by composers. The analogy is valid
only up to a point. The chorus is
"powered" by as many human beings
as there are voices, each supplying the
acoustic "watts" for his or her range
of frequencies. The multi- driver
speaker system, on the other hand, is
usually powered by a single amplifier, The Crown International Model VFX-2 two-channel
feeding all drivers simultaneously. crossover network has .fixed 18-dB/octave rollgff
AUGUST 1975 33
www.americanradiohistory.com
selected point, all higher frequencies low- distortion fixed capacitors of high is shown in Fig. 2B.) How much power
would be attenuated, or "rolled off," at value. For example, if the speakers to would the amplifier now have to de-
a rate of 12 dB /octave by the lower be driven are rated at 8 ohms, L1 and liver to the speaker load? If you said
portion of the network. L2 would have to be about 2 mH in 100 watts, you are wrong. The com-
The upper portion of the network inductance. Since low- frequency bined 50 -Hz and 1000 -Hz tone
would be designed to pass all fre- audio current will be flowing through waveform would look like that shown
quencies beyond a certain point, de- Li within the pass band, the inductor in Fig. 2C. At 40 volts rms, its am-
termined by the values of C2 and L2. must be made from fairly heavy wire so plitude would be exactly twice that of
All frequencies below that point would that its dc resistance will be negligible either waveform by itself.
be attenuated at a rate of 12 dB/ oc- and the power dissipated within it will Since power varies as the square of
tave. be minimal. The values for Cl and C2 the voltage (P = E2/Z, where P is power
The response curves of both parts of would be greater than 30 µF, and in watts, E is voltage, and Z is the im-
the network are shown in Fig. 1B. The complicating matters would be the pedance of the speaker load), the am-
intersection of the curves is called the fact that these capacitors would have plifier would actually have to deliver
crossover point or frequency. Most to be nonpolarized. 200 watts to the load. An amplifier
crossover networks are designed so rated at 50 watts would have clipped
that the crossover point is 3 dB below Power and Harmonics. Modern re- the waveform horribly.
(half) the levels of the frequencies corded music hasmuch more
within the pass band of each part of dynamic range than was contained in a I
the network. Theoretically, if the recordings of a few years ago. This INPUT C2
FROM
TWEETER
crossover is at 600 Hz, the woofer and means that audio amplifiers must be POWER
AMP
the tweeter will each produce sounds able to respond to sudden large tran-
that are only half of that required at sient peaks and deliver accurate rep-
this frequency. The combined sound licas of high -amplitude signal wave-
power would then equal that required LI
forms without clipping or distorting.
by the original signal (1/2 + 1/2 = 1). To make matters worse, most popular CI WOOFER
When the theory is put into practice, sealed -enclosure speaker systems re-
problems often develop. What is sel- quire much more power for a given
dom mentioned concerning passive amount of sound output than did their
crossover networks is that even the large vented predecessors.
best of them introduce time -delay dis- Suppose that during a given instant
tortion in the region of the crossover of music the amplifier is called upon to 0
/7\
frequency. This occurs for a variety of deliver a few cycles of 50 -Hz tone at 20 20
reasons, including unequal phase de- volts rms. Assume that the amplifier 8
lays between the two halves of the will develop and deliver 50 watts of 30
network, differences in response power to the speaker output termi-
characteristics, differences in the ve- nals, to which an 8 -ohm speaker sys- 10 100 IK IOK 20K
FREQUENCY-142
locity of the sound coming from the tem is connected. If the amplifier is
Fig. i. (A) L/(' crossover networks
woofer and the tweeter, and many rated at 50 watts /channel output
(12 (lBloctace) and (B) response.
other variables. power, the signal waveform might ap-
Even if an ideal crossover network pear as shown in Fig. 2A.
were designed, the manufacturer Now, suppose that simultaneous When an amplifier clips off the tops
would still be faced with the problem with the 50 -Hz tone a 1000 -Hz burst, and bottoms of a musical waveform, it
of having to fabricate very large value also at 20 volts rms, appears at the creates unwanted harmonics (multi-
inductances and buying low -loss, output of the amplifier. (Its waveform ples of the desired frequencies that
were not in the original signal
waveform). Worse still, since the har-
monics might contain high- energy
content and, being at higher and
higher frequencies, some harmonics
might pass right through the upper fil-
ter section of the crossover network
and be fed to the tweeter. The network
cannot discriminate between the high
frequencies that are really part of the
music and high frequencies gener-
ated by harmonic distortion, but the
tweeter can. It is accustomed to ac-
commodating musical high frequen-
cies that usually contain much less
energy than is ordinarily contained in
ae,olvcen s.ec,nw.cc.swe.
rervws. boe r_ex the middle- and low- frequency regis-
ters. Faced with having to handle un-
natural amounts of high- frequency
U.S. Pioncer Electronics Model SF -850 crossover network energy, the tweeter either distorts
pro?ides.tor selection of 6 -, 12 -, or 18 -dB /octane slopes. badly or it burns out.
34 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
impedance is the impedance of the
CIRCUIT VALUES speaker elements themselves. So, in
FOR LOW -LEVEL NETWORKS such crossover networks, it is difficult
to vary crossover frequency without
changing the values of both the
capacitors and inductors. In the case
FR0 M TO HIGH
PREAMP FREQUENCY of low-level crossover networks work-
OUTPUT POWER AMP ing into the high- impedance input of
an amplifier, an arbitrary resistance
can be used to terminate the filter sec-
tions. It is, therefore, possible to work
TO LOW out a filter network for specific cross-
FREQUENCY
POWER AMP
over frequencies using a fixed value of
inductance and varying the values of
the capacitors and terminating resis-
tors.
Frequency Cl (NF) R1 (ohms) C2 (µF) R2 (ohms) Listed in the table are the compo-
1500
nent values for several popular cross-
' 500 Hz 0.04 0.06 1500
1200 Hz 0.062 1200 0.10 1200 over frequencies. These values apply
1000 Hz 0.01 1000 0.15 1000 to the crossover network shown. The
800 Hz 0.20 790 0.25 790 resistances have been chosen to be
650 Hz 0.25 600 0.40 600 low enough so that the parallel input
impedance of the following power
Clipping also causes a great deal of hind the current switch to bi- amplifiers will have little or no effect
intermodulation (IM) distortion to ap- amplification and tri- amplification, a on the frequency response character-
pear at the output of the amplifier. IM technique that has been used in pro- istic available at the woofer (low -
distortion, consisting of the sum and fessional studio monitoring and other frequency) and tweeter (high -fre-
difference between the two desired professional sound applications for quency) outputs.
frequencies, is far more annoying to years. Hi -fi enthusiasts who have rec- Low -level crossover networks have
the average listener than simple har- ognized the many advantages of a further advantage in that the termi-
monic distortion. multiple -amplifier /speaker systems nation is purely resistive and unvary-
Suppose that instead of feeding have also made the switch, usually by ing. Part of the problem with passive
both tones to the same amplifier we fabricating their own low-level filter networks introduced between the
fed each tone to a separate amplifier networks from scratch. amplifier and speaker system is that
and connected the woofer to one am- Making your own filter (crossover) they are presumed to terminate in a
plifier and the tweeter to the other am- network is not a formidable task. The constant impedance when in fact the
plifier. If each amplifier were rated at low-level network is introduced ahead impedance of each driver coupled to
50 watts or more output power, there of the power amplifiers in a system, the network varies widely with fre-
would be no clipping. The woofer usually between preamplifier and quency. Consequently, the carefully
would receive pure 50 -Hz energy, power amplifiers, and is therefore fed chosen capacitor and inductor values
while the tweeter would receive the from a low- impedance source and seldom yield the optimized transfer
same amplitude 1000 -Hz tone. drives a high- impedance load. As a re- characteristic shown in Fig. 1B. In
The sound power delivered to the sult, capacitor values become quite fact, a typical curve might exhibit a
listener would be exactly the same as low, while inductances -though somewhat random transfer charac-
if a single 200-watt amplifier, plus the greater in value-are not required to teristic as in Fig. 3.
conventional crossover network, had handle appreciable power and can be The situation becomes even more
been used, and there would be no quite small in size. complex when an attempt is made to
harmonic or IM distortion created at In passive crossover networks that design an 18 -dB /octave passive
the output of either amplifier or driver are connected between the amplifier crossover network such as shown in
element. This is the driving force be- and speaker system, the terminating Fig. 4. The reason is that this filter con-
Fly. 2. At (A) is 50-Hz, 20-V amplifier output tone; (B) is 1000 -Hz tone at same
/»litude; (C) is (A) and (B) combined with twice the cottage and four times the power.
AUGUST 1975 35
www.americanradiohistory.com
over frequencies for the particular sys- There is one precaution you should
tem and experiment with different take if you embark on a multiple -
slope rates for each of the two cross- amplifier project. Normally, when a
over points to determine which are the manufacturer installs a passive cross-
220 best. over network inside his speaker en-
0
With the other two level controls in closure, he takes pains to make sure
30
the crossover system turned fully that all drivers are connected in phase.
down in each case, adjust each level (This is particularly important when
10 loo 10K 20K
FREQUENCY -H. control in turn to obtain a random - connecting woofers and midrange
noise level reading of about 80 dB on drivers which, if accidentally hooked
Fig. .3. Idealized response of the SLM in each of the three bands. up out-of- phase, will cause their out-
Fig. i way actually be like this. Carefully note the exact setting of puts to cancel.) In the case of an elec-
each control as it is set. tronic crossover network and as-
figuration is also based on the as- Next, set all level controls to the sorted power amplifiers, there is no
sumption that the termination is a noted positions, and play some music guarantee that the various speakers in
constant -resistance load. through the system. As you listen to a system are wired in accordance with
Attempting to make the crossover the reproduced music, you might have the phasing indicated at the terminals.
network variable to compensate for to touch up the setting of one or two of Unless you are using identical
loudspeaker characteristics, listening
environments, and listener prefer-
the level controls to make the system power amplifiers for each driver -a
response as flat and neutral sounding rather expensive approach since in
ences is an almost hopeless task. as possible. Differences in individual most cases the tweeter does not need
Many manufacturers resort to simple speaker efficiencies and gains in the nearly as much power as do the mid-
L -pad controls that provide a means three power amplifiers might require range speaker and woofer-different
for adjusting the level of the energy widely different control settings in amplifiers might have different num-
fed to the driver itself, after the cross- each band, but this should be of no bers of stages. Ordinarily, each stage
over network. This further upsets the concern as long as the overall musical produces a 180° phase shift of the
impedance relationships between the response is smooth and flat when you waveform fed to it. So, you might well
theoretically designed network com- are finished. have one amplifier with an odd
ponents and their termination. It is Once the system is set up via the number of stages, with the result that
also quite difficult to design a passive controls on the active crossover net- the signals at their outputs will be 180°
crossover network with one slope rate work, the volume control on the pre- out -of -phase with each other.
for attenuating the low- frequency amplifier then becomes the system's Since you might not be able to in-
signals and another slope rate for at- master volume control. terpret the number of stages merely by
tenuating the high- frequency signals. looking at the amplifier's schematic,
But this is exactly the type of response the best way to solve the phasing prob-
that is often desirable with certain lem is by trial and error. Even in a
WOOFER
speaker combinations. For example, (IMPEDANCE
three -way system, there are only four
=Zw)
we might want to roll off the low fre- possible ways to hook up the mid-
quencies fed to the woofer at an range speaker and tweeter with re-
18 -dB /octave rate, while rolling off the
spect to the woofer. So, establish a
middle or high frequencies fed to the connection to the woofer and then try
TWEETER
midrange driver or tweeter at a more (IMPEDANCE
ZT) the four combinations of midrange
gradual 12 -dB /octave rate. and tweeter connections one by one.
Play only a single (mono) system at
Setting Up a System. It is more dif- LI=
3Zw
C2
I
-
dollars, but Radio Shack has one
the No. 33 -1028 that retails for only
- are increased. At the level where a
single -amplifier system would begin
to have audible distortion, the
which would make them large and un-
suited for bookshelf placement.
$49.95. multiple -amplifier system will still If your present speaker systems are
Here is one way you might set up an sound clean and distortion -free. of the small bookshelf variety,
active-crossover-netwo rk/tri-ampl if ier Further increases in volume will only chances are good that they are also
system using an FM tuner set between make the distortion more intolerable sealed -enclosure units. If they are
stations to serve as a wide -spectrum in the single -amplifier system, while sealed, you might not want to tear
noise generator and an SLM. First, de- the multiple -amplifier system will still into them -especially if they are ex-
termine which are the proper cross- be going strong. pensive and still under warranty. O
Pnalll AD Ca orronuIre
www.americanradiohistory.com
t4%3SICIIL "Isp4
.i%
,- -:t =
BY DON LANCASTER
IN A previous article ( "Timbre and some organ pipes, or diapasons, have The formant or fixed -filter method (or
and Voicing Circuits for Electronic strong second harmonics, obtained a voltage -controlled filter with a fixed
Music," June 1975), we discussed by adding extra energy (usually more input reference) is normally best for
techniques for altering the tonal qual- than is available in an unmodified saw - synthesizing traditional musical in-
ity of a basic waveform to produce the tooth) at twice the fundamental fre- strument sounds, although a tracking
desired musical effects. Now, we can quency. Filtered noise forms the basis filter or vcf is useful for changing har-
consider specific ways of synthesizing for many of the percussion instru- monic content during note decay and
the sounds of given traditional musi- ments, particularly drums. for sympathetic resonance effects.
cal instruments. Once we know how to While any of these techniques is a Precise control of many harmonics,
accomplish this, we can go on to de- good place to start and can produce a preferably the first 30 or so involved,
signing our own "voices" for the in- "clarinet- like" or a "trumpet- like" is required for successful voicing.
struments. (Imitating an instrument is tone, they will all sound less than real. Synthesis techniques that use or build
called "voicing." Proper voicing can So, let us look at some basic voicing up only the first few harmonics are
make an electronic instrument, while principles to find out what is needed doomed to failure. Harmonics 30 dB
improper voicing will break it.) in synthesized voices to make them and more down from the fundamental
As a gross and crude approximation sound more realistic. can have a significant effect on overall
to classes of instruments, you can use tone quality.
sine waves with slight amounts of Principles of Voicing. Successful Voicing must be accomplished in
second -harmonic content to imitate voicing schemes must customize both register to be successful. If a trumpet
flutes, piccolos, and bland tibia organ the envelope and the timbre to the in- has a certain acoustical range, the fil-
pipes. Sawtooth waveforms, with strument. Having a fixed envelope tering to imitate that range should
either additional high -pass filtering shape and changing only the timbre is handle only those notes a trumpet
for brightening or low-pass filtering just as bad as having a fixed timbre would normally cover. Extensions out
for softening or mellowing, produce and changing only the attack, sustain, of register on the high or low end will
string -like tones. The same sawtooth and decay characteristics of the voice. sound too bright or too shallow to be
waveforms passed through a fixed Admittedly, some instrument limita- realistic.
resonant bandpass filter circuit or two tions are somewhat tolerant of varia- Voicing must not be spread too thin
will produce a horn -like resonance. tions in envelope and timbre, but to do if it is to be successful. With modern
Square waves with some softening the job properly both envelope and low -cost operational -amplifier active
and perhaps some even -harmonic timbre must be controlled, in addition filters, there is no reason to use only
content added are useful as a source to adding special effects. one active filter for an entire voice reg-
of "hollow" or "woody" tones, such as Successful voicing cannot be ac- ister. By customizing the filtering to
those produced by the clarinet and complished with resistors and ca- one -third or one -half octave steps and
other woodwinds and some stopped pacitors alone. Active electronic fil- using multiple filters, a much better
organ pipes. Lower piano notes and ters or inductors are usually needed. continued on page 40
AUGUST 1975 37
www.americanradiohistory.com
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
(Numbers in parentheses give the instruments range, indicated by note and octave on the piano keyboard I
40
on the envelope. HERTZ SECONDS
38 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
French Horn (B1 -F5): Has a single
resonance at 500 Hz and much narrow-
RICH NOTE
er bandpass than the trombone. Rise-
time varies between 100and 20 ms, with LOw 11011'
NERTZ SECONDS
trum structure is characteristic of the
oboe. It has a 1050 -Hz resonance peak,
a 30-dB dip at 200 Hz, and a final high -
pass resonance at 3000 Hz. Much more
harmonic energy is in the oboe's sound
than in other instruments. The rise time
is 60 ms, sustain time is zero, and decay b
begins 100 ms after the start of the ENViLOFë
note. The envelope starts out relatively -sa
clean but then takes on a 10% noise os .1 .15 .2. .1s
modulation during the decay period. SECONDS
Piano (A0-C8): The absolute minimum tones, combined with sympathetic- each note. The waveform structure for
needed to create a piano voice is three resonance buildups and interactions the piano note is too complex to be
tone sources with non-harmonic over- of harmonic overtones with time for shown here.
-lo
Tuba tuba's voice has a
(F1 -F4): The
oo
single resonance peak located at 275 -m
Hz. A very pronounced horn blip is on
the attack edge of the envelope. Rise
time is 400 ms. 500 I K
HEkTZ
by a 150 -to- 300 -ms decay time. The en- -30 100 IK óK
velope exhibits some low- frequency NERTZ
noise modulation.
AUGUST 1975 39
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The better the training
the better you'll IN- CIRCUIT TRANSISTOR TESTER
TROUBLESHOOTER
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OSCILLOSCOPE
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As an NTS student you'll acquire the know -how that This electronic gear is not only designed for train-
comes with first -hand training on NTS professional
equipment. Equipment you'll build and keep. Our
ing; it's field -type -like you'll meet on the job, or
when you're making service calls. And with NTS
courses include equipment like the NTS /Heath easy -to -read, profusely illustrated lessons you learn
Digital GR -2000 Solid State color TV with first -ever the theory behind these tools of the trade.
features like silent varactor diode tuning; digital
channel selection, (with optional digital clock), and Choose from 12 NTS courses covering a wide range
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Also pictured above are other units 5" solid state
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Compare our training; compare our lower tuition.
eo AM -FM receiver with twin speakers, digital multi - We employ no salesmen, pay no commissions. You
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that gets you better equipped for the electronics All Kits, lessons, and experiments are described in
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40 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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AJGUST 1975 43
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V -a {EYER
OK
VOA
ACTIVE
LOW-PASS
FILTER
5VMM/NG
AND
Weivriko
--o0urPV7
job can be done at negligible addi-
tional cost. An alternate approach in
1 WEAK 7REM0L 0
monophonic instruments is to use a
ENVELOPE bank of vcf's and shift their paramet-
WEAK NOISE ers as needed to get the desired effect.
(A) Multiple or movable filters greatly
ease the loudness balancing (scaling)
KEyER Acr/VE
--. SVMM /N4 problem from note to note.
MM oR $4NA°AS .-a ANO ---0 OUTPUT
VGA FALTER WE 161? W4 One must recognize that instrument
t-- ENVELOPE sounds are norms and not absolutes.
811P A bass violin sounds quite different
(B) when played in a tiled room than it
does in a concert hall. It sounds even
ACTT vE more different in an anechoic, or
BANDPASS
acoustically "dead," room. Further-
,44,44-...
KETCR
DR
F/crEk
- SUMMING
AND -°O(1TPUJ
more, the model and age of the in-
VGA
ACTIVE
1-- WEIGHT/4 strument, its quality, the ambient
BAND PAs3 temperature and humidity, mood of
- ENVELOPE
BLIP
FILTE4 a2 the performer, and context in which
the instrument is used all combine to
produce the final effect of the sound
(C) heard.
Finally, successful voicing cannot
ZIW KFTSk
OR
r
ACT/YE PEAKED'
LOW -PASS
SUMMING
AND -a DU7'PUi
be accomplished by an engineer
CA FILTER WE-410-0)G alone. Nor can the musician alone do
LOW -LEVEL
EVEN ENVELOPE
the job properly. It must be done by
HARMONICS NO /SE both people contributing their best
t
(D) efforts.
0--
RX GA/NS
volume level. Where a clarinet voice is
(A) needed, a square wave or two saw -
QF tooths are used as an input. (A
/OK fundamental- frequency and minus
8 one -half of the second harmonic -
/NPU7S
C
frequency sawtooths can be summed
/DK OUTPUT
to obtain a square wave. Filtering then
'% takes over.)
Fig. 2. Miring and You can combine and mix various
/si/= PASS
-SV= BLOCK CO)lbining Imite outputs: instrument voices, either in the preset
(A) Summing and scaling form of the synthesizer or in the stop -
/ND/v/DUAC several sources to a
....
GAINS =
0 AR RF /e, tablet form of an electronic organ,
tSV B D 5V single output. (B)
A C (DEPENDING ON with the aid of one of the circuits
=ELECT /ON) Selecting voices with
SELE["T a CMOS analog switch shown in Fig. 2. The CMOS analog
/NP U7S .
www.americanradiohistory.com
USER'S
BUYING GUIDE áPECIAL
TO REPORT
ON
CB BASE $TATIONS
CB
What to look for in terms
of specifications and performance.
TRANSCEIVERS
BY JOHN J. McVEIGH, Assistant Editor
MORE and more people are turn- ters found in most mobile rigs. Many
have speech processors to improve in- USER'S
ing to the "no test" 27 -MHz Citi-
zens Band for personal and business telligibility. These circuits raise the BUYING GUIDE 45
communications. Growth of the band average modulation level of the signal,
has been geometric, with over 6 mil- thereby boosting the rig's "talk
lion two -way CB radios said to be in power." Others which don't have this BASE STATION
current use by U.S. citizens. feature frequently incorporate it in
EQUIPMENT
The majority of CB users with dc- matching desk microphones.
Base stations often have a battery of DIRECTORY 48
powered mobile transceivers also in-
stall ac- powered units in fixed controls which make operations
locations- homes, factories, depots, easier and more effective. An r -f gain
and marinas. These "base stations" control is one example. It is useful in CB COMMUNICATION
differ physically and, in many ways, helping the transceiver cope with very
RANGE 53
electronically from mobile transceiv- strong signals which overload its au-
ers. Additionally, the more sophisti- tomatic gain control (agc). The signal
cated base station antennas provide strength is reduced to a level the rest
extra receiving and transmitting of the transceiver can handle. "Delta
"power" for base station equipment. tune," also found in the more sophis-
ticate mobiles, allows one to tune the
Base Station Transceivers. A CB receiving frequency slightly off
base transceiver is usually larger than center -channel to compensate for var-
a mobile unit, is designed for desk -top iations in the transmitting frequency
operation, and uses ac line power. of other transceivers. Tone controls
However, the distinction is not as clear are also found on some base station
as it once was. Many new models now rigs.
feature dual power supplies (12 V dc Base stations offer a number of
and 117 V ac) and have mid -sized en- other convenience and performance
closures. They also have other fea- bonuses not often found in smaller
tures common to mobile and /or base mobile units. For example, some have
units. built -in digital clocks with turn -on
Base stations, of course, can be alarms, and most have built -in speak-
used to talk to mobile units, or for ers. Another popular feature is the
communicating with other base sta- channel 9 priority monitor found in
tions. There are AM -only and AM/SSB some of the latest crop of transceivers.
types. The latter are becoming in- These units incorporate a separate re-
creasingly popular. ceiver permanently tuned to channel 9
Typically, base stations have more (the emergency frequency). When an
complete metering and control emergency signal is transmitted from
facilities. Some have built -in power a point within the base station's nor-
and /or SWR meters, dummy loads, mal range (20 to 30 miles), it interrupts
and peak modulation meters, in addi- whatever was on, so that the priority
tion to the S /r -f (relative) output me- message can be heard.
AUGUST 1975 45
www.americanradiohistory.com
Some transceiver manufacturers tions easier on the eyes. Sleek console creased performance is well worth the
have carried this idea further by build- designs, attractive anodized panels, extra investment. Further, there ap-
ing complete vhf Public Service and walnut cabinets will often be ap- pear to be more serious communica-
monitors into the CB equipment. For a preciated by the XYL! tors on SSB, making CB more enjoy-
person active in REACT or working able.
closely with local authorities during Circuits. Base and mobile trans- Both the transmitting and receiving
emergencies, this feature is invalu- ceivers also have internal (circuit) dif- sections of an SSB rig are more corn -
able. Another performance extra ferences. While the trend is toward plicated than their AM counterparts.
commonly found in base stations, as completely solid -state designs (in- The transmitting circuits must filter
well as better mobile transceivers, is cluding IC's and FET's), some hybrid out both the unwanted sideband and
the digital noise blanker. This circuit is (tube and transistor) and vacuum -tube the carrier before they reach the final
placed in the r -f portion of the re- units are still being manufactured. Al- amplifier. In most cases, these are
ceiver, cutting out any short -duration though the high -voltage and filament "set- and -forget" circuits that need no
noise spikes. It works so fast, though, supplies required by tubes are a dis- attention after being adjusted at the
that you don't "miss" any of the de- advantage in mobile applications, factory. In fact, on TRANSMIT, you really
sired signal. These r -f noise blankers they are easily derived from base sta- can't tell the difference between an
are much more effective than the tion ac supplies. Tubes, moreover, can AM and SSB transceiver. Both are op-
common diode -type noise limiters, offer competitive performance to erated in exactly the same way.
which can only shave off the top -of- transistors in r -f circuits, and their RECEIVE is a different story, how-
signal noise. Some base station units mere presence should not detract ever. Tuning in an SSB signal requires
combine both types of noise from an otherwise fine rig, assuming a practiced touch. Otherwise, the
reducers. its features, performance and price operator you're listening to will sound
Voice -operated control (VOX) oper- are attractive. like a weird variation on Donald Duck.
ation is more commonplace with base The front ends of base transceivers A "clarifier" or fine -tune control is
station equipment. VOX automatically are generally not as "hot" as those in used to lock -in the voice properly.
turns the transmitter on when you mobile units. This is not a drawback, In general, you'll find that SSB re-
start to speak, and then flips back to though, because most base antennas ceiving circuits are more sensitive and
receive after a short holding period. are more efficient than mobile whips more selective than those for AM.
The vox DELAY control allows the user and thus provide the receiver section Briefly, this means that they can pull in
to vary this holding period. Operators with more signal to work with. weaker stations even if there are
usually make it long enough so that stronger signals on a nearby fre-
the switchover relay won't chatter be- SSB. This year you'll find more quency.
tween the words in one phrase or sen- single -sideband (SSB) transceivers in
tence, but short enough so that they'll the marketplace. SSB is a much more Specifications. Many people who
be back on RECEIVE fairly quickly with- efficient mode of communicating. It are in the market for a CB base trans-
out missing the first few words of the requires only half of the spectrum ceiver become very confused by
transmission. The vox SENSITIVITYCOn- space, thereby doubling the number specifications. So, it pays to have an
trol sets the point where the VOX will of available channels. SSB rigs with understanding of the key terms. They
trip. It is usually adjusted so that the AM (double sideband) provisions pro- tell you a good deal about the per-
operator's voice activates the system, vide 69 channel choices. In truth, formance you can expect from a parti-
but fainter background noise or voi- though, only operation on 23 or 46 cular transceiver. Here are a few of the
ces will not. channels is possible. If everyone in more important specifications. (For a
Squelch, found on almost all trans- your area is on SSB, then 46 "sub - more complete overview of CB trans-
ceivers, is analogous to VOX, but it channels" are available -23 upper ceiver ratings, see "CB Specifica-
works on receive instead of transmit. sideband (USB) and 23 lower tions Made Easy," POPULAR ELEC-
The SQUELCH SENSITIVITY control allows sideband (LSB). Two SSB stations can TRONICS, March 1975.)
you to keep the receiver muted except operate on the same channel without
when a signal above a certain interference if one uses LSB and the Receivers. One of the most impor-
threshold appears at the antenna. other USB. However, if strong AM sta- tant specifications for a receiver is its
If you have any need to talk to a tions dominate the channels in your sensitivity. This relates to how strong a
group of people in your immediate vi- area, you'll experience interference signal must be in order to be heard ata
cinity, you'll welcome public address from them no matter which sideband given level above the background
(PA) facilities built into some trans- you are on. noise (some of which is generated in-
ceivers. In general, the PA power out- SSB has a 6 -dB efficiency advan- side the receiver). Typically, this figure
put of a CB base transceiver is 4 to 41/2 tage over AM. This means that only will be 0.5 µV in SSB units and 1 µV in
watts, which is enough to drive a one watt of SSB output will do the AM rigs, (the lower the better), for a
high- efficiency speaker to reasonable same job of communicating as four S/N ratio of 10 dB (the higher the bet-
paging levels. watts of AM. As in all things, you don't ter). Selectivity, in its broadest sense,
Finally, there are certain cosmetic get something for nothing. In this tells how well the receiver can dif-
differences between base and mobile case, the extra "talk power" that SSB ferentiate between the desired signal
rigs. Some base stations have large will deliver is the product of a more and another one on another fre-
"On The Air" signs which light up complex circuit. The extra engineer- quency. It is given in terms of the
when the transmitter section is active. ing required to produce an SSB trans- receiver's response (in dB) to a signal
Most base stations have larger knobs ceiver will generally be expressed in a whose frequency is not on the center
and dials than mobiles, making opera- higher pricetag. You'll find that the in- of the channel. (A "narrow slot," down
46 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
to 2.5 kHz, and a greater negative dB outputs equal to the 4 -watt legal limit. cernable difference between the two
number are desirable.) Don't look upon this as absolutely figures. It's important not to go over
A typical figure for an AM trans- necessary to a good rig, though. You 100 %, however, since overmodulation
ceiver is -6 dB at 6 kHz (±3 kHz) and won't be able to hear the difference causes splatter interference to other
-40 dB at 20 kHz ( ±10 kHz). This between two transceivers (other CB'ers, and even TVI!
means that a signal 3 kHz away from things being equal) if one puts out 3 or
the frequency to which the receiver is 3.5 watts and the other runs 4 watts. In Conclusion. Here are some final
tuned would have to be 4 times Something that is just as important purchasing considerations. Be sure
stronger than the desired signal to ap- as the total output is what can be that the CB rig you buy is type
pear equally strong. At 10 kHz, the un- called undesired products. This refers accepted. This means that the FCC
wanted signal would have to be 100 to those parts of your transmitted has approved it for CB service. All
times stronger than the desired one. signal at other frequencies than the transceivers licensed for the first time
SSB rigs usually have more selective desired one. They can take the shape on or after November 22, 1974 must be
receivers than AM units, since they of harmonics (high- frequency ener- type accepted. Those transceivers
must reject signals on the other gies which can get you into trouble licensed before this date can be used
sideband of the channel being used. with the FCC and /or your neigh- until November 23, 1978, but must be
There is a whole group of specs bors-they are a prime cause of TVI) taken off the air then.
related to selectivity, such as adjacent or in -band components. These sig- Another area to look into before you
channel rejection, unwanted side - nals cause interference to other buy a rig is its method of frequency
band suppression, image rejection, CB'ers and rob you of usable output. generation. If it uses separate crystals
etc. Each tells how well the receiv- All such undesired products, whether for each transmit and receive channel,
er can ignore unwanted signals at they are called splatter, intermodula- does it include them for all channels of
frequencies removed from the center tion distortion products, harmonic interest? Sometimes they don't, and
of the channel. distortion, unwanted sidebands or it's necessary to shell out roughly $10
A final specification of interest is the carrier, or harmonics, should be at for each additional channel ($5 for re-
receiver audio output, expressed in least 25 to 50 dB below the level of the ceive, $5 for transmit crystals). If a fre-
watts at a given level of distortion. desired signal. quency synthesizer is used in place of
Anything up to 1 watt at 10 %distortion Frequency stability tells you how crystals, are all desired channels cov-
will be adequate in most cases. Fre- close your signal is to where it's sup- ered?
quency response is limited to the posed to be (the channel center). Finally, consider the total cost of the
voice band (500 to 3000 Hz) since that Almost all rigs are rated a percent- rig with all the operating features and
is all the range needed. age slightly better (lower) than the conveniences you want -VOX, exter-
legal limit of 0.005 %. Modulation nal speaker (if needed), desk mike, r -f
Transmitter. The primary spec that percentage indicates how fully you are wattmeter, etc. In some cases, these
CB'ers use in judging a transceiver's putting the carrier to work in convey- are available only as options, and will
transmitting section is its r -f power ing intelligence. The optimum figure is raise the final package price consid-
output, expressed in watts. Almost all 100 %, and most rigs will be rated be- erably. For some, extras are frills; for
base station transceivers have rated tween 90 and 100 %. There is no dis- others, they are most desirable.
www.americanradiohistory.com
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52 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
CB COIáMIINICATION RANGE
Several factors affect the "talk power" you get
from your station. Some are under your control, while
others depend on surroundings BY LEO SANDS
mitter output power which is limited ers are today. When the propagation losses are
by the FCC to 4 watts on AM or 12 The plane earth propagation losses only 90 dB (a 1- billion times power
watts peak envelope power (pep) on for various distances are listed in loss), received power is down 54 dBm
SSB; (2) antenna system gain or loss; Table 1 with respect to effective an- (0.025 µW) and the signal voltage level
(3) effective antenna elevation (eae); tenna elevation above the earth or sur- at the terminals of a 50 -ohm, unity -
(4) proximity to dense vegetation; (5) rounding terrain. It can be seen that, gain receiving antenna is 1400 µV (all
receiver sensitivity; and (6) noise level as distance is doubled, propagation microvolt figures are rounded off).
in vicinity of antenna. losses increase 12 dB, which repre- When propagation loss is 140 dB, re-
Signals at 27 -MHz travel outward sents a power loss of 16 times. It can ceived signal level is 104 dBm or ap-
and upward. The outward -going also be seen that, when effective an- proximately 1.4 microvolts.
energy reaches somewhat farther tenna elevation is tripled from 30 feet If you are not familiar with decibels,
than 1.2 times the distance from the to 90 feet, propagation losses de- remember 3 dB represents a power
antenna to the horizon with strong in- crease 10 dB. This indicates that ratio of 2, a voltage ratio of 1.4; 10 dB,
tensity and farther with reduced inten- power is ten times greater at the same 10 and 3.16; and 20 dB, 100 and 10. To
sity. The upward -going energy is
wasted except when "skip" condi-
tions prevail. Then the energy is re-
- 20'
20'
flected by the ionosphere to points
hundreds or thousands of miles away.
The signals generated by a 4 -watt
(output) CB transceiver might be
heard only 5 to 25 miles away under x 20'
normal conditions and thousands of 230'
miles away when skip propagation
conditions exist. The latter is prohi-
bited by the FCC, limiting communica-
tion to 150 miles.
I 90' lo'
20'
Fig. 1. Examples of
effective antenna io'
elevation for a
7-=
t;ypi H1 CB base station.
AUGUST 1975
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www.americanradiohistory.com
use dB, simply add them. For example, satisfactory for runs of 50 feet (20% sion can be obtained, as in Figure 2B.
26 dB represents a power ratio of 400 power loss) to 70 feet (30% power Low-loss coax should be used.
(20 dB = 100, 6 dB = 4, 100 x 4 = 400), loss). For runs up to 150 feet, use Many rural residents and farmers liv-
and a voltage ratio of 20 (20 dB = 10, 6 RG -8 /U cable and for longer runs, use ing in a valley in hilly country, as in
dB = 2, 10 x 2 = 20). foam -filled coax which has much Washington and Oregon, have com-
lower losses. plained about inadequate CB range.
Antenna Gain. An antenna can act When a hill is within a few hundred
as amplifier when it provides
an Propagation -Loss Calculations. feet of the house, the antenna can be
"power gain." An omnidirectional an- Although most CB transceivers have mounted there, as shown in Figure 2C.
tenna compresses the radiated energy better than 0.5 -pV sensitivity ratings, If as much as 1200 feet of coax is re-
toward the earth so that less escapes noise usually makes it necessary to quired, 7/8 -inch foam cable should be
COAXIAL C7
CABLE
COAXIAL CABLE
upward and is wasted; a unidirec- receive much stronger signals. An S9 used. It can be supported on wooden
tional antenna compresses the energy indication (very strong signal) on an S poles or buried if it has a polyethylene
in one horizontal direction; while a meter usually indicates that received jacket. Since this cable comes in max-
bi- directional antenna (such as a co- signal level is 50 or 100 pV depending imum lengths of 300 feet, splicing
phased pair of omnidirectional anten- on the reference used by the designer. connectors must be used.
nas) radiates maximum energy toward Table 4 lists the loss calculations for Although the 2.7 -dB loss introduced
the front and back or to the sides. base -to -base, base -to- mobile and by 1200 feet of 7/8 -inch foam cable will
Antenna gain increases erp. If 3.2 mobile -to- mobile transmission over a allow only 54% of the transmitter
watts of energy is applied to and distance of 14 miles. These calcula- power to reach the antenna, the loss
radiated by a unity (0 dB) gain an- tions assume a'30-foot base antenna can be made up by using a gain -type
tenna, erp is 3.2 watts. But, if antenna elevation, the Use of 4 -dB gain base antenna.
gain is 4 dB, for example, erp is in- antennas, and unity gain mobile an-
creased 2.5 times to 8 watts, and a tennas in typical terrain. It can be seen Mobile Antennas. A quarter -wave
10 -dB gain beam will increase erp to that received signal level is almost 22 (approx. 104 inches) stainless steel
32 watts -legally. times higher for base -to -base corn - antenna is an efficient radiator. But,
munication than for mobile -to- mobile. when its mount is attached to the
Transmission Lines. A CB antenna When a 3.3- microvolt signal is accept- bumper, fender, or cowl of a car, its
is fed through a 50 -ohm coaxial -cable able, it would appear that base -to- radiation pattern will be distorted. A
transmission line. Since coax intro- mobile range would be more than much shorter, but less efficient base -
duces losses, the full output power of doubled and base -to-base range more or center -loaded whip or helical
the transmitter does not reach the an- than quadrupled. But, in most cases it fiberglass antenna mounted in the
tenna. If you use 50 feet of RG -58A /U wouldn't because at 28 miles and at 56 center of the car roof will usually work
cable, dB loss is caused by the cable.
1 miles, beyond the radio horizon, ab- better since the car body won't distort
If transmitter output is4 watts, 80% sorption losses could be very high. the radiation pattern.
(3.2 watts) of the power reaches the
antenna, a small part (about 4 %) of Base Antenna Installation. A base Noise Affects Range. Corn -
which is reflected back to the trans- station antenna is usually installed in municating range can be seriously af-
mitter by a well- matched antenna with much the same way as a TV antenna, fected by ignition noise (a popping
an SWR rating of 1.5. The antenna ab- using the same types of mounting sound), even at base stations. The
sorbs about 3 watts. The coax cable hardware. Most often, the base station electrical noise generated by a car can
loss can be offset by using a gain -type antenna is mounted on top or at one often be picked up by a CB rig more
antenna. end of a house, as shown in Fig. 2A. than 100 feet away. If your home is
Table 3 lists the losses for various When a tall building, water tank, or close to a street, you can minimize ig-
types of coax and the maximum length other tall structure is adjacent to the nition noise pickup by installing your
that can be used in order to limit loss- house, the antenna could be mounted antenna as far from the street as feasi-
.. to 1 anr1 1 rlR Tuna R(..c A/I is I
nn tnp of the taller structure if parmic- hle.- likes nn the. garages at tha hark
58 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
TABLE 1-PROPAGATION LOSSES
At a base station, interference can sions can be heard when your rig is On the other hand, if your receiver is
be caused by a nearby TV set, fluores- not set to the channel on which he or desensitized by a nearby FM or TV
cent lamps, sewing- machine motors, she is transmitting, your antennas may broadcast station or land- mobile sys-
aquarium heaters, thermostats, and be too close together. Move yours tem FM base station, installa low -pass
other electrical devices with moving farther away and place it higher or filter between the antenna connector
contacts. To avoid radiated interfer- lower than the other antenna. Al- of the transceiver and the antenna
ence, place the transceiver as far as though modern CB rigs are usually transmission line.
possible from appliances, particularly very selective, don't expect to escape
TV sets, and not under a fluorescent channel bleedover when another Summary. Transmitting range de-
light fixture. Connecta powerlinefilter CB'er pumps thousands of microvolts pends on effective radiated power, ef-
between the ac outlet and the offend- into your antenna. fective antenna elevation, and mod-
ing appliance. To minimize feed - When another CB'er or a ham can ulation level. Receiving range de-
through from the power line to the be heard on all channels, or your re- pends on effective receiver sensitivity,
transceiver, install a line filter in series ceiver is so desensitized that you can't which is affected by antenna gain and
with the power cord and to the nearest use it, chances are that the CB'er (un- capture area, noise level, and near-
earth ground. lawfully) or ham (lawfully) is using a ness to other transmitters which might
high -power linear amplifier. If it is the or might not desensitize the receiver.
Transmitter -Caused Interfer- CB'er, the FCC should be happy to Range, either way, is affected by
ence. If a nearby CB'er's transmis- hear about it. power- source voltage.
AUGUST 1975 59
www.americanradiohistory.com
ABOUT 15 years ago, it was dis-
covered that, when ultrasonic
energy in the low- megahertz range is
60 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
1 www.americanradiohistory.com
R6
9211
IV
REC
The detected audio signal is am-
plified by IC/.
Construction. The circuits are as-
sembled on a single pc board, using
the foil pattern and component instal-
lation shown in Fig. 3. Since IC1 is in a
round, TO -type package, you must
bend its leads to conform to the in -line
Fig. 1. Schematic pads on the board.
of the stethoscope
Construction of the transducer as-
transmitter circl(it.
sembly is shown in Fig. 4. The two
transducers are made by carefully
cutting in half a -inch diameter 1
CII +
.056F
Fig. 2. Re('eiver OTR2 C12
10pF
fill e R12
4.7K C14
tele of'tran.t(lllcer .015F
JI
AUGUST 1975 61
www.americanradiohistory.com
be slightly below the edge of the tube
and covered with epoxy for insulation.
Be sure there are no air bubbles in this
coating.
Connect the transducer cable to the
pc board as shown in Fig. 3, with each
shield connected to ground.
The pc board and batteries, with Si,
R15 and J1, can be mounted in any
suitable enclosure.
When assembly is complete and the
circuit is energized, you should hear
a low -level hiss coming from the
stethoscope. Connect a 20,000 -
ohms /volt meter across the diode
load resistor (test point A to ground)
and tune the oscillator transformer
(Ti) and amplifier transformer (T4) for
maximum voltage. If you don't have a
voltmeter, fill a water glass half full
and immerse the transducer about
one inch into the water. Keeping the
face of the transducer under water,
oscillate it rapidly up and down, listen-
72
02
R4
ï
TI
A
C2
,OI
I, 7CI
ing for the Doppler effect as the sound 21
is reflected from the bottom of the R16 R3
^ -6V
C5 c44.
glass. Tune the transformers for max-
r
R6
imum volume and best signal -to -noise C15 +6V
ratio. RI4
rill
FACE
best transmission. You should be able TRANSDUCERS
WITH
EPDXY
to hear the movement of the heart.
Remember that, as you change the di- Fig. .4. Diagram shows how
to assemble troilsd?leers
rection in which the transducer faces
FORM
CORK r°1' transmitter and
(always keeping it firmly against the
II reeeii'CI' ill Stethoscope.
chest), the sounds you hear will SOLDERED
FILL WITH
change, depending on what surfaces FINE EPDXY
WIRE
are in the path of the beam. When you
TUBE, -1/4 I.D.
take a deep breath, the sound may X 2"
1
LONG
II_METAL/PLASTIC
disappear because the lung fills with
air, covering a portion of the heart; 2- CONDUCTOR,
and air is a poor conductor of high - INDIVIDUALLY SHIELDED
CABLE,4 TO 5 FEET LONG
frequency sound.
62 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
Fig. .5. To hear heart sounds, place the Fig. 6. To boor blood in arm rein, the
transducer about 10 inches below should( transducer must point up toward shoulder.
areas to compare thesounds. Rocking It issometimes possible to hear the from the red blood cells; and when
the transducer back and forth in one flow of blood in the main (brachial) you have located the artery correctly,
position will also change the sound as artery in the arm along the inside of you will hear a short pshhh" sound '
the direction of the beam changes. the elbow (Fig. 6). In this case, the with each heart beat. For this experi-
This helps bring in the valve and transducer is not placed flat against ment, use enough liquid -gel to fill the
blood -flow sounds. If loud scratchy the arm but is oriented so that the space between the tilted transducer
sounds are heard when moving the beam points along the arm in the di- face and the arm. It will also be neces-
transducer around, turn off the rection of the blood flow (toward the sary to use an external amplifier and
stethoscope while moving it. shoulder). The beam is then reflected speaker to get better sensitivity.
iY1`P YOURSELF
SHAKER BYrjFY
AND 6V1:
You know specs, but you want speakers to speak for
themselves.CTS speakers do; they sound just the way you
like. For example, choose a CTS STARRSONDTM system.
Let CTS dealer /consultants tell you how to install it in an
ideal enc osure. You'll know why many famous manufac-
turers use CTS speakers in their brand -name products!
Write, send coupon or circle reader service number for
our catalog on speakers for home, musical instruments,
E
1975 CATALOG
auto and other uses. Then visit your CTS dealer and hear
them: OF
The ones that speak for themselves. CIRCUIT
CTS OF PADUCAH, INC,
SUBSIDIARY OF CTS CORPORATION ELKHART. INDIANA
DESIGN
AND
BREADBOARDING
EQUIPMENT
Send for your free copy of Circuit Design's
new 1975 catalog. In it, you'll find lots of new
ideas in solderless breadboarding aids and
instrumentation (in kit form or assembled),
as well as a host of hard to find compo-
CTS of Paducah, Inc.
1565 North 8th St. nents. If you are involved in any aspect of
Paducah, Kentucky 42001 electronics, you can't do without it-.
Please send me your latest catalog. For your free copy, write to:
NAME
ADDRESS
CIRCUIT DESIGN, INC.
Div. of E &L Instruments
CITY P.C. Box 24 Shelton, Connecticut 06484
STATE ZIP
J
CIRCLE WO 14 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE NO. 15 ON READER SERVICE CARD
aur,usr 1a7s 63
www.americanradiohistory.com
visions, although one set is labelled
www.americanradiohistory.com
riv
o
-10 SHERWOOD S -7310
II
AUDIO
1 I OU
O dB =1 VOLT
(TAPE -OUTPUT JACKS)
P I I
and the 50-dB quieting sensitivity was
32 pV. The ultimate quieting was very
good in both modes, measuring 72.5
FM SECTION dB in mono and 70 dB in stereo. FM
-20 distortion was 0.32% in mono and, at
,`
2 p IHF SENSITIVITY - - - - STEREO MONO
0.2 %, was surprisingly lower in stereo.
30 The FM capture ratio was 1.8 dB at
III 111111
\\sue TOTAL DISTORTION, NOISE HUM - 1000 pV. AM rejection was a very good
L 11____
RE:100%. MOD. AT 1000Hz 64 dB, and image rejection was 73 dB.
60
-70
ofl
50ÁB
QUIETING
SENSITIVITY
I 1 I
-s
NOISE .
.- ..._._.,._ ,- I
i i il
¡`el`+i`I`K
The alternate -channel selectivity,
which was essentially the same above
and below the signal frequency (un-
like most tuners), measured 68 dB.
The 19 -kHz pilot carrier leakage into
10 100 IK 4K 10K 30K the audio outputs was 59 dB below
INPUT - MICROVOLTS HV)
100% modulation.
The stereo FM response was ±1.8
The 1000 -Hz THD was below the HI FILTERhad a 6-d B/octave slope, with dB from 30 to 15,000 Hz, with a slightly
receiver's noise level until the output the -3 -dB point
at 5000 Hz. The RIAA elevated output between 2000 and
power reached 10 watts, where it phono equalization was as accurate 10,000 Hz. Channel separation was
measured 0.01 %. It was only 0.02% at as our test instruments can measure, better than 40 dB from 35 to 6000 Hz
45 watts. (The output clipped at 46 varying by less than 0.25 dB from 20 to and was about 48 dB throughout
watts.) The IM distortion was about 20,000 Hz. The equalization was virtu- much of the midrange. It reduced to
0.05% at 0.1 watt, decreased to 0.02% ally unaffected by cartridge induc- 24.5 dB at 15,000 Hz. The AM fre-
between 5 and 10 watts, and measured tance, with a response change of less quency response was relatively flat
0.06% at 50 watts. throughout its useful range. It was
Into 4- and 16 -ohm loads, the +10 down 6 dB at 30 and 4500 Hz.
1000 -Hz clipping power was 52.6 and
29.4 watts, respectively. The IM distor-
tion at very low power levels remained ô
O
IO
11111
11111
11111
11.uu1111u'
,}ii1I
!: =911
111111\
1111
1111111
User Comment. The performance of
the audio section of this receiver
11111 0111111
less than 0.1% down to about 20 mW 11111 SHERWOOD S -7310 111111 speaks for itself. Except for greater
20
and rose to 0.47% at about 1.3 mW. 11111 FM STEREO
AVERAGE BOTH CHANNELS
111111 output power, it is difficult to imagine
The amplifiers required an input of 11111 1111111 how the audio section could be im-
76 mV on AUX and 0.9 mV on PHONO to
produce a 10 -watt reference output
power. The respective noise levels
'-30
_BO
20
11111
¡Nina!".
11111 - 1111I!
CROSSTALK
11111I1111i ; ::::i::.l11111IU
50 100 200 2K 5K IOK 201I
500 1K
1r,'
/d1111
1111111FI
proved upon without a very large in-
crease in price. Similarly, the FM tuner
cannot be surpassed in most respects
measured -86 and -73.5 dB. The FREQUENCY IN Hz
without a substantial increase in price.
phono input overloaded at a very good The dial scales on this receiver, in
95 mV. The tone controls had an ex- than 1 dB in the range between 10,000 spite of being calibrated at unusually
ceedingly wide range, considerably and 20,000 Hz. wide 2 -MHz intervals, are so linear and
exceeding the rated ±10 dB. At 30Hz, The FM tuner had an IHF usable accurate that one has no difficulty in
for example, a boost or cut exceeding sensitivity of 2.0 pV in mono, with 50 interpolating readings and pre- tuning
20 dB was available, while at 20,000 dB of quieting achieved at a very low to any desired channel.
Hz, the range was +15 dB. 2.8 pV. The muting and automatic The receiver's FM muting is com-
The loudness compensation circuit stereo switching thresholds were es- pletely free of noise bursts. Even the
boosted only the low frequencies as sentially the same at about 4.5 pV. In AM tuner, about which there's gener-
the volume setting was reduced. The stereo, the usable sensitivity was 5 pV ally little to say because most man-
1.0
SHERWOOD S -7310 SHERWOOD S -7310
-_II
REFERENCE POWER (38W)
--- -
0.5 .HALF POWER( -3E8) 0.5 N TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
LOW POWER( -1D461 60/7000 Hz l4 I IM DISTORT ON
I
0.2
/.,if\es- RR
OF
..........I 0.1
/ifl_IJifw.\01f ma
IMINIMMR4
cc
O
'NMI
A
-M11M/
=NM/
f
z
.05
á
.02 ,
.01
.005
.005
002
002 0.1 02 05 2 5 10 20 50 100
20 50 COO 200 500 11,H1 21012 511, 10 Hi 20
FREQUENCY IN Hz (CYCLES PER SECOND) zN
CONTINUOUS AND EQUIVALENT
SINE -WAVE POWER OUTPUT PER CHANNEL IN WATTS
AUGUST 1975 65
www.americanradiohistory.com
ufacturers skimp in this area, had a quadraphonic receiver with a basic jority of lower- priced receivers and, in
dead -silent background, low distor- matrix decoder. many respects, the peer of a number
tion, and excellent overall quality. In conclusion, the Sherwood Model of deluxe stereo units costing sub-
Finally, the Dynaquad feature gives S -7310 is an excellent receiver that is stantially more.
as pleasing a 4- channel effect as any demonstrably better than the vast ma- CIRCLE NO 65 ON READER SERVICE CARD
www.americanradiohistory.com
Once you become accustomed to the The lack of automatic tonearm pick- platter. If the dust cover is not lowered
rather unusual tonearm finger lift, it is up and return and shut-off is a minor carefully while playing the disc, the
convenient to use. The design of the inconvenience in a manual record edge of the record can rub against the
cartridge and the open face of the playing system. Also minor is our one dust cover and cause a momentary
mounting shell give an unobstructed criticism. There is barely 1/32" (0.79 "wow." Other than this, the system
view of the stylus when cueing the mm) of clearance between the left side performed flawlessly.
pickup. of the dust cover and a 12" disc on the CIRCLE NO. 66 ON REAOER SERVICE CARO
www.americanradiohistory.com
As is common where a microphone control setting for a given degree of cause undue overmodulation or splat-
gain control is furnished, this trans- modulation. However, most users ter with this transceiver, as we noted in
ceiver has no built-in means for accu- would probably crank the gain up all tests with a number of different voices.
rately determining the proper gain the way anyway, which might not CIRCLE NO. 61 ON READER SERVICE CARD
McKAY DYMEK MODEL DA -3 ACTIVE AM ANTENNA Our most interesting results were
Improves AM reception, captures hard -to- receive stations. obtained by connecting the DA -3 to a
communications receiver (Hammar-
lund HO- 180A). Here, a great number
cation to his AM receiver. The non- of distant AM stations, including some
electronic section, the ferrite rod, foreign ones, were brought in. Sound
rests on a post above the base. It can quality ranged from poor to fairly
be rotated and tilted for best recep- good. The latter is about the best the
tion, and it has a set knob to secure its communications receiver can pro-
position. duce since audio is down 6 dB at 400
A power on -off switch and a power Hz and 8 kHz, while speaker quality is
indicating lamp round out the front certainly not "hi -fi."
panel features, while the rear panel As an example of what we received
has a slow -blow fuse receptacle, an ex- with the DA -3 connected to this sensi-
ternal antenna pin jack and an r -f out- tive, highly selective receiver, the fol-
put pin jack. ( A 35" shielded cable lowing stations were received with
with an RCA-type phono plug on one maximum clarity at midday at a Long
end and tinned, bare wire on the other Island, NY, location: WBZ (50 kW),
is included.) Manufacturer's stated Boston; WTOP (50 kW), Washington,
M HAS almost completely dis- sensitivity is one microvolt. DC; and WCAU (50 kW), Philadelphia,
placed AM as a serious listening Overall dimensions are 133/8 "W x 9 which was broadcasting an exhibition
medium for standard broadcast fare. 1/16 "D x 11 "H (34.9 x 23 x 27.9 cm). baseball game. We also got fairly good
There are certainly cogent reasons for Weight is 61/2 lb (2.9 kg), and the an- reception of WYAU (10 kW), Tampa,
this, but AM still has some attractive tenna is priced at $155.00. FL; and WBT (50 kW), Charlotte, NC.
attributes: programs not broadcast on Additionally, a number of foreign
FM, some stations that maintain User Comment. Attaching the broadcasts were picked up, though
good -quality transmissions (to 10 DA -3's output to the antenna terminals none in English at the daytime hours
kHz), and DX'ing opportunities. of an inexpensive transistor radio we were listening. (Foreign broad-
The McKay Dymek Model DA -3 AM brought in a number of AM stations casts are frequently not spaced 10 kHz
"active" antenna makes it possible for that were not previously received, in- apart, so one can often hear them,
one to enjoy all of the foregoing by cluding a few powerful distant ones. though weak, by tuning in on the dial
capturing more AM stations than Sound quality of newly received sta- "cracks" between 10 -kHz divisions.)
normally received and by reducing tions was fair. Connecting the output Clearly, the DA -3 operates admira-
interference from stations that are not to a hi -fi receiver's external AM an- bly. There was no problem in hitting an
desired. tenna terminals produced feedback S9 on the receiver's S meter, though at
howls at some frequencies and in- busy times of the day, it's difficult on
General Description. The ac- terference at others. However, the some frequencies to lift out a distant
powered DA -3 couples a shielded DA-3's manufacturer notes that the station.
ferrite -rod directional antenna with a antenna is designed for normal use The unit is handsomely designed
two -stage transistor preamplifier, with AM receivers not having a built -in with walnut wood endplates, high -
which includes a FET front end. The antenna. This was verified by discon- quality escutcheon and smooth fre-
user adjusts r -f tuned circuits by set- necting the receiver's built -in loop - quency tuning, ferrite-rod rotation,
ting a frequency control to approxi- stick. The result was a dramatic im- and tilt operation. It's suited for per-
mately the desired station frequency. provement in AM reception, which, sons who want to DX the mediumwave
The circular dial is calibrated in nine with the original loopstick, was rather band or substantially improve AM re-
AM frequencies broadly spaced a- poor. In addition to capturing all the ception quality on a well- designed AM
cross the standard broadcast band AM broadcasts that one expects, qual- receiver. Since the DA -3 is an indoor
range of 540 kHz to 1600 kHz. A front - ity of sound was improved in many antenna and strikingly attractive, it
panel sensitivity potentiometer allows instances and a bevy of distant sta- should have wide appeal.
the user to adjust desired preamplifi- tions was brought in. CIRCLE NO. 68 ON READER SERVICE CARO
EXACT MODEL 190 FUNCTION lower -cost Model 195 sweep /function
AND MODEL 195 SWEEP /FUNCTION GENERATORS generator, priced at $149.50. Both in-
struments weigh the same at 2 pounds
Compact instruments provide sine, square, and triangle waveforms.
(0.9 kg) and are housed in 81/2 "D x
73/8 "W x 27/8 "H (21.6 x 20 x 7.3 cm)
RECENTLY, we tested a pair of Danalab). The Model 190 is a "deluxe" enclosures, which makes them very
function generators from Exact function generator that retails for lightweight and compact.
Electronics, Inc. (a subsidiary of $245. The other instrument was the The two instruments share some
68 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
variable via a SINE AMPLITUDE control ceeded, mostly) all of their published
to 1 volt rms and 10 mV rms, respec- specifications. We were not equipped
tively, open circuit. Output impedance to run a full battery of tests, but those
is 600 ohms. we were able to perform convinced us
Arranged across the bottom of the that the results obtained would be re-
front panel are six banana -type output peated on those we couldn't perform.
jacks. Starting at the left, they deliver To begin with, the frequency ranges
triangle, no- legend, square, Low -sine, we obtained were greater than
no- legend, and HIGH -sine waveforms. specified, which was no surprise. The
The jacks without legends are com- Model 195's output signal levels were
mon to all of the legended jacks. This exactly as specified for the fixed out-
arrangement permits banana -jack- puts at slightly less than +3 volts on
pair cables to be plugged directly into the PULSE (square) waveform output
the instrument for any desired and 1 volt peak -to-peak on the triangle
waveform without the need for an output. The HIGH sine-wave output at
adapter. maximum amplitude into 600 ohms
The costlier Model 190 function measured closer to 1.3 volts than the
generator does not have built -in published 1.0 volt. The sine -wave dis-
sweep circuits. However, in addition tortion was indeed less than 2%; in
electrical similarities. Both offer the to sine, square, and triangle fact, it barely hit the 1% mark.
user sine, square, and triangle test waveforms, it also provides pulse and The Model 190's bench perform-
waveforms, for example. They differ in ramp waveforms. It has provisions for ance bore out the fact that this is a
frequency range (the Model 190 goes a voltage -control frequency input precision instrument. Its frequency
from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz, whereas the (vcF), dc offset control, and a TTL accuracy was well within the 5%
Model 195 goes from 2 Hz to 200 kHz) pulse output. specified, and its response topped 1.1
and the types of test conditions they This is a high -performance function MHz on the top end with the frequency
offer. Also, the Model 195 is battery - generator that has been designed to dial beyond its calibrated markings.
powered for portability (an optional meet the demands of the audio, digi- Sine-wave distortion was about 0.4%
battery eliminator is available), while tal, and servo engineer. It offers con- over most of the instrument's range.
the Model 190 is line powered. (The tinuously variable signal level outputs
Model 190 is also available in a on all waveforms, variable time sym- User Comment. From performance
battery -powered version, Model 196 metry, and a floating output. The out- test results and having used these in-
for $350.) put is substantially higher than the struments for several months, we feel
195's, being variable from zero to 20 that both instruments are good in-
General Description. The low -cost volts peak -to -peak open circuit (10 vestments. We particularly liked the
Model 195 is a special type of preci- volts peak -to -peak into 600 ohms). ease of operation provided by a well -
sion function generator that takes The TTL -compatible output has a fast designed panel control and jack ar-
most of the work out of plotting fre- 25 -ns rise time and will sink 20 TTL rangement. All controls operated flaw-
quency responses. The instrument loads. lessly, and electrical performance was
has a built -in sweep generator that Frequency selection is more precise excellent.
sweeps 1000: 1 (three decades) on any than with the Model 195. Seven push- With a price differential of almost
of the three main frequency ranges. button switches provide the means for $100, how does one choose between
The sweep can be either linear or selecting the desired frequency range these two excellent instruments? The
logarithmic, simply by pressing a in decade steps from 1 Hz to 1 MHz low -cost Model 195 is ideal for service
pushbutton switch. There are also full- range. Then the specific fre- shops, particularly those concerned
three fixed 1000:1 sweep rates to quency can be dialed in via a cali- with general audio repair and mainte-
select from: SLOW (25 s), MED (250 ms) brated rotary control. nance. The built -in sweep generator is
and FAST (2.5 ms). The sweep covers Input and output connectors are very handy for overall frequency re-
20 Hz to 20 kHz in one range for fast five -way binding posts on plugpair sponse checks, while its battery power
audio- equipment response checks, centers that eliminate the need for enables it to be moved easily around
and can be internally or externally special adapters. The ramp and pulse the shop. In conjunction with a good
controlled. modes have their own separate am- scope, the Model 195 would more
The generator can also be used at a plitude control and can be instantly than earn its keep.
fixed frequency anywhere within its inverted simply by pushing a switch. The Model 190 (more expensive)
range. Coarse frequency control is Frequency accuracy of the Model 190 should be useful in engineering and
selected by three pushbutton generator is ±5% of full scale. The top -grade service shops. Its wider fre-
switches labelled 2K, 20K, and 200K, 10,000 -ohm VCF input can accommo- quency span, plus its TTL -level func-
while exact frequency control is via a date a 0-to -10 -volt input to produce a tion output enables its use in all kinds
calibrated control. Separate calibra- 1000:1 (three decade) ratio. The dc of analog and digital circuitry. Other
tions for both the linear and logarith- offset is variable from -10 to +10 features (such as the external vco
mic mode are on this control. Fre- volts open circuit ( -5 to +5 volts into capability) make this a very versatile
quency accuracy in the sweep mode is 600 ohms). instrument for original circuit design
±2% of full range. and critical repair of sophisticated
The output signal level at the HIGH Performance Results. Both in- equipment.
and Low sine jacks is continuously struments met or exceeded (ex- CIRCLE NO. 69 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AUGUST 1975 69
www.americanradiohistory.com
... here Today!
"IGNITION OF THE FUTURE"
"OPTO- ELECTRIC"
ALLISON R! MAC'S SERVICE SHOP
A Simple On -Board Tester
* The BEST...the ULTIMATE...
of ALL the Ignition Systems!
By John T. Frye, W9EGV
Postcard for our FREE BROCHURE. "Precisely. That's how Rider used
* you have already installed a C -D ignition system.
If the circuit. Now let's hook it to the
117V A.C.
TO GND
Modernize and Increase its Efficiency... scope. With an open circuit between
CONVERT YOUR "C -D" UNIT TO BREAKERLESS!
Opto- Electric "TRIGGER UNIT "...Only '34.95 the test leads, adjust the horizontal
I
www.americanradiohistory.com
leads. With 0.1 µF, the horizontal trace
opens slightly to form a skinny hori-
now try the
zontal ellipse (Fig. 2D); but with a
combination of parallel capacitors
that totals 2.6 µF, we get a pretty fair
circle (Fig. 2E). Finally, with 50 pF
across the probes we get a skinny
ACE
ALL CIRCUIT
vertical ellipse (Fig. 2F). Keep in mind
that current leads voltage by 90° in a
EVALUATOR
capacitor and that capacitive reac- from A P PRODUCTS
an inductance and that the reactance FREE SOFTWARE!... well, almost free
We will send octal & Assembly language
value goes up with increasing listings to anyone sending $3 per package
for postage & handling. If you buy one of
inductance -just the opposite of the
case with capacitance. When place I
our modules, we'll send them FREE.
Package 1: Resident assembler, system
monitor, and text editor for the Altair
LISTEN!
the primary of this transformer across 8800. Really an OS for Assembly lan- We're one of
guage! For example, you can store and call
the leads, we get a fairly fat ellipse programs by name. the country's
Package 2: BASIC language interpreter - largest Mail
slanted about 15 -20° from the vertical this one should be ready by Oct. 75.
We are working very hard at putting the Order Houses
(Fig. 2G). Watch what happens when I Monitor, Assembler into a fast 16K ROM
of Stereo
module for delivery in Oct. 75. SEND FOR
short the output of the transformer: OUR FREE SOFTWARE BROCHURE. Equipment
the sides of the ellipse pull in, indicat- OUR HARDWARE
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ADVANCED ELECTRONICS CAREER TRAINING AT HOME
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for you to earn college credit applicable to advanced degrees.
ßCl
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reactance of the 50 -pF capacitor, or small capacitor across the diode ?"
about 50 ohms." "Let's try it and see. With a 0.1 -µF
SAVE!
MONEY TIME FREIGHT
"I'm beginning to grasp the pos-
sibilities of that thing," Barney said.
"There's more. Watch what hap-
capacitor across the germanium
diode, the vertical portion stays the
same but the horizontal line opens to
pens when put the leads across this
I form a fat 'foot' (Fig. 20). Increasing
IQUALITY STEREO EQUIPMENT
germanium diode with the red lead the value of the capacitor causes this
AT LOWEST PRICES.
connected to the cathode and the foot to get fatter and fatter. At 2 pF, its
be YOUR REQUEST FOR QUOTA-
TION RETURNED SAME DAY.
black to the anode. We get a right influence dominates the pattern, leav-
FACTORY SEALED CARTONS-
angle (Fig 21). Reversing the test leads ing only a little vertical stub to show
GUARANTEED AND INSURED. reverses the position of the angle (Fig. the diode is still getting in some feeble
2J). See the difference in similar tests licks (Fig. 2P). At higher values of
SAVE ON NAME BRANDS LIKE:
A.D.C. KLH with a silicon diode? In either case the capacitance, the diode action is
A.R. SHURE horizontal portion is longer than the swamped out entirely."
DYNACO KOSS vertical portion (Fig. 2K and 2L). Can
SONY FISHER you guess why ?" Transistors. "How about transis-
AND MORE THAN 50 OTHERS "Sure. The vertical side of the angle tors? Can it test them ?"
represents the conducting portion of "Yes. You treat a transistor junction
BUY THE MODERN WAY
the cycle. A germanium diode con- as if it were a diode -which it really is.
BY MAIL -FROM ducts practically from zero voltage, If you put the red lead on the base of a
but a silicon diode doesn't start to pnp transistor and the black lead on
conduct until 0.4 to 0.7 volts in the either the emitter or collector, you get
forward direction appears across it." the pattern in either Fig. 21 or 2K, de-
"Right on! Now let's simulate a pending on whether it is a germanium
V National Camera
2000 West Union Ave., Dept. GGA
Englewood, Colorado 80110
(303) 789 -1893
CIRCLE NO 37 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Fig.
M N
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Only when the red lead is on the base
will you get almost identical traces
when the black lead is touched to the
other two :' NEW EBMXE
"I think see where you're heading.
I
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AM
Come;
Alive
1
The McKay Dymek DA3 shielded
ferrite loop AM antenna has a solid
%Ì Solid State
state preamp with tuning and
sensitivity controls. By Lou Garner
Overcomes the two most common AUDIO AMPLIFIERS FOR HOBBYISTS
AM reception problems: strong local
stations "hiding" weaker distant
stations close on the dial, and interfer- WITHOUT question, audio ampli- Along with a broad range of circuit
ence from TV and electrical sources. fier projects, as a class, are the options, today's hobbyists can
Improves inherent long range most popular of all among hobbyists. reasonably expect improved perform-
capabilities of AM- programs This is easy to understand, since am- ance, high efficiency, and relatively
listenable from hundreds of miles. plifiers are used in a myriad of ways: modest costs. Old timers may re-
Increases signal strength 4 to 8 headphone boosters, hearing aids, member the days when a "Hi -Fi" am-
times - really sharpens up AM radio receivers, r -f transmitters
performance in typical hi -fi receivers plifier was one with a reasonably flat
and tuners. (as modulators), TV receivers, elec- response from 50 Hz to, say, 15 kHz
Factory direct -$155.00, ten day money tronic stethoscopes, portable phono- ±2dB, where a total harmonic distor-
back guarantee. Bankamericard and graphs, controls, tape recorders and tion (THD) rating of 5% was consi-
Mastercharge welcome. For more playbacks, intercoms, PA systems, dered acceptable, and an amplifier
information or to place your order, paging installations, and test instru- with a rated output of 25 watts was
call toll free: ments (such as signal tracers and me- "high power." The parts to assemble,
Nationwide 800/854-7769 tal detectors). say, a 2 -watt phonograph amplifier
California 800/472 -7782 In contrast to the vacuum tube era, might have cost as much as ten or
McKay Dymek Co.
today's builder has a broad range of twelve dollars, even though average
q 675 North Park Ave.
Pomona, Calif. 91766 options. He can still use vacuum salaries hovered around $60 /week.
CIRCLE NO 33 ON READER SERVICE CARD tubes, or he can choose an all -IC or an We've come a long way, baby!
all- discrete solid -state design, or a Today's hobbyist expects an amplifier
where the combination of both discrete devices intended for high- quality reproduc-
CB Millions of
ACTION'S
CB radios are in
2 -way
use -millions of new ones are being sold an-
at
and IC's. A builder might select a cir-
cuit using an output transformer or
one using any of a variety of OTL con-
figurations, including direct single -
tion to have a frequency response of at
least 20 Hz to 20 kHz ± 1 dB, while 10
Hz to 40 kHz ±0.5 dB is not uncom-
mon. And while THD might be tolerated
nually to new CBers and for replacing old ended drive, quasi -complementary, or in a general -purpose design, one
units-what a market for repair service. Its the full complementary-symmetry out- would expect a THD of 1% or less in a
biggest thing in electronics since color TV.
There's only one thing wrong with CB put stages. He can assemble a low - high -fidelity instrument. Finally, des-
growth-the lack of technicians capable of power amplifier smaller than a watch pite inflation and an overall higher
servicing CB radios. That's why many TV and with minimal battery drain or, at standard of living, the average exper-
shops are expanding into CB and why new CB
shops are opening up all over the country. the other extreme, he can design an imenter would hesitate to pay much
Going CB servicing rates run from $12 to $24 amplifier with sufficient power to more than five or six dollars for the
per hour.
To get into CB radio servicing, full -time or
shake the walls while running as cool components to assemble a general -
part -time, you need test equipment, an FCC as a cucumber. purpose, medium -power amplifier.
operator license and to learn how. To learn
how, you can buy the CB RADIO REPAIR
COURSE for cash, on a monthly payment plan, SI
or charge the cost to your BankAmericard or Fig. I. A basic integrated
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To make it easy to study, this 70- lesson
eircirit audio amplifier
course employs the PROGRAMMED teaching CI circuit for the hobbyist.
technique and sticks to the target -CB radio. 100jF
Study at your own pace as you receive the INPUT
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that you will become a CB expert since that
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C
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write a letter or card or mail the coupon below
today. No salesman will call.
CB RADIO REPAIR
COURSE, INC.
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RI
7
ICI
TAA- 621- A1210v/
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C21
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230F
Dept. P -8
531 N. Ann Arbor Soon len
Oklahoma City OK 73127 SPEAKER
Please send information about your Course to: CS
Name IOOyF
Address
City State Zip
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-t29VNL
005
200 pF iRCA1807
1
J
PROTECTION CIRCUIT
D 0;01
v^^2
I
82
v
^^
v
D9 0 33
820 5W
INPUT 22
I+
25V - 2µH OUTPUT
DIO 0 33
5W 22 TURNS NO
22 ENAMELED
WIRE AROUND
A 2 -WATT
RESISTOR
D
330
L
M/ Wy
1
-
DI RCAIAIS
T L 29VNL
Fig. 2. RCA's 4U -watt audio amplifier has full complementary-symmetry Darlington output. 92C4 24144-
I Address
City State 7ìp
L
Mark Ten B, Standard Mark Ten,
assembled $64.95 ppd assembled $49.95 ppd
Mark Ten B, kit .. $49.95 ppd Deltakitr, $34.95 ppd
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Except for single- transistor circuits nents and a full complementary -
used, typically, in headphone boost- symmetry output stage using a pair of
ers, the simplest design today is one high -gain npn (RCA 1B07) and pnp
using a complete audio amplifier IC. (RCA 1B08) Darlington transistors, the
Monolithic and hybrid devices are circuit was abstracted from RCA
available furnishing outputs of from Technical Specification Bulletin 791.
a fraction of a watt to a hundred or The amplifier is designed to deliver 40
more watts and requiring a minimum watts to a 4 -ohm loudspeaker or 30
of external components. A typical watts to an 8 -ohm load. With a sensitiv-
general -purpose audio amplifier ity of 500 mV, it is suitable for use with
featuring a single IC is illustrated in virtually all standard preamps. Ac-
Fig. 1. One of several designs pre- cording to RCA (Solid State Division,
Somerville, NJ 08876), the amplifier
!r'® WE'LL sented in a booklet published by the
IC's manufacturer, SGS -ATES
Semiconductor Corp. (435 Newton -
has a THD specification of only 0.5 %,
an IM distortion level (at 10 dB below
SAVE YOU MONEY ville Ave., Newtonville, MA 02160), this continuous power output at 60 Hz and
ON FAMOUS BRAND circuit is suitable for a variety of pro- 7 kHz, 4:1 ratio) of less than 0.2 %, and
NATIONALLY ADVERTISED jects ranging from a phonograph to a an IHF power bandwidth at 3 dB below
STEREO COMPONENTS, signal tracer. The rated power output rated power of 5 Hz to 50 kHz. At a -W 1
VIDEO & PROFESSIONAL is 2.2 W with an 18 -volt dc power output, the bandwidth is 5 Hz to 100
PRODUCTS EQUIPMENT source and 4.0 W if a 24-volt source is kHz. Other performance specifica-
WRITE TODAY FOR OUR QUOTE AND
OUR COMPLETE PRICE CATALOG.
used. The -3 dB bandwidth, exclusive tions are an input impedance of 18,000
FAST DELIVERY IN FACTORY SEALED CARTONS of speaker, is 300 kHz and the voltage ohms, and a hum /noise rating 100 dB
FOR IMMEDIATE QUOTE gain is 34 dB. below the continuous power output
CALL (202) 723-6060 In operation, R1 (audio taper) with the input shorted.
THE COST OF YOUR CALL WILL BE DEDUCTED serves as the gain control and input A pair of npn transistors in conjunc-
FROM ANY ORDER OVER S200.00.
bias return. Low frequency roll -off is tion with diodes D3 and D4 form an
determined by series resistor R2 in input differential amplifier, supplied
conjunction with capacitor C3. The by a third npn device which, in con-
6200 CHILLUM PLACE N.W. loudspeaker is coupled to the IC's junction with Dl and D2, forms a cur-
Master WASHINGTON. D.C. 20011
Chge/ output terminal through dc blocking rent source. The input amplifier is
BankAmericard Honored on Mail Orders
capacitor C2. Circuit power is sup- direct -coupled to a pair of pnp transis-
CIRCLE NO I ON READER SERVICE CARD
plied by an external source, either bat- tors serving as a class -A differential
teries or a line- operated supply, con- pre- driver. An npn multiplier balances
trolled by S1, with additional filtering the drive to the complementary -
provided by Cl. symmetry output stage, which con-
Commercially available compo- sists of a pair of npn and pnp high -gain
nents are specified for the circuit. The Darlingtons. Another npn transistor,
IC is an SGS -ATES type TAA 621 Al2, with D5 and D6, serves as a current
comprising seventeen transistors and source for the multiplier and part of
seven integral resistors. the pre- driver stage. Drive overload
Priced at less than two dollars each, protection is provided by an npn and
12 REASONS YOUR CAR net, in unit quantities, the TAA 621 Al2 pnp complementary pair in conjunc-
is supplied in a 14 -pin quad in -line tion with D7 through D10. Feedback is
NEEDS TIGER CDI (staggered terminal) package. applied to one side of the input differ-
Instant starting in any weather - Eliminates Turning from the simple to the ential amplifier stage through a fre-
tune -ups - Increases gas mileage - Increases
horsepower 15% - Improves acceleration sophisticated, the high -fidelity power quency conscious network consisting
and performance - Spark plugs last up to amplifier circuit shown in Fig. 2 of a 15,000 -ohm resistor in series with
70,000 miles - Reduces engine maintenance
expense - Amplifies spark plug voltage should appeal to more experienced a 560 -ohm resistor and 100 -µF
to 45,000 volts - Maintains spark plug hobbyists. Featuring discrete compo- capacitor. Finally, the loudspeaker
voltage to 10,000 RPM - Reduces exhaust
emissions - Dual ignition switch - An
Unconditional LIFETIME GUARANTEE
Installs in 10 minutes on any car with
12 volt negative ground - No rewiring - Most
powerful, efficient and reliable Solid State
Ignition made. TI
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED Fig. .1. tiliggcstcrf power sllpplg for circHit ill Fig. 2.
CIRCLE ND. 51 ON READER SERVICE CARD
80 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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r 1144002 (4)
DI D3
12V
02 03
tI C4
S00yF
(NC) 14
LINE CORD
AND PLUG
1:1.
ICI 6 + (CS
CI
0.50 ECG -740 IorF
RI 3,4,1
IOK 7,10,11,
12
C2
Fig. 4. A two-station
intercom system for use
`VGI INTO
f
in home or office.
SPEAKER SPEAKER
4-S A 4 -611
YOURSELF'
load is driven through a 22 -ohm resis- ted another circuit which, feel, is
I
Discover your
tor shunted by a 2 -pH coil. especially appropriate to our discus- Alpha Brainwaves
The Darlington output transistors sion of audio amplifiers -the two sta-
featured in the amplifier are silicon tion intercom illustrated in Fig. 4. with this professional
devices packaged in type TO -3 cases. Suitable for use in a home, small office Biofeedback System.
Both have a maximum V11,,, rating of or store, the project is inexpensive,
80 volts, maximum collector current requiring relatively few components, Lowest Cost Brainwave Monitor
ratings of 10 amperes, and device dis- and could be assembled by most hob- EICO introduces a price breakthrough in
sipation ratings (up to 25 °C) of 100 byists in two or three evenings or on a the fantastic new field of brainwave
watts. Their dc beta (gain) values are weekend. biofeedback... a completely safe, battery
specified at not less than 1000 nor Small PM loudspeakers are used in- operated, biofeedback system that offers
more than 15,000. terchangeably as both microphones features and sensitivity comparable to
A line- operated dc power supply and output devices, while a single professional models costing much more.
circuit suitable for the amplifier is il- 2.5-watt IC serves as the complete
You Will Be Amazed At What You Hear
lustrated un Fig. 3. amplifier. Potentiometer Rl acts as
The BW -300 will detect your alpha
RCA has specified standard com- the unit's gain (volume) control, Cl as
the input coupling capacitor, C5 as the brainwaves (which occur when you are
ponents for the design. All resistors
output dc blocking capacitor, and C2 totally relaxed) and produce a tone
should be noninductive and, except
and C3 as the input and amplifier varying in frequency according to your
where indicated, 1/2-watt, 10% toler-
bypass capacitors, respectively. A mental state.
ance types. Except for the power sup-
ply, where type 1N1614 is used, all dpdt switch, S2, interchanges the 100% Solid State Circuitry
diodes are type 1N5391. The thermal loudspeaker input and output connec- Reliable All Solid State IC Circuit Design
cutout should be rated to open at tions, providing a "talk- listen" capa- features an active filter that isolates alpha
90 °C. The power supply transtormer is bility. Operating power is furnished by brainwaves and a high -gain low -noise
a Signal Model 80 -4 (Signal Trans- a line- operated dc power supply,
amplifier providing 5- microvolt sensitivity
former Co., 1 Junius St., Brooklyn, NY comprising power switch SI, step -
for easy alpha recognition. The BW-300 is
11212). down transformer Tl bridge rectifier
,
AUGUST 1975
www.americanradiohistory.com
should be observed. One loud- tronic Corp. (Solid State and Active capacitor combine to produce 5.625
speaker is mounted in the cabinet with Devices Division, Slatersville, RI H. Circuit Q's of over 500 can be
the amplifier, power supply and con- 02876). Designated type ATF431, realized in practice. A thin -film hybrid
trols, while the second is mounted in a Amperex's new device is the device consisting of dual monolithic
separate cabinet for the remote loca- industry's first practical audio fre- wideband differential amplifiers and
tion and connected to the amplifier quency IC gyrator. In case you've for- four 0.1% film resistors, the ATF431 is
using a length of two- conductor inter- gotten, a gyrator is a circuit configura- supplied in a 10 -lead hermetically
com wire or ordinary lamp cord. tion which is inherently capable of in- sealed TO -100 package.
verting impedances. When terminated Two new series of 8- ampere npn
Device/Product News. A unique by a capacitive load, it presents a cor- silicon Darlington transistors have
device suitable for use in active filters, responding inductive input imped- been announced by RCA's Solid State
tone generators, selective audio am- ance. Thus, a gyrator may be used to Division. Consisting of eight devices,
plifiers, medical electronic instruments obtain relatively high inductance val- type numbers 2N6530- 2N6533 and
and signal processing equipment has ues in comparatively small volumes. 2N6534- 2N6537, these new units offer
been introduced by Amperex Elec- For example, the ATF -431 and a 0.1 -1.1F a choice of V,,,,, ratings of 80, 100, or
120 volts and hF,. of 500 or 1000 min. at
3or 5 amperes. Types 2N6530- 2N6533
4
Forced
air
cooling.
6 disconnect
circuits. The Fairchild Camera & Instrument
Corporation (Integrated Circuits
4 computer grade Group, 464 Ellis St., Mountain View,
capacitors storing over CA 94042) has added a new 7- segment
square inches
1000 175 joules of energy.
3 of heat -sink
radiating area.
LED decoder /driver to its 9300 TTL
family. A BCD -to -7- segment decoder
with constant -current sink outputs,
the 9374 has low -power latched inputs
which can be driven easily from all TTL
as well as most MOS and CMOS de-
vices. The unit's 15 -mA constant -
current outputs can drive virtually all
common -anode (MAN -1 type) LED
displays directly without the need for
Direct reading external resistors. The device's input
PSO (Parallel -
8 power
meters.
latch and low input load currents per-
mit simplified multiplexed display sys-
2 Series -Output)
*circuitry. tems, while its constant -current out-
put allows the LED anode supply
volt age to be varied between 2.5
and 10 volts without affecting display
Fully complementary
brightness.
1 input to output
circuitry. A new series of infrared LED's suit-
9 Quality
assurance. able for use in control systems, intru-
sion alarms, automatic door openers,
interrupted beam counters, and simi-
lar projects has been announced by
If you're going to invest $1250 in a stereo
power amplifier like our new Mark XXV heralds a new era of amplifier design. GE's Semiconductor Products De-
there had better be good reasons. Write us, and we'll send you all the good partment (Electronics Park, Bldg. No.
We have built all of the above expensive reasons why you'll 7, Mail Drop 49, Syracuse, NY 13201).
reasons and more into our Mark XXV. So
many, in fact, that this new amplifier get what you pay for. Identified as the LED55 and LED56
series, the new devices are gallium -
Components for the Connoisseur
r arsenide diodes which emit non -
coherent infrared energy with a peak
wavelength of 940 nanometers and
are ideally suited for use with silicon
Scientific Audio Electronics, Inc. detectors. Packaged in hermetically
P.O. Box 60271 Terminal Annex, Los Angeles, California 90060
Please send some more good reasons for the Mark XXV.
sealed cases with either flat or lens
Name
cap configurations, the units may be
used as replacements for the earlier
Address
SSL55 and SSL56 devices.
City State 'lip
L Model 2500 lPmjeaemnal Verx_m!_
275 -004 relay is used. Its contacts can you want to activate the circuit with
handle 1 ampere at 125 V ac. The only one specific tone. NEW 1975
+6V CATALOG
+6V listing this and other unique kits
,tF R E
MIC
E"
by simply circling our number
on the reader service card.
M
HEP558
SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL
O
SIMILAR Wed PRODUCTS CORPORATION
DEPT. PE
2K 219 W. Rhapsody
San Antonio, Texas 78216
moo'
Let us know 8 weeks in advance so that you won't
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the most of available signals. Basic prop-
agation characteristics are discussed, as
well as representative antenna configura-
tions. Transmission lines, lightning protec-
DIGITAL DESIGN WITH STANDARD MSI AND LSI
by Thomas Blakeslee
This book gives a thorough design ap-
proach to today's MSI and LSI circuits. It
Attach old label where indicated and print new
tion, and types of hardware available are shows how to use standardized bargain
address in space provided. Also include your mail-
ing label whenever you write concerning your sub- also treated. Installation procedures for components to handle many system re-
scription. It helps us serve you promptly. maritime and mobile TV antennas are out- quirements and how these building blocks
Write to: P.O. Box 2774, Boulder, CO 80302, giv- lined, and urban and suburban installa- can be traded off with other mechanical
ing the following information:
Change address only.
tions are described. and electrical components for optimum re-
Extend subscription. Enter new subscription. Published by Tab Books, Blue Ridge Sum- sults. Programmed logic and program-
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Bill me later
ro
r
,.r
AFFIX LABELS
N-
C
SOLID STATE COMPONENTS
Intel and National Semiconductor micro-
processors.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605
N by Rufus Turner Third Ave., New York, NY 10016. 357 pages.
Solid -state devices have virtually taken $19.95 hard cover.
over many functions previously performed
by vacuum tubes. For those who want to
know what these devices are, how they
work, and what they can do, this book will
'
SYLVANIA ECG SEMICONDUCTOR GUIDE
GTE Sylvania's ECG line of replacement
semiconductors is presented in this
be of interest. It covers not only semicon- catalog and cross -reference. The book
ductor devices (transistors, diodes, and provides replacement considerations,
IC's) but also devices in which the signifi- specifications, biasing, and outline draw-
cant action takes place in other solid mate- ings of the ECG products as well as a re-
rials, such as memorycores and piezoelec- placement directory which cross -
tric crystals. Cross -references to related references almost '106,000 JEDEC types
terms are included. Illustrations include and manufacturers' part numbers to the
pictorials of devices, circuit diagrams, and replacement devices.
characteristic curves. Published by GTE Sylvania Inc., Electronic
É N
ó a Published by Howard W. Sams & Co., 4300 Components Group, 100 First Ave.,
Add'I postage per year: Add $1 for Canada; $2 for al W. 62nd Street, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. 96 Waltham, MA 02154. 214 pages. $2.95 soft
other countries outside the U.S. pages. $3.95 softbound. cover.
86 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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Lelo i
Power Amplifier
new 'DEFINITION" Series, the BA 5000 solid -state ou-put in mono Ara-ing o' 600 watts inb a 16 ce-m
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The "DEFINITION- er
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RADIO -T.V. Tubes -36 cents each. Send for free catalog. TRANSISTORS (NPN):
copy $1.00. Valley West, Box 2119 -B, Sunnyvale. California 2N3563 TYPE RF Amp & Osc to GHz (p1.2N9181 6/$1.00
Cornell, 4213 University, San Diego, Calif. 92105. 1
94087. 2N3565 TYPE Gen. Purpose High Gain (TO- 92/106) 6/$1.00
AMATEUR SCIENTISTS, Electronics Experimenters, 2N3567 TYPE High-Current Amplifier /Sw 500 mA 4/51.00
TELEPHONES UNLIMITED, equipment, supplies. Catalog
Science Fair Students...Construction plans -Complete, 2N3866 TYPE RF Power Amp 1.5 W 8 450 MHz $1.50
50 cents. Box 1654E, Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626.
-- - -
including drawings, schematics, parts list with prices and
AUTHENTIC, INSTRUMENTED, FLYING ROCKETS for
253903 TYPE GP Amp & Sw to 100 mA and 30 MHz
253919 TYPE RF Power Amp 10.25 W @ 3-30 MHz
6/51.00
$3.00
--
sources...Robot Man Psychedelic shows Lasers
254274 TYPE Ultra-High Speed Switch 12 os 4/$1.00
Adapter -
Emotion/Lie Detector Touch Tone Dial
Transistorized Ignition
Quadraphonic
Burglar Alarm
Sound Meter...over 60 items. Send 50 cents coin (no
- casual or serious experimenters. Over 80 scale original,
multi -stage or ready -to -fly models. Solid- propellant
engines for safe, electric launch system liftoffs up to 2,500
MPS6515 TYPE High -Gain Amplifier hFE 250
Assort NPN GP TYPES, e.g. 253694, 2N3903, etc. (15)
2N3638 TYPE (PNP) GP Amp & Sw to 300 mA
3 /51.00
$2.00
4 /$1.00
stamps) for complete catalog. Technical Writers Group, feet. Measure altitude, temp. inversions, more. Real 2N4249 TYPE (PNP) Low-Noise Amp 111A to 50mA 4/$1.00
Box 5994, University Station, Raleigh, N.C. 27607. telemetry, electronic tracking, aerial still and movie photo- FE Ts:
graphy with super- miniaturized equipment. New, detailed N- CHANNEL (LOW-NOISE)
METERS -Surplus, new used, panel or portable. Send for 2N4091 TYPE RF Amp & Switch (10 -18 /1061 3/$1.00
list. Hanchett, Box 5577, Riverside, CA 92507. tech manual and full-color catalog. 25 cents from ESTES
2N4416 TYPE RF Amplifier to 450 MHz (70 -721 2/51.00
INDUSTRIES Dept. 18M, Penrose, Colo. 81240. 2N5163 TYPE Gen. Purpose Amp & Sw (T0 -1061 3/$1.00
WE SELL CONSTRUCTION PLANS. TELEPHONE:
Answering Machine, Speakerphone, Carphone, DIGITAL ELECTRONICS! Highly effective course brings 2N5486 TYPE RF Amp to 450 MHz (plastic 2N44161 3/$1.00
immediate results, $10.00. Satisfaction or $11.00 refunded) E100 TYPE Low-Cost Audio Amplifier 4/$1.00
Phonevision, Auto Dialer, Touch Button Dialer. Central 17E4868 TYPE Ultra -Low Noise Audio Amp 2/$1.00
Dial System. TELEVISION: $35.00 Color Converter, Video Plans, Projects, Free Literature. DYNASIGN, Box 60A7,
TIS74 TYPE High -Speed Switch 4052 3/$1.00
Tape Recorder. $25.00 Camera. HOBBYIST: Electron Wayland, Mass. 01778. Assort. RF & GP FET's, e.g. 2N5163, MPF102, etc. (81 $2.00
Microscope, 96 Hour Tape Music System, Ultrasonic Dish- UNSCRAMBLERS: Fits any scanner or monitor, easily ad- P-CHANNEL:
washer, Radar -Oven, Plans $4.95 each. NEW ITEM: $75. justs to all scrambled frequencies. Only 4" square $29.95. 2N4360 TYPE Gen. Purpose Amp & Sw (T0 -106) 3/51.00
E175 TYPE High -speed Switch 125a (TO -1061 3/$1.00
Electronic Pocket Calculator, $7.50. COURSES: Telephone fully guaranteed. Dealer inquiries welcomed. PDO
Engineering $39.50. Detective Electronics $22.50, Electronics, Box 841, North Little Rock, Arkansas 72115. SUMMER SPECIALS:
Integrated Circuit Engineering, $49.50. NEW SUPER ELECTRONIC parts, low prices, free flyer: DARTEK ELEC- 1N4154 DIODE 30 V/10mA -1N914 exc. 30 V 20/51.00
HOBBY CATALOG plus year's subscription to Electronic TRONICS, Box 2460, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. 253904 NPN TRANSISTOR GP Amp & Switch 5/$1.00
News Letter AIRMAILED $1.00. Don Britton Enterprises, U.S. Inquiries. 2556 DUAL 555 TIMER 1 psec to 1 hour (DIP) 51.00
6200 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90048. 2N2222 NPN TRANSISTOR GP Amp &Switch 5 /51.00
SURPRISE! SURPRISE! Digital Piano Tuning Device tunes 2N2907 PNP TRANSISTOR GP Amp & Switch 5 /51.00
Greatest Values -
MECHANICAL, ELECTRONIC devices catalog 10 cents.
Lowest Prices. Fertik's, 5249 "D ",
Philadelphia, Pa. 19120.
musical instruments Accurately! Perfectly! Inexpensively!
Construction -Instruction -Plans Complete $12.95 Airmailed
2N3553 RF Power Amp 5 W @ 150 MHz, 10 W @ 50 MHz
BUILD IN ONE HOUR!
$2.00
Postpaid! Moonlighting quickly repays $40 electronics in- 8 -DIGIT MEMORY CALCULATOR KIT-Pocket size, 5 function
SOUND SYNTHESIZER KITS-Surf $12.95, Wind $12.95, vestment! GBS, Box 100P, Green Bank, West Virginia ( +- z + %1, addressable memory with individual recall plus constant
Wind Chimes $17.95, Electronic Songbird $6.95, Musical 24944.
and floating decimal. Timed display turnoff (saves batteries). Easy
Accessories, many more. Catalog tree. PAIA Electronics, PYROTECHNICAL chemicals. casings, fuse, tools,
- to assemble. Everything you need -ICs, keyboard, LED array, hand-
-`
Box J14359, Oklahoma City, OK 73114.
r-
literature, supplies. Catalog -50 cents, with samples some caw, etc.; lust add solder and batteries. $19.95
BUGGED ? ?? New locator finds them fast. Write, Clifton, $2.00. Westech, Logan, Utah 84321. LINEAR IC's:
11500-L N.W. 7th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33168. READ AND USE MICROCOMPUTER Hardware/Software 308 Micro -Power Op Amp ITO.5/MINI -DIPI $1.00
ideas in ECS monthly. Write for free catalog and subscrip- 309 K Voltage Regulator 5 V A 1T0.31 $1.50
DISCOUNT PRICES
1
tion inf. MP Publishing Co. Box 378P, Belmont, Massa- 324 Quad 741 Op Amp, Compensated (DIP) $1.75
80 2 -5 Watt Audio Amplifier 34 dB (DIP) $1.29
B &K, SENECORE, LEADER, RCA chusetts 02178.
55X Timer /a-1 hr. Dd. pinout from 555 (DIP)
1 $ .85
EICO, FLUKE and HICKOK RECONDITIONED Test Equipment. $0.50 for catalog. 09 Popular Op Amp (DIP/TO -51 $ .29
Test Equipment Walter, 2697 Nickel, San Pablo, CA 94806. 23 Voltage Regulator 3 -30 V@ 1.250mA (0IP/TO -51 S .58
ICC/Servicemaster. RCA and Raytheon Tubes 739 Dual Low -Noise Audio Preemp /Op Amp (DIP) $1.00
Complete line of electronic supplies 458 Dual 741 Op Amp (MINI-DIP) $ .65
41 Freq. Comp. OP AMP (0IP/TO -5 /MINI -DIP) 3/$1.00
Free Catalog 7400 SERIES T.T.L. DIODES:
FORDHAM RADIO SUPPLY CO., INC.
,558 Morris Ave. Bronx, N.Y. 10451 PINOUT HANDBOOK ZENERS- 400mW, Specify Voltage 3.3, 3.9, 4.3, 5.1, 6.8, 8.2,
9.1, 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 24, 27 or 33V (±10%) 4 /51.00
COVERS ENTIRE 5 40 0/7 40 0 SERIES D.I.R I.C.'S
153600 TYPE Hi-Speed Sw 75 V/200 mA 6/51.00
PIN CONNECTIONS - FUNCTIONAL SPECS 1N3893 TYPE RECTIFIER Stud Mount 400 V/12 A 2/51.00
FREE CATALOG. Parts, circuit boards for POPULAR -
CROSS REFERENCE ONLY $2.95 FRON: 1N914 w 1N4148 TYPE Gen. Purp. 100V /10mA 10 /51.00
ELECTRONICS projects. PAIA Electronics, Box C14359, TTL PINOUT HANDBOOK; Ies ASSOCIATES, INC. D5 VARACTOR 5-50 W Output @ 30.250 MHz, 7 -70 pF $5.00
Oklahoma City, OK 73114. 1298 E 14TH 5T.. SAN LEANDRO, CAL. 94577 F7 VARACTOR 1 -3 W Output @ 100 -500 MHz, 530 pF 51.00
INCL. 304 PSTG..(CALIF RES ADD 204 SLS. TAX)
TELEPHONE "BUGGED "? Countermeasures Brochure *MAIL NOWT FREE DATA SHEETS supplied with every item from this
ad. FREE ON REQUEST -749 Dual Op Amp 31.00 value) with every
$1.00, Negeye, Drawer 547, Pennsboro, W. VA 26415.
order of $10 or more, postmarked prior to 9/30/75. ORDER TODAY -All
HEAR POLICE /FIRE Dispatchers! Catalog shows items subject to prior sale and prices subject to change without notice. All
exclusive directories of "confidential" channels, receivers. MONITOR RECEIVER, Preamp, Scanner, UHF Converter items are new surplus parts -
100% functionally tested.
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG offering hundreds of semiconductors not
Send 10 cent stamp. Communications, Box 56 -PE, kits. Hamtronics, 182 Belmont, Rochester, NY 14612. lined hem. Send 104 stamp.
Commack, N.Y. 11725. FREE giant bargain electronic catalog listing thousands of TERMS: All orders must be prepaid. We pay postage. $1.00 handling
charge on orders under $10. Calif. residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign
CONVERT any television to sensitive, big -screen oscillo- components, tubes, transistors, IC's, kits, test equipment. -
orders add postage. COD orders -
add E1.00 service charge.
scope. Only minor changes required. No electronic ex- EDLIE'S, 2700-PF Hempstead Tpke., Levittown, N.Y. 11756.
A DVA
perience necessary. Illustrated plans. $2.00. Sanders, CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: Laser, $2.00. TV Camera,
Dept. A -33, Box 92102, Houston, Texas 77010. $3.95. Catalog. Technologic, Box 5262, Orchard Lake,
CD IGNITIONS, VHF /UHF monitors, crystals, CB radios, Michigan 48033.
Southland, Box 3591 -B, Baytown, Texas 77520. FREE Bargain Catalog. Ultrasonic devices, LEDS, tran-
ELECTRONICS
CRYSTALS, Scanners, $3.88, include make and frequency. sistors, IC's, keyboards, Xtals, unique components. BOX 4181 AN, WOODSIDE, CA 94062
G Enterprises, P.O. Box 461PC, Clearfield, UT 84105. Chaney's, Box 15431, Lakewood, CO 80215. Tel. (415) 851 -0455
CIRCLE NO 3 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AUGUST 1975 89
www.americanradiohistory.com
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BUILD YOUR OWN TV CAMERA!
Ideal for home & business
THE ECONOMICAL ANSWER TO HOME MON-
ITORING OF NURSERIES,
DRIVEWAYS...BUSINESS awl
SURVEILLANCE...ITV..,AMATEUR
ENTRANCES,
INDUSTRIAL
TV PLUS
- UNIVERSAL TTL/DTL /CMOS IC TESTER 100,000 test op-
erations in 0.66 seconds. Will test 16/14 pin digital ICs.
Circuit is easy to understand and build. ICs needed cost
less than $20.00; All are TTL. Plans $1.40. NORTHSTAR
ENGINEERING, 3617 North Crede Drive, Charleston, WV
UNUSUAL digital plans for games, test equipment, others.
FREE info. T. Wong, 103 E. Broadway, Dept. 4B, New York,
NY 10002.
DISTRESS! Liquidation means lowest prices available
7400, 9300, 9000 series TTL. Send stamp for list. ANTEL,
HUNDREDS OF OTHER APPLICATIONS. 25302. 216C Univ. Pk., Ithaca, NY 14850.
MODEL ST -IA, SERIES D - KIT FORM 5185'
ASSEMBLED 5275. SOLID- STATE. WORKS ON MEMORY -2102-1K Static RAM, $3.75, Quantity discount,
ANY TV SET. OPTIONAL SOUND KIT 528.95. computer components, digital clock kits. Send for free list.
1301 "ROADWAY
PHONE
ATV Research
or WRITE for catalog. D VI
g
2102 -2 1024 BIT RAM $5.00 2N4898 PNP TO-66 $ .60 74C157-$2.00 CD4023-$ .30
5202A UV PROM $19.00 2N404 PNP GE TO-5 5/$1.00 74C165-$3.50 CD4024-$1.00
MM5203 UV PROM $19.00 2N3919 NPN Si TO-3 RF $1.50
CD4001-$ .30 CD4025-$ .30
MINIATURE TRIM POTS
MPSA13 NPN Si TO-92
2N3767 NPN Si TO-66
3/$1.00
.70 CD4002-$ .30 CD4026-$ .67 HEWLETT PACKARD
5K. 10K. 25K, 50K, 100K, 200K 2N2222 NPN Si TO-18 5/ 1.00 CD4006-$1.50 CD4027-$1.20
$.75 ea. 3/52.00 2N3055 NPN Si TO-3 .80 CD4007-$ .30 CD4028-$1.09
2N3904 NPN Si TO-92 5/$1.00 CD4009-$ .67 CD4029-$1.42
MULTI -TURN TRIM POTS 2N3906 PNP Si TO-92 51$1.00
Similar to Boums 3010 style 116"x%" x CD4010-$ .67 CD4030-$ .30 I.C. POSTCARDS, microphotographs of actual integrated
2N5296 NPN Si TO-220 $ .50
CD4011-$ .30 CD4035-$1.42
11/4; 50, 100, 2000. 5000 2N6109 PNP Si TO 220 $ .55 4 for $1.00. Send stamp for sample. Retelle,
circuit chips.
ohms. $1.50 2N3866 NPN Si TO-5 Si RF CD4012-$ .30 CD4042-$ .84
POWER $ .75 CD4013-$ .53 CD4046-$2.55 148E Hazelhurst, Ferndale, Michigan 48220.
LIGHT ACTIVATED SCR's MJ2252 NPN Si TO-66 $ .90 CD4015-$1.17 CD4047-$3.10
10-18 200V lA $1.75 5/51.00 PHOTOGRAPHIC Timer, Digital Readout, Crystal time
2N3638 NPN Si TO-5 CD4016-$ .63 CD4050-$1.05
2N2218A NPN Si TO-5 4/$1.00 base, alarm footswitch, guaranteed. Cascade Labs, 5637
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD CD4017-$1.34 CD4055-$2.74
Bayview Ave., Richmond, California 94804.
41/2"x single sided epoxy CAPACITORS DO -33 -A 3 DIG. LED
board, 1/16" thick, unetched 35V at .47 OF TANT5 /$1.00 ARRAY READOUT $1.65 Full Wave Bridges KITS. Electronic games. Digital circuitry. From $7.75. Infor-
$.50 ea. 51$2.20 35V at 6.8 OF TANT3 /$1.00 MAN -1 READOUT $1 75 mation 10 cents. NBL -E, Box 1115, Richardson, Texas
20V at 150 OF TANT .$ .40 MAN -3 READOUT $1 00 RSOBy73BL17IF.
Conductive Elastometer low Profile 6V 30 OF TANT ....5/51.00 MAN-4 READOUT $1 30 41<Sifil9kTciif4l ili 75080.
Calculator keyboard $6.00 12V 200 OF ELECT ....$.30 MAN -7 READOUT $1 2 Tr.47>iLiIZï41ETI4T7 TV CAMERAS with manual zoom lens, solid state, NEW
200V 4 7 OF ELECT ...$.30 SLA -3 $4.50 600 .35 1.75 $5.00
2N5460 P FET $ 45 CD 201
(from Cartrivision bankruptcy sale) $125 each. Bob Allen,
TIS 73 N FET $ 45 100x100 IMAGE SENSOR 4 WATT IR 124 Lundy Lane, Palo Alto, CA 94306. Phone (415) 493-
2N4891 UJT $ 45 CHARGED COUPLE DEVICES. LASER DIODE $7.95 6146.
ER900 TRIGGER DIODES 4 /51.00 USED IN SOLID STATE CAMERAS,
WITH APPLICATIONS. ..$198.00 CD 110 LINEAR 256 X1 BIT SELF QUALITY military and industrial surplus electronic com-
2N6028 PROG. UJT $ 65
FPA 711 -7 LEVEL Diode Array Op- SCANNING CHARGED COUPLED ponents. Free flyer. XTRONIX, Box 444, Baker, Oregon
VERIPAX PC BOARD tical Tape Readers $5.95 DEVISE WITH DATA ...5150.00 97814.
This board is a 1/16" single sided Low cost digital volt meter kit
paper epoxy board, 41/2"k 61/2". SAVE TIME repairing counters, DMM's, Synthesizers, com-
contains integ. circuit schem., SANKEN AUDIO POWER AMPS
DRILLED and ETCHED which PC boards, LED displays, reg- Si 1010 G 10 WATTS $ 6.90 puters, calculators or anything digital with a logic probe
will hold up to 21 single 14 pin ulators. Outer case and battery from Chesapeake Digital Devices, Inc., Dept. H, Box 341,
not supplied, accurate to . one
IC's or B, 16 or LSI DIP IC's with Si 1020 G 20 WATTS $13.95
busses for power supply con- Si 1050 G 50 WATTS $24.95 Havre De Grace, Maryland 21078. 519.95 wired, $14.95 kit,
Count, has range of one my to
nector. $5.25 1.999 VDC. Overall dimensions postpaid.
11/2 "x 3"x 5" $62.00 LINEAR CIRCUITS
RED /GREEN BIPOLAR LED $1.30 BLURB! Free, value -packed listing of electronic products
TTL IC SERIES LM 309K 5V 14 REGULATOR $1.50
MT -2 PHOTO TRANS S.60
723 -40 +40V REGULATOR ... .5.58 and components. Midwest Design, Box 163, Stevensville,
GREEN OR YELLOW LED 0.30 7476- .45
301/748 -Hi Per. Op. Amp...
.
riRL1E71r:T1
orrm
BTT/BAT11 7417- .37
7420- .17
7425- .36
7426- .27
74126- .64
74150- .99
74151- .85
565 -PHASE LOCK LOOP
566 FUNCTION GEN.
567 -TONE DECODER
$2.00
...$2.00
$2.00
MONITOR SCANNERS
IN FACTORY SEALED CARTONS
FPMCE
74153 -1.05 703 -RF -IF AMP
800 ®11111111MFWM 7427- .31 74154 -1.48
5.41
1000 .20 .45 1.10 2.75 7430- .17
7432- .27
74155 -1.05
74157 -1.18
555-2 ps -
LM 370 -AGC SQUELCH AMP
'
Short -Wave, Ham,
S)SOLID STATE SALES OFEOUR ORDERS THE
FM to Stereo Ampli
fier & Recorder.
P.O. BOX 74A DAY WE RECEIVE THEM Listen & Record.
POWERCOM CORPORATION
SOMERVILLE, MASS. 02143 TEL. (617) 547 -4005
Box 454 Dept 4 Troy, N. Y. USA 12181
CIRCLE NO 46 ON READER SERVICE CARD
90 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
i
SN7400N .I6
7400N
SN/451N 71
TTL
58174151N 1.25
OVM Chip bet
*
10110 Digital A/O Processor 16.00
JAMES AUGUST SPECIALS*
-
SN7401N .16 SN7453N .27 0974153N 1.35 THE KILOBYTE RAM CARO
SN7402N .21 SN7454N .41 55174154N 1.25 Complete K x 8 Memory
UART *A1.5.1013,1 1
S974179 .43 0974889 3.50 59741749 1.95 017239 Volt. Reg. 2/$1.00 Size: 3° o 3° x 1%- $39 =95
08174189 .25 S974899 3.00 58/74175N 1.95 8030 Fpotion Generator 3.95
S974176N .90
SN74909
....
.59
SN74209 .21
POCKET CALCULATOR KIT
5474219 .39 S474914 1.20 0974177N .90
4' POWER SUPPLY CORDS 5 luncuon plut constant - XR-2206KA $19.95
09742381
697425N
09742611
SN742701
SN74299
.37
.43
.31
37
.42
0974929
5474934
6974949
08114959
08,174964
.82
.82
.91
.91
.91
0974180N
S9741819
S8,1741829
58174184N
S9741859
1.05
3.55
.95
2.30
2 20
Black
d ,594 ea.
addressable memorry
individual d igit
display plus overflow battery
sever - uses standard or
05,190able batteries all
with
-
-
Includes monolithic function generator IC,
instruction manual.
OR-2206KB
Same as XR-2206KA above and includes external components
PC hoard, and assembly
$29.95
S974309 .26 09741004 1.25 5974187N 6.00
necessary parts in ready to
0974329 31 09741079 .49 SN74190N 1.50 THUMBWHEEL SWITCHES mumble form -
instructions
for PC board.
0974379 47 5574121N .55 S9741919 1.50 TIMERS
included. 3" x 514" 517.50 each
SN7438N AO SN741229 .49 S9741925 1.50
OPTIONS - XR-555CP Monolithic Timer S 1.10
SN7439A .15 SN74123N 1.05 09741939 1.40 ;i2 EE 115VAC Transformer 4.95 each XR320P Precision Timer 1.55
018744081
09744181
.11
1.10
51147412581
74741269
.60
.81
SN74194N
59741959
1.45
1.00 01, .s r7 _sa.:oea... 6 each "N" Alkaline Batteries 2 50 lot XR -556CP Dual -555 Timer
XR-2556CP Dual Timing Circuit
1.85
120
5474429 1.08 04741329 3.00 S9741969 1.25 .394" SIAM. TRIMMER
051744381 1.05 09741419 1.15 S9741979 1.00 tanrt XR- 2240CP Programmable Counter/Timer 4.80
"-"va e LUES
097444N
S974459
1.10
1.10
SN 741429
69741434
6.50
7.00
5974198N
59741999
2.25
2.25
x á
.paap0nea. PHASE LOCKED LOOPS
XR -210 FSK Demodulator 5.20
SR
SN7446N 1.15 99741449 7.00 09742009 7.00 roar m
91741459 S9742519 atre IIw1.lráll p lea XR-215 High Frequency PLL 6.60
69744781 .89 1.15 3.50
t= w
c
a e4i OOKOTASOZO XR-567CP Tone Decoder (mini DIP) 1.95
0974489 .99 69741484 2.50 69742849 6.00 1
MONO
0974509 -16 0817415014 1.10 0474285N 6.00 Meal 0 4.1 *we goal. 1,111111
Mochl XR-567CT Tone Decoder (TD-51 1.70
r.F.:.12.1111 s7pi%Don
20% Discount tot 100 Combined 7400's STEREO DECODERS
TR II XR -1310P PLL Stereo Decoder 3.20
la,aic.ii<aWal;t:
HIGH SPEED LOW POWER SCHOTTKY
eeu. Tr
^-Tr-oa
anoxia
1/16 VECTOR BOARD
X R.1310EP
XR.1800P
PLL Stereo Decoder
PL Stereo Decoder l
3.20
3.20
WAVEFORM GENERATORS
04746004 .33 0974100N 33 071745004 .60
XR-205 Waveform Generator 8.40
097411079 .33 5N74L02N .33 S9745039 90
SN74H04N
097411059
S9744089
5974410N
S474H119
SN74H2ON
.33
.35
.33
33
.33
.33
04741039
S474104N
69741.1011
09741209
614741.309
SN74142N
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
1.50
59746049
55745059
59745109
S974511N
S9746159
S9746209
.60
60
65
.65
.60
65 -wPRanaouro1oa
Here's a low cose, biq 10 IC rapacity
breadboardkit with all Ina quairty al
XR-2206CP
OTHER EXAR
Monolithic Function Generator
XR-2207CP Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
IC'S
XR-1468CN Dual+ 15V Tracking Regulator
XR -1488N Quad Line Driver
5.50
3.85
3.85
5.80
4.80
0974H219 .33 081741739 .69 09740219 .60 XR- 1489AN Quad Line Receiver
9174H2251 .33 01.1741749 .69 04740409 .60
OT Socket and the best of the Proto- WALL or T.V. DIGITAL CLOCK XR-2208CP Operational Multiplier 5.20
59741759 .79 Board series.. complete down to the 12 or 24 Hour
S97411309 33 S51715649 .60
Iasi nut, boll and screw. Includes XR.2211 CP FSK Demodulator/Tone Decoder 6.70
59741140N .33 SN74L85N 1.15 SN74S659 .60 25' VIEWING DISTANCE
2 OT355 Sockets: 01358 Bus Slap: XR-2261 Monolithic Proportional Servo IC System
SN74H50N .33 SN74L86N .69 SN74911201 1.25 1
Walnut Case -6" a 3" a 1"
S11174H51N .35 59741909 1.60 55745153N 2.50 2 5-way binding pots;4 rubber feet;
Hr. & Min..6" High w/4 ea. Driver Transistor 3.79
screws, nuts, bolts; and easy assembly
Seconds3" High
COMPLETE KIT... $ KIT All Comp. B Can. -
S39.95 *Special Requested Items*
C04000
C04001
C04001
.29
.29 CMOS
C04030 .65
741106
74C20N
74C30N
.65
.65
65
995 Wired 8 Assembled 115 Vac 044.95
8008 Processor
1101 256 x I RAM
029.95
2.25
8267
2513
S 4.00
11.00
4024P
98197
52.25
3.00
.29
1.85 2102 1024 RAM 5.50 2518 7.00 MC1741 400
C04006 250 C04035 74C42N 2.15
C04007 .29 C04040 2.45 74C73N 1.50 DISPLAY LEDS DISCRETE LEDS ÁY5.1013 UART 9.95 2519 4.00 MC4044 4.50
1.49
RC4194 TK 5.95 2524 3.50 CA31306
C04009 .59 C04042 1.90 74074 1.15
CA Common Anode CC Common Cathode
1.50 74C90N MV 10 Red 5'41 00 8101 18.00 2525 7.00 40410 1 75
C04010 .59 C04044 3.00 MAN Cam Ano 270 81.95
I
MV 50 Red 6/$100 8263 7 00 2533 11.85 40673 175
004011 .29 C04046 2.51 i4C95N 2.00 MAN 3 Con, Cath. .125 .95
C04012 C04047 2.75 74C107N 1.25 MV 5014 Red 5/31.00
C04013
.29
.53 C04049 .79 74C151 2.90
MAN
MAN
4
7
Com.
Corn.
Cath.
Ano.
.187
.30
1.95
1.50
MV 5024 Green 4/$1.00 Renee) DIODES (Rectifier/
C 04050 .79 74C154 3.00 MV 5024 yellow 4/51.00 TYPE VOLTS W PRICE TYPE VOLTS W PRICE
CD4016 .69 0133 Com. Cath. .125 195
2.98 74C157 MV 5024 Orange 4/$1.00 400m 4/1.00 54003 200 PIV AMP .10
C04017 1.35 C04051 2.15 OL 747 Com. Ano. .625 250 N746 3.3 1
C04019 .69 C04053 2.98 74C160 3.25 N7514 5.1 400m 4/1.00 94004 400 PIV 1AMP -10
C04020 1.69 C04060 3.25 74C161 3.25 48752 5.6 40Dm 4/1.00 43600 50 200m 6 /1.00
C04022 1,25 C04066 1.75 74C163 3.00 N753 6.2 40001 4/1.00 54148 75 10m 15 /1.00
C04023 .29 C04069 .45 74C164 3.25 IC SOLDERTAIL - LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS 1754 6.8 40001 4/1.00 94154 35 1001 12/1.00
C04024 1,50 C04071 .45 740173 2.60 -24 2549 50100 N9650 15 40001 4 /1.00 44734 5.6 Iw 29
124 2549 50100 1
C04025 .34 C04081 .45 74C 193 2.75 95232 5.6 500m .28 N4735 6.2 Iw 28
.39 74CI95 2.75 8 prn S.19 .18 .17 24 pin S .68 62 .56 94736 6.8 lw .21
C04027 .85 74CDON 55234 6.2 50010 .28
14CO24 .55 1.50 14 pin .23 .22 .21 28 pm .89 .81 .73 50001 .28 94738 8.2 Iw 18
C04028 1,65 80C97 485235 6.8
16 pin .27 .26 .24 36 vin 1.10 .99 .90 .28 N4742 12 1w 18
C04029 2.90 74C04N .75 95236 7.5 500m
18 pm 46 .41 .37 40 on 1.25 1.13 .93
48456 15 401, 6/1.00 54744 15 1w 28
21 pm .65 .59 .53 48458 150 701 6 /1.00 481183 50 PIV 35 AMP 190
LM1310N 2.95 SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) N4854 180 10m 5/1.00 41184 100PIV 35 AMP 1.70
15.00
LM100H
LMI06H 260 LINEAR LM1351N 1.65 14 pin S.30 .28 .26 28 pin S .99 .90 81 94001 50PIV
94002 100 PIV I
1 AMP
AMP
.09
10
91186
91168
200
400 PIV
Ply 35 AMP
35 AMP
1.80
300
LM171H 3.75 L14373N 3.25 1514145 1.75 16 pin .33 31 .29 36 pin 1.39 1.26 1.15
LM212H 7.00 LM377N 4.00 LMI458C .65 18 pm 42 .39 .37 40 pin 1.59 145 130
LM300H .80 LM380N 1.39 LM1496N .95 24 pin .59 .54 19 TRANSISTORS
LM301H 3/1.00 LM380CN 1.05 LM7556V I.85
LM301CN 3/1.00 1M381114 1.79 LM2111N 1.95
SOLOERTAIL STANDARD (GOLD) MPS.A05 531 293905 111 4 /SI
8 pin 5.30 .27 14 24 pin $ 70 .63 57 24918 E{ 25 21429064 4/S1 253906 4151
LM302H .75 LM3829 1.79 1M29019 2.95
L143041 1.00 NE501K 8.00 LM3065N 69 14 pin .35 .32 29 28 pin 1.10 1.00 90 2712219A 331 2529074 5/S1 094249 I 4 /S1
II
LM307C01 .35 NE531H 3.00 LM3905N 00 242369 5/61 2537254 231 255129 .19
1M308H 1.00 NE536T 600 LM5556N 1.95 WIRE WRAP SOCKETS IGOLO) LEVEL 43 2523694 431 293903 5/SI 295139 .19
1M308CN 1.00 8165401 6.00 MC5558V 1.00 37 24 pin 01.05 .95 .85 252484 4/$1 293904 431 C10681 SCR 2/$1
10 pin 5.45 .41
LM30971 1.10 NE550N .79 LM75255 90 14 pin .46 42 38 28 pin 1.40 1.25 1.10
LM309K 1.25 NE553 2.50 LM7528N 2.20 16 pin 55 .5O 45 36 pin 169 1.45 1 30
CAPACITOR CORNER
LM310C9 1.15 NE555V .75 LM7534N 2.20 18 to 75 .68 62 40 pin 1.75 1.55 1 40
1111- 50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS
LM311H .90 NE565H 1.25 LM7535N 1.25
LM311N 90 NE565N 1.95 80386 4.95 1.9 1049 50.100 19 1049 50.100
1.50 NE566CN 1.95 14176450 .49 1001 .05 .04 .03 901 .05 .04 .035
LM318CN
22 pf .05 .04 03 .0047 .05 .04 .035
LM319114
1M3190
1.30
9-00
NE567H
NE 567V
1.25
1.95
75451CN
75452CN
.39
39
50 PCS. RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS $1.75 PER ASST. 47 pf .05 .04 .03 .01 05 .04 .035
LM37071 1.15 0113059 1.40 CA3113 85 50 .16 .14 .11 .47 50 .16 .14 I1
598000
MWES
22 25 17 .15 .12 .7 25 .15 .13 10
8091 SERIES8552 249 22 50 .24 .10 .18 .7 50 .16 14 I1
8123 1.59 8267 4,00 8826 3.00 100 50 35 30 .28 4 50 .24 .21 19
www.americanradiohistory.com
DEALER-DISTRIBUTORS
Citizens Band
P -1
The
Take
iA pygmy Amp
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i.**C;l
i
Ia
*
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R C
Nei i
1
2962 W. WELDON
Send this ad with Letterhead to
tonville, Ark. 72712. i ,)Reveal the Secret Microcomputer Co.'s true identity 1
FREE catalog ?)Tell us in 25 words or less why you should re-
UNUSUAL ELECTRONIC PLANS, Projects, Security Equip-
PAIA Electronics, Dept. "P ", 1 ceive a free chip i
ment, etc. Catalog $1.00. McCord Electronics, Box 276-PE, 1 If you con convince our jaded judges, in a form wit- 1
1020 W.Wilshire Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73116
i
* wool)
Sylvania, Ohio 43560. li able For vse'in tt'hiss mogazi1ne,,,yoou win.
TV TRANSMITTER. RCA TT -2AH. Excellent Condition.
Reasonable. P.O. Box 4162, Pasadena, Calif. 91106. TELETYPE EQUIPMENT for sale for beginners and exper-
ienced computer enthusiast. Teletype machines, parts, I
ú ii0 i " i
FINE PRINT: ALL ENTRIES MUST BE POSTMARKED BY AUG 31 AND
GUARD Master Professional Wholesale Alarm Catalogue supplies. Catalogue $1.00 to: ATLANTIC SALES, 3730 1 BE IN OUR HANDS BY SEP 7, 1975; ENTRIES BECOME PROPERTY 1
$2. Mepco, Dept. A6, Box 28007, St. Louis, MO 63119. Nautilus Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11224. Tel: (212) 372-0349. i OF BILLGODBOUT ELECTRONICS. ALL CONTESTANTS RECEIVE A DATA i
SHEET ABOUT OUR FIRST PRIZE. WINNER WILL BE NOTIFIED BY
I
1
1 OCT 1, 1975. IF YOU DON'T WIN ANYTHING THIS TIME AROUND
DON'T FEEL TOO BAD; ENTER OUR COMING CONTEST FOR A CON -
PLETE 16 BIT MICROCOMPUTER KIT. THESE CONTESTS SPOTLIGHT
k
AUGUST SPECIALS DIGITALgCCIRCUITS (DIP PKG) 1 PRODUCTS WE'RE INTRODUCING FOR FALL '75. SEND ENTRIES TO 1
7448
5203 BIT CONTEST", DOE
2355,:OAKLAND AIRPORT, CA 94614
Decoder /Driver (30V) S .89 i ,, 16
2048 hit pnlgra rnmable ROM UV erasable $14.95 7474 Dual D flip -flop .29
MAN3M LED DISPLAY 74107 Dual I-K flip -flop .33 SURPLUS BARGAINS, Computer Accessories, Equipment,
comm cathode 12- r haracter 12 for $1.98 Retrig monostable Energy Conservation, Technical Reports, Kits, Semi-
-
RH der 74123
9 DIGIT LED DISPLAY multivib wick conductors, Specifications, 20% 90% Discounts.
\On multiplexed substrate, comm. ca- LINEAR CIRCUITS (DIP PKG) Catalog 751, 50 cents. E/S Lab, Box 738, College Park,
380 2 watt audio Maryland 20740.
Ihode compatable with all 8 digit
s calculator chips, 7 segment right hand amplifier $1.09
as decimal, red with 4MA,1.8Vtyp2l "s,
3900 Quad amplifier .29
HYBRID AUDIO AMPLIFIER
yyy"' .12" character, 1 to 1.8 V typ .95 POCKET CALCULATOR KIT AtA-_....
"r" x t /'^" high
CLOSEOUT ON CALCULATOR
$3.93 5 function plus constant
addressable memory with
- MODEL 1240
-., r.
EPITEN
12 Watts
Model 1240
RMS
- - E::-r.v
Price: $6.95 + 50 cents postage.
superseded and are now offered at this lowest price
ever. Complete with data.
battery saver uses standard
or rechargeable batteries all - (CA Residents add 6% lax)
ROYER COMPONENTS
CT5001 12 digit display and calculate. 4
function. chain operation. fixed dec. 40
necessary parts in ready to
assemble form instructions- Send Money Order P.O. Box N
nl-
11
included or COD Bellflower. CA 90706
pin package $1.95
I,
III, CTSOO5 12 digit display and calculate, 4 $12.95 PRESSURE sensitive miniature cable for burglar alarm
function plus memory. 28 pin p$3.4
ackage ASSEMBLED 14.95
$3.49 SET OF ALKALINE BATE. 2.00 systems. Place under carpet in any contour for intrusion
detection or secret switching. $4.95 for twenty feet. Cable
OUR 10% DISCOUNT HAS
BEEN DEDUCTED FROM
ALL PRICES REGARD-
T% OFF ON ORDERS OVER 550.00
10./.. OFF ON ORDERS OVER $100.00
7MEMORIES Switch Corp., Box 72 -PE, West Long Branch, NJ 07764.
SCHEMATICS Burglar Alarm Kit: 5 Alarms, 2 Sounders.
LESS OF AMOUNT OF OR-
15% OFF ON ORDERS OVER S250.00 1101 256 bit RAM MOS f 1.50
Power Supply. Send $5.00 to: DJW, 22541 Berg, Southfield,
1103 1024 bit RAM MOS 3.95
DER. 2102 1024 bit static RAM 5.55 Mich. 48075.
5203 2048 bit UV eras PROM 17.95
LINEAR CIRCUITS 5260
TTL 7.85 $,.,e 300 P. V Reg (super 723) TO-5 S .71
1024 bit RAM 2.49 VIDEO PING PONG
7400 $ .16 7186 .40 5262 2048 bit RAM 5.95
307 Op AMP (super 741) mOIP .26
7401 .17 7481 2.48
308 Micro Pwr Op Amp mDIP .89
7489 64 bit ROM TTL 2.48 PLANS - PC CARDS - KITS
7402 .17 74% .62 309K SV lA regulator TO-3 1.35
8223 Programmable ROM
Pro 3.69 ATTACHES TO YOUR TV'S ANT.
7403 .17 7491 .97
310 V Follower Op Amp mDIP 1.07
74200 256 bit RAM tr i -slate 5. ONLY 14 ICS MOSTLY 7400
7404 .19 7492 .71
311 Hi pert V Comp mDIP .95 FAMILY. SEND S0 C FOR INFO. I
.60
3,9 Hi Speed Dual Comp DIP 1.73
PACK - REFUNDED WITH FIRST
PURCHASE
7406
]40]
.35
.35
7494
7495
.%
.79
320 Neg Reg 5.2, 12, 15
Quad Op Amp
TO-3
DIP
1.04
CALCULATOR 8
321 7.52
D. Duncan Electronics
7408
7409
19
.23
7496
74105
79
.44
339 Quad Comparator
Pos Voll Reg (5V-6V
DIP 1.58 CLOCK CHIPS
7410 .16 74107 .40
7407
5001 12 DIGfund fix dec
4 $3.45 20650 Runnymede Canoga Park Ca 91306
BV- 72-
Y 15V- 1gV -34V) TO-220 1.04
7411 .26 74121 .42 5002 Same as 5001 eu blr y pwr 7.95
370 ACC /Squelch AMPL DIP .71
7413 .55 74122 .45 372 5005 12 DIG 4 fund w /mem 4.95
Strip detector
AF-IF DIP 2.93 FOR A New Electronic Experience, learn to control your
7415 .35 74123 .85 81815725 8 DIG 4 land chain 8 dec 1.98
377 AM/FM /SSB Strip DIP .53
7416 .35 74125 .54 376 Pos. V. Reg 2.42
81815736 18 pin 6 DIG 4 fund 4.45 brainwaves. Aquarius Electronics, Box 96ZE, Albion. CA
7417 .35 74126 .71 MM5738 8 DIG 5 fund K & mem 5.35
777 2w Stereo amp DIP 1.16 95410.
7420 .17 74141 1.04 81815779 9 DIG 4 Janet (bl ry sun) 5.35
7422
7423
.26
.29
74145
74150
1.04
.97
7%
380-8 I.Audio
Audio Amp
Amp
e
.39 440o7814Á .40
P.O. BOX 1708/ MONTEREY, CA. 93940 USA 4áU4 .69 4035A LM 40824 .40 2N4248 or 1N5391, mixed or not 7 for $1.00. EAST COAST
www.americanradiohistory.com
BUY ANY 10 LOWEST PRICES INPOLV PAKS SMASHES
TAKE 15% U.S.A.I
BUY 100 'CALCULATOR' PRICES
TAKE 25% 9- FUNCTION, 8 -DIGIT EASY TO PUT TOGETHER!
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it ONLY REOURES
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CHIPS Iandr a READOUTI Howls for mpi
O 51474122 .48
51474123 .85
CO4000AE 5.29
C D4001 AE .29
MEMORY CALCULATOR KIT 2 Memory keys are MS Memory Storage Ana MR
Memory Recall ! reptires
The
little sol d er ing ) Thee
1-15N74125 .59
2e
.
CD4002AE .29 It's the easiest multi- display r ev is battery life Your
O 5N74126 .59 CD4006AE 2.50 display . Bel ynk shuts n ones alter the leis
SN74132 1.75 O C04007AE .29 function kit today! depressing -11 kkey. the display is
restored! Uses s N el batter,, Re decimal tor
S
SN74140 2.10 C04008AE 1.98 on left to show when b e e
O SN74145 1.05 CD4009AE .59 DOUBLE MEMORY Decimal. Clear. Constant,
e
I
5147400 $.16 $N7462 5.22
O5N74148 2.25
056174150 .98
C0401OAE .59
CD4011 AE
Percent. Constant,
Display Restore Up2y arithmetic key ed,
e and r blue colora.
t. corrlr
J
SN7402 .16 5117471 .49 O5N74153 .90 t for business, nol, home, and i the youngsters.
SN7403
5147404
.16
.19
5147472
5147473
.29
.36 OSN74154 1.35
05N74155 .95
CD401 3AE
CD4014AE
.69
1.98
CD401 SAE 1.98
/ into Docket, briefcase with ease Easy -to-
unerstand ptdorel instruction booklet and how-to-
5147405 .19 5147474 .36 0SN74156 .95 CD4016AE .69 c? / usebook. AC /DC ool
/
5147406 .35 5147475 .59 KIT case. 22-key keyboard
driv kit, ON-OFF
5147476 .39 OSN74157 .95 C04017AE 1.75 switch !part pf
of k dl beard, and memory
5147407 .35 05N74158 .95 OCD4018AE 1.98 4 -F Ion calculator S, 9 -digit jack e" magnifier
magnifier LED
5147408 .19 5147478 .79 OSN74160 1.35 CD4019AE .69 Arithmetic AC
5147409 .19 5147480 .52 051474161 1.25 C D402oAE 1.98 22 KEYSI battery `card iisplay. instruction wand`erytoral step -br6
5147410 .16 5147481 .99 D514741631.35 CD4021 AE 1.98 ten construction booklet.
5/47411 .25 5147482 .89 51474164 1.50 CD4022AE 1.70
5147413 .59 5147483 1.25 051474165 1.50 C04023AE .29 THE SIMPLEST! FINEST! SMALLEST!
5147414 1.65 5147485 1.25 05N74166 1.50 CD4O24AE 1.50 SlwpliRed indexing
SN7416 .34 5117486 .37 5N74173 1.45 O CD4025AE .34 Mark up and Mark d°""
5147417 .34 5147488 3.95 51474174 1.39 CD4026AE 3.95 luplles9en 6-FUNCTION AC-DC
5147420 .16 5147489 2.45 SN74175 1.30 CD4027AE .85 and
e e
division CALCULATOR KIT!
5147412 .45 5147490 .59 SN74176 1.20 CD4028AE 1.65 ed Paca
. a, 52'.ii`tñ:
SN7423 .29 5147491 1.10 051474177 1.20 CD4029AE 2.90 Designed specifically for Poly Palle under
ad. IMAGINE, only 242 .he Dent.e
5617425 .29 5f47492 .59 SN74180 .95 CD4030AE .65 8 case.
9 idea eaaHl.
5147426 .25 SN7493 .59 051474181 2.98 CD4031AE 3.95 BRITE hunted everywhere
r
5N7427 .29 5147494 .95 5174182 .74 CD4035AE 1,85 be aman. do he many Ianrrm.., w
desata .ne SIMPLE ru BUILD: WHY, flne engineering
5147430 .16 SN7495 .79 05N74184 1.98 CD4040AE 2.45 DIGITS Because
k.
SN7432 .25 57496 .79 051474185 1.98 CD4041 AE
1.90
n
has
l h bo d o
5147433 .49 SN74100 1.40 SN 741 90 1.40 CD4042AE1.90
/::
.' 9 digo readout. SIMPLE' dSIH
SN7437 .34 5N74104 .44 SN74191 1.0 CD4041AE1.50 Úi7L4hJ ../ designed
kit is even multicolor d na r
0
SN7438 .34 SN741O5 .44 k e If II calcula-
051474192 1.25 C04044AE 1.50
2elk
Kit i
S147440 .16 SN74106 .52 O SN74193 1.25 CD4049AE .79 Llihtewl[M. peekei iw fil Fl ^ peZOS6
W2h
keyboard h 1c ne,
Wit
case t d
SN7441 1.00
SN7442 .70
S1474107 .44
SN74108 .89
05N74194 1.20
05N74195 .85
O CD4050AE .79
CD4051 AE 2.98 Extra larga display
]ÌI
:.1,
' OvYo u. o ly 2'2
for K cono., MAIN pc
z o
arJ:
board: famous Cal Tech 5030 26-Pin rsswaat
for ON
t r rhp.
SN7444 1.25 SN74112 .89 SN74196 1.80 C04o52AE 2.98 T 1 plus, miaus, awa-
D e. pere 4ge, e ow bM e a.
1
ileeHw[ delwel s G .
asoa, back P.
weae on neet
' e.i.wr.,
Las o o-:
5N7419
.
SN 7446 1.15 SN74114 .89 1.75 CD4055AE 2.75 ..¡.'^. ' Plate O2nere.aor eve plaga
57447 .99 mnr,runn,. a.nm
OSN74121 .49 SN74200 4.95 CD4056AE 2.50 Chain ami MI. eacubtlew am k ..a. Ar e.Do-a volt battery .nd
EASIEST KIT TO BUILD
5147448
5147450
5147451
SN7452
.99
.16
.17
.17
$4.95 .VOLT NICAD
POWER PAR
nclude., d "A" cell nicad
CD4060AE 3.25
C04066AE 1.75
CD4069AE .45
CD4071AE .45
RAYTNEON-RCA
NATIONAL
Tike 10e
3 -
SN 7453 .17 Eat i e Looked o sloe CD4081AE .45 CODE
5147454 .17 u 6.v,1 e for all traes of CD4518AE 3.10 SIONETICS
State
SN7455
5147460
.22
.17 tenesrmd.. Reharw`[evbi.. CD4520AE 3.10
LINEAR Chal `e'I2na, 3rd
Caso Styles
Sta = VeltaNS 5 thru 24
4 -DIGIT AM -PM IC'S ID) Duale; (OI w
OVade
I
A DIGITAL CLOCK BUILDER'S SPECIAL. TUNG -SOL D2004 LM318 1.75 LM747(D) .69 Red Red
LM319 1.19 LM748 .35 Green Yellow
Low Prices CT 5001 t2- Digi. pin
.ion of 5001
s3.ps 3 Hm 0 . 1101320 1.25
1.75
LM753
LM1303
1.79
-79
Yellow
DAmber
Green
Amber
On CT
CT
5002
5005
9 Volt
t2- Digits, 211-pin.
3.a5 3 ter s s
D 5 5 5 Ti"." A LM324
L (0) 1.85 LM1304 1.00 O Clear
.50 af«ss
Calculator with 3-function memory 3.06 OR LM339 (0) 1.45 LM1307 .79
3fsri14. 210x.125
CHIPS CT
CT
5030
5031
TMS-0120
4-Function with "r
-Function Only
4- Function by Tes.
6.50 3 fer 515.
3.50 3far50 o 5 5 8 Dwl
741
LM341
LM35O
T 2.50
1.75
,69 3.50
LM1458(D) .69
LM1498
LMI800
.99
-340x.180
Medium Micro
MM 5725 11-Digits. 4 -fund. LED 3.50 3 ter SS. ORed Red
MM 5736 6- Digit,. 211-pin. 9V 3.50 31.r S5 2 for $1 LM370 RC2556(D) 2.25
1.05 Green Green
MM 5730 6Digits. mower, 6.50 3 N. 55 LM371 1,05
CA3026 .59 Yellow O Yellow
LM373 CA3045
1.95 .59 Amber Amber
o LM374 1.95
CA3054 -59
INDUSTRIAL SPEED CONTROL for
1.511376 .49
CA3065 ,59
Micro (Axial) MV -50 style
A $30 item from C.E.
Model
industrial
A
that control. home, shopfor controlling
de erool
many electrical
o! A
LM377
LM380-8
2.50
1.10
CA3082
LM3900
.59
.49 MV -SO Clear
MV -SS Red
.... 106 for $1.
for S1.
very elaborate circuit Easily LM380 1.39 RC4136(0) 1.95
and electronic devices.
peedfeel1t00
ra e d
ccotls 150381 1.69 RC4195 2.50
drills. brush type etc. LM382 1.69 LM4250C 2.10
speed or dimming
watts. With variable case.
control I0
LMS31 1.95 LM7520 59 7- SEGMENT READOUT SALE!
3 x 23/4 x 2. With diagram LM532 1.95 O LM7521 .59 Up to 20 mlis per seg. at SV, MAS -1
heavy -duty aluminum XENON
and hookups. LM533 1.95 1M7522 .59 All fit Into 14 -pin IC socket.
FLASH LM55S .88 O LM7523 .59 Type SIB. Color Sale 3 for
$4.95
TOUCH TONE STROBE
TUBE
] LM558(D) .69
LM560
LM561
LM7524
2.50 C LM7525
2.50 LM7528
.59
.59
.59
MAN1
MAN -3MA .12 Red
MAN -4AB .27
.27 Red $2.50 56.00 MAN -3
Red
-69
1.95
2.00
5.00
KEYBOARD KIT o $1.95
L562
LMS6S
2.50
2.50
LM7529
LM7535
.59
-59
MAN -S
MAN -6
.27
.6
Crean 4.00
4.50 12.00
1.50
Kit
with
includes x 21/2" -10 gist.
'
10 OAK "smooth touch" white
G
keys with black
etched pc board. MAN -64 .4
Red
Red 3.50 9.00
numeral., plus diagram on "touch tone encoder". Makes "BLASTAWAY" NATIONAL MAN -7
MAN -8
.27
.27
Red 1.00 2.50
Tallew 1.50 4.00
many "keyboard system." readily available. O -to -9 ON 1N4000 LM -340T VR's ALL ABOVE BY MONSANTO
RECTIFIER PRICES ro -22o
20 -WATTS :3085 1N4001
PIV
50 10 for 45e
Sale
$1.75
Case
POSITIVE VOLTAGt
Each
I Ame
Typo
SLA -1
Slee Color
.33 Red
Sale 3 for
$1.95 $5.00
SOLID STATE 1N4002 loo 10 for 55e SLA1 .33 Green 1.95 5.00..
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20 -watt tuner
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96 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
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MM5314 NATIONAL CLOCK CHIP
The most popular clock chip around. We
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made a huge special purchase of factory
MOTOROLA MJE 3055 fresh, prime units. Lowest price in USA. $1 VALUE -FREE BONUS
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COLOR ORGAN CONTROL MODULE
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- JUMBO LED READOUT
Twice the size of regular readouts. .65
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7400 -16c 7448 -89c 74151 -75c Brand new Voltage con- MOS 4 DIGIT COUNTER Each module contains 2 transistors
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7473 -37c
7474 -37c
74154 -95c
74157 -99c
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SPECIAL
BACK IN STOCK'
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$12.50
FM TRANSFORMERS
We bought a load of coils and
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Anode
--
Perfect for experimenters or repair-
-
--
men. 10 Pc Asst. 99c
AUDIO AMP ASSEMBLY MAN 5 GREEN $1.29
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-
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SPECIAL $1.49 Very Limited Qty.
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PHASE LOCKED LOOP
$1.29
RCA CA3043 FM IC -
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24VDC Coil
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1.49
1.79
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WITH SPECS
$1.75. -
CIRCLE NO S ON READER SERVICE CARD
AUGUST 1975 97
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2.90 2N5133
130 285138
.15
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19 1 20 2N5154 6.25
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1 25 2N3642 19 2N4037 60 285157 8 95
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2SA103 70
2SB380 .70 2SC491 2.50 2SC838 70 2SC1756 1 25 2N334 1.25 2N960 40 2N2218 20 2N2906A 20 2N3645 15 284124 .18 2N5294 60
2SA22t 60 258405 1 00 2SC495 .70 2SC839 85 2SD30 95 2N336 90 2N962 40 2N2218A 25 282907 19 2N3646 10 2N4126 23 285296 45
2SA473 85 258407 210 2SC497 1.60 2SC930 65 25O45 2.00 2N338A 110 2N967 40 2N2219 20 2N2907A 25 2N3730 1.25 284141 23 2N5306 20
2SA495 65 258415 1.05 2SC515 .80 2SC945 65 2SD64 75 283980 90 2N1136 125 2N2219A 25 2N2913 75 2N3731 165 2N4142 16 285354 25
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2SA562 70 258471 t 75 2SC537 .70 2SC1013 1.50 2SD72 1,00 2N456 1.15 2N1143 1.75 282222 19 2N3019 1.25 283772 2.00 2N4234 1 25 285401 .50
2SA607 2 25 258474 1.75 2SC563 2.50 2SC1014 t 50 25088 1.50 2N501A 3.50 2N1302 25 2N2222A 19 283053 19 283773 2.10 284235 1 60 2N5457 .35
2SA613 00 258481
1 2 10 2SC564 .70 2SC1018 1.50 2SD120 .85 2N5084 35 2N1305 30 2N2270 .30 2N3054 70 2N3819 25 2N4400 19 2N5458 35
2SA643 85 2513492 1 25 25E568 70 2SC1030 3.25 2SD130 1 50
2N512B 2.50 2N1377 1 25 282322 1.50 283055 75 2N3823 60 284401 19 2N5467 2800
2SA647 275 2SB495 .95 2SC582 .85 2SC1051 2.50 2SD141 2.25 2N555 45 2N1420 18 2N2323 60 283227
1 2 10 2N3843 25 2N4402 19 C10681 45
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2SA699A 2 00 2SC32 65 2SC627 75 2SC1115 2.75 2513201 2.50 2N2647 To-18 4.00
.fr 2SA705 2SC33
1
65 CA3066 1N4001 .60 5.00
55 .65 2SC644 70 2SC1166 .70 25D218 500 2N6027 PUT To-92
2SA714 2 50 2SC41 4 00 2SC645 85 2SC1170 4.00 250235 1.00 .55 CA3068 6.50 6.00 1N4002 .70
2SA720 70 2SC49 80 2SC681 250 2SC1172134.25 2SD261 .80 2N6028 PUT To-92 75 MC 1305 1.50
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2SA733 65 2SC56 95 2SC684 2.10 2SC1173 1.25 2813291 .85 2N1671 To-5 1.00 1N4004 .90 8.00
Replacement for Zenith
2SB22 65 2SC 143 3.50 2SC687 2.50 2SC1213 .75 2SD292 .85 D5E37 To-18 4/1.00 1 N4005 1.00 9.00
2SB54 70 2SC154 3 75 2SC696 2.35 2SC 1226 125 2SD300 2 -50
221 -36, 221 -37, 221 -39 3.50
25856 70 2SC 162 375 2SC710 .70 2SC1237 2.00 250313 1 20 1N4006 1.10 10.00
25877 70 2SC163 4 50 2$C711 .70 2SC1239 2 80 250315 75 1N4007 1,20 11.00
258128 2.50 2SC185 1 00 2SC712 .70 2SC1293 85 2S0318 .95 TRANSISTOR GRAB BAG -Germanium and Silicon small sigs and power transistors.
2513135 95 2SC202 00 2SC713 70 2SC1308 5.00 250341 -95
258152 4.50 2SC206
1
2SC732
Untested. 50/1.00 FAIRCHILD 9L00 IC's, prime units 29
1 00 70 2SC1317 60 2SD350 3.50
258172 55 2SC240 1.10 2SC733 .70 2SC1325 5.00 25D352 .80
HOBBYIST'S 16 Pin Digital IC- Untested. -15/1.00 709C Hi -Pert. Op Amp 5/1.00
258173 55 2SC261 .65 2SC735 70 2SC1347 .80 2SD380 6.00 Fairchild 7400 IC- While They Last! 8/1.00 741C Hi -Pert. Op Amp 4/1.00
2SBt75 55 2SC291 .65 2$C739 .70 2SC1377 6.75 2SD389 .95
256178 1.00 2SC320 75 2SC756 1.50 2SC1383 75 2SD390 75
258186 60 2SC352 75 2SC774 1.75 2SC1393 60 2SD437 6.00
258187 60 2SC353 75 2SC775 2.00 2SC1409 2 75 2S0458 80
2513235 t 95 2SC371 70 2SC778 3.00 2SC1410 2.75 2501111 350
258303
2SB324
2SB337
65 2SC372
1 00 2SC380
2.10 2SC387
70
70
70
2SC783
2SC784
2SC785
1
100
00
70
2SC1446 1.25
2SC1447 1.25
2SC1448 1.25
2SD1115
23109
2SK30
3 75
2.25 ,New-Zane eleciralrks
1.25
258364 65 2SC394 70 2SC792 3 00 2SC1450 1.00 2SK40 1 60
P.O. BOX 1738 A
2SB365 65 2SC458 70 2SC793 2.50 2SC1454 2.75 .3SF11 3.14
2SB367 1.60 2SC460 70 2SC828 75 2SC1507 1.25 SG609 4.95 BLOOMFIELD, N.J. 07003
20% off on Replacement orders of 25.00 or more. Above is partial list of current sock TERMS. Check or money order. CODs accepted. Include 10`o for postage and handling N.J. residents
available at drastic reductions. Send for complete list! add 5% sales tax. Minimum order 5.00.
ALL PARTS GUARANTEED AND TESTED ON PREMISES.
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG AND LG. QUANTITY DISCOUNTS.
www.americanradiohistory.com
PRICES !c;'ned up to 50%
Take advantage of our new Volume Discount.
SPECIAL CLOSEOUT
SALE on 74500 series 74501 .50
Schottky TTL. This is a 74503 .50
74504 .55
one -time offer, as we are 74505 .55
7450 .20 74166 1.50 4015 Dual 4 -Stage Static Register 1.79
42 -14001 1N4001, 1Amp, 50PRV, Rec Diode .07
7451 .20 74170 2.75 4016 Quad Bilateral Switch .67
42 -14002 1N4002, 1Amp, 100PRV, Rec Diode .08
4017 Decade Counter /Divider W /Decoded Outputs 1.69
7453 .20 74175 2.00
42 -14003 1N4003, 1Amp, 200PR V, Bee Diode .09
4018 Preaettable Divide-By-"N" Counter 1.86
.10 7454 .20 74176 1.75
42 -14004 1N4004, 1Amp, 400PRV, Rec Diode 4019 Quad AND -OR "Select" Gate .67
7459 .20 74177 1.75
42 -14005 1N4005, 1Amp, 600PRV, Rec Diode .11
4020 14 -Stage Ripple -Carry Binary Counter /Divider 1.86
7460 .20 74180 1.00
42 -14006 1N4006, 1Amp, 800PRV, Rec Diode .12 4021 8-Stage Static Shift Register 1.79
7470 .32 74181 3.95
42 -14007 1N4007, 1Amp, 1000PRV, Rec Diode .13 4022 Divide -By-8 Counter W/8 decoded outputs 1.69
.08 7472 .29 74182 .95
42 -14148 1N4148 Silicon Switching Diode 4023 Triple 3 -Input Positive NAND Gate .29
.15 7473 .40 74192 1.25
73-10746 1N746Á, 3.3V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode 4024 7 -Stage Binary Counter 1.43
7474 .40 74193 1.25
73-10747 1N747A, 3.6V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 4025 Triple 3 -Input Positive NOR Gate .29
7475 .64 74196 1.95
73-10748 1N748A, 3.9V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 4026 Decade Counter/7 -Sep. Decoder, Disp. Enable 2.89
7476 .42 74197 1.95
73 -10749 1N749Á, 4.3V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 4027 Dual J -K Master -Slave Flip -Flop W/Set & Reset .84
1N750Á, 4.7V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 7480 .50 74198 2.65
73-10750 4028 BCD -To-Decimal Decoder 1.43
1N751A, 5.1 V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 7482 .93 74199 2.65
73 -10751 4029 Presetteble Up/Down Counter, Binary or BCD 2.11
73 -10752 1N752A, 5.6V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 7483 1.30
4030 Quad Exclusive -OR Gate .67
73 -10753 1N753A, 6.2V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 4033 Decade Counter /7 -Sag. Decod. & Ripple Blank. 3.23
73 -10754 1N754A, 6.8V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 4035 4-Stage Shift Register (Parallel -In, Parallel Out) 1.86
.15 If your merchandise total is between:
73 -10755 1N755A, 7.5V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode 4040 12 -Stage Ripple -Carry Bin. Counter /Divider 1.86
73 -10756 1N756A, 8.2V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 4041 Quad True/Compliment Buffer 1.35
.15
STANDARD CHARGES
73 -10757 1N757Á, 9.1V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode 4042 Quad Clocked "D" Latch 1.28
73-10758 1N758A, 10V, 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15 1.26
$ 0.00 - $ 4.99 add $2.00 4043 Quad NOR R/S Latch
73 -10759 1N759A. 12V. 5 %, 400MW, Zener Diode .15
$ 5.00 - $24.99 add $0.75 4044 Quad NAND R/S Latch 1.26
TRANSISTORS
54 23860 2N3860 NPN General Purpose Transistor .21 $ 25.00 - $4999 add $0.50 4049 Hex Buffer/Converter, Inverting Type .72
$ 50.00 - $99.99 add $0.25 4050 Hex Buffer/Converter, Non -Inverting Type .72
TRIACS
45 03003 3mA Gate 50V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.31
$100.00 and up NO CHARGE 4051 Single 8- Channel Multiplexer 2.11
4052 Differential 4- Channel Multiplexer 2.11
45-03203 3mA Gate 200V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.69 The above charges include shipping via
4053 Triple 2- Channel Multiplexer 2.11
45 -03403 3mA Gate 400V 3 Amp. TRIAC 2.11 First Class or UPS (your Choice), and
4060 14-Stege Ripple -Carry Bin. Count. /Div. W /Osc. 2.55
45 -10003 10mA Gate 50V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.06 insurance for all domestic shipments.
4066 Quad Bilateral Switch 1.26
45 -10203 10mA Gate 200V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.36
4071 Quad 2 -Input OR Gate .36
45 -10403 10mA Gate 200V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.70 SPECIAL CHARGES 4072 Dual 4 -Input OR Gate .36
46 -25003 25mA Gate 50V 3 Amp. TRIAC .85
4081 Quag 2 -Input AND Gate .36
45 -25203 25mA Gate 200V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.19 COD $1.00 -additional 4082 Dual 4 -Input AND Gate .36
45 -25403 25mA Gate 400V 3 Amp. TRIAC 1.53 Air Mail $0.50- additional 4502 Stobed Hex Inverter /Buffer 1.28
45-50010 5OmA Gate 50V 10 Amp. TRIAC .84 Postal Insurance $0.25 -additional 4510 BCD Up/Down Counter 1.96
45-50015 50mA Gate 50V 15 Amp. TRIAC 1.31 Special Delivery $0.75 -additional 4511 BCD -To -7 Seg. Latch/Decoder /Driver 1.96
45 -50210 50mA Gate 200V 10 Amp. TRIAC 1.36
4512 8- Channel Data Selector 2.13
45 -50215 50mA Gate 200V 15 Amp. TRIAC 2.33
VOLUME DISCOUNT SCHEDULE 4514 4 -Bit Latch /4- 16- Decoder(Hi) 2.47
45 -50410 50mA Gate 400V 10 Amp. TRIAC 1.72
4515 4 -Bit Latch/4- 16- Decoder( Lo) 2.47
45 -50415 50mA Gate 400V 15 Amp. TRIAC 2.95
Merchandise Total Discount 4516 Binary Up /Down Counter 1.96
46-50010 50mA Gate 50V 10 Amp. TRIAC .75 4518 Dual BCD Up Counter 2.04
0.00 -$ 9.99 NET
46 -50015 50mA Gate 50V 15 Amp. TRIAC 1.18 $
4520 Dual Bin. Up /Down Counter 2.04
46 -50215 50mA Gate 200V 15 Amp. TRIAC 2.10 $ 10.00 -$ 24.99 Less 5%
4528 Dual Monostable Multivibrator 1.69
1.55 $ 25.00 -$ 99.99 Less 10%
46-50410 50mA GAte 400V 10 Amp. TRI AC 4585 4 -Bit Magnatude Comparator 2.13
$ 100.00 $499.99 Less 15%
46 -50415 50mA GAte 400V 15 Amp. TRIAC 2.60 -
$ 500.00 -$999R9 Less 20%
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A_
DO- IT-YOURSELF
DIP 50CIIET5 TTL SPECIAL READER PAGE
8 PIN PCB .22 7400 DIP TTL Signetic/
SERVICE NO. ADVERTISER NUMBER
14 PIN PCB .26 House Numbered TELEPHONES, ALL TYPES. Equipment, Supplies, Keyed
16 PIN PCB .30
Regular, Decorator. Catalog 50 cents. Box 1654J, Costa
24 PIN PCB .75 7404 DIP TTL Hex Inverter
40 PIN PCB 1.25 Signetic /House Numbered Mesa, California 92626.
1 A.D.R. Audio Video 80
14 PIN WIRE WRAP .35
Each $ .17 Ten for $1.50 2 A P Products Incorporated 23
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 53 A P Products Incorporated 11
FAIRCHILD "TRIMPOTS" 3 Adva Electronics 89
IMADE $40,000.00 Year by Mailorder! Helped others make 4 Allison Automotive Company 70
Brand new 20 turn precision trimners. These
are prime parts mostly individually packed money! Free Proof. Torrey, Box 318-NN, Ypsilanti,
6 Altaj Electronics 97
in sealed envelopes. These values in stock: Michigan 48197.
7 Ancrona Corp 101
50 OHM 1K 5K 25K FREE CATALOGS. Repair air conditioning, refrigeration.
500 OHM 2K 10K 8 Antenna Specialists Co., The 22
Tools, supplies, full instructions. Doolin, 2016 Canton,
Each only S .89 10 for $7.50 9 Audio Technica U.S., Inc 23
Dallas, Texas 75201.
CARBON RESISTORS MAILORDER MILLIONAIRE helps beginners make $500
11 Babylon Electronics 100
Carbon Resistors 1 -Watt 5% -full prime weekly. Free report reveals secret plan! Executive (1K8),
All values in stock. 10 per value (min- 333 North Michigan, Chicago 60601. Bell & Howell Schools 18, 19, 20, 21, 83, 84
imum quantity). 10 for $ .45 12 Browning Laboratories, Inc 14
PIANO TUNING LEARNED QUICKLY AT HOME! Musical
knowledge unnecessary. Free Information. Empire
2102-2 MOS 1024 BIT MEMORY (DIP) School, Box 450327, Miami 33145. 13 CB Radio Repair Course, Inc 78
FULLY DECODED STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
DIRECTLY TTL COMPATIBLE INPUTS AND OUTPUT
SINGLE 5V SUPPLY - - NO CLOCKS OR REFRESH
' l
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y $200.00 DAILY In Your Mailbox! Your opportunity to do
what mail -order experts do. Free details. Associates, Box
CREI Capitol Radio Engineering
Institute 72, 73, 74, 75
$5.00 each 8 for $34.95 136-J, Holland, Michigan 49423. 14 CTS of Paducah, Inc 63
FREE BOOK "2042 unique proven enterprises." Work 15 Circuit Design, Inc 63
DIODE ARRAY home! Hayling -B, Carlsbad, CA 92008. 16 Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Inc 54 55, 56, 57
VrI'T !`l'r'Trl!l'rw ELECTRONIC Assemby Business. Big profits. Start home, 17 Cobra, Product of Dynascan Corporation 5
10 - 1N914 Silicon Signal Diodes in one
package. 20 leads spaced .1 "; no common spare time. Investment, knowledge, experience unneces- 19 Continental Specialties Corp 13
connections. Each $ .25 10 for $2.25 sary. Free illustrated literature. Barta, Box 248CV, Walnut
Creek. Calif. 94597. 20 Delta Electronics Co 98
SPECIAL
Numeric Display 21 Delta Products, Inc 79
PROM P d
1/4" Single Digit PROM 22 Digi -Key Corporation 96
GaAsP LED
COMMON CATHODE WITH RH DECIMAL
I_ lllllllh UIGt,,f,P,C Citizens Band 23
24
EICO
Edmund Scientific Co
81
88
SUPER SPECIAL $.59 32aWORD
DEALER-DISTRIBUTORS 25 Edmund Scientific Co 102
TEN for $4.95 ACTUAL SIZE MEMORY Send this ad with Letterhead to
3 13.00 EA. G C Electronics 6
Compact
H'ghly legible
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bright red t' character easily d 10 - 129 PAL ELECTRONICS CO.
n 10 feet over a wide v Ingg angle (t40)ed
YE P, O LRAM
Low power - 125 ma per d,g1t at ty Cal brightness
OR 5 EACH 2962 W WELDON - PHOENIX, ARIZ. 85017 5 Heath Company 25
26 Hy -Gain Electronics Corporation SECOND COVER
RECTIFIER 1N4007 - 1 AMP - 1000 volt PRO
.13 each 10 for $1.00
EXCEPTIONAL profits installing professional -grade, silent
SPECIAL! $
Illinois Audio
Police -Calling hold -up & burglary alarms. We teach you 27 76
how -Fast. Write: Garrison Protective, B -550, 42 -55 International Electronics Unlimited
SEND FOR C.O.D. ORDERS
PHONE Colden, Flushing, New York 11351.
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RUBBER STAMPS
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McIntosh Laboratory, Inc
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C -MOS y, WAVEFORM GENERATOR DISPLAYS
LEDs
1-9 10 up DUAL 0 .125" dia.
40004E .26 .25 XR205K KIT Only 825.00 OPCOA
4001AE .26 .25 Here's a highly versatile lab in
LOW NOISE SLA1 Red 2.25 209 Red $25
EP 9125
40024E .26 .25 strument at a fraction of the cost OP AMP SLA11 Green 3.60
9 -DIGIT DISPLAY
209 Yellow .35
4004A E 5.83 5.82 of conventional unit. Kit includes LM331N: SLA21 Yellow 3.60 209 Green .35
40064E 1.35 1.34 two XR205 IC's, data & applica- Vip = 6mV SLAT Red 1.60 $7.90
4007AE .26 .25 tions, PC board (etched & drilled, lie = 1000 nA LITRONIX 1/8" character height .160" dia.
40084E 1.79 1.78 ready for assembly) and detailed lb= 2000 nA DL80 Red 6.00 ompact, thin PC 216 Red .25
40094E .60 .59 instructions. Noise = 1.5d13 13L81 Red 6.00 c package 216 Yellow .30
4010AE .59 .58 $2.20 DL10 Red 6.00 wide viewing angle 216 Green .30
40114E .26 .25 DL OA Red 4.00
40124E .26 DL101 Red 4.90 .200 dia.
4013AE :ái :á6 7400N TTL DL57 Red 9.90 OPTOISOLATORS 220 Red .25
40144E 1.49 1.48
7400N 7444N $1.05 7496N $.85 74161N 1.28 DL61 Red 12.00 220 Yellow .30
4015AE 1.26 1.25 $.14 DL33 Red 4.00 MONSANTO 220 Green .30
7401N .17 7445N .93 74100N 1.30 74162N 1.50 MCT2 1.35
40164E .56 .55 74163N 1.48 DL44 Red 6.00
4017AE 1.20 1.19 7402N .14 7446N 1.10 74104N 1.25
OL402 Red 4.00 LITRONIX LOW PROFILE
7403N .17 7447N .88 74105N .45 74164N 1.22
40184E 1.49 1.48 74107N .40 74165N 1.78 DL701 Red 3.40 L1 1.30 226 Red $.25
40194E .52 .51 7404N .20 7448N 1.00 2.25 1.40 226 Yellow .30
7405N .20 7450N .15 74109N .75 74166N 1.50 DL704 Red L12
40204E 1.49 1.48
7406N .30 7451N .20 74110N .72 74170N 2.60 DL707 Red 2.35 L16 1.80 226 Green .30
4021AE 1.34 1.33 DL747 Red 2.50 L74 1.35 226 Orange .30
7407N .30 7463N .20 74111N .92 74173N 1.55
4022AE
40234E
1.11 1.10
.26 .25 7408N .18 7464N .26 74114N .92 74174N 1.20 0©O -: XCITON
)(A N72 Red 2.00
LD74 1.75
LQ74 3.40 5063 Red .35
4024A E .90 .89 7409N
7410N
.22
.18
7455N
7460N
.37
.25
74115N .92
74118N 1.51
74175N
74176N
1.60
1.30 O0© XAN52 Green 2.00 5053 Yellow .40
40254E .26 .25
0©0 5053 Green .40
40264E
40274E
4028A E
3.72 3.70
.60 .59
.98 .97
7411N
7412N
7413N
7414N
.27
.52
.65
1.80
7462N
7464N
7465N
7470N
.37
.37
.37
.30
74121N
74122N
74123N
74125N
.37
.37
.90
.48
74177N
74180N
74181N
74182N
1.50
.73
3.20
.75
O _
74LS
74LSOO
74LSO1
.58
.58
74LS76 .92
74LS78 .92
9300 SERIES
9300PC
9301PC
1.00
1.20
5053 Orange .40
216 - MV5024
4029A E 1.27 1.26
7415N .37 7471N .49 74126N .64 74184N 2.90 74LS02 .58 9304PC 1.50 5053 = MV5053
40304E .44 .43 74LS107 .92
7416N .22 7472N .32 74128N .94 74185N 2.29 CALCULATORS 74LSO3 .58 74LS109 .92 9306PC 6.90 iI
4033A E 3.51 3.00
7417N .34 7473N .38 74132N 1.74 74188N 4.90 MV50 Rad $.30
4035A E 74LSO4 .63 74LS112 .92 9308PC 2.50
4040A E
1.27 1.26
1.49 1.48 7420N .17 7474N .33 74136N .92 74190N 1.49 (Limited Oty.) 74LSO5 .63 74LS113 .92 9309PC 1.60
7421N .60 7475N .60 74140N 2.50 74191N 1.20 74LS08 .58 74LS114 .92 9310PC 1.50
4041ÁE 4.06 4.05
7422N .27 7476N .33 74141N 1.19 74192N 1.40 $19.00 74LS09 .58 74LS138 2.38 9311PC 2.30
4042AE
4043A E
.75 .74
.60 .59 7423N .48 7478N .55 74145N 1.08 74193N 1.00 74LSIO .58 74LS139 2.38 9312PC 1.20 1 -AMP RECTIFIERS
7425N .34 7480N .60 74147N 2.35 74194N 1.35 74LS11 .58 74LS151 2.10 9314PC 1.30
4044A E .60 .59 74148N 2.20 74195N 10 100 1000
4047A E3.54 3.53 7426N
7427N
.25
.31
7481N 1.19
7482N .90 74150N .99 74196N
.80
1.90
1024 -BIT 741_515
74LS20
.58 741_5153 2.38 9316PC
9318PC
1.50
2.30
1N4001 1.00 7.00 60.00
40484E .58 74LS157 2.10 1N4002 1.10 8.00 70.00
40494E
1.43 1.42
.52 .51 7428N .52 7483N .65 74151N .75 74197N .80 N- Channel 74LS21 .58 74LS158 2.40 9321PC 1.20 1514003 1.20 9.00 80.00
7430N .20 7484N 3.02 74152N 1.50 74198N 2.00 74LS22 .58 74LS160 2.70 9322PC 1.30
4050AE .52 .51
7432N .25 7485N 2.50 74153N 1.05 74199N 2.09 RAM 74LS27 .64 74LS161 2.70 9324PC 2.00
1 N 4004 1.30 10.00 90.00
40514E 1.34 1.33 7433N .62 7486N .36 74154N 1.48 74200N 5.90 1N4005 1.40 11.00 100.00
4052A E1.34 1.33 2601-1 11.40 74LS3O .58 74LS170 5.92 9328PC 2.50 1N4006 1.50 12.00 110.00
7437N .36 7489N 2.40 74155N 1.08 74221N 1.75 2601-21 11.40 74LS32 .64 74LS174 3.02 9334PC 2.95
40534E 1.34 1.33
7438N .35 7490N .54 74156N 1.18 74251N 1.75 1 N4007 1.60 13.00 120.00
4055AE 2.68 2.58 26028 8.00 74LS38 .65 74LS175 2.90 9338PC 3.30
7439N .39 7491N 1.00 74157N 1.18 74278N 2.95 2602-1B 8.00 74LS51 .58 74LS181 3.72 9340PC 5.00
40564E 3.43 3.39 7440N .16 7492N .60 74158N 1.44 74279N .99 2602-2B 8.00 74LS54 .58 74LS251 2.55 9341PC 4.10 PHASE- LOCKED
4060AE 1.50 1.49
4066AE .90 .89 7441N .95 7493N .60 74160N 1.50 74293N .95
74298N 2.24
MK4102P 11.40 74LS55 .58 74LS253 3.05 9342PC 1.15 LOOPS
.78 .68 7442N .69 7494N 1.20 7552-1CPE 8.00 74LS73 .92 74LS260 .58 9360PC 1.75
4069AE 7443N .95 7495N .80 LM567CM Mini -dip .80
4071AE .26 .25 7552-2CPE 8.00 74LS74 .92 9366PC 1.76
40764E 1.68 1.48
4081AE .26 .25
4508AE 2.30 2.20 DECODED INTERFACE MODULES
4510AE
45164E
45184E
1.98 1.78
2.30
3.28
2.20
2.98
READ/WRITE PREMIUM OUALIITS COMPONENTS CY1010 Instr. Amp., Bipolar Input 29.00
CY1011A Instr. Amp., Bipolar Input 49.00
4520AE 1.88 1.68 We've been buying and selling top quality components for nearly CY1020 Instr. Amp., FET Input 34.00
45284E 2.30 2.20 P1 R s$e.2o ten years. Our annual volume exceeds $3 million. CY1021 Instr. Amp., FET Input 49.00
49014E .43 .36 CY1021A Instr. Amp.. FET Input 59.00
4911AE .43 .36 We handle only original parts, from the world's CY2137 DAC, 10 Bit, Low Drift 39.00
74S158N 2.40 DAC, 12 Bit, 2 Quad Multiplying 149.00
SCHOTTKY TTL 74S160N 4.70 leading manufacturers and our customers include CY2218
1.30 74S161N 4.70 CY2237 DAC, 12 Bit, Low Drift 69.00
74SOON .45 74S74N some of the largest and most quality -conscious DAC. 4 Digit BCD. Low Cost 79.00
74S85N 6.10 745174N 3.30 CY2735
74002N .80 CY3035 ADC, 8 Bit, Sect. Counting,
74003N .75 74886N 2.70 745175N 3.30 companies. Now you can take advantage of our Low Cost 89.00
74SO4N .75 748112N 2.20 740181N10.20 component buying skills and power and select CY3635 ADC, 3 Digit BCD, Sect. Count,
74SO8N .80 740113N 1.50 74S189N 5.10 Low Cost 119.00
74510N .75 74S132N 3.60 745194N 3.30 from a broad range of advanced circuits.
74S11N .65 74S133N .90 745195N 3.30
74S20N .80 74S138N 2.40 74S251N 2.40
74S30N .80 74S139N 2.40 745253N 2.40 LINEAR Ks
74S32N .80 74S140N .90 74S257N 2.40 AUDIO AMPS IC SOCKETS H=TO5 N=DIP M=MINI-DIP D-CER-DIP KTO3
74540 .80 746151N 2.40 74S258N 2.40
74051N .80 748153N 2.40 Type
743260N .90 V W S2 Price SOLDER - TIN LM114H 3.00 LM311 H 1.70 LM711CN .90
74S64N .80 740157N 2.40 746280N 5.70
LM352 6-16 1.15 8 1.60 8 pin DIL .19 LM300H 1.20 LM311D 1.90 LM715CH 4.30
LM354A 6-27 2.80 8 2.50 14 pin DIL .23 75107 LM300N 1.20 LM311M 1.75 LM715CD 4.60
TAA61 B 12 6-15 1.16 8 1.60 16 pin DIL .25 LM311 N 2.00 LM723CH .90
LOW POWER 1
$13.20
tri -state outputs
10 up
$10.60
SPECIFICATION SHEETS: $.25
banery operatlon. yr ea.
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4/ WHEN YOU COME TO PHILADELPHIA BE SURE 10 SEE
ence items
if
-
and unusual values in electronic, hobby
plus 4,500 finds for fun, study
... for every member of the family.
technical knowledge. Completed unit
has 3 bands of audio frequencies to mod-
ulate 3 independent strings of colored lamps
(i.e. "lows" -reds, "middles " -greens, "highs" -
blues. Just connect hi -fi, radio, power
A BETTER LIFE lamp etc. & plug ea. lamp string into
own channel (max. 300w ea.). Kit features 3 neon indicators, color intensity
STARTS HERE controls, controlled individ SCR circuits; isolation transformer: custom plastic
housing; instr.
Stock No. 41,831AV $18.95 Ppd
QUALITY DETECTOR
FUEL MISER RECLAIMS HEAT UNDER $40
Save your 40% wasted heat to warm a basement,
garage or rec room at no extra cost! Instead of
New Edmund -developed, fully transistorized
BFO unit capable of locating quarter at 18"
powerful 6- trans. oscillator -amplifier circuit.
-
Easily compares to others priced 50% higher!
going "up the chimney" it goes where you want it. Aluminum pole and housing-not plastic! 6"
Remove part of furnace exhaust pipe, slip Heat waterproof search coil (Faraday shielded to
Exchanger in. At 125" fan automat. forces elim. outside interference); long 50-hr. battery
clean air through unit which heats to over 200°F., can be ducted to 20 ft. from unit. (9V) life; powerful 2" speaker; 1 -knob on-off tune control. Perfect balance;
110v AC. Inst. lightweight (2 lbs.). Great buy!
Stock No. 80,222AV $39.95 Ppd.
No. 19,194AV (5" DIA.) Shpg. 17 Ib. $99.00 FOB
DELUXE UNIT W /EAR PHONES, METER
No. 19,195AV (6" DIA.) Shpg. 17 Ib. $99.00 FOB No. 80,134AV ....
(11" coil) $169.00 Ppd.
No, 19,198AV (7" DIA.) Shpg. 17 Ib. $99.00 FOB
41/4" ASTRONOMICAL
LOW COST 7X TELESCOPE
INFRA -RED VIEWER See moon craters, rings of Saturn, double stars.
New equatorial mount. f /10, 1/4 wave mirror
For infra -red crime detection surveillance, se-
"1. Gives theoretical limit of resolution.
(Pyrex
curity system alignment, I.R. detection, laser Rack & pinion focusing. Aluminum tube, 6X
checking, nite wildlife study, any work req. I.R. finder. 1" F.L. 45X Kellner achromatic eyepiece
detection & cony. to visible spectrum. Self cont. and Barlow lens to double & triple power up to
scope w /everything incl I.R. light source. 135X. Free Star Chart plus 2 Books.
6v or 12v power, 6032 I.R. converter tube, f/4.5 objective lens, adjust. triplet
eyepiece. Focuses from 10' to infinity. Stock No. 85,105AV (Shipping Wt. 42 lbs.) $149.50 FOB
$275.00 Ppd. 41/4' WITH CLOCK DRIVE No. 85,107AV $189.50 FOB
No. 1659AV (11 041/4x3")
6" REFLECTOR TELESCOPE (48X to 360X) No. 85,187AV $249.50 FOB
WITHOUT LIGHT SOURCE 6' WITH CLOCK DRIVE No. 85,086AV $285.00 FOB
No. 1648AV $225.00 Ppd. 3 DELUXE REFLECTOR (30X to 90X) No. 80,162AV $ 79.95 Ppd.
STANDARD 3" REFLECTOR No. 85,240AV $ 49.95 Ppd.
4500 BARGAINS
Completely new 1975 edlnon. New items, categories illustrations. Dozen{
of electrical and electromagnetic
tic parts, cce sor s. tnormous selection of
Charge my BankAmericard
El Charge my Master Charge Add Handling Chg. $1.00, Orders Under
$5.00, 50g, Orders Over $5.00
Astronomical Telescopes. Unique lighting and ecological items. Mi-
croscopes, Binoculars, Magnifiers, Magnets, Lenses, Prisms. Hord- to -get- Interbank No. j
MIS!!! Chirp!
surplus bargains. Ingenious scientific tools. 1000's of components. NaRAYIRIGRO
enclose check money order for TOTAL 5
NEES
I
I
II
EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO. My Card No. Is I 1
city
State Ztp
any purchase in 30 days for full
refund. "$15.00 minimum City
CIRCLE NO 25 ON READER SERVICE CARD
State Zip
J
102 POPULAR ELECTRONICS
www.americanradiohistory.com
Creation of the new Calibration Standard
filkd a need... the accEptancE of
Stanton's 681 TRIPLE -E is unprecEdEntEd!
It was no accident! at all frequencies. It achieves perfectly flat frequency
The Recording Industry needed a new calibration response beyond 20 kHz. As ultra miniaturized stylus
standard because it had been cutting discs with higher assembly has substantially Is
mass than previously,
accuracy to achieve greater definition and sound quality. yet it possesses even greater durability than had been
So, the engineers turned to Stanton for a cartridge previously thought possible to achieve.
of excellence to serve as a primary calibration standard Each 681 TRIPLE -E its guaranteed to meet its speci-
in recording system check -outs. fications within exacting limits and each one boasts the
The result: the new calibration standard, The Stanton most meaningful warranty possible. An individually cali-
681 TRIPLE -E. brated test result is packed with each unit.
The rest is history! As Julian D. Hirsch of Hirsch -Houck Labs wrote in
Major recording studios adopted it ... as did many Popular Electronics Magazine in April, 1975: "When we
of the smaller producers. Radio stations across the world used the cartridge to play the best records we had
put the 681 TRIPLE -E on all of their turntables, boch for through the best speaker systems at our disposal, the
on -the -air broadcasting and for disc -to -tape transfer. results were spectacular ".
And, audiophiles by their purchases have voted it Whether your usage involves recording, broadcasting,
the oustanding stereo cartridge available. or home entertainment, your choice should be the choice
The Stanton 681 TRIPLE -E offers improved tracking of the professionals ...
the STANTON 681 TRIPLE-E. srarrnon
Write today for further information to Stanton Magnetics, Terminal Drive, Plainview, New York 11803
www.americanradiohistory.com
c6: Whath stopping your
For less than 50 bucks, you can be into serious Citizens Band radio. Not in big, maybe, but in.
Because the great thing about Midland CB is that'you can get into it, go as pro as you want,
and still be assured of the same unquestioned quality and reliability that you'd expect from a
company consistently ranking among the top CB names in the world. You've come to cemand
quality in electronics. Demand it in Citizens Band radio as well.
ID
Whatever you want, whenever you're ready, Midland has it in CB. Specifically: 18 professional
walkie- talkies, 14 base and mobile transceivers, plus more than 40 helpful CB accessories.
So, if you've even thought about getting into CB within the last year, your best bet is to
start by checking out what Midland has to offer.
Ask for your FREE 1975 Midland CB brochure. Simply contact your nearest Midland CB dealer
or write to Midland Communications Division, Dept. A, Post Office Box 19032, Kansas City,
Missouri, 64141, Or circle the number below on the Reader Service Card.
Communications Division
Communications is Our Middle Name: In CB, Amateur, Scanners, Marine, IntercoTS.
CIRCLE NO 16 ON READER SERVICE CARD
www.americanradiohistory.com