COURSE MODULE Don Carlos Polytechnic College

DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

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Criminology Department
CRIM 4: PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS
Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

An Overview on the History of Ethics

Why a person, any person, should consider ethics as an important, integral part of his or her life?

To better answer this question. Let us study, the origin of the word “Ethics” for our further
information and appreciation.

There are five significant periods of history that are worth to discuss with our subject “Ethics”.
1. The Classical Period
2. The Middle Ages
3. The Early Modern Period
4. The Nineteenth Century
5. The Contemporary Period

THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

Qualities of Mind during this period according to Jones, et, al.
1. A concern with this world and its affair; an interest in nature and in the natural man.
2. A thorough rationalism, a respect for evidence, as evidence was understood in those times.
3. Most important of all, curiosity.

THE MIDDLE AGES

This period is considered to be a study of continuity and discontinuity.

It is termed “Continuity” because many of the philosophers were steeped in classical doctrine. A
good example is Thomas Aquinas who put the teaching of Aristotle within the framework of
Christianity.
On the other hand, it is termed “Discontinuity” in the sense that religion has come into the picture.
Philosophy such as Ethics and Metaphysics were interwoven with theology.

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

The philosophy that develops during this period are the following:
1. A shift from the supernatural from natural, temporal and secular.
2. An attempt to balance the supernatural and the temporal, as many of the philosophers were
not really weaned from the religion of the past.
3. The rise of modern science specially physics
4. The changes brought about by the industrial and social revolutions towards the end of the

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THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Several tendencies characterized this period:

1. Utilitarianism with the level of “the greatest good to the greatest number.”
2. The scientific theory. Although this started in the previous century but many philosophers
applies it with ethical questions during this period like Bentham.
3. The individual versus the state.
4. Scepticism as to the place of ethics in methaphysics or not.
5. Irrationalism: in contrast with the “man is a rational animal” of Aristotle, Aquinas, and their
followers.

THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

The philosophers of this period exhibit a diversity of trends in moral beliefs : For and against the
specific theory, logical positivism, return of belief of man as sinful, existentialism with its own
diverse spokesmen.

Intended Learning Outcomes

 Determine and discuss ethics in politics and economics.
 Determine and discuss about the environmental ethics, ethics in the profession and ethics
in psychology.
 Determine and discuss about the different categories of values of a police officer.
 Determine and discuss about the Cardinal Virtues of a police officer.
 Explain briefly the clash of differing values.
 Determine and discuss ethics in politics and economics.
 Determine and discuss about the environmental ethics, ethics in the profession and ethics
in psychology.
 Determine and discuss about the different categories of values of a police officer.
 Determine and discuss about the Cardinal Virtues of a police officer.
 Explain briefly the clash of differing values.

Activity

INSTRUCTIONS:
1. COPY AND ANSWER.
2. USE YELLOW PAPER ONLY.
3. AVOID ERASURES.
4. BLACK BALLPEN ONLY.
5. DO NOT WRITE IT BACK TO BACK.

Quiz 1.

IDENTIFICATION (2 PTS EACH)

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_________1. Is present in a person who fully knows and fully intends and act.
_________2. It is anything which is owed or due.
_________3. Actions which are not conformity with the norm of morality.
_________4. Refers to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose
of compelling said person to act against his will.
_________5. Are founded on laws, either natural or human, but on virtue. Thus, these are also called
moral rights.
_________6. A concept that describes the beliefs of an individual or culture.
_________7. The PNP members honor the flag by hoisting it and singing the National Anthem
before the start of the official days’ work.
_________8. The power of lawful authority to govern his subjects and to make laws for them.
_________9. It is a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking. Justified by
the ability to achieve future social benefits resulting in crime by its outcome.
_________10. PNP members are manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and through
and spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical
and legal norms.

Quiz 2.

ORAL RECITATION

ACTIVITY:

Base on your module, look for at least 50 terms with its corresponding definition and write it on
your notebook.

Note: For further instructions please read above. Thank you.

Discussion
Definition of Ethics

As a field of study, ethics is a branch of philosophy which studies the principles of right or wrong in
human conduct.

It comes from the Latin word “ethos” means customary, behavior, moral. The two words Latin –
ethicus and Greek ethikos have the same meaning which is customary.

Other definitions:
- Science of the morality of man.
- Study of human motivation, and ultimately of human rational behaviour.
- Morality.

Ethics outlines theories of right or wrong, morality translate these theories into action.
Therefore, morality is nothing else but is a doing of ethics.

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DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

1. The theory that explains the worth or propriety of an act on the basis of the values on
inherent is such an act.
2. The analysis of statements or arguments used in support of a virtuous behaviour or,
conversely, in denouncing an immoral one;
3. The inquiry into the nature of morality and the search for the morally good life; and
4. The characterization of an identifiable group that shares moral values or traits, such as
“Christian Ethics,” utilitarian ethics,” or “unethical behaviour.”

Importance of Ethics
- Indispensable knowledge.
- Without moral perception, man is only an animal.
- Without morality, man as rational being is a failure.

ETHICS AND LAW

Legal history confirms that customary ethics, rather than laws, have been the prime source of social
conformity. For instance:
1. The Code of Hammurabi (1726-1686 BC) did not essence introduce new rules but merely
reaffirmed prevailing customs.
2. Plato in his Republic put little emphasis on laws per se and more on the development of a
polis- a perfect city – where laws would be unnecessary. Leaders of the polis were expected
to be “men of gold,” endowed with collective rationality and wisdom.
3. The Common Law that emerged under the Norman rule essentially to control “ruffians”
4. The practice of chivalry, common no legal support, because it was “law unto itself”
5. He high level of social order among traditional Islamic societies in which relatively very few
positive laws exist.

It is necessary to clarify the relationship between the areas of ethics and law.

The purpose of ethics is not to undermine the law or to replace it, but to complement it by deferring
to the spirit of the law and to rule of equity.

Ethics Law
Study of human motivation Concerned with what we do, not what we feel
Study of external actions. It explores thoughts Concerned with the externality of the act.
and feelings
Requires that man desires that of which is good Requires that we perform the required action
and the act in accordance with that desire. regardless of our feelings towards such action.
Addresses all human activities. Applies to bahaviors that lawmakers choose to
regulate.
Seek to change people from the inside outward Attempt to change people form the inward.
Ethical principles are constant, universal and Laws are frequently changing
everlasting
Solidly based on the reasoning process essential “Logical instrument” of social control that. For
to appropriate discretion the most part, are not necessarily products of
wisdom.
Prescriptive in nature Basically reactive instrument
Dependent upon knowledge, rationality and Dependent for their effectiveness upon legal
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procedures and complex rules of evidence.

Morality therefore, has a wider implication than law, because law can either be moral or
immoral. Thus, what is legal is not necessarily moral; but what is moral is worth legalizing.

Ethics is a personal commitment to uphold what is true and good. Ethics aims to develop “right
disposition and inner spirit” for accepting what is lawful.

Human Acts Acts of Man

Actions performed by man, knowingly and Actions which happen in man
freely
Deliberate or intentional actions, or, voluntary Instinctive and are not within the control of the
will
Actions are the result of conscious knowledge Biological and physiological movements in
and are subject to the control of the will man such as, metabolism, respiration, fear,
anger, love, and jealousy.

Kind of Human Acts

1. Elicited Acts
2. Command Acts

Elicited Acts are those performed by the will and are not bodily externalized. Under this type of
acts are:

a. Wish is the tendency of will toward something, whether this will be realizable or not.
b. Intention is the tendency of the will towards something attainable but without necessarily
committing oneself to attain it.
c. Consent is the acceptance of the will of those needed to carry out the intention.
d. Election is the selection of the will of those effective enough to carry out the intention.
e. Use is the command of the will to make use of those means elected to carry out the intention.
f. Fruition is the enjoyment of the will derived from the attainment of the thing he had desired
earlier.

Commanded Acts are those done either by man’s mental or bodily powers under the command of
the will. These acts are:

a. Internal actions – examples: conscious reasoning, recalling something, encouraging

oneself, and controlling aroused emotions.
b. External actions – examples: walking, eating, dancing, laughing, listening and reading
c. Combinations of internal and external movements – examples: studying, driving a car,
writing a letter, and playing chess.

Moral Distinctions
“Dictates of Reasons” stands for the norm of morality which is standard by which actions are judged
as to their merits or demerits.

Classification of Actions According to the Norms of Morality.

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1. Moral (Good) actions – are those actions which are in conformity with the norm of
morality.
2. Immoral (Bad) actions – are those actions which are not conformity with the norm of
morality.
3. Amoral (Indifferent) actions – are those actions which stand neutral in relation to the norm
of morality. They are neither good nor bad in themselves. But certain amoral actions may
become good or bad because of the circumstances attendant to them.
Voluntariness comes from the Latin word “voluntas”, referring to the Will. Voluntariness is
essential to an act. Without it, an act is a mere act of man.

Classifications of Voluntariness

1. Perfect voluntariness – is present in a person who fully knows and fully intends and act.
2. Imperfect voluntariness – is present in a person who act without fully realizing what he
means to do, or without fully intending the act.
3. Conditional voluntariness – is present in a person who is forced by circumstances beyond his
control to perform an act which he would not do under normal conditions.
4. Simple voluntariness – is present in a person doing an act wilfully, regardless of whether he
likes to do it or not. It is either positive or negative.

Types of voluntariness
1. Direct voluntariness – accompanies an act which is primarily intended by the doer, either as
an end in itself or as a means to achieve something.
2. Indirect voluntariness – accompanies an act or situation which is the mere result of a
directly willed act.

The Modifiers of Human Acts

1. Ignorance – absence of knowledge which a person ought to possess

Classification of Ignorance
a. Vincible ignorance – can easily be reminded through ordinary diligence and reasonable
efforts
b. Invincible ignorance – is the type which a person possesses without being aware of it, or,
having awareness of it lacks the means to rectify it.

“Ignorance of the Law excuses no one” – implies that no one should not act in the state of
ignorance and that no one who has done wrong may not claim ignorance as a defense.

2. Passion – either tendencies towards desirable objects, or tendencies away from undesirable
or harmful things.

Classification of Passion
a. Positive emotions – love, desire, delight, hope, and bravery
b. Negative emotion – hatred, horror, sadness, despair, fear and anger.

3. Fear – disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or

harm to regulate himself or loved ones.

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4. Violence – refers to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the
purpose of compelling said person to act against his will.

5. Habits – is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a
certain manner.

Definition of Right

Objectively – it is anything which is owed or due.

Subjectively – that is, as residing in a person, right is a moral power, bound to be respected by
others, of doing, possessing, or requiring something.

Kinds of Rights

1. Natural Rights – are those based on the natural law, that is, on human nature.
2. Human Rights – are those based on human positive laws, either those enacted by the State or
a religious sect.
3. Civil Rights – are those dependent upon the laws of the State.
4. Ecclesiastical or religious rights – are those dependent upon the laws of a church or a
religious sect.
5. Alienable and inalienable Rights – alienable rights are those, civil or religious rights, which
can be surrendered, renounced, or removed, such as the right to decent livelihood.
6. Right of jurisdiction – is the power of lawful authority to govern his subjects and to make
laws for them
7. Right or property – is the power to own, to sell, to barter, to lend, to change, or give away
one’s personal possessions.
8. Juridical right – refers to all rights insofar as they are based on laws. These rights must be
respected, allowed, fulfilled, as a matter of strict justice.
9. Non-Juridical rights – are those which are founded on laws, either natural or human, but on
virtue. Thus, these are also called moral rights.

Definition of Duty
Objectively – it is anything we are obliged to do or to omit.

Subjectively – it is a moral obligation incumbent upon a person of doing, omitting, or avoiding

something.

Kinds of Duties

1. Natural duties – are those imposed by natural law such as, the duty to care for our health.
2. Positive duties – are those imposed by a human positive law such as duty to pay taxes and to
observe traffic rules.
3. Affirmative duties – are those which require the performance of a certain act, such as casting
a ballot during election; applying for a business license.
4. Negative duties – are those which require the omission of a certain act such as not carrying

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Ethics as Value Education

Ethics relies solely on human reason to investigate truths. Ethics takes the form of Value Education.
A value is something a person prizes, cherishes and esteems as important to him. The aim of Value
Education is to guide the individual in choosing wisely his values and in acting upon them.

Man is a person who possesses an intellect (insight) and will (volition).

Definitions of Value

Value – is a concept that describes the beliefs of an individual or culture

- Are considered subjective and vary across people and cultures.
- Are ideas and norms man considers relevant and good.
- It comes from Latin word “valere” which means “to be strong or to be worth”

Types of values include:

1. Ethical/moral values
2. Doctrinal/ideological (political, religious) values
3. Social values
4. Aesthetic values
It is debated whether some vales are innate.

Kinds of Values – according to the level of human life to which they correspond.
1. Biological values
2. Social values
3. Rational values

Biological values – necessary to the physical survival of man as an organism

1. Life and health
2. Food and shelter
3. Work

Social values – necessary to the sensual needs and fulfilment

1. Leisure and sex
2. Marriage
3. Family and Home
4. Parental Authority
5. Education

Rational values – necessary to the functions and fulfilment of intellect and will
1. Understanding and control of nature
2. Guide and control of oneself
3. Solidarity
4. Parental authority with fellowmen
5. Religion

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Moral values – are those that directly pertain to the function of intellect and will: those choices,
decisions, and actions, by which man’s national faculties are involved and perfected.

Characteristics of Moral Values

1. Moral values are goods having intrinsic qualities of desirability.
2. Moral values are universal – they appeal to man as man and to man as a specific individual
3. Moral values are obligatory – they come as natural duty, because possession of them is
expected as an integral quality to man as rational creature directed by natural powers towards
truth, beauty and goodness.

Four moral virtues according to scholastic philosophy

1. Prudence – It is characterized by “being careful about one’s choices, not taking undue risks,
and not saying or doing things that might later be regretted.”
2. Justice – it is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law,
religion, fairness, or equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics.
Variations of Justice
1. Utilitarianism – it is a form of consequentialism, where punishment is forward-looking.
Justified by the ability to achieve future social benefits resulting in crime by its outcome.
2. Retributive justice – it regulates proportionate response to crime proven by lawful evidence,
so that punishment is justly imposed and considered as morally correct and fully deserved.
The law of retaliation (lex talionis) is a military theory of retributive justice, which says that
reciprocity should be equal to the wrong suffered; “life for life, wound for wound, stripe for
stripe.
3. Restorative Justice – it is concerned not so much with retribution and punishment as with (a)
making the victim whole (b) reintegrating the offender into society. This approach frequently
brings an offender and a victim together, so that the offender can better understand the effect
his/her offense had on the victim.
4. Distributive Justice – it is directed at the proper allocation of things – wealth, power, reward,
respect – among different people.
5. Oppressive Law – exercises an authoritarian approach to legislation that is “totally unrelated
to justice”, a tyrannical interpretation of law is one in which the population lives under
restriction from unlawful legislation.

Fortitude – the strength or firmness of mind that enables a person to face danger, pain or
despondency with stoic resolve.

Fortitude is one of the four cardinal virtues. As such, it can be practiced by anyone, since, unlike the
theological virtues, the cardinal virtues are not, in themselves, the gifts of God through grace but the
outgrowth of habit.

Fortitude is commonly called courage, but it is different from what much of what we think of as
courage today. Fortitude is always reasoned and reasonable; the person exercising fortitude is
willing to put himself in danger if necessary, but he does not seek danger for danger’s sake.

The third of the Cardinal Virtues:

St. Thomas Aquinas ranked fortitude as the third of the cardinal virtues, because it serves prudence

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and justice, the higher virtues. Fortitude is the virtue that allows us to overcome fear and to remain
steady in our will in the face of obstacles. Prudence and justice are the virtues which we decide what
needs to be done; fortitude gives us the strength to do it.

What fortitude is not:

Fortitude is not foolhardiness or rashness, “rushing in where angels fear to tread. “Indeed, part of the
virtue of fortitude, as Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J., notes in his Modern Catholic Dictionary, is the
curbing of recklessness.” Putting our bodies or lives in danger when it is not necessary is not
fortitude but foolishness.

Temperance (Sophrosyne in Greek is defined as “moderation in action, thought, or feeling;

restraint.” Is generally defined by control over excess, so that it has many classes, such as
abstinence, chastity, modesty, humility, prudence, self-regulation, and forgiveness and mercy; each
of these involves restraining some impulse, such as sexual desire, vanity, or anger.

Other Values

1. Religious Values – pertain to man’s relationship with God, guiding and regulating his
communion with Him.
2. Cultural Values – pertain to man’s relationship sharing with others in a given community of
persons, shaping their spiritual kinship, and directing their attention to definite ideals of
behaviour.
3. Social Values – pertain to the relationship necessary in the promotion of human society as a
whole, integrating the motivation and interests of members towards the common objective or
goal.

Hierarchy of Values
- It refers to the order of values from the lowest to the highest in importance.
- The goods pertaining to the soul, the intellect and will occupy the highest level importance
while the biological values occupy the lowest rank.

Choosing our Values

- Man must be wise enough to choose his values in accordance to their intrinsic worth.

Guides in our preference to choose values

1. Permanent or lasting values must be preferred over temporary values.
Example: education over courtship
2. Values favoured by greater number of people must be preferred over those that appeal only
to the few.
Example: Discipline over personal freedom
3. Values that are essential must be preferred over those that are accidental
Example: health over beauty
4. Values that give greater satisfaction must be preferred over those that provide short-lived
pleasures.
Example: Pursuing your artistic hobby over fanatical devotion to a movie star.

The highest Value – GOD

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He is the Summum Bonum, the ultimate and absolute good that will fulfil all human desires. God is
the ultimate end of human life. God is not only the Alpha and the Omega of the created universe, he
is the preserver of values.

Summum Bonum is a Latin Word and means the highest good, one which cannot be subordinated to
any other.

This principle obligates the ethical reasoned to examine all possible goods that bear on an issue, to
rank them in an ascending, and to choose the highest among them as the “master good.” Such
ranking can be based on the truths of purpose, goodness, morality, and utility, among others. As
such, the concept of summum bonum characterizes “the morals of all morals” and the ethics of all
ethics.

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

GENERAL STATEMENT

The PNP adopts the generally acceptable customs and traditional based on the desirable practices of
the police service. These shall serve as inspiration as the PNP endeavors to attain its goal and
objectives.

Definition of terms:

Customs – established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force
of law.

Traditions – bodies of beliefs, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to
generation with the effect of an unwritten law.

Courtesy – a manifestation or expression of consideration and respect for others.

Ceremony – a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to
special occasion.

Social Decorum – a set of norms and standards practiced by members during social and other
functions.

POLICE CUSTOMS ON COURTESY

The following are customs on courtesy in the PNP:

Salute – salute is the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members upon meeting and recognizing
person entitled to a salute.

Salute of National Color and Standard – members stand attention and salute the national color and
standard as it pass by them or when the national color is raised or lowered during ceremonies.

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Address/Title – junior rank address senior members who are entitled to salute with the word “Sir”.
All Police Commission Officers shall be addressed by the PNCO’s and NUP’s.

Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/Appointed Member – PNP members who are newly appointed or
assigned in a unit or command call on the chief of the unit or command and to other key personnel
for accounting, orientation and other purposes.

Christmas Call – PNP members pay as Christmas Call on their local executives in their respective
area of responsibility.

New Year’s Call – PNP members pay a New Year’s call on their commanders and/or key officials in
their respective area of responsibility.

Promotion Call – newly promoted PNP members call on their head. On this occasion, they are
usually given due recognition and congratulations by their peers for such deserved accomplishment.

Exit Call – PNP members pay an Exit Call on their superiors in the unit or command when relieved
or reassigned out of the said unit or command.

Courtesy of the Post – the host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who pay respect to the
command or unit.

Rank Has-Its-Own Privilege (RHIP) – PNP members recognize the practice that different ranks
carry with them corresponding privileges.

POLICE CUSTOMS AND CERMONIES

Flag Raising Ceremony – the PNP members honor the flag by hoisting it and singing the National
Anthem before the start of the official days’ work.

Flag Lowering Ceremony – at the end of the official days’ work, the PNP members pause for a
moment to salute the lowering of the flag.

Half-Mast – the flag is raised at half-mast in difference to deceased uniformed members of the
command.

Funeral Service and Honors – departed uniformed members, retirees, war veterans or former
PC/INP members are given vigil, necrological services and graveside honors as a gesture of
farewell.

Ceremony Tendered to Retirees – in recognition of their long, faithful and honourable service to the
PNP, a testimonial activity is tendered in their honor.

Honor Ceremony – arrival and departure honor ceremonies are rendered to visiting dignitaries,
VIP’s PNP Officers with the grade of Chief Superintendent and above and AFP officers of
equivalent grade, unless waived.

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Turn-Over Ceremony – the relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is publicly
announced in a Turn-Over Ceremony by the out-going and in-coming officers in the presence of the
immediate superior or his representative.

Wedding Ceremony – during marriage of PNP members, a ceremony is conducted with participants
in uniform and swords drawn.

Anniversary – the birth of institutional establishment of a command or unit in an Anniversary

Ceremony.

POLICE CUSTOMS ON SOCIAL DECORUM

The following are police custom in social decorum:

Police attire – PNP members always wear appropriate and proper attire in conformity with the
occasion.

Table manners – PNP members observe table etiquette at all times.

Social graces – PNP members conduct themselves properly in dealing with people during social
functions.

Uniform/Appearance – the public looks upon a PNP members as distinctively a man among men. It
is a welcome sight when the PNP members wear their uniform properly wherever they may be.
Bulging stomach is taboo in the uniformed service. Since disciple PNP members are best
exemplified by those who are neat in appearance and wearing prescribed uniform, they must
therefore observed the ff:

- Wearing of prescribe uniform.

- Wearing as part of the uniform, award and decorations earned in accordance with the
prescribed rules and regulations.
- Adherence to haircut prescribes by rules and regulations.
- Manner of walking – every PNP members is expected to walk with pride and dignity.

Other police Customs:

Visiting the Sick – PNP members who are not in the hospital, their residence or any place of
confinement are visited by their immediate commanders or other available officers all benefits due
shall have been received.

Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members – when the PNP members die, a survivor
officers is designated to render maximum assistance to their legitimate bereaved family until all
benefits due shall have been received.

Visiting the Religious Leaders – PNP officers visit religious leaders in their area of assignment to
establish or maintain rapport and cooperation between the different religious leaders and the PNP.

Athletics – all PNP members indulge in Physical fitness activities to insure that their proper physical

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appearance and bearing are maintained with the waist line measurement always smaller than the size
of his chest and in conformity with the standard set forth by the organization.

Happy Hours – usually on Friday or any other day suitable for the occasion, PNP members gather
together at their PNP members gather together at their PNP club for a light hearted jesting or airing
of minor gripes.

Police Tradition

The following are police traditions

Spiritual Beliefs – the PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving person. They attend
religious services together with the members of their family.

Valor – history attests that the Filipino law-enforcer have exemplified the tradition of valor and
defending the country from aggression and oppression and protecting/preserving the life and
property of the people. They sacrificed their limbs and lives for the sake of their countrymen whom
they have pledge to serve.

Patriotism – the PNP members are traditionally patriotic by nature. They manifest their love of
country with a pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the Constitution.

Discipline – the discipline of PNP members are manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders
and through and spontaneous actions towards attainment of organizational objectives guided by
moral, ethical and legal norms.

Gentlemanliness – the PNP members are upright in character police in manners, dignified in
appearance, and sincere in their concern to their fellowmen.

Word of Honor – the PNP members word id their bond. They stand by and commit to uphold it.

Duty – the PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public servant who
perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibly and self-sacrifice. He shall readily accept
assignment anywhere in the country.

Loyalty – the policemen are traditionally loyal to the organization, country and people as borne by
history and practice.

Camaraderie – the binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police organization,
extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP members’ deep commitment and
concern to one another.

Definition of Terms:

Deviance – behaviour inconsistent with the police culture’s norms or values

Corruption – immoral, habitual behaviour involving misuse of office for self-interest
Favouritism – unfair or unjust acts (“breaks”) usually given to friends or relatives
Misconduct – wrongful violations of a police department’s rules, policies, and procedures.

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POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

DEFINITIONS OF POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS (PCR)

- An attitude: an attitude of concern that needed government services are delivered to people
in an efficient and humane manner.
- A kind of behaviour that shows this attitude.
Therefore, PCR is the development and relation of attitudes and behaviour on the part of the police
that create mutually supportive relationships between their agency and the community.

Police personnel should act in such a way that people in need of assistance (a service), protection
(another service) and/or control (yet one more service) are provided with the service impartially and
humanely.

Police Community Relations is the product of internalized attitude plus the externalized behaviour.

The police has a mission and has various roles to fulfil while providing service to the country.

Objectives of Police Organization

1. Order Maintenance – handling of disputes, or behaviour which threatens to produce
disputes, among persons who disagree over what ought to be right or seemly conduct over
the assignment of blame for what is agreed to be wrong or unseemly conduct.
2. Law Enforcement – the officer is expected to either make an arrest or act so as to prevent the
violation from occurring in the first place. His task is the seemingly ministerial and technical
act of either apprehending or determining the criminal.

NATURE OF POLICE FUNCTION

Abusive practices or indifference to citizen needs can eliminated, but it typically requires a
community that is small, expensive, and cooperative.

Substantial and lasting improvements in police community relations are not likely until and unless
there is a substantial and lasting change in the class composition of the central population.

Hunting criminal both occupies less time (at least for the patrolmen) and provides fewer chances for
decisive action. How well disputes are settled may depend crucially on how competent,
knowledgeable, and sensitive the police are; how fast the crime rate mounts is much less dependent
on the level and nature of police activity.

ORDER MAINTENANCE FUNCTION

Order maintenance also requires that the police have available and wider range of options for
handling disorder that is afforded by the choice between making an arrest and doing nothing. Family
service units should be formed which can immediately assist patrolmen handling domestic quarrels.
Community service officers should be available to provide information, answer complaints and deal
with neighbourhood tensions and rumors.

Patrolman who are given the order-maintenance function will obviously require a great deal of
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information about their beats more that can be attained by riding around in a patrol car or rotating
frequenting among several beats.

Them patrolman in performing his order-maintenance function is neither a bureaucrat nor a

professional, and thus neither increased bureaucratization nor increased professionalism will be of
much value.

LAW-ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION

There is a law-enforcement function, and it is in any given case hard to separate from the order-
maintenance function.

Law enforcement ideally should be organized differently from order-maintenance.

It deals on enforcement of criminal laws whose primary task are criminal investigation, collection of
evidence, interrogation of suspects, arrest of suspects, maintenance of order and safety, combating
organized crime suppression of disturbances and riots.

THE COMMUNITY

The community is an element of the police organizational environment. For the working police
officer, the community generates police activity either law violations and calls for service activity
and provides setting within which police work must be performed. For the police, community
represents a source of both support and complaints and most importantly, is the final arbiter of the
quality of police services and the effectiveness of the police department.

The police executive primarily encounters the community in the form of organized groups. By
meeting regularly with the groups such as business and citizen associations, church and youth
groups and other non-governmental organizations in the community, the police executive can
establish open lines of communication with influential community interest groups. Such meetings
give the executive the opportunity to present and explain publicly the police department’s view
point; the executive, in turn, is exposed to a variety of community concerns, interests, and view
point.

Police executes should adopt a proactive leadership role in the community. Their positions give
them the opportunity and credulity needed to effect community attitudes and actions. Initiating a
positive interaction with the community generally results in creased citizen support, higher morale
in the workforce, protection against or insulation from many hostile external forces, and increased
resources.

THE POLICE ROLE IN URBAN SOCIETY

The public had developed such high expectations of its police that these expectations moved beyond
reality to something that could be better described as faith. As the public came to have faith in the
police “to do all things, the police came to have faith that they could do all things; when
disillusionment set in, the singers lost faith in the song, in each other, and in themselves”.

The result of this failure is that the police perform two conflicting basic roles that cannot be

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integrated administratively in any single agency. Yet, operationally, individual police officers are
assigned to those very same conflicting roles and are expected to master them psychologically so
that, in the street, they can perform each with proficiency as the occasion demands.

TWO POLICE ROLE:

1. COMMUNITY SERVICE – police provide essentially a social service to the community,

intervening in domestic quarrels handling those who are under the influence of alcohol or
drugs, working with dependent and neglected children, rendering emergency medical or
rescue services and generally acting as a social agency of last resort particularly after 5:00 in
the afternoon and on weekends for the impoverished, the sick, the old, and the lower socio-
economic classes.

POLICE ROLE AND DEVELOPING COMMUNITY RESOURCES

1. Every police agency should immediately adopt policies and procedures which provides for
effective communication with the public through agency employee, those policies and
procedures should:
a. Ensure that every employee having duties which involves public contact has sufficient
information with which to respond to questions regarding agency policies; and
b. Ensure that information which he acted upon at the appropriate level.

2. Every police agency which has racial and ethnic minority groups of significant sixe within
its jurisdiction should recognize their police needs and should develop an appropriate means
to ensure effective communication with such groups.
3. Every police agency which has a substantial non-English speaking minority within its
jurisdiction should provide readily available bilingual employees to answer requests for the
police services.
4. Every police agency having more than 400 personnel should establish a specialized unit
responsible for maintaining communication with the community.

POLICE UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE

1. The procedure for developing policy regarding the police role should involve officers of the
rank, first line supervisors and middle managers.
2. Explicit instruction in the police role and community culture uniqueness should be provided
in all result and in-service training.
3. The philosophy of the defined police role should become a part of all instruction and
direction given to others
4. Middle managers and first-line supervisors should receive training in the police role and
should thereafter continually reinforce those principles by example and by direction of those
they supervise.
5. Methods of evaluating individual officer performance should take into account all activities
performed within the context of the defined role.

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COURSE MODULE THE DOCTRINE OF RECIPROCAL RESPONSIBILTY
DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

The people on their own cannot effectively prevent and control crime. They need the indispensable
participation and support of the citizen in their anti-crime campaign. It is true that “Crime is
everybody’s business”. However, some citizens are not aware of this responsibility.

The community must help in eradicating the causes of criminality such as:
1. Poverty
2. Ignorance
3. Injustice/abuses
4. Soft state/indiscipline
5. Fear
6. Lost family values
7. Violence
8. Urban migration
9. Over-population
10. Unemployment

The doctrine of Reciprocal Responsibility require that the police and public work together towards
the attainment of healthy and peaceful environment.

This model focuses in two elements:

1. Prevent (opportunity)
2. Restrain (capability)
3. Dissuade (intent)

Prevention to eliminate opportunity to commit crime:

1. Crime detection
2. Crime prevention
3. Emergency service
4. Order maintenance
In dissuading or discourage intent, investigation efforts must be effective to gain information
through:
1. Interviews
2. Interrogation

Restrain activities aim to neutralize the perpetrators of crime or reduced their propensity to commit
zero crime:
1. Manhunts
2. Arrests
3. Searches
4. Raids
5. Case build ups
6. Prosecution
7. Accounting of firearms

The public shares in functions of:

1. Preventive policing (I refuse to become a victim)

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COURSE MODULE 2. Persuasive policing (I refuse to be a criminal)
DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

3. Self-policing (I refuse to be violent)

In refusing to be criminal, the public:

1. Maintains good citizenship
2. Builds a strong family ties
3. Strives for good quality of life
4. Exemplifies moral uprightness

Refusing to be violent, the public:

1. Volunteers as witnesses and partners in filing cases
2. Refuses commissions of abuse and other public disturbance
3. Must follow rules

PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS

1. Community Support Must be maintained.

a. Every police shall be worthy of the public high trust by doing his job and leaving nothing
undone through carelessness.
b. He shall make himself available and be willing to serve everyone.

2. Community Resentment: Must be avoided:

a. Every policemen shall have in mind the interest of the public.
b. He shall develop friendly relations by his good conduct.
c. He shall avoid by any occasion to humiliate, embarrass, annoy or inconvenience anyone.

3. Community Goodwill must be Developed

A Police should be courteous, fair and quick to assist individuals in the solution of their
problems.

4. Community must be Kept informed

The people should inform the community of the regulations and policies of the police force
and the reasons of their adoption.

FOUNDATION OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS

1. Sincerity in serving the public
2. Full knowledge of the job.
3. Deep conviction in the mobility of his work as a necessary service to promote individual or
national welfare
4. High standard of management and operation.

how to regain and maintain the trust and confidence

1. The police should be people oriented to recognize the divergence of people and yet capable
of working together with them for a common good. Being good is not enough, you must
show it by the way you perform your job and by the state of discipline of every officer and
men in the police station or similar unit.
2. The common must increase the personnel assigned to patrol division in line with the police

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visibility program and to make them available to provide police assistance at any time.
3. Requesting the community to assist in identifying the scalawags in uniform as a basis for
giving immediate disciplinary action against action.
4. The policeman should closely coordinate with the business community to identify areas
where police presence is needed.
5. Conduct in-depth study ant to initiate the immediate assignment of police to every barangay
to serve the police needs and to call upon residents and oversee their well-being.

FOUR (4) GENERAL APPROACHES IN POLICE COMMUNITY REALTIONS PROGRAM

1. Externally oriented – are programs generally developed by a specialized police community
relations and are directed towards the general public or various enclaves within the society.
2. Youth oriented – are programs that are developed by the community relations unit if the
police department.
3. Service oriented – basic objective of these programs are focused on the alleviation of social
problems.
4. Internally oriented – this program is based on the premise that every officer of the
organizations is a police-community relation’s officer and the attempt to involve all
members in promoting good community relations.

Exercise
INSTRUCTIONS:
a) COPY AND ANSWER.
b) USE YELLOW PAPER ONLY.
c) AVOID ERASURES.
d) BLACK BALLPEN ONLY.
e) DO NOT WRITE IT BACK TO BACK.

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COURSE MODULE DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

I – TRUE OR FALSE (Write T if the statement is true and F if False) 2 pts. Each.

____1. Is it true that Ethics is the science of morality of man? The statement is true. Is it false?
____2. Is it true that without morality, man as rational being is a failure? The statement is false. Is it
false?
____3. Morality is the foundation of human society. The statement is true. Is it false?
____4. Ethics is concerned with what we do, not what we feel. The statement is false. Is it true?
____5. Is it false that Ethics aims to develop “right disposition and inner spirit” for accepting what is
lawful. The statement is true. Is it correct?
____6. Ethics is a personal commitment to uphold what is true and good. The statement is true. Is it
false?
____7. Is it true that morality is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good,
bad, or indifferent?
____8. Is it true that duty is a moral obligation because it depends upon freewill? The statement is
false. Is it true?
____9. The Bill of Rights is a list of rights pertaining to persons. The statement is true. Is it correct?
____10. The Bill of rights is premised on the belief in the dignity of man and the intrinsic worth of
human life. The statement is true. Is it false?

II – IDENTIFICATION (2 PTS. EACH)

__________1. The PNP members have historically exemplified themselves as dedicated public
servant who perform their tasks with a deep sense of responsibly and self-sacrifice. He shall readily
accept assignment anywhere in the country.
__________2. The public looks upon a PNP members as distinctively a man among men. It is a
welcome sight when the PNP members wear their uniform properly wherever they may be. Bulging
stomach is taboo in the uniformed service.
__________3. This principle obligates the ethical reasoned to examine all possible goods that bear
on an issue, to rank them in an ascending, and to choose the highest among them as the “master
good.” Such ranking can be based on the truths of purpose, goodness, morality, and utility, among
others.
__________4. The PNP members are traditionally religious and God-loving person. They attend
religious services together with the members of their family.
__________5. The binding spirit that enhances teamwork and cooperation in the police
organization, extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP members’ deep
commitment and concern to one another.
__________6. When the PNP members die, a survivor officers is designated to render maximum
assistance to their legitimate bereaved family until all benefits due shall have been received.
__________7. A formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to
special occasion.
__________8. It refers to the order of values from the lowest to the highest in importance.]
__________9. Exercises an authoritarian approach to legislation that is “totally unrelated to justice”,
a tyrannical interpretation of law is one in which the population lives under restriction from
unlawful legislation.
__________10. The relinquishment and assumption of command or key position is publicly

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COURSE MODULE DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
announced in a Turn-Over Ceremony by the out-going and in-coming officers in the presence of the
immediate superior or his representative.

III. ENUMERATION
1. FOUNDATION OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL VALUES
3. FOUR (4) GENERAL APPROACHES IN POLICE COMMUNITY REALTIONS
PROGRAM
4. KINDS OF RIGHTS AND ITS DEFINITION
5. POLICE CUSTOM IN SOCIAL DECORUM AND ITS DEFINITION

IV. ESSAY
1. In what sense are human act deliberate?
2. Can you justify your actions just because of violence? Explain.
3. What are the attributes of human acts? Explain each.
4. Explain the statement “Ignorance of the Law excuses no one”
5. Law enforcers should be the first protectorate of human rights. Explain.

Resources and Additional Resources

REFERENCE:

1. POLICE ETHICS AND POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

Third Edition
Author: Adelene Maghinay Florendo, PNP (Ret.), RCRIM., MSCRIM.,

2. POLICE ETHICS: A Matter of Character

Author: Douglas W. Perez and J. Alan Moore

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COURSE MODULE DCPC CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Prepared by: Yrel Keith Emeralda Laping, RCrim.

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