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BTCH 1 Learning Module
BTCH 1 Learning Module
LEARNING MODULES
Title: Introduction to Biotechnology
Author: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Discipline: Biotechnology
Course and Section: CS 3-1
Overview:
Biotechnology is defined as “any technical application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use”1. As such, biotechnology has existed since the human race first used fermentation
to make bread, cheese and wine.
Course description:
This course focuses on the principles of biology with emphasis on the molecular, cellular
and organism levels of organization of life. Basic principles, concepts, and applications of
biotechnology as they affect product development, industrial processing, and risk
assessment and ethical issues.
MODULE 1
Topic:
Importance of Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
The teacher will let the students answer 5 item jumbled words related to the topic.
Materials: PPT
1. Y G O L O C H E N T O I B - Biotechnology
2. C H E E A R R S - Research
3. T S E A Y - Yeast
4. I C E E T N G - Genetic
5. I A T E B C A R - Bacteria
Discussion:
What is Biotechnology?
- It is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs.
- Biotechnology the study of living tools is used in agriculture, food processing, industrial production,
environmental cleanup and medicine.
Applications of Biotechnology:
a. Medical Biotechnology - is branches of medicines that uses living cells and cell materials to
research, and then produce pharmaceutical and diagnosing products. These products help treat and
prevent diseases.
1. Diagnostics – physicians can now detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly
and with greater accuracy. The time required to diagnose infectious diseases has dropped from
days to minutes. Certain cancers are now diagnosed by simple taking a blood sample, thus
eliminating the need for invasive and costly surgery.
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
2. Biomarkers – Molecular footprints that are secreted by cells as the diseases progresses from one
stage to the next. Biotechnology has also decreased the cost of disease diagnosis. A new blood
test, developed through biotechnology, measures the amount of low density lipoprotein in blood.
3. Forensics – DNA fingerprinting allows for the identification of individuals by analyzing section
of DNA that vary widely from one individual to another.
4. Therapeutics – biotechnology will provide improved versions of today’s therapeutic regimens.
The novel therapeutic advances biotechnology now makes the following things feasible. Gene
therapy to correct genetic disease. Immunosuppressive therapies. Cell therapy to produce
replacement tissues and organs.
5. Gene Therapy – is a technique for creating defective genes that are responsible for disease
development. There are four approaches such as normal gene inserted to compensate for a non-
functional gene, an abnormal gene traded for a normal gene, an abnormal gene repaired through
normal gene and change the regulation of gene pairs.
Activity/Quiz:
The students will answer the following questions in any piece of paper and picture and attached it in the
google classroom.
1. What is the significant of biotechnology in our daily lives?
2. What are the benefits of biotechnology?
3. How the DNA fingerprinting allows the identification of individuals?
4. Give at least three examples of diagnostics.
MODULE 2
Topic:
Products of Modern Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Have students create a visual timeline to show the important events in the history of biotechnology.
Materials: Pictures/video clips, access to online, poster board, art supplies (pencil, colored pencils, markers)
Directions: Define biotechnology for the class. Discuss its history by highlighting important people,
discoveries, and events using pictures and/or video clips where important. For example, you could talk about
how George Washington Carver and Henry Ford worked together using soybeans to create plastics for
automobile interiors. Divide the class into pairs, and provide each pair with poster board and art supplies.
Have students complete further research on biotechnology using available print and online resources. After
researching, students should select 5-10 events that they feel were the most important events in
biotechnology history. Students should create a visual timeline for their events by drawing a picture to
symbolize each event and writing a brief description of it. When students are finished, have them share their
timelines with the class.
Discussion:
There are more than 80 biotech drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics with more than 400 biotech medicines in
development targeting over 2oo diseases.
Biotech Laboratory - most widely used biotech products are recombinant proteins (produced by gene
cloning in cell culture)
Cell Culture - refers to the technique of growing cells in a lab under controlled conditions; similar to in
vitro •“in vitro” refers to working in a controlled environment outside of a living organism.
Bioreactors - large culturing “containers” where DNA of interest can be mass produced) are also used
1. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) - to produce human protein was E. coli that was given DNA
to produce somatostatin (hGH -human growth hormone - 1977)
2. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) - is a blood clot dissolving enzyme used immediately after a
heart attack or stroke to clear blocked vessels.
3. Pharmaceuticals - According to Biotech Industry Organization (2005), New Jersey is the 5th leading
state in the U.S. in terms of number of biotech companies •California, Massachusetts, North
Carolina, & Maryland are the only higher ranked states.
4. Other biotech products - include proteins in: • home pregnancy tests (monoclonal antibodies) • frost-
resistant strawberry plants. Although many are focused on medical and agricultural applications,
some are for our own fashion interests (specialty apparel).
5. Genes for Jeans - Stonewashed jeans use genetically engineered enzymes (amylase & cellulase) to
create a faded look. Originally, pumice stones were used (jeans washed with the stones) • This
method damaged the machines.
1. Microbial Applications - Bacteria & yeast are the most frequently used microbes • Better enzymes
and organisms for making foods, simplifying manufacture and production processes, and making
decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal more efficient. • Microbes used to
clone and produce batch amounts of important proteins.
2. Agricultural Applications - is estimated to be $6 billion market (2005), including applications such
as: • Pest-resistant plants • Higher protein & vitamin content in foods • Drugs developed and grown
as plant products • Drought-resistant, cold-tolerant, and higher-yielding crops.
3. Plant Advantage - The Ag-Biotech field boasts about the plant advantage over microbial biotech. •
Plant advantage refers to the fact that the cost of producing plant material with recombinant proteins
is often significantly lower than bacteria.
4. Molecular Pharming - is the use of genetically modified plants (or animals) as a source of
pharmaceutical products. • These are usually recombinant proteins with a therapeutic value. • This is
an emerging but very challenging field that requires: •manipulation (at the genetic engineering level)
of protein glycosylation (a.ddition of polysaccharide chain) •subcellular protein targeting in plant
cells.
5. Animal Applications - can be used as bioreactors! •Many human therapeutic proteins are needed in
massive quantities (>100s of kgs), so scientists create female transgenic animals to express
therapeutic proteins in milk. • Goats, cattle, sheep, & chickens are sources of antibodies (protective
proteins that recognize & destroy foreign material). Transgenic refers to containing genes from one
another source.
6. Dolly in 1996 - Dolly the sheep became the first cloned animal created by the somatic cell nuclear
transfer process. • Born: July 5, 1996 • Announced: February 22, 1997 • Died: February 14, 2003 •
Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from a six-year-old ewe • She became the center of much
controversy that still exists today.
7. Forensic Applications - DNA fingerprinting is the classic example of a forensic application. It is used
most commonly for law enforcement and crime scene investigation (CSI). •It was first used in 1987
to convict a rapist in England. •Other applications of DNA fingerprinting include: • identifying
human remains • paternity tests • endangered species (reduces poaching) • epidemiology (spread of
disease )
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
8. Environmental Applications - The major environmental use is for bioremediation. • Bioremediation
is the use of biotech to process or degrade a variety of natural and manmade products, especially
those contributing to pollution • Therefore, cleaning up environmental hazards produced by
industrial progress is a major application of this type of biotechnology. • There is a strong tie to
microbial biotech (since many microbes are helpful for this area).
9. Medical Applications - include preventative, diagnostic, and treatment. • The Human Genome
Project is very useful within this field. • Gene therapy and stem cell technologies are two up-and-
coming fields within the medical area of biotech. • Stem cell technologies include immature cells
that have the potential to develop and specialize into a variety of other cell types.
Activity/Quiz:
Direction: Students will use the link of a quiz below. They will answer it and comment their score in the
google classroom.
Assignment: Have students watch the video by clicking the link below then answer the following questions.
Link: 5 Ways to Prevent COVID-19 Infection—An Illustrated Guide > News > Yale Medicine
1. List down and explain all the guidelines on how to prevent covid-19.
Directions: Discuss with the class the diverse biotechnology that has greatly improved life, such as the
creation of insulin for diabetic patients, antibiotics, or the development of pest-resistant crops. Divide the
class into small groups, and have group research different biotechnologies that have impacted our world.
Groups should create a skit to highlight the biotechnology, how it was created, and how it has had a positive
effect on the world. When groups are finished, have them present their skits to the class.
Discussion:
Agricultural Biotechnology – is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology
tools. We will focus only on agricultural crop biotechnology.
HISTORY
Plant biotechnology is founded on the principles of cellular totipotency and genetic transformation, which
can be traced back to the Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann and the discovery of genetic transformation
in bacteria Frederick Griffith.
In 1990 the first food product of biotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese production and a yeast used for
baking) appeared on the market. In 1995 farmers have been growing GE crops. In 2003, 7 million farmers in
18 countries, more than 85 percent of them resource.
APPLICATIONS
Gene cloning provides a new dimension to crop breeding by enabling directed changes to be made to the
genotype of a plant, circumventing the ramdom processes inherent in conventional breeding.
1. Gene Addition – in which cloning is used to alter the characteristics of a plant by providing it with
one or more genes.
It also means that plants make their own insecticide. In agricultural settings the greatest problems are
caused by insects. To reduce losses, crops are regularly sprayed with insecticides (pyrethroids and
organophosphates) insecticides has also harmful side effects for members of the local biosphere
chemicals in ecosystem sometimes insects escape the toxic effects
Corn is an example of a crop plant that is not served well by conventional insecticides. A major pest is the
European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilialis) which tunnels into the plant from eggs laid on the under surface of
leaves, thereby evading the effects of insecticides by spraying.
mRNA Silencing and the engineering of fruit repining in tomato. Fruit repining effect the colour, taste and
texture. Tissue softening of fruits during repining is the result of solubilization of the cell wall by a group of
enzymes. One of the key enzyme is polygalacturonase (PG) functioning in the breakdown of pectin,a
polymer of galacturonic acids that forms part of the structural support in cell wall.
PHARMACEUTICS
HIRUDIN – is a protein which is anti coagulant. It can be found in the saliva of leach. Very important.
Cloning of the hirudin gene “Brassica Napus”
EDIBLE VACCINES
1. These are vaccines produced in plants that can be administered directly through the ingestion of plant
materials containing the vaccine.
2. Eating the plant would then confer immunity against diseases.
3. Edible vaccines produced by transgenic plants are attractive for many reasons.
TISSUE CULTURING
1. Micropropagation
2. Virus Free Plants
3. Polen Cultures
4. Somaclonal variations
5. Protoplast Cultures
6. Conservation of germ lines
7. Synthetic seeds
BIOREACTORS
A device in which a substrate a low value is utilized by living cells to generate products of higher value.
BENEFITS
LIMITATIONS
1. Health related issues – people with food allergies usually react only to one or a few allergens in one
or two specific foods
2. Social Issues – terminator technology most farmers buy fresh seeds each season particularly of such
crops as corn, green peppers and tomatoes.
3. Environmental Issues – there is a belief among some opponents of genetic engineering technology
that transgenic crops might cross pollinate with related weeds possibly resulting in superweeds that
become more difficult to control.
FUTURE ASPECTS
1. Genetically modified foods have the potentials to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition
problems and help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance
upon chemical pesticides.
2. Yet there are many challenges ahead for government especially in the areas of safety testing,
regulation international policy and food labelling.
3. Many people feel that the genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot
afford ignores a technology that has such enormous potential benefits.
Activity/Quiz:
Directions: Write TRUE if the underlined word is correct, otherwise write the correct word.
1. Gene subtraction in which cloning is used to alter the characteristics of a plant by providing it with
one or more genes.
2. In 2003 the first food product of biotechnology appeared on the market.
3. Tissue culture is the generation of animals in the laboratory from disease.
4. Genetic engineering can result in improved keeping properties to make transport of fresh produce
easier, giving consumer access to nutritionally valuable whole foods.
5. People with food allergies usually react only to one or few allergens in one or two specific foods.
Assignment:
Answer this briefly:
1. What are the social issues in Agricultural Biotechnology? Explain it one by one.
1. Development of genetically engineered plants with internal resistance to drought, frost, insect’s pests
and infestation.
2. Reduction dependency of plants on chemical fertilizers.
3. Replacement of dangerous chemical pesticides with microbial pesticides to manage and control the
problem of pests.
4. Reduction in the reliance on chemical treatments to control weeds by engineering herbicide tolerance
into crops
5. Production of products that have high yield and enhanced nutritional value.
6. Development of novel biomass products as foodstuffs, using organisms such as algae fungi bacteria
and yeast.
Assignment:
The students will explain the content of video and will also add some benefits on microbial biotechnology to
be written in Microsoft word then attached it in the google classroom.
Materials: Pictures/video clips, access to online, poster board, art supplies (pencil, colored pencils, markers)
Directions: Define Medical biotechnology in the class. Every student will ask question and each will come
up with their best answer. Next, pair learners up and get them to agree on a response. Get two pairs together,
and the foursome needs to do the same thing
Discussion:
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
DIAGNOSTICS
Physicians can now detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly and with greater
accuracy.
The time required to diagnose infectious diseases has dropped from days to minutes.
Certain cancers are ow diagnosed by simple taking a blood sample, thus eliminating the needs for
invasive and costly surgery.
Molecular footprints that are secreted by cells as the disease progresses from one stage to the next
are known as “biomarkers”
Biotechnology has also decreased the cost of disease diagnosis
A new blood test, developed through biotechnology, measures the amount of low density lipoprotein
in blood.
FORENSICS
DNA fingerprinting allows for the identification of individuals by analyzing section of DNA that vary
widely from one individual to another
THERAPEUTICS
It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development
There are four approaches:
1. A normal gene inserted to compensate for a nonfictional gene
2. An abnormal gene inserted to compensate for a non-functional gene
3. An abnormal gene repaired through selective reverse mutation
4. Change the regulation of gene pairs
HOW IT WORKS
MAbs are being used to bind to and inactivates the protein produced by the genes that are involved
in certain critical events of cell growth.
When both copies of Tumor suppressor genes become inactive then by introducing normal copies of
the genes into tumor cells through gene therapy made the tumor to be regress.
Activity/Quiz:
Students will answer the following:
1. What can you say about the diagnostics here in the Philippines? Expound your answer.
2. Give some examples of diagnostics and cite an explanation on how the experts do this.
Assignment:
Click and watch this link https://youtu.be/f8PyAQ9bAPk and give your insights about it.
Directions: Teacher will start and call one student and another student and so on.
Discussion:
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY - is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the
natural environment. Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological
process for commercial uses and exploitation. The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology
defines environmental biotechnology as "the development, use and regulation of biological systems for
remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, water), and for environment-friendly processes (green
manufacturing technologies and sustainable development).
BIO ACCUMULATION - refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic
chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate
greater than that at which the substance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of the substance the
greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are not very high.
Bioaccumulation, for example in fish, can be predicted by models. Biotransformation can strongly modify
bioaccumulation of chemicals in an organism
1. Uptake
2. Storage
3. Elimination
BIO MAGNIFICATION - also known as bio amplification or biological magnification, is the increase in
concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of:
Activity/Quiz:
vDirection: Answer the following question.
1. When using bioremediation to clean up toxic contaminated soil, what happens to the bacteria when
the pollutants are cleaned up?
2. What statement about genes is TRUE?
a. Nearly identical genes are found in a wide variety of organisms.
b. Genes are only found in humans.
c. Genes are found in all living organisms, but humans do not share genes with other organisms
d. Genes in all mammals are identical
3. Oil released into the environment is a well-recognized problem in today’s world. What famous oil
spill led to today’s biodegradation of oil?
a. Wesson oil spill
b. Canola oil spill
c. Exxon Valdez spill
d. The sinking of the Titanic
4. Kathy tested fifty soil samples in one day, pinpointed the source of contamination, and decided how
to clean it up. What was Kathy using?
a. Biosensors
b. Biomedicine
c. Biodegradation
d. Bioleaching
5. What statement about bioremediation and bacteria is true?
a. All bacteria are helpful to humans
b. Some bacteria are harmful and some are helpful to humans
c. All bacteria are harmful to humans
d. Most bacteria are neither harmful nor helpful to humans
1. In the biodegradation of oil by aerobic bacteria experiment, why were aquarium pumps used to
pump air into the soil sample?
1. The unlawful use, use, of derived from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans,
animals, microorganisms or toxins or plants or threatened.
2. Population in a susceptible illness or intoxication intentionally produce the use of biological agents
to.
Discussion:
BIOTERRORISM - The unlawful use, or threatened use, of microorganisms or toxins derived from living
organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. The act is intended to create fear and
intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological goals. Note: There is
no single, universally accepted definition of bioterrorism.
1. CLASS A
a. Contagious
b. High death rates and high health impact on the public
c. ANTHRAX, BOTULISM, SMALL POX, TULAREMIA AND PLAGUE
2. CLASS B
a. Moderately easy to spread
b. Some illness and deaths rates
c. TYPHIUS, WATER SAFETY THREATS. SALMONELLA
CATEGORY AGENTS A
CATEGORY AGENTS B
CATEGORY AGENTS C
1. Nipah virus
2. Hantavirus
3. Fever viruses
4. Yellow fever
1. Food/water
2. Aircraft sprayers
3. Air handling
4. Vehicle sprayers
5. Hand sprayers
6. Human vector
7. Animal verctor
8. Mail
TECHNOLOGY AT WORK
1. Forensic teams work hard to identify biological agents, their origins and effects
2. Labs are working on advance detection systems to detect early attacks. Identify at risk areas, and to
give proper treatment
3. Bio surveillance real time outbreak disease surveillance system made in debuts 1999. This collects
data from labs, hospitals and environmental studies in order to detect bio terror attacks as early as
possible.
Direction: Give the Steps In Preparing Public Health Agencies For Biological Attacks. Answer it in
Microsoft word then submit it in your Google classroom.
Assignment:
What are the bioterrorism and the public health sectors?
Discussion:
Activity/Quiz:
Assignment:
Watch the link below and list down all the advantages and disadvantages of Biotechnology
in the year 2021.
https://youtu.be/FGmYUW9DqzU
MODULE 9
Topic:
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Regulations, Patents and Society
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Students think of an adjective to describe themselves. The adjective must suit the student and
must also start with the first letter of their name. The students have to memorize every name.
The first student just says his name, but the second and the rest of the students have to name
the previous names before saying their name. The last students will have to do the hard
work.
For example: 1. Likeable Lucie - 2. Likeable Lucie and Precious Petra - 3. Likeable Lucie,
Precious Petra and Tiny Tom
Discussion:
PROCESS
1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - Any new product developed through food and
plant biotechnology innovations falls under the approval and review process of the
FDA.
2. Department Of Agriculture (DA) - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) regulates how biotechnology improves new crop varieties.
3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - EPA works with FDA and USDA to
regulate new biotechnology crops to ensure these crops don't harm the environment,
including other plant and animal species.
4. The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority if India (BRAI) - is an proposed regulatory
body in India for uses of biotechnology products including genetically modified
organisms(GMOs)
Today, IPR plays an important role in every sector and has become an important
aspect of research for Pharma and research oriented industries. The continuous efforts of
the government in policy establishment, IT protection, infrastructure, IPR search portals
and manpower made this Industry a step ahead.
Activity/Quiz:
Students will answer the following questions:
Assignment:
Answer this on Microsoft word and submit it in the Google classroom.
REFERENCES: