CvSU Mission

Cavite State University shall provide

g excellent, equitable and relevant educational
CvSU Vision Republic of the Philippines opportunities in the arts, science and
The premier universityin CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY technology through quality instruction and
historic Cavite recognized for Bacoor City Campus relevant research and development activities.
excellence in the development SHIV, Molino VI City of Bacoor It shall produce professional, skilled and
of globally competitive and morally upright individuals for global
morally upright individuals. competitiveness.

LEARNING MODULES
Title: Introduction to Biotechnology
Author: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Discipline: Biotechnology
Course and Section: CS 3-1

Overview:

Biotechnology is defined as “any technical application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use”1. As such, biotechnology has existed since the human race first used fermentation
to make bread, cheese and wine.

Course description:

This course focuses on the principles of biology with emphasis on the molecular, cellular
and organism levels of organization of life. Basic principles, concepts, and applications of
biotechnology as they affect product development, industrial processing, and risk
assessment and ethical issues.

Expected course outcomes:

1. Identify different types of microscopes with special reference to their working

principle and usage along with the needs of different types of staining techniques.
2. Illustrate the various requirements and techniques used for cultivation of
microbes and its preservation and control of microbial growth
3. Examine the efficiency of a drug.
4. Compare and contrast traditional and modern biotechnology.Design the
applications of microbes in industry
5. Construct the different types of fermenter with special reference to their working
principle and its application
6. Explain the application of microbial enzymes in industry.
7. Creatively develop a product by applying the processes involved in traditional
biotechnology.
8. Discuss and describe the major components, properties and functions of DNA,
RNA, and protein.
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
 9. Discuss the different applications of biotechnology in the field of agriculture,
medicine, and industry.
10. Make realizations on impact of controversial issues in biotechnology to the
advancement of agriculture, industry, medicine, and molecular biology research.

MODULE 1
Topic:
Importance of Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
The teacher will let the students answer 5 item jumbled words related to the topic.
Materials: PPT
1. Y G O L O C H E N T O I B - Biotechnology
2. C H E E A R R S - Research
3. T S E A Y - Yeast
4. I C E E T N G - Genetic
5. I A T E B C A R - Bacteria
Discussion:
What is Biotechnology?
- It is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs.
- Biotechnology the study of living tools is used in agriculture, food processing, industrial production,
environmental cleanup and medicine.
Applications of Biotechnology:
a. Medical Biotechnology - is branches of medicines that uses living cells and cell materials to
research, and then produce pharmaceutical and diagnosing products. These products help treat and
prevent diseases.
1. Diagnostics – physicians can now detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly
and with greater accuracy. The time required to diagnose infectious diseases has dropped from
days to minutes. Certain cancers are now diagnosed by simple taking a blood sample, thus
eliminating the need for invasive and costly surgery.
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
 2. Biomarkers – Molecular footprints that are secreted by cells as the diseases progresses from one
stage to the next. Biotechnology has also decreased the cost of disease diagnosis. A new blood
test, developed through biotechnology, measures the amount of low density lipoprotein in blood.
3. Forensics – DNA fingerprinting allows for the identification of individuals by analyzing section
of DNA that vary widely from one individual to another.
4. Therapeutics – biotechnology will provide improved versions of today’s therapeutic regimens.
The novel therapeutic advances biotechnology now makes the following things feasible. Gene
therapy to correct genetic disease. Immunosuppressive therapies. Cell therapy to produce
replacement tissues and organs.

5. Gene Therapy – is a technique for creating defective genes that are responsible for disease
development. There are four approaches such as normal gene inserted to compensate for a non-
functional gene, an abnormal gene traded for a normal gene, an abnormal gene repaired through
normal gene and change the regulation of gene pairs.

Activity/Quiz:
The students will answer the following questions in any piece of paper and picture and attached it in the
google classroom.
1. What is the significant of biotechnology in our daily lives?
2. What are the benefits of biotechnology?
3. How the DNA fingerprinting allows the identification of individuals?
4. Give at least three examples of diagnostics.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 5. Why do you think biotechnology decreased the cost of disease diagnosis?
Assignment: Explain your answer to the following questions.
1. Give or suggest ways on how to stop the spread of virus?
2. How does the vaccine prevent spread of virus?

MODULE 2
Topic:
Products of Modern Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Have students create a visual timeline to show the important events in the history of biotechnology.

Materials: Pictures/video clips, access to online, poster board, art supplies (pencil, colored pencils, markers)

Directions: Define biotechnology for the class. Discuss its history by highlighting important people,
discoveries, and events using pictures and/or video clips where important. For example, you could talk about
how George Washington Carver and Henry Ford worked together using soybeans to create plastics for
automobile interiors. Divide the class into pairs, and provide each pair with poster board and art supplies.
Have students complete further research on biotechnology using available print and online resources. After
researching, students should select 5-10 events that they feel were the most important events in
biotechnology history. Students should create a visual timeline for their events by drawing a picture to
symbolize each event and writing a brief description of it. When students are finished, have them share their
timelines with the class.

Discussion:
There are more than 80 biotech drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics with more than 400 biotech medicines in
development targeting over 2oo diseases.

Biotech Laboratory - most widely used biotech products are recombinant proteins (produced by gene
cloning in cell culture) 

Cell Culture - refers to the technique of growing cells in a lab under controlled conditions; similar to in
vitro •“in vitro” refers to working in a controlled environment outside of a living organism.

Bioreactors - large culturing “containers” where DNA of interest can be mass produced) are also used

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

Biotech treatments - in the near future, it may be commonplace for treatments to include the use of gene
therapy (attempt to replace “defective” gene with “normal” gene) and tissue engineering (designing &
growing tissues for use in regenerative medicines).

1. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) - to produce human protein was E. coli that was given DNA
to produce somatostatin (hGH -human growth hormone - 1977)
2. Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) - is a blood clot dissolving enzyme used immediately after a
heart attack or stroke to clear blocked vessels.
3. Pharmaceuticals - According to Biotech Industry Organization (2005), New Jersey is the 5th leading
state in the U.S. in terms of number of biotech companies •California, Massachusetts, North
Carolina, & Maryland are the only higher ranked states.
4. Other biotech products - include proteins in: • home pregnancy tests (monoclonal antibodies) • frost-
resistant strawberry plants. Although many are focused on medical and agricultural applications,
some are for our own fashion interests (specialty apparel).
5. Genes for Jeans - Stonewashed jeans use genetically engineered enzymes (amylase & cellulase) to
create a faded look. Originally, pumice stones were used (jeans washed with the stones) • This
method damaged the machines.

CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECH

1. Microbial Applications - Bacteria & yeast are the most frequently used microbes • Better enzymes
and organisms for making foods, simplifying manufacture and production processes, and making
decontamination processes for industrial waste product removal more efficient. • Microbes used to
clone and produce batch amounts of important proteins.
2. Agricultural Applications -  is estimated to be $6 billion market (2005), including applications such
as: • Pest-resistant plants • Higher protein & vitamin content in foods • Drugs developed and grown
as plant products • Drought-resistant, cold-tolerant, and higher-yielding crops.
3. Plant Advantage - The Ag-Biotech field boasts about the plant advantage over microbial biotech. •
Plant advantage refers to the fact that the cost of producing plant material with recombinant proteins
is often significantly lower than bacteria.
4. Molecular Pharming - is the use of genetically modified plants (or animals) as a source of
pharmaceutical products. • These are usually recombinant proteins with a therapeutic value. • This is
an emerging but very challenging field that requires: •manipulation (at the genetic engineering level)
of protein glycosylation (a.ddition of polysaccharide chain) •subcellular protein targeting in plant
cells.
5. Animal Applications - can be used as bioreactors! •Many human therapeutic proteins are needed in
massive quantities (>100s of kgs), so scientists create female transgenic animals to express
therapeutic proteins in milk. • Goats, cattle, sheep, & chickens are sources of antibodies (protective
proteins that recognize & destroy foreign material). Transgenic refers to containing genes from one
another source.
6. Dolly in 1996 - Dolly the sheep became the first cloned animal created by the somatic cell nuclear
transfer process. • Born: July 5, 1996 • Announced: February 22, 1997 • Died: February 14, 2003 •
Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from a six-year-old ewe • She became the center of much
controversy that still exists today.
7. Forensic Applications - DNA fingerprinting is the classic example of a forensic application. It is used
most commonly for law enforcement and crime scene investigation (CSI). •It was first used in 1987
to convict a rapist in England. •Other applications of DNA fingerprinting include: • identifying
human remains • paternity tests • endangered species (reduces poaching) • epidemiology (spread of
disease )
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
 8. Environmental Applications - The major environmental use is for bioremediation. • Bioremediation
is the use of biotech to process or degrade a variety of natural and manmade products, especially
those contributing to pollution • Therefore, cleaning up environmental hazards produced by
industrial progress is a major application of this type of biotechnology. • There is a strong tie to
microbial biotech (since many microbes are helpful for this area).
9. Medical Applications - include preventative, diagnostic, and treatment. • The Human Genome
Project is very useful within this field. • Gene therapy and stem cell technologies are two up-and-
coming fields within the medical area of biotech. • Stem cell technologies include immature cells
that have the potential to develop and specialize into a variety of other cell types.

Activity/Quiz:
Direction: Students will use the link of a quiz below. They will answer it and comment their score in the
google classroom.

Link: Modern Biotechnology Quiz | Biosafety Unit (sea.org.sz)

Assignment: Have students watch the video by clicking the link below then answer the following questions.

Link: 5 Ways to Prevent COVID-19 Infection—An Illustrated Guide > News > Yale Medicine

1. List down and explain all the guidelines on how to prevent covid-19.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 MODULE 3
Topic:
Agricultural Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Benefit Skits: Have students created skits to showcase how Agricultural biotechnology has improved life.

Materials: Access to print/online resources

Directions: Discuss with the class the diverse biotechnology that has greatly improved life, such as the
creation of insulin for diabetic patients, antibiotics, or the development of pest-resistant crops. Divide the
class into small groups, and have group research different biotechnologies that have impacted our world.
Groups should create a skit to highlight the biotechnology, how it was created, and how it has had a positive
effect on the world. When groups are finished, have them present their skits to the class.

Discussion:
Agricultural Biotechnology – is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology
tools. We will focus only on agricultural crop biotechnology.

HISTORY

Plant biotechnology is founded on the principles of cellular totipotency and genetic transformation, which
can be traced back to the Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann and the discovery of genetic transformation
in bacteria Frederick Griffith.

In 1990 the first food product of biotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese production and a yeast used for
baking) appeared on the market. In 1995 farmers have been growing GE crops. In 2003, 7 million farmers in
18 countries, more than 85 percent of them resource.

APPLICATIONS

1. Genetic Engineering and GM crops

2. Tissue culturing
3. Pharmaceutics
4. Bioreactors
5. Nutrition Factory

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

GENETIC ENGINEERING AND GM CROPS

Gene cloning provides a new dimension to crop breeding by enabling directed changes to be made to the
genotype of a plant, circumventing the ramdom processes inherent in conventional breeding.

Two General Strategies

1. Gene Addition – in which cloning is used to alter the characteristics of a plant by providing it with
one or more genes.
It also means that plants make their own insecticide. In agricultural settings the greatest problems are
caused by insects. To reduce losses, crops are regularly sprayed with insecticides (pyrethroids and
organophosphates) insecticides has also harmful side effects for members of the local biosphere
chemicals in ecosystem sometimes insects escape the toxic effects

BT crops (Bacillus Thuringiensis)

Corn is an example of a crop plant that is not served well by conventional insecticides. A major pest is the
European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilialis) which tunnels into the plant from eggs laid on the under surface of
leaves, thereby evading the effects of insecticides by spraying.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 2. Gene Subtraction – in which genetic engineering techniques are used to inactivate one or more of the plant’s
existing genes.

mRNA Silencing and the engineering of fruit repining in tomato. Fruit repining effect the colour, taste and
texture. Tissue softening of fruits during repining is the result of solubilization of the cell wall by a group of
enzymes. One of the key enzyme is polygalacturonase (PG) functioning in the breakdown of pectin,a
polymer of galacturonic acids that forms part of the structural support in cell wall.

PHARMACEUTICS

HIRUDIN – is a protein which is anti coagulant. It can be found in the saliva of leach. Very important.
Cloning of the hirudin gene “Brassica Napus”

EDIBLE VACCINES

1. These are vaccines produced in plants that can be administered directly through the ingestion of plant
materials containing the vaccine.
2. Eating the plant would then confer immunity against diseases.
3. Edible vaccines produced by transgenic plants are attractive for many reasons.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 4. The first human clinical trial took place in 1997. Vaccine against the toxin from bacteria. E coli was
produced in potato.
5. Polio vaccine and bananas.
6. Rabies Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice.
7. Cholera transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibrio Cholera

TISSUE CULTURING

1. Micropropagation
2. Virus Free Plants
3. Polen Cultures
4. Somaclonal variations
5. Protoplast Cultures
6. Conservation of germ lines
7. Synthetic seeds

BIOREACTORS

A device in which a substrate a low value is utilized by living cells to generate products of higher value.

1. Seed –based plant bioreactors

2. Plant Suspension Cultures
3. Hairy Root System Bioreactor
4. Simple and Cost Effective
5. Plant pathogens do not infect humans or animals
6. Easy scale up & rapid harvesting.
7. Chimeric plant viruses can be used in production of vaccines. Produce large biomass.

BENEFITS

1. GM crops are more productive and have a large yield.

2. Offer more nutritional value and better flavor.
3. possibility that they could eliminate allergy causing properties in some foods
4. Inbuilt resistance to pests, weeds and disease. More capable
5. Improvement and the production of the new products with new traits like
6. Improvement health and safety standard
7. Less environment pollution
8. Potential productivity
9. Medicines and pharmaceutics
10. Safe

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 11. Easy
12. Liable

LIMITATIONS

1. Health related issues – people with food allergies usually react only to one or a few allergens in one
or two specific foods
2. Social Issues – terminator technology most farmers buy fresh seeds each season particularly of such
crops as corn, green peppers and tomatoes.
3. Environmental Issues – there is a belief among some opponents of genetic engineering technology
that transgenic crops might cross pollinate with related weeds possibly resulting in superweeds that
become more difficult to control.

FUTURE ASPECTS

1. Genetically modified foods have the potentials to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition
problems and help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance
upon chemical pesticides.
2. Yet there are many challenges ahead for government especially in the areas of safety testing,
regulation international policy and food labelling.
3. Many people feel that the genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot
afford ignores a technology that has such enormous potential benefits.

Activity/Quiz:
Directions: Write TRUE if the underlined word is correct, otherwise write the correct word.

1. Gene subtraction in which cloning is used to alter the characteristics of a plant by providing it with
one or more genes.
2. In 2003 the first food product of biotechnology appeared on the market.
3. Tissue culture is the generation of animals in the laboratory from disease.
4. Genetic engineering can result in improved keeping properties to make transport of fresh produce
easier, giving consumer access to nutritionally valuable whole foods.
5. People with food allergies usually react only to one or few allergens in one or two specific foods.

Assignment:
Answer this briefly:

1. What are the social issues in Agricultural Biotechnology? Explain it one by one.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 MODULE 4
Topic:
Microbial Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Students will answer the following puzzle of different medical terms.
a. PEZEON
b. OGBIESIC
c. AXALNA
Discussion:
Microbial Biotechnology - or industrial microbiology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an
economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale. The microorganisms used in
industrial processes are natural, laboratory-selected mutant or genetically engineered strains.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOODS AND AGRICULTURE

1. Development of genetically engineered plants with internal resistance to drought, frost, insect’s pests
and infestation.
2. Reduction dependency of plants on chemical fertilizers.
3. Replacement of dangerous chemical pesticides with microbial pesticides to manage and control the
problem of pests.
4. Reduction in the reliance on chemical treatments to control weeds by engineering herbicide tolerance
into crops
5. Production of products that have high yield and enhanced nutritional value.
6. Development of novel biomass products as foodstuffs, using organisms such as algae fungi bacteria
and yeast.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Activity/Quiz:
The students will submit their own short video regarding the microbial biotechnology and send it in the
google classroom.

Assignment:

The students will explain the content of video and will also add some benefits on microbial biotechnology to
be written in Microsoft word then attached it in the google classroom.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 MODULE 5
Topic:
Medical Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
In this twist on think-pair-share, pose an open-ended question to your class and ask students to come up with
their best answer. Next, pair learners up and get them to agree on a response. Get two pairs together, and the
foursome needs to do the same thing. Continue until half the group goes head to head with the other half. If
your students are online, breakout rooms in your conferencing software let you do the same thing virtually. 

Materials: Pictures/video clips, access to online, poster board, art supplies (pencil, colored pencils, markers)

Directions: Define Medical biotechnology in the class. Every student will ask question and each will come
up with their best answer. Next, pair learners up and get them to agree on a response. Get two pairs together,
and the foursome needs to do the same thing

Discussion:
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

 Diagnostics
 Therapeutics
 Vaccines

DIAGNOSTICS

 Physicians can now detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly and with greater
accuracy.
 The time required to diagnose infectious diseases has dropped from days to minutes.
 Certain cancers are ow diagnosed by simple taking a blood sample, thus eliminating the needs for
invasive and costly surgery.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

BIOMARKERS

 Molecular footprints that are secreted by cells as the disease progresses from one stage to the next
are known as “biomarkers”
 Biotechnology has also decreased the cost of disease diagnosis
 A new blood test, developed through biotechnology, measures the amount of low density lipoprotein
in blood.

FORENSICS

DNA fingerprinting allows for the identification of individuals by analyzing section of DNA that vary
widely from one individual to another

THERAPEUTICS

 Biotechnology will provide improved versions of today’s’ therapeutic regimens.

 The novel therapeutic advances biotechnology now makes following things feasible.
 Gene therapy to correct genetic diseases
 Immunosuppressive therapies
 Cell therapy to produce replacement tissues and organs
 Replacement therapies
 Cancer therapy to suppress tumor genes and prevent or cure cancer
 Design and production of vaccines
 Vaccines delivery systems (goats that produce milk with a malaria and antigen in it)

NATURAL PRODUCTS AS PHARMACEUTICALS

 Many plants produce compounds with human therapeutic value

 Back of the slow growing yew tree.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

GENE THERAPY

 It is a technique for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development
 There are four approaches:
1. A normal gene inserted to compensate for a nonfictional gene
2. An abnormal gene inserted to compensate for a non-functional gene
3. An abnormal gene repaired through selective reverse mutation
4. Change the regulation of gene pairs

HOW IT WORKS

 MAbs are being used to bind to and inactivates the protein produced by the genes that are involved
in certain critical events of cell growth.
 When both copies of Tumor suppressor genes become inactive then by introducing normal copies of
the genes into tumor cells through gene therapy made the tumor to be regress.

Activity/Quiz:
Students will answer the following:
1. What can you say about the diagnostics here in the Philippines? Expound your answer.
2. Give some examples of diagnostics and cite an explanation on how the experts do this.

Assignment:

Click and watch this link https://youtu.be/f8PyAQ9bAPk and give your insights about it.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 MODULE 6
Topic:
Biotechnology for the Environment
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Students will individually share about the environment, how the environment helps them and then everyone
will start their statement based on what does the last student said.

Materials: Pictures/video clips, access to online.

Directions: Teacher will start and call one student and another student and so on.

Discussion:
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY - is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the
natural environment. Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological
process for commercial uses and exploitation. The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology
defines environmental biotechnology as "the development, use and regulation of biological systems for
remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, water), and for environment-friendly processes (green
manufacturing technologies and sustainable development).

BIO ACCUMULATION - refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic
chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate
greater than that at which the substance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of the substance the
greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are not very high.
Bioaccumulation, for example in fish, can be predicted by models. Biotransformation can strongly modify
bioaccumulation of chemicals in an organism

THREE PROCESS OF BIO ACCUMULATION

1. Uptake
2. Storage
3. Elimination

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

BIO-CONCENTRATION - is a related but more specific term, referring to uptake and accumulation of a
substance from water alone. By contrast, bioaccumulation refers to uptake from all sources combined (e.g.
water, food, air, etc.)

BIO MAGNIFICATION - also known as bio amplification or biological magnification, is the increase in
concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of:

1. Persistence (can’t be broken down by environmental processes.)

2.  Food chain energetic
3.  Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance (often due to water-
insolubility)

BIODEGRADATION - is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.

Although often conflated, biodegradable is distinct in meaning from compostable. While biodegradable
simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature, "compostable"
makes the specific demand that the object break down in a compost pile. The term is often used in relation to
ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now
commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into
natural elements. Organic material can be degraded aerobically with oxygen, or anaerobically, without
oxygen. Biosurfactant, an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation
process.

CO-METABOLISM - is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the

degradation of the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the first
compound (the primary substrate). For example, in the process of metabolizing methane, propane or simple
sugars, some bacteria, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1, can degrade hazardous chlorinated solvents, such
as tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene, that they would otherwise be unable to attack. They do this by
producing the methane monooxygenase, enzyme which is known to degrade some pollutants, such as
chlorinated solvents, via co-metabolism. Co-metabolism is thus used as an approach to biological
degradation of hazardous solvents.

BIOREMEDIATION - is the use of micro-organism metabolism to remove pollutants. Technologies can be

generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at
the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some
examples of bioremediation related technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching,
landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

BIOLEACHING - is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. This is
much cleaner than the traditional hea leaching using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several applications
within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony,
nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt.

BIOMETHANATION - is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens. Organisms

capable of producing methane have been identified only from the domain Archaea, a group phylogenetically
distinct from both eukaryotes and bacteria, although many live in close association with anaerobic bacteria.
The production of methane is an important and widespread form of microbial metabolism. In most
environments, it is the final step in the decomposition of biomass.

Activity/Quiz:
vDirection: Answer the following question.

1. When using bioremediation to clean up toxic contaminated soil, what happens to the bacteria when
the pollutants are cleaned up?
2. What statement about genes is TRUE?
a. Nearly identical genes are found in a wide variety of organisms.
b. Genes are only found in humans.
c. Genes are found in all living organisms, but humans do not share genes with other organisms
d. Genes in all mammals are identical
3. Oil released into the environment is a well-recognized problem in today’s world. What famous oil
spill led to today’s biodegradation of oil?
a. Wesson oil spill
b. Canola oil spill
c. Exxon Valdez spill
d. The sinking of the Titanic
4.  Kathy tested fifty soil samples in one day, pinpointed the source of contamination, and decided how
to clean it up. What was Kathy using?
a. Biosensors
b. Biomedicine
c. Biodegradation
d. Bioleaching
5. What statement about bioremediation and bacteria is true?
a. All bacteria are helpful to humans
b. Some bacteria are harmful and some are helpful to humans
c. All bacteria are harmful to humans
d. Most bacteria are neither harmful nor helpful to humans

Assignment: Explain the following questions.

1.  In the biodegradation of oil by aerobic bacteria experiment, why were aquarium pumps used to
pump air into the soil sample?

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 MODULE 7
Topic:
Biotechnology in Promoting Law and Order
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Students will re-arrange the following words to make a correct sentence.

1. The unlawful use, use, of derived from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans,
animals, microorganisms or toxins or plants or threatened.
2. Population in a susceptible illness or intoxication intentionally produce the use of biological agents
to.

Discussion:
BIOTERRORISM - The unlawful use, or threatened use, of microorganisms or toxins derived from living
organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. The act is intended to create fear and
intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of political, religious, or ideological goals. Note: There is
no single, universally accepted definition of bioterrorism.

- The use of biological agents to intentionally produce illness or intoxication in a susceptible

population.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BIOTERROR AGENTS

1. CLASS A
a. Contagious
b. High death rates and high health impact on the public
c. ANTHRAX, BOTULISM, SMALL POX, TULAREMIA AND PLAGUE
2. CLASS B
a. Moderately easy to spread
b. Some illness and deaths rates
c. TYPHIUS, WATER SAFETY THREATS. SALMONELLA

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 3. CLASS C
a. Easily available
b. Easily produced and spread
c. Have potential for high death

CRITICAL BIOLOGICAL AGENTS CATEGORY A

1. Can be easily disseminated or transmitted person to person

2. Cause high mortality, with potential

CATEGORY AGENTS A

1. Variola major (smallpox)

a. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
b. Yersinia pestis(plague)
c. Clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism)
d. Francisella tularensis
e. Floviruses
f. Ebola hemorrhagic fever
g. Lassa fever

CATEGORY AGENTS B

1. Are moderately easy to disseminate

2. Cause moderate morbidity and low mortality
3. Require specific enhancements of CDC’s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance.
a. Coxiela bumetti
b. Glanders
c. Alpha virus
d. Castor beans
e. Epsilon
f. Enterotoxin

CATEGORY AGENTS C

1. Nipah virus
2. Hantavirus
3. Fever viruses
4. Yellow fever

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

BIOLOGICAL DELIVERY METHODS

1. Food/water
2. Aircraft sprayers
3. Air handling
4. Vehicle sprayers
5. Hand sprayers
6. Human vector
7. Animal verctor
8. Mail

WHAT DOES PUBLIC HEALTH DO IN A BIOTERRORIST EVENT

1. Asses health impacts

2. Environmental health assesses water safety and sanitation
3. Public health nurses coordinate with shelter operations
4. Acute communicable disease tracts infectious diseases
5. Injury program tracts injuries and fatalities
6. Health officer coordinates information for the public and health care providers

SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH BT

1. Identifying a covert attack

2. Social disruption
3. Prophylaxis
4. Decontamination
5. Secondary transmission

TECHNOLOGY AT WORK

1. Forensic teams work hard to identify biological agents, their origins and effects
2. Labs are working on advance detection systems to detect early attacks. Identify at risk areas, and to
give proper treatment
3. Bio surveillance real time outbreak disease surveillance system made in debuts 1999. This collects
data from labs, hospitals and environmental studies in order to detect bio terror attacks as early as
possible.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

Activities/Quiz:
Students will answer the following:

Direction: Give the Steps In Preparing Public Health Agencies For Biological Attacks. Answer it in
Microsoft word then submit it in your Google classroom.

Assignment:
What are the bioterrorism and the public health sectors?

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 MODULE 8
Topic:
Current Trends in Biotechnology
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
The name of this energizer is “Story around circle” The organiser starts with a line like “Once upon a time,
in a land far away, 5 people got together to solve all the world’s problems. Everything seemed easy, until
one day one of the people saw on the horizon…” and invites the next person in the group to continue the
story and add the next line. This keeps going until everyone’s contributed to the story.

Discussion:

The Use of Next Generation Computing Technology

Technology has always been at the heart of biotech. The emergence of advanced computing
technology such as machine learning and artificial intelligence enables companies to expand
the scope and scale of their research and improve efficiency in the manufacturing process—
both of which reduce the time it takes for biotech firms to bring new products to market.
In medicine, for example, the ability to analyze large data sets helps drug makers identify
treatments based on the cause of a disease. This has the potential to reduce the $2.6 billion
price tag and the 90 percent failure rate for developing new drugs.  
In addition, the evolution of cloud computing technology has removed a barrier for many
innovations in biotech. The ability to run applications through the cloud allows companies to
store and analyze data without buying expensive computer hardware. This benefits early-
stage startups, which try to limit operating expenses as much as possible, but it also helps
larger and more established companies, as it makes it easier and cheaper to allocate resources
for new projects.

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

Increased Stakeholder Collaboration
Another benefit of cloud computing is its ability to support collaboration among stakeholders
that represent different organizations, whether it’s multinational firms, smaller companies,
academic institutions, or government research organizations. Software tools that support
communication, data sharing, and virtual meetings enable groups to work together regardless
of where they are located—opening the research process to a much larger group of
stakeholders.
Increased collaboration does pose a potential challenge to biotechnology professionals. With
larger teams working on projects, and with some projects taking many years to receive
regulatory approval or achieve a return on investment, individuals and the organizations they
represent need to consider intellectual property protection for the innovations they are
developing. Otherwise, they may not financially benefit from the products they create.

The Evolution of Clinical Trials

A range of technological advances has transformed the clinical trial process. Clinical trials
used to be a very manual process, with trial participants going to a clinic in-person to receive
treatment and recording their symptoms and side effects on paper. In addition, drug makers
typically needed to recruit a large number of participants in order to get the right sample size
—or they needed to invest heavily in marketing resources to recruit the right patients to treat
a rare condition.  
Today, the clinical trial has been heavily digitized, enabling biotech companies to test
treatments on more patients in less time. In a notable example, in November 2019 the
medical genetics company known as in vitae announced a trial with Apple Watch that brings
together biometric data collected from the wristwatch and the results of genetic tests in an
effort to determine the genes that cause cardiovascular disease. This makes the trial
accessible to a larger number of people, and it helps researchers quickly exclude patients
who do not meet the criteria for the trial.
As noted, machine learning technology also holds promise for the future of the clinical trial.
Biotech companies can quickly analyze data from current trials to predict the effectiveness of
treatments down to a molecular level; they can also revisit data from previous trials to see if
anything may have been missed, or if there may be new or different uses for an existing
drug.
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Growth in Personalized Treatment of Rare Diseases
Cancer treatment is a key area of focus for targeted therapies. One prominent example is
blood cancer such as leukemia, where a treatment called CAR T-cell therapy targets a
patient’s immune cells and, in the words of the National Cancer Institute, the immune system
will “attack tumors.” 

The Emergence of Value-Based Pricing Models

Under value-based pricing agreements, a buyer and seller link payments to a specific value
achieved as opposed to a volume of sales. These agreements are meant to align the
incentives between the manufacturers and purchasers of a product—they often require a
different pricing model than traditional contracts, and they require clear language to explain
terms and conditions.   
Value-based contracts recognize that both parties are taking a financial risk in the use of a
new product. In healthcare, for example, a value-based pricing model might stipulate that a
drug maker receives a lower payment unless a medication achieves measurable
improvements when compared to other treatment options. In environmental science, value-
based pricing could be targeted to the percent of waste cleaned through the use of
microorganisms. 

Advancing in the Biotechnology Industry 

These trends in biotechnology show that today’s biotech professionals need more than just a
background in biology, chemistry, or pharmaceutical science to advance their careers.
Business skills are critical for managing a research project or technical team, while
technology expertise can add real-time analysis to cutting-edge research and development. 
A Master of Science in Biotechnology from Northeastern combines an interdisciplinary and
hands-on science curriculum with real-world work experience with leading industry,
academic, and government employers. Concentrations include pharmaceutical technology,
scientific information management, and manufacturing and quality operations.

Activity/Quiz:

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

Student will watch the short video with the link below and will give their insights regarding
this matter.
https://youtu.be/sPRI8NjDElA

Assignment:
Watch the link below and list down all the advantages and disadvantages of Biotechnology
in the year 2021.
https://youtu.be/FGmYUW9DqzU

MODULE 9
Topic:
Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil
Regulations, Patents and Society
To do List:
1. Motivation
2. Discussion
3. Activity/Quiz
4. Assignment
Motivation:
Students think of an adjective to describe themselves. The adjective must suit the student and
must also start with the first letter of their name. The students have to memorize every name.
The first student just says his name, but the second and the rest of the students have to name
the previous names before saying their name. The last students will have to do the hard
work.

For example: 1. Likeable Lucie - 2. Likeable Lucie and Precious Petra - 3. Likeable Lucie,
Precious Petra and Tiny Tom

Discussion:

BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATURY PROCESS

The regulation of genetic engineering concerns approaches taken by governments to assess

and manage the risks associated with the use of genetic engineering technology, and the
development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including genetically
modified crops and genetically modified fish. • Biotech crops undergo more testing and
oversight before commercialization than any other agricultural products, including
conventional crops. Before we submit a biotech crop to regulatory agencies for approval, the
research teams have put it through numerous tests to ensure and prove it’s as safe as its
conventional equivalent.

PROCESS

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 1. Characterizing a New Biotech Product - at this stage in the regulatory process,
Monsanto must prove the gene inserted is safe and the protein produced by the
inserted DNA is also safe. This includes verifying we’ve inserted only one copy of the
gene, the copy is intact and we have not inserted any other portions of DNA.
2. Compositional Analysis - This stage includes a comparative safety assessment. With
the comparative safety assessment, Monsanto seeks to establish substantial
equivalence, meaning we’re testing to see if a biotech product (a soybean, for
example) is compositionally and nutritionally the same as the conventional soybean
(one without any biotech traits).
3. Animal Performance Assessments - Even if Monsanto knows the new biotech
products are compositionally the same as their conventional counterparts, we generate
additional assurances that food and feed from these products are as safe as food and
feed from existing conventional products--through animal performance assessments. •
Environmental Safety • A part of the regulatory process includes environmental safety
testing. This involves a study of the plant’s impact on the environment including
growth, development, interactions with insects, diseases and other stresses.

BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY AGENCIES

1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - Any new product developed through food and
plant biotechnology innovations falls under the approval and review process of the
FDA.
2. Department Of Agriculture (DA) - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
(APHIS) regulates how biotechnology improves new crop varieties.
3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - EPA works with FDA and USDA to
regulate new biotechnology crops to ensure these crops don't harm the environment,
including other plant and animal species.
4. The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority if India (BRAI) - is an proposed regulatory
body in India for uses of biotechnology products including genetically modified
organisms(GMOs)

STEPS TAKEN BY THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

REGULATORY IN INDIA

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 1. Announcing separate Biotechnology Policy for their States. 
2. Setting up of Task Forces with experts to guide them on policy issues.
3. Setting up of exclusive Biotechnology Parks with agriculture.
4. Health biotechnology as key areas. Department of Biotechnology [DBT] Genetic
Engineering and Approval Committee[GEAC]
5. The Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSC), responsible for the local
implementation of guidelines. 
6. Review Committee on Genetic Manipulations (RCGM) responsible for issuing
permits. 
7. GEAC responsible for monitoring the large scale and commercial use of transgenic
materials.

TWO MAIN SYSTEMS OF PROTECTION FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Rights in plant varieties

2. Patents: “The right to exclusively produce, use and/or market a Product Process
Application” 

Today, IPR plays an important role in every sector and has become an important
aspect of research for Pharma and research oriented industries. The continuous efforts of
the government in policy establishment, IT protection, infrastructure, IPR search portals
and manpower made this Industry a step ahead.

Categories of Intellectual Property Categories of Intellectual Property • Industrial

property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and
geographic indications of source. Copyright, which includes artistic works such as novels,
poems and plays, films, musical works, dance, artistic works such as drawings, paintings,
photographs , sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include
those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their
recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs.

Activity/Quiz:
Students will answer the following questions:

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil

 1. Recombinant vaccines cannot be produced successfully in plants
2. Useful insects that feed on the transgenic crops may get killed
3. Miscarriage in up to 5-25% of mothers who underwent the test
4. The newly introduced gene may code for a toxic or allergenic protein
5. More pathogenic virus strains may arise

Assignment:
Answer this on Microsoft word and submit it in the Google classroom.

1. What are the tasks of Regulatory Agencies in Biotechnology?

2. Explain the two main systems of protection for biotechnology.

REFERENCES:

Environmental biotechnology (slideshare.net)

(78) What is Biotechnology - YouTube

Flashcards Biotechnology Regulatory Review Quiz 1-10 | Quizlet

Agricultural biotechnology, overview (slideshare.net)

Applications of medical biotechnology (slideshare.net)

Application of industrial Biotechnology (slideshare.net)

6 Trends in Biotechnology in 2021 | Northeastern University

Course Outcomes Microbiology & Microbial Biotechnology - CMS College Kottayam

What is Biotechnology? - Department of Biotechnology and Food Science - NTNU

Prepared by: Ms. Lourdes W. Umil