By - NEERAJ PODDAR

Ad. – Sukhram Complex (1st Floor), Piska More, Ranchi. Contact No. – 7979 762083
CHEMISTRY

TOPICS COVERED
1. Introduction
2. Acids
3. Bases
4. Common in all Acids and Bases
5. Strength of acids and Bases
6. Salts and Chemical from Salts

1. INTRODUCTION_______________________________________________________________________
» There are 118 different chemical element are known to us at present. On the basis of their chemical
properties compounds can be classified into three group:-
1. Acids,
2. Bases and
3. Salts
Comparison Chart
Basis ACIDS BASES
Acid is the substance when dissolved in The base is the substance when dissolved
Meaning water, increases the concentration of H+ ions. in water, increase the concentration of OH- ions.

Such compound whose chemical formula begins Such compounds whose chemical formula ends
Chemical formula
with H, for example HCl (Hydrochloric acid), with OH, for example KOH (Potassium hydroxide),
H3BO3 (Boric acid), NaOH (Sodium hydroxide).
CH2O3 (Carbonic acid).
pH scale Less than 7. Greater than 7.
Sour in taste. Bitter in taste.
Physical
Gives burning sensation. Odorless (except ammonia).
Characteristics
Acids are usually sticky. Bases are slippery.
Reacts with metals to produce H2 gas. Reacts with fats and oils.
Phenolphthalein It remains colorless. It gives pink color.
Indicator

Litmus test Turns blue litmus paper to red. Turns red litmus paper to blue.
Depends on the concentration of Depends on the concentration of hydroxide
Strength
hydronium ions. ions.
Dissociation Acids dissociate to give free hydrogen ions (H+) Bases dissociate to give free hydroxide ions (OH-)
when mixed with after mixing in water. after mixing in water.
water

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), Calcium

Examples
(H2SO4), Nitric acid (HNO3) etc. hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) etc.
Used as preservatives, fertilizers, as preservatives, Used in gastric medicine (antacid), soaps,
used as carbonated drinks, processing leather, detergents, cleanser, antiperspirant armpit
Uses
household cleaning, making sodas, flavor to food, deodorant, non-hazardous alkali to neutralize
etc. acidic wastewater, neutralize soil acidity.

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 By - NEERAJ PODDAR

» Indicator .

An indicator tells us whether a substance is acidic or basic in nature, by the change in colour.
A. Common Indicators
▪ An acid turns blue litmus red and a base turns red litmus blue.
▪ Methyl orange indicator gives a red colour in an acidic solution and gives a yellow colour in a basic solution.
▪ Phenolphthalein is colourless in an acidic solution and gives a pink colour in a basic solution.

B. Olfactory Indicators
▪ Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media are called olfactory indicators. For example:
onion, vanilla and clove oil.
▪ On adding sodium hydroxide solution to a cloth strip treated with onion, the smell of the onion is not detected.
An acidic solution does not eliminate the smell of the onion.
Name of the Indicator Colour Change with Colour Change with
Acid Base
Blue litmus solution To red No change
Red litmus solution No change To blue
Turmeric No change To red
Methyl orange To red To yellow
Phenolphthalein (colourless) No change To pink
Red cabbage Red Green
▪ Many times we have noticed that a yellow stain of curry on a white cloth (due to presence of turmeric) turns
reddish-brown when soap is scrubbed on it. This is due to the fact that soap solution is a basic in nature which
changes the Colour of turmeric in the curry stain to red-brown. This stain turns to yellow again when the cloth
is rinsed with plenty of water. This is because then the basic soap gets removed with water.

2. ACIDS
▪ Acids are those chemical substances which have a sour taste and change the blue litmus in red.
▪ The word acid derived from the Latin word ‘acids’ or ‘acere’, which means “sour”. An acid is the chemical
substances that accept electrons and donates hydrogen ions or protons. Most acids containing hydrogen bonded
atoms dissociate to give cation and anion in water.

Acids

Number of H2
Origin Strength Concentration Ions

Organic Monoprotic
Strong Acids Dilute Acids acid
Acids
Diprotic acid

Weak Acids Concentrated Triprotic acid

Mineral Acids Acids
Polyprotic

Classification of Acids __________________________________________________________________

A. On the basis of origin, acids are classified as
1. Organic acids – Acids derived from living organisms like plants and animals. For example – citric acid is
present in fruits, acetic acid present in vinegar, oxalic acid present in tomato, tartaric acid present in
tamarind, lactic acid present in sour milk and curd.
2. Mineral acids – They are also called inorganic acids. They are dangerous Example sulphuric acid (H2SO4),
hydrochloric acid (HCl) etc.
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS 2
 By - NEERAJ PODDAR

B. On the basis of their strength, acids are classified as

1. Strong acids – Completely dissociate into its ions in aqueous solutions and produce large amount of H+
ions. Example – Nitric acid (HNO3), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl).
2. Weak acids – Weak acids are those acids which do not completely dissociate into its ions in aqueous
solutions. For example: carbonic acid (H2CO), acetic acid (CH3COOH).

C. On the basis of their concentration, acids are classified as

1. Dilute acids – Have a low concentration of acids in aqueous solutions.
2. Concentrated acids – Have a high concentration of acids in aqueous solutions.
Note
The dilution of concentric acid should always be done by adding concentrated acid to water gradually with
stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid. This is because:-
▪ When concentrated acid is added to water for preparing a dilute acid, he heat is evolved gradually, and easily
absorbed by the large amount of water.
▪ If water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it, then a large amount of heat is evolved at once. This heat
changes some of the water to steam explosively which can splash the acid on face or clothe and cause
acid burns.
▪ Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions (H3O+/OH–) per unit volume.
Such a process is called dilution and the acid or the base is said to be diluted.

D. On the basis of number of hydrogen ion, acids can be classified as :

1. Monoprotic acid – Such type of acid produces one mole of H+ ions per mole of acid, e.g., HCl , HNO3
2. Diprotic acid – They can produce two moles of H+ ions per mole of acid, e.g., H2SO4.
3. Triprotic acid – They produce three moles of H+ ions per mole of acid, e.g., H3PO4.
4. Polyprotic – They can produce more than three H+ ions per mole of acid.
Properties of Acids ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Acid have a sour taste
2. Acids turn blue litmus to red
3. Acid solutions conduct electricity (they are electrolytes)
4. Acid react with metals to form hydrogen gas
Acid + Metal ⎯⎯→ Salt + Hydrogen
2HCl + Zn ⎯⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2
2HNO3 + Zn ⎯⎯→ Zn (NO3)2 + H2
2CH3COOH + Zn ⎯⎯→ (CH3COO) 2 Zn + H2
H2SO4 + Zn ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2
Activity
▪ Set the apparatus as shown in Fig.
▪ Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube
and add a few pieces of zinc granules to it.
▪ Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution.
▪ Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble.
Note that the metal in the above reactions displaces
hydrogen from the acids. This is seen as hydrogen gas. The
metal combines with the remaining part of the acid and
forms a compound called a salt.
» Pop test: When a burning candle is brought near a test tube
containing hydrogen gas it burns with a ‘Pop’ sound. This test
is conducted for examining the presence of hydrogen gas.
» Curd and other foodstuffs such as vinegar, lemon juice and orange juice, etc. should not be kept in metal vessels
because curd or other sour foodstuffs contains acids which can reacts with metal of the vessel to form poisonous metal
compound which can cause food poisoning and damage our health.

5. Acid react with metal carbonate (and metal hydrogen carbonate) to form carbon dioxide gas
Metal Carbonate + Acid ⎯⎯→ Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

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 BY:NEERAJ
PODDAR
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) ⎯⎯→ 2NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(Sodium carbonate) (Hydrochloric Acid) (Sodium chloride) (Carbon dioxide) (Water)

▪ Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid ⎯⎯→ Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

NaHCO3 + HCl ⎯⎯→ NaCl + CO2 + H2O
(Sodium hydrogen carbonate) (Hydrochloric Acid) (Sodium chloride) (Carbon dioxide) (Water)

▪ Thus acid react with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to evolve Carbon dioxide gas. This Carbon dioxide gas
reacts with lime water (calcium hydroxide solution) as follows:-
Ca (OH)2 (aq) + CO2(g) ⎯⎯→ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate water
(Lime water) (White precipitate)

▪ On passing excess Carbon dioxide gas through lime water, then white precipitate formed first dissolved due to the
formation of a soluble salt calcium hydro carbonate and the solution becomes clear again:-
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ⎯⎯→ Ca(HCO3)2 aq
(White precipitate) (Calcium hydrogen carbonate)

▪ If someone is suffering from acidity after overeating, it is suggested to take baking soda solution as remedy because
baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate which reacts with excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach and neutralize
it. This gives relief to the person suffering from acidity.

6. Acids react with bases (or alkalis) to form salt and water.
Base + Acid ⎯⎯→ Salt + Water
▪ Neutralization reaction takes place when effect of a base is nullified by an acid & vice versa to give salt & water.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid sodium chloride water
(base) (Acid) (Salt)

7. Acids Reacts with metal oxides to form salt and water

Metal Oxide + Acid ⎯⎯→ Salt + Water
CuO + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ CuCl2 + H2O
Copper oxide Hydrochloric acid Copper chloride Water

8. Acids have corrosive nature:- The mineral acids cause severe burns on the skin and attack and eat up materials like
cloth, wood, metal and stonework, so they are said to be corrosive. Acids are never store in metal containers
because they gradually corrode and eat up the metal container.

Use of Mineral Acid in industry ____________________________________________________________

1. Sulphuric Acid is used I the manufacture of fertilizers, paints, dyes, chemicals, plastics, fibers, synthetic fibers,
detergents, explosive and car batteries.
2. Nitric Acid is used for making fertilizers, explosives, dyes and plastics.
3. Hydrochloric acid is used for removing oxides from steel objects.

3. BASES
▪ Bases are those chemical substances which have a bitter taste and change the color of red litmus to blue.
▪ Most of the bases do not dissolve in water but some bases dissolve in water. The base which is soluble in water
without any chemical reaction is called Alkalis. eg. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 etc.
Strong Bases
Strength
Weak Bases
Bases Dilute
Concentration
Concentrated

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 By - NEERAJ PODDAR

Classification of Bases
A. On the basis of their strength, bases are classified as
1. Strong bases – Strong bases are those bases which completely dissociate into its ions in aqueous solutions and
produce a large amount of OH– ions. Example: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH).
2. Weak bases – Weak bases are those bases which do not completely dissociate into its ions in aqueous solutions.
For example: ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH).

B. On the basis of their concentration, bases are classified as

1. Dilute bases – Have a low concentration of alkali in aqueous solutions.
2. Concentrated bases – Have a high concentration of alkali in aqueous solutions.

Properties of Bases ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Bases have bitter in taste,
2. Bases feel soapy to touch,
3. Bases turn red to blue litmus to blue,
4. Bases conduct electricity in solution (they are electrolytes)
5. Bases react with some metals to form hydrogen gas
Base + Metal ⎯⎯→ Salt + Hydrogen
2NaOH + Zn ⎯⎯→ Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate (salt)

6. Acids react with bases (or alkalis) to form salt and water.
Base + Acid ⎯⎯→ Salt + Water
2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Sodium hydroxide Sulphuric Acid Sodium sulphate (salt)
▪ When an acid and base combine then the real neutralization reaction take place due to combination of H+
present in acid and OH+ present in base to form water.
H+ + OH+ Nerralisation reaction H O

(aq) (aq) → 2 (l)

7. Acids Reacts with non-metal oxides to form salt and water

Non-metallic oxide + Base ⎯⎯→ Salt + Water
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 + H2O
Calcium hydroxide (Base) Carbon dioxide (Non-Metal oxide) calcium carbonate (salt)
▪ Non-metallic oxides are said to be acidic in nature because on reacting with a base they produce Salt and Water.
What do all Acids and Bases have in common__________________________________________________
▪ A common thing in all the acids is that they produce hydrogen ions [H+ (aq) ions] when dissolve in water and bases
produces OH– ions. When acids dissolve in water the hydrogen present in it separates out as positively charged
hydrogen ions (H+) and enter the solution as H+ (ag) ions. We can define acid as a substance which dissociates on
dissolving in water to produce hydrogen ions [H+ ions].
+ -
eg. HCI (aq) ⎯⎯→  (aq) + Cl (aq)
Hydrochloric acid hydrogen ions Chlorine ions
▪ H+ ion cannot exist alone in water; they attach themselves to water molecules to form
hydronium ion (H3O+).
H+ + H2O ⎯⎯→ H3O+
▪ Thus acid like HCL, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3 COOH, etc. show acidic character due to they
dissociate (or ionize) in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ions. The aqueous
solution of glucose (C6H12O6) and alcohol (C2H3OH) do not show acidic character
because their hydrogen does not separate out as hydrogen ions on dissolving in water.
▪ The aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity due to the presence of charged
particles called ions and glucose and alcohol solution does not conduct electricity. Refer activity 2.8 of page 22
(NCERT Book). Glowing of bulb indicates that there is a flow of electric current through the solution.

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 By - NEERAJ PODDAR

In absence of water a substance will not hydrogen ions and hence not show its acidic behavior. The separation of H+
ions can occur only in presence of water.
▪ Bases provide OH– ions in the presence of water.
▪ Example –

4. STRENGTH OF AN ACID OR BASE

▪ Strength of acids and bases depends on the no. of H+ ions and OH– ions produced respectively.
▪ With the help of a universal indicator we can find the strength of an acid or base by the use of the hydrogen ions.
This indicator is called pH scale which is devised by Sorenson in 1909.
▪ pH of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in it i.e. solution having a high
concentration of hydrogen ions has low pH value whereas a solution having low concentration of hydrogen ions has
high pH value.
▪ ‘p’ means Potenz in German means power and ‘H’ means Hydrogen. This scale measures from 0 (very acidic) to 14
(very alkaline) 7 Neutral (water is Neutral).
pH value Colour of the pH Paper Nature of Solution H+ ion Conc. OH– ion Conc.
0 Dark red Highly acidic very high very low
4 Orange or yellow Acidic high low
7 Green Neutral Equal Equal
10 Bluish green or blue Alkaline Low High
14 Dark blue or violet highly basic very low very high
▪ Strong Acids give rise to more H+ ion. eg. HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3.
▪ Weak Acids give rise to less H+ ion. eg. CH3COOH, H2 CO3 (Carbonic acid)
▪ Strong bases give rise to more OH– ion. eg. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
▪ Weak Bases give rise to less OH– ion. eg. NH4OH

❑ Universal Indicator
It is a mixture of many different indicators which gives different colours at different pH values of the entire pH scale.
The common indicators cannot tell us the relative strengths of acids or base, it tells only whether given substance is
an acid or base.

❑ Importance of ‘pH’ in our daily life

1. Importance of pH in our digestive system – pH level of our body regulates our digestive system. In case of
indigestion our stomach produces acid in a very large quantity because of which we feel pain and irritation in
our stomach. To get relief from this pain antacids are used. Antacids are a group of mild bases which react with
the excess acid and neutralise it. These antacids neutralize the excess acid and we get relief.
2. pH of Acid Rain – When pH of rain water is less than 5.6 it is called Acid Rain. When this acidic rain flows into
rivers these also get acidic, which causes a threat to the survival of aquatic life.
3. pH of Soil – Plants require a specific range of pH for their healthy growth. If pH of soil of any particular place is
less or more than normal than the farmers add suitable fertilizers to it. If soil is too acidic, use slaked lime or
chalk.
4. Our body functions between range of 7.0 to 7.8 living organisms can survive only in the narrow range of pH change.
5. Tooth decay and pH – Bacteria present in mouth produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles
remaining in the mouth. Using toothpaste which is generally basic can neutralize the excess acid and prevent
tooth decay.
6. Bee sting or Nettle sting contains Formic acid which causes pain and irritation. When we use a weak base like
baking soda on it we get relief.

6. SALTS
▪ A salt is a compound formed from an acid by the replacement of the hydrogen in the acid by a metal. eg. If we replace
hydrogen from Hydrochloric acid (HCl) by metal, say sodium (Na), then we get sodium chloride (NaCl), it is a salt.

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 By - NEERAJ PODDAR

▪ Salts are formed when acids react with base. Thus the name of salt consists two parts: 1st name of base and 2nd name of
acid. eg.
Sl no. Name of Salt Formula Derived from base Derived from acid
1. Potassium Sulphate K2SO4 KOH H2SO4
2. Sodium Sulphate Na2SO4 NaOH H2SO4
3. Sodium Chloride NaCl NaOH HCl
4. Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl NH4OH HCl

❑ Family of Salt
It has same positive ions or same negative ions are said to a family of salt. For example Sodium chloride (NaCl) and
Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) belonging to the same family called ‘sodium salt’ because they both contain same charged
ions.

❑ pH of Salt Solutions
Aqueous solution of many salt are neutral but some salt
produce acidic or basic solutions when dissolve in water. Salt solution ph Nature
• Strong base + strong acid = neutral salt solution Sodium chloride solution 7 Neutral
• Strong base + weak acid = basic salt solution Ammonium chloride solution 6 Acidic
• Weak base + strong acid = acidic salt solution Sodium carbonate solution 9 Basic

❑ COMMON SALT (Sodium Chloride)

Chemical name of common salt is Sodium Chloride. It is neutral salt. It is occur naturally in sea water and rock salt
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) ⎯⎯→ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride Water
Use:- (1) It is used as a raw material for making a large number of useful chemical in industry such as sodium
hydroxide.
(2) Used in cooking food, preservative in pickles, curing meat and fish.
(3) Manufacturing of soap, for melting ice on road side during winter in cold countries.

7. CHEMICAL FROM COMMON SALT

Common salt is a raw material for making many chemicals such as – Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda), Sodium
Carbonate (Washing Soda), and Sodium Hydrogen carbonate (Baking Soda).

1. CAUSTIC SODA (Sodium Hydroxide)

When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
Sodium chloride Water Sodium hydroxide chlorine Hydrogen
▪ The process of electrolysis of sodium chlorine solution (called brine) is called chlor-alkali process because of the
product formed – chlor i.e. chlorine and alkali i.e. sodium hydroxide.
Use:- 1. Used for making soaps, detergents, artificial textile fibers, paper.
2. Used in purifying bauxite ore from which aluminum metal is extracted.
3. Used in de-greasing metal, oil refining and making dyes and bleaches.

2. WASHING SODA (Sodium carbonate decahydrate)

Washing soda is prepared from sodium chloride (common salt) from three steps:-
Step I: - solution of Sodium chloride is reacted with ammonia and CO2 to obtain sodium hydrogen carbonate.
NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 ⎯⎯→ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Sodium chloride ammonia sodium hydrogen carbonate Ammonium chloride
Step II: - sodium hydrogen carbonate is separated by filtration, dried and heated. On heating sodium hydrogen
carbonate decomposes to form sodium carbonate (called soda ash).
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
NaHCO3 →Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Step III: - sodium carbonate is dissolve in water and Recrystallized to get washing sods.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⎯⎯→ Na2CO3.10H2O

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▪ Properties of washing soda – a. It is a transparent crystalline solid,

b. It is one of the few metal carbonate which is soluble in water,
c. Its solution is alkaline which turns red litmus to blue,
d. Detergent properties.
▪ Use:- a. Used in glass, soap and paper industry
b. Cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
c. Removal of hardness of water.
d. Manufacturing of sodium compound.

3. BAKING SODA (Sodium hydrogen carbonate)

It is producing at large scale by reacting a cold and concentrate solution of sodium chloride with ammonia and CO2.
NaCl + NH + H2O + CO2 ⎯⎯→ NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Sodium chloride ammonia Sodium hydrogen carbonate Ammonium chloride

▪ Properties of baking soda – a. It consists of white crystals, soluble in water

b. It is mild, non-corrosive base
c. On heating it gives sodium carbonate with evolution of CO2
▪ Use:- a. Used as an antacid in medicine in remove acidity of the stomach,
b. Used in making baking soda,
c. Used in fire extinguishers.

4. BLEACHING POWER (Calcium oxychloride)

Bleaching Power is prepared by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked lime.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ CaOCl2 + H2O
Calcium hydroxide chlorine bleaching power water

▪ Properties:- a. It is a white powder gives a strong smell of chlorine,

b. It is soluble in cold water,
c. It reacts with dilute acids to produce chlorine.
▪ Use – a. used of disinfecting drinking water supply, manufacturing of Chloroform, making wool unshrinkable.
b. Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries, bleaching washed cloth in laundry.

PLASTER OF PARIS___________________________________________________________________________
It is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) to a temperature of 100℃ in kiln then it losses 3/4th of water of
crystallization and forms plaster of Paris. It is heated at 100℃ because above that temperature water crystallization is
eliminated and dead burnt plaster (anhydrous* calcium sulphate) is formed.
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃ (𝟑𝟕𝟑𝑲) 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃ (𝟑𝟕𝟑𝑲)
CaSO4.2H2O → CaSO4.½ H2O + 1½ H2O or (CaSO4.2H2O) → 2CaSO4.H2O + 3H2O
Gypsum plaster of Paris water

▪ Properties – It is white powder and setting into a hard on wetting with water.
▪ Use – a. Used in hospital in setting fracture bones in a right position.
b. Making toys, decorative material and smooth surfaces, used as fire-proofing materials.

❑ Water Crystallization
▪ Water molecule present in a salt crystal which form a part of the structure of a crystal are called water
crystallization.
▪ The salts which contain water crystallization are called hydrated salts.
▪ Example – Copper sulphate contains 5 molecules of water of crystallization in one formula so written as
Na2SO4.5H2O it is called copper sulphate pentahydrate (pentahydrate means presence of 5 molecule of water).
▪ When hydrate salts are heated strongly, then they lost their water crystallization, that salt is called anhydrous* salts.

END

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