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Med Lab Science Research: TEACHER: Sir Alain C. Juayang, RMT, MSMT, MPH References: Prelim / PPT and Side Notes
Med Lab Science Research: TEACHER: Sir Alain C. Juayang, RMT, MSMT, MPH References: Prelim / PPT and Side Notes
OUTLINE * when you say new knowledge we can make new theories
I INTRODUCTION TO RESEACRH and known facts. New principles or technology is being
A What is research
i Function of research
produced like for example when we do research we can
ii The roles of research in people’s lives produce new technology, new machines, new cars based
iii Uses of research as a scientific process on research that’s why new models of cars have already
iv The roles of research development modifications because these modifications came out from
research even the condoms you are using, the size of the
condoms, the elasticity of condoms purely based on
research
*May pulos mn gd man bala? Or wala? With the acronym FINER denotes five essential characteristic
of a good research question that is:
1. Feasible (kaya ng utak, kaya ng facility, kaya ng bulsa)
Table No. Outline of the study protocol
2. Interesting (If indi interesting forget about it)
ELEMENT PURPOSE
3. Novel ( you may do a not typical novel type of research, pwede
Research Questions What Questions will be the namn yun. Because take not ha, we have regional differences,
study address? we have cultural differences, so ang possibility and study on
Significance How are these questions different regions maybe different from ours. Okay? But don’t
important? *when we say forget to cite. Gets? This study is based from the study of….
significance dapat may but the same mn lang ang outputs whats the point of the study?
beneficiaries. Kung 3 or 4 lang ang 4. Ethical *diri ta permi gaka dagdag, why? As a medical student
beneficiaries forget about that we are governed by ethics. As long as there is a hurting
research. When we say research scenario physically, emotionally, socially or psychologically
obviously we always wanted to may it be on an individual, an animal, or an institution it
have information dissemination, should undergo research
baseline information. But kung ang 5. Relevant
imo man lang purpose is baseline
information only wala ka may ma II. SIGNIFICANCE
obra after that forget about it.
The significance section of a protocol sets the proposed
Design How is the study structured?
study in the context and gives its rationale: what is
Time frame *Of course we will have time
known about the topic at hand? Why is it important?
Epidemiologic frame
What will the current study provide?
Approach
This section cites previous research that is relevant
Subjects Who are the subjects and how including the investigator’s work and indicates the
Selection Criteria will they be selected?*here we problems with that research and what questions remain.
Sampling Design will have out selection criteria,
Prepared by: Nick Aguirre Page 2 of 3
*if continuous study it should have a different relevant or additional
relevant.
III.DESIGN
The design of a study is a complex issue. A fundamental
decision is whether to take a passive role in observing the
events taking place in the study subjects in an observational
study or to apply an intervention and examine its effect on
these events in a clinical trial. * You want to know a certain
group of people performs hand washing or not? We can do two
things either do the survey via interview or do the survey via
observational manner.in survey they can say honesty or dishonesty
they perform handwashing. So in that manner check on the methods
that are appropriate in your study
And among the observational studies two of the most
common designs are cohort studies, in which a group of
subjects is followed overtime and cross sectional in which the
observations are made on a single occasions.
A third common option is the case-control design in which
the investigator compares a group of subjects who have a
disease or condition with another group of subjects who do
not.
EXAMPLE I:
A specialty food group launching a new range of barbecue
rubs would like to understand what flavors of rubs are
favored by different people. To understand the preferred
flavor palette, they conduct this type of research study using
various methods like observational methods in supermarkets.
By also surveying while collecting in-depth demographic
information, offers insights about the preference of different
markets. This can also help tailor make the rubs and spreads
to various preferred meats in that demographic. Conducting
this type of research helps the organization tweak their
business model and amplify marketing in core markets.
*They asked for opinion, suggestion but there was no
intervention, interference on that type of study.
PHYSIOLOGICAL OF RESEARCH
The goal of research is to draw inferences from the study
results about the nature of truth in the universe.
Involves 2 distinct steps:
Design a study plan with subjects and measurements
chosen to enhance the process the appropriately
answering the research question and generalizing these
conclusions to the people and phenomena addressed by
the research questions.
Carry out the study in a fashion that enhances the
likelihood of getting the right answer.
*if you want to have a research you should be specific with your
variables, objectives and appropriate subjects is needed to have
your appropriate result.
P. TECHNICAL ISSUES
Experimental and control groups should be randomly
assigned.
When random assignment is not possible, try to find a
comparison group that is nearly equivalent to the
experimental group.
When neither randomly assigned control group nor a similar
comparison or group is available, try using time series design
that can provide information on trends before and after a
program intervention.
If time series cannot be used, try to obtain baseline
information that can be compared against post program
information (pretest-posttest).
If baseline (pretest) information is unavailable, bear in mind
that the type of analysis that you can use is limited.
Always keep in mind the issue of validity.
Examples of variables:
Age Dependent sa right, independent sa life. So if mag make ka
Sex (male or female) box always from left to right. (cause and effect) nya tunga si
Marital status intervening
Income
Ex
*if “GENDER” u can add gay, bisexual etc. De-worming --> handwashing --> re-infection of parasite
A. TYPES OF VARIABLES
Example:
Dependent variables You want to compare brands of paper towels, to see
The outcome variable or the responding variable. which holds the most liquid.
Is the assumed effect of the variable The independent variable in your experiment would be the
It is the change that occurs in the study population when one brand of paper towel. The dependent variable would be the
or more factors are changed or when an intervention is amount of liquid absorbed by the paper towel.
introduced.
it responds to a change in the independent variable, so you If you want to know whether caffeine affects your
can think of it as depending on the independent variable. appetite.
*It is not fixed, it depends, given, constant The presence/absence of a given amount of caffeine would
be the independent variable. How hungry you are would be
Independent variables the dependent variable.
Assumed cause of the problem
Reason for any change or variation in a dependent variable. In an experiment to determine how far people can see
Also called antecedent variable or controlled variable. into the infrared part of the spectrum.
The independent variable is the condition that you change in The wavelength of light is the independent variable and
an experiment. It is the variable you control. whether the light is observed (the response) is the dependent
*it is fixed; cause variable.
You want to determine whether a chemical is essential for rat
nutrition, so you design an experiment.
The presence/absence of the chemical is the independent
variable. The health of the rat (whether it lives and can
reproduce) is the dependent variable. If you determine the
substance is necessary for proper nutrition, a follow-up
experiment might determine how much of the chemical is
needed. Here, the amount of chemical would be the independent
variable and the rat health would be the dependent variable.