Breast Engrogement Final
Breast Engrogement Final
During my clinical posting in TMC and Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital in the
postnatal ward, I have selected a postnatal mother, Mrs. Ruma Deb , age 23
years with gestational age of 40 weeks and I have selected this case for my case
presentation.
HISTORY COLLECTION
IDENTIFICATION DATA
LMP : 23.11.20
EDD : 30.08.21
Mrs. Ruma Deb was admitted with the pain in the abdomen with leakage of water.
G1P1A0L1 with gestational age of 40 weeks got admitted to hospital for delivery .
OBSTETRICAL HISTORY
1st trimester:
She conceived spontaneously after 2 year of marriage. Pregnancy was confirmed by
pregnancy kit test at home after 1 month of amenorrhea. Blood and urine investigation was
done. Her hemoglobin level was 11.5 gm/dl. She had mild nausea and vomiting. She was
going for regular antenatal check ups.
2nd trimester:
3rd Trimester
There was gradual enlargement of uterus, fetal movement becomes more pronounce . she had
the complains of backache, frequency of micturition, she got admitted in the hospital for safe
confinement. She does not have any history of severe anemia, PIH and any bleeding per
vagina.
MEDICAL HISTORY
SURGICAL HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
Key
---Death
Lt. Moti lal Deb Mrs. Renu Deb
------Female
---- Male
------patient
MENSTRUAL HISTORY
a) Age of menarche : 12 years.
b) Duration :5-6 days
c) Flow : normal
d) LMP : 23.11.20
MARITAL HISTORY-
CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY
She have not use any contraceptive method or device.
INTRANATAL HISTORY:
The duration of first stage was about 10 hours during the second stage the cervix was fully
dilated. Duration of second stage was about 2 hours. The placenta delivered about 15 minutes
after delivery.After that she was shifted to the recovery room.
LABOUR NOTES:
She shifted to labour room by 8:15 a.m. on 30.8 2021 with good uterine contraction and
maternal bearing down afford. She delivered a live term male baby of weight 3 kg at 10:10
a.m.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
GENERAL APPEARANCE
Body built: :moderately built.
Nourishment: moderately nourished.
Activity: Active.
Posture: Lordosis.
Pallor: not pale.
Consciousness: conscious and oriented.
Height - 157 cm
Weight – 66kg
VITAL SIGNS
Temperature - 98.70F.
Pulse – 74 b/m.
Respiration - 22b/m.
B.P 110/70 mm of Hg
SKIN
Colour -Brown.
Moisture - normal.
Texture - smooth.
Edema - absent.
-
HEAD
Hair - Equally distributed.
Scalp - clean, dandruff and lice are absent.
Colour -black
FACE
Chloasma is present on face.
Puffiness is absent.
EYES
Eye brows - normally distributed.
Eye lids -not edematous.
Eye lashes -no infection.
Eye balls - sunken.
Conjunctiva - pink.
Sclera -no discolouration.
Pupils - reacted to light.
Vision - normal.
EARS
External ear - No infection.
Gross hearing - Normal.
Pinna - No infection.
Discharge - absent.
NOSE
Nasal septum - no deviation.
Nostril - patent.
Placement - normal and symmetrical.
MOUTH
Lips -Dry.
Mucosa - no lesions, dry.
Gums -No bleeding.
Teeth - Aligned.
Tongue -pink in colour.
Throat -not enlarged.
Odour - no halitosis
NECK
Range of motion - possible.
Thyroid gland - no enlarged.
Lymph nodes – not palpable.
Distended neck veins- absent.
CHEST
Inspection
Shape -Normal.
Symmetry of expansion- symmetric.
Breast-
Inspection:
Size and shape -enlarged.
Palpation
- No tenderness present.
Palpation:
Auscultation:
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
Episiotomy: Present
R- Redness is present.
E- Edema is absent.
E- Ecchymosis is absent.
D- discharge is absent
A-Approximation of suture is adequate.
EXTREMITIES:
UPPER EXTREMITIES
Numbness - absent.
LOWER EXTREMITIES
Edema - absent.
Varicosity - absent.
INVESTIGATION
3 HIV Negative
4 HBsAg Negative
5. VDRL Negative
MEDICATION
N NAME DOS ROU FREQUE ACTION SIDE-EFFECTS NURSES
O. OF THE E TE NCY RESPONSIBILITY
DRUG
1. Tab. 200 Oral 1Tab Iron combines with porphyrin and globin chains to form indigestion, 1. Maintain 10
Ferrous mg OD rights of drug
hemoglobin, which is critical for oxygen delivery from the
sulphate.
lungs to other tissues. Iron is transported by the divalent
severe stomach administration
2. Check the side
pain
metal transporter 1 (DMT1) across the endolysosomal effects of the drug.
membrane to enter the macrophage. vomiting 3. Check the expiry
date.
2. 200 Oral 1 tablet Beta-lactam antibiotics, cefixime binds to specific 1. 4. Nurse should be
Tab. mg OD Abdominal or
certain of the
penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) located inside the bacterial
Cefixime stomach pain patient's identity and
cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of agitation
confirm asking the
bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by black, tarry stools
patient for their
bleeding gums
bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is name.
INTRODUCTION:
Breast engorgement means your breasts are painfully overfull of milk. This usually occurs
when a mother makes more milk than her baby uses. Your breasts may become firm and
swollen, which can make it hard for your baby to breastfeed.
DEFINITION:
Breast engorgement occurs in the mammary glands due to expansion and pressure
exerted by the synthesis and storage of breastmilk .
Breast engorgement is the swelling of the breast due to an increase in blood and
lymph supply as a precursor to lactation.
Mammary glands are modified sweat glands. The non-pregnant and non-lactating female
breast is composed primarily of adipose and collagenous tissue, with mammary glands
making up a very minor proportion of breast volume. The mammary gland is composed of
milk-transporting lactiferous ducts, which expand and branch extensively during pregnancy
in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin. Moreover, in response to
progesterone, clusters of breast alveoli bud from the ducts and expand outward toward the
chest wall. Breast alveoli are balloon-like structures lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells,
or lactocytes, that are surrounded by a net of contractile myoepithelial cells. Milk is secreted
from the lactocytes, fills the alveoli, and is squeezed into the ducts. Clusters of alveoli that
drain to a common duct are called lobules; the lactating female has 12–20 lobules organized
radially around the nipple. Milk drains from lactiferous ducts into lactiferous sinuses that
meet at 4 to 18 perforations in the nipple, called nipple pores. The small bumps of the areola
(the darkened skin around the nipple) are called Montgomery glands. They secrete oil to
cleanse the nipple opening and prevent chapping and cracking of the nipple during
breastfeeding.
Near the fifth week of pregnancy, the level of circulating prolactin begins to increase,
eventually rising to approximately 10–20 times the pre-pregnancy concentration. We noted
earlier that, during pregnancy, prolactin and other hormones prepare the breasts anatomically
for the secretion of milk. The level of prolactin plateaus in late pregnancy, at a level high
enough to initiate milk production. However, estrogen, progesterone, and other placental
hormones inhibit prolactin-mediated milk synthesis during pregnancy. It is not until the
placenta is expelled that this inhibition is lifted and milk production commences.
After childbirth, the baseline prolactin level drops sharply, but it is restored for a 1-hour spike
during each feeding to stimulate the production of milk for the next feeding. With each
prolactin spike, estrogen and progesterone also increase slightly.
When the infant suckles, sensory nerve fibers in the areola trigger a neuroendocrine reflex
that results in milk secretion from lactocytes into the alveoli. The posterior pituitary releases
oxytocin, which stimulates myoepithelial cells to squeeze milk from the alveoli so it can
drain into the lactiferous ducts, collect in the lactiferous sinuses, and discharge through the
nipple pores. It takes less than 1 minute from the time when an infant begins suckling (the
latent period) until milk is secreted (the let-down). The image below summarizes the positive
feedback loop of the let-down reflex.
CAUSES:
ONSET:
1000g immediately after birth (excluding the fetus, placenta, membrane and amniotic
fluid
Subinvolution:
Subinvolution is the failure of the uterus to return to a nonpregnant state. -The most common
causes of sub involution are retained placenta fragments and infection.
(PATIENT PICTURE):
No Subinvolution occurred.
CERVIX:
Immediately after delivery, the cervix is extremely soft, flabby and floppy. It may be bruised
and edematous, especially anteriorly if there was an anterior lip during labor. It looks
congested and readily admits two to three fingers. The cervix contracts slowly, the external os
admits two fingers for a few days and by the end of first week, narrows down to admit the tip
of a finger only. The contour of the cervix takes longer time to regain (six weeks) and the
external os never reverts to the nulliparous state.
The broad and round ligaments, which accompanied the uterus during its increase in size, are
now lax because of the extreme stretching. This accounts for the easy displacement of the
uterus by the bladder. By the end of the puerperium the ligaments regain their non pregnant
length and tension.
(PATIENT PICTURE):
LOCHIA:
It is the vaginal discharge that occurs after birth. Lochia is discharge originates from the
uterine body, cervix and vagina.For the first 2 hours after birth the amount of lochia should
be about that of a heavy menstrual period, after that time the lochial flow should steadily
decrease.
LOCHIA-ODOUR AND REACTIONS :It has got a peculiar small and It reactions is
alkaline leading to become acid towards the end.
TYPES
BOOK PICTURE PATIENT PICTURE
1. Lochia rubra-red color (1-4days) It Present
consists of blood, shreds of fetal
membranes and decidual ,vernix
caseosa,lanugo and meconium.
AMOUNT The average amount of discharge for the first 5-6 days is estimated to be 250ml
•Odour: If offensive indicates retained plus or cotton pieces inside the vagina should be kept
in mind
•Colour: Persistence of lochia rubra beyond normal limit signifies Subinvolution or retained
bits of conceptus
•Duration: Duration of the lochia alba beyond 3 weeks suggest local genital lesions.
The immediate postdelivery vagina remains quite stretched, may have some degree of edema
and bruising, and gapes open at the introitus. In a day or so it regains enough tone that the
gaping reduces and the edema subsides. It is now smooth-walled, larger than usual and lax.
Its size decreases with the return of the vaginal rugae by about the third post partal week. It
will always be a little larger than it was prior to the first childbirth. Perineal muscle tightening
exercises will restore its tone. This can be accomplished by the end of the puerperium with
daily practice.
URINARY TRACT :The bladder wall becomes oedematous Urine out put: 20ml
and hyperaemic and often shows evidences of sub mucous
extravasations of blood.Because of relative insensitivity to the
raised intravesical pressure due to trauma sustained to the nerve
plexus during delivery, the bladder may be over distended
without any desire to pass urine. Dilated ureters and renal pelvis
return to normal size within 8 weeks
WEIGHT LOSS: Rapid diuresis and diaphoresis during 2nd to Weight- 66kg reduced by
5th days after birth result in weight loss of 5 lb (2 to 4kg), in 3 kg
addition to approx. 12 lb (5.8 kg) lost at birth. Lochia flow- 2-3
lb(1kg) loss. Total weight loss- 19 lb. Additional weight loss
depend on amount of weight gain in pregnancy and active
measures to reduce weight.
FLUID LOSS: Net fluid loss of at least 2 liters during 1st 1 liter due to poor urine
week .Additional 1.5 liters during the next 5th weeks .The output.
amount depends on amount retained during pregnancy
,dehydration during labour and blood loss during delivery
BLOOD VALUES: Diuresis evident between 2nd to 5th day Absent
after birth, as well as blood loss at birth, acts to reduce the added
volume accumulated during pregnancy.Rapid reduction occurs,
so that blood volume returns to its normal prepregnancy level by
2nd week after birth. Cardiac output rises soon after delivery to
about 60% above the pre labour value but gradually returns to
normal within one week.
Absent.
LACTATION
DEFINITION:
Lactation is the process of milk secretion from the mammary glands of a mother soon after
childbirth. The milk, thus produced provides nutrition and immunity to the young one.
Galactopoiesis is the stage that maintains milk production and requires prolactin and oxytocin.
Breasts (BOOK PICTURE)
For the first two days following delivery, no further anatomic changes occur in the breasts. The
secretion from the breasts called colostrum, which starts during pregnancy, becomes more
abundant during this period.
Colostrum is a deep yellow, serous fluid that is alkaline in reaction. It has higher specific
gravity, protein, sodium, chloride and vitamin A content than breast milk. Carbohydrates, fat
and potassium content are lower than in the breast milk.
(PATIENT PICTURE):
Colostrum secreted.
Physiology of Lactation:
Lactation is initiated in all puerperal women normally and naturally unless effectively
prohibited by a lactation suppressant. Though some secretary activity is present (colostrum)
during pregnancy, it is accelerated following delivery and milk secretion actually starts on
third or fourth postpartum day. Around this time, the breasts become engorged, tense and
tender and feel warm. In spite of a high prolactin level during pregnancy, milk secretion is kept
in abeyance. The steroids estrogen and progesterone circulating during pregnancy are thought
to make the breast tissues unresponsive to prolactin. When estrogen and progesterone are
withdrawn following delivery of the placenta, prolactin begins its milk secretary activity in
previously fully developed mammary glands. The secretary activity (lactogenesis) is enhanced
by growth hormone, thyroxin, glucocorticoids and insulin.
Discharge of milk from the mammary glands (galactokinesis) depends on the suction exerted
by the baby during suckling and the contractile mechanism, which expresses the milk from the
alveoli into the ducts.
The milk ejection reflex is inhibited by factors such as pain, breast engorgement or adverse
psychic condition. The ejection reflex may be deficient for several days following e initiation
of milk secretion in some women and results in breast engorgement.
The sucking propels the milk the final distance through the lactiferous ducts into the a baby's
mouth. The movement of milk from the lactiferous sinuses is called the "let-down" or "milk
ejection, and is felt by the woman as a specific event. Eventually the let-down can be triggered
without the actual sucking of the baby, by the mother's simply hearing the baby cry or thinking
about the baby. This is due to the influence of emotions on this mechanism. In such an event,
the milk may stream from the breasts and leak on to the mother's clothing. As the demand and
supply of milk stabilizes and lactation is well established, this profuse ejection of milk from
the breasts is less apt to happen.
Milk Production:
In the first postpartum week, the total amount of milk yield in 24 hours is calculated to be 60
multiplied by the number of postpartum days and is expressed in terms of milliliters. Thus, the
milk yield on the fourth day is about 60x4240 ml. A milk yield of 120-180 ml per feeding is
usual by the end of second week
Stimulation of Lactation
Improving the maternal desire to breast feed the baby through education regarding
breastfeeding
Care and preparation of the nipple.
Following delivery the mother should be encouraged to:
Suppression becomes necessary if the baby is born dead or dies in the neonatal period or when
the woman does not want to breastfeed her baby or if breastfeeding is contraindicated. Either
hormones or mechanical means may be used to achieve suppression.
Drugs
1. Bromocriptine (parlodel) 2.5 mg orally twice daily for two weeks. This inhibits prolactin
secretion.
Use of parlodel may be associated with early return of ovulation and hormonal preparations
carry the risk of thromboembolic complication.
Mechanical methods can be used effectively when lactation is to be suppressed after the
establishment of milk secretion. For this the woman should:
Stop breastfeeding
Not express or pump out milk from breasts Apply a tight compression bandage or
binder for 2 to 3 days.
Analgesic tablets may be given to relieve pain
Care in Puerperium:
Immediate Care:
• Observed for minimum 2hours in labor ward : vital signs, bleeding, micturition.
Involution of Uterus:
Care of Bladder
• Retention : common in early puerperium (esp. in epidural analgesia & traumatic delivery with
perineal lacerations) : vulvovaginal hematoma Uterine atony hemorrhage.
Urinary infection:- • Local analgesics• Catheterization (for 24 hours) till tone restoration
Care of bowels:
Diet:
• Fresh fruits & green leafy veg : vitamins• Iron: continued for 3 months / whole lactating
period
Care of perineum:
• Analgesics
• Severe pain: hematoma
• Infection : antibiotics
Care of breast:
Discomfort: • Episiotomy & perineal lacerations, breast engorgement & after pains ( uterine
contraction )• Caesarean section: pain at incision site, post spinal headache• Analgesics
Mood changes:• Common in early puerperium : postpartum blues• Reassurance & support.
Hospital stay
Advice to discharge:
1. Immunization of mother
Anti-D IgG within 72hrs
Rubella vaccine / MMR
2. Contraception
Post partum sterilization
Interval sterilization
Counseling
3. Medications
Adviced to avoid medications as far as possible
Take only on medical advice
4. Infant advice
Adequate follow up
Rooming in
BCG vaccine prior to going home
Immunisation schedule
Advice mother to feed on demand
5. Postnatal exercises
Early in puerperium
Move limbs, deep breathing exercises, abdominal muscle tightening exercises everyday
Repeated 3-4 times a day
Perineal muscle exercises: improve vaginal muscle tone, prevent vaginal laxity & stress
incontinence
Back muscle toning
Postnatal check-up
• Scheduled at 6 weeks
• Breast-feeding
• Pelvic examination
• PIH, GDM
Contraceptive advice: • Breast feeding alone won’t suffice as contraception• Various options
given, partner included• IUCD inserted if acceptable
Infant:
• Seen by paediatrician
IDENTIFICATION DATA
Gender - male
APGAR SCORE
COMPONENT 0 1 2
HEART RATE 2
RESPIRATORY 2
RATE
MUSCLE 2
TONE
REFLEXES 2
COLOR 1
TOTAL 9/10
SCORE
Anthropometric measurement
Sl no Parameters Child value
1 Weight 3kg
2 Length 40cm
3 Head circumference 34cm
4 Chest circumference 32 cm
VITAL SIGNS
Appearance : good
Body Built: good
Sensorium: The sensorium of baby is good.
Emotional state: The baby can feel any type of interest, distress or happiness.
Posture: The baby lies in a “relaxed attitude” , limbs are extended.
Foul Body Odour: The baby has no foul body odour.
Foul Breath: The baby is not having any foul breath.
Skin condition
Hair
Nails
Skull: The baby had no caput succedaneum ,cephal hematoma & fontanelles are
opened.
Cyanosis: Cyanosis is not present in baby’s body.
c)EYES
Appearance: Normal
Symmetry : symmetrical
e)NOSE
The size of the baby’s nose is symmetrical. The shape of the baby’s nose is normal and in the
midline. The baby is having nasal flaring. No nasal discharge is present in the baby. The baby
is not having any nasal atresia and low nasal bridge.
f) MOUTH
LIPS
g)NECK
The baby’s neck is symmetrical and also movable from side to side. There is absent of
fracture of clavicle, stiffness or rigidity, hyperextension , torticolis in the baby’s neck.
Heart
Heart rate: The heart rate of the baby is 140 beats per minute.
Heart sound: Heart sound is normal. S1- s2 sound heard
i)Abdomen
i)Inspection
Umbilicus: Normal
Umbilical hernia: absent
ii)Palpation
iii) Percussion:
iv) Auscultation:
j)Genitalia
The scrotum of the baby is well pigmented and normal. Both testes are present in the scrotal
sac. There is absent of hypospadias, epispadias , phimosis, ambiguous genitalia , inguinal
hernia.
Rectum: The rectal opening is present in the baby’s body. There is no abnormality present in
rectum and anal canal such as anorectal malformation , Hirsprung disease etc.
k)Back:
The spinal curvature of the baby is normal. There is no defect present in spinal cord such as
tufts of hair, spina bifida cystic and spina bifida occulta.
l)EXTREMITIES
Upper extremities
The upper extremities of the baby is proportional length, there was no deformities seen in
upper extremities. The range of motion is normal. The baby is not having any fused or
webbed fingers. The baby is not having any extra fingers. There is absent of webbing fingers
in baby’s body.There is absent of clubbing of finger’s.
The baby has symmetry in both legs .The baby’s range of motion of lower extremities is
normal.
Barlow’s Sign: The baby has not having any type of barlow’s sign.
Ortolani’s sign: The baby has not having any type of ortolani’s sign.
REFLEXES:
2. SUCKING REFLEX
Begins about the 32nd week of pregnancy. The baby’s sucking present and can suck
Is not fully developed until about 36 weeks . properly
Disappears by 4 months after birth
Premature babies may have weak or
immature sucking ability.
A finger or nipple placed in baby’s mouth
will elicit rhythmical sucking.
Depressed sucking may be due to medication
given during childbirth.
9. PEREZ REFLEX:
Firmly stroking baby’s spine from tail The baby’s perez reflex is present
to head ,will make her cry out and
head will rise.
If this reflex does not vanish in 4-6
months, baby’s CNS may be severely
depressed.
10. PLANTER’S GRASP: The baby’s Planter grasp reflex is active. I
Pressing thumbs against the balls of placed the thumb in baby’s finger and baby
baby’s feet will make his toes flex. can flex the toe .
Absence of this reflex may indicate
damage to the spinal cord.
DELIVERY NOTES
Date and time of delivery- 30/06/21 at 8:15 am
Duration
On PV
Mode of delivery
Gender - male
Time - 8;15 am
Weight - 3kg
Condition - good
Placenta
Delivered at 8:30 am
Weight- 508 gm
Length of cord- 60 cm
Estimation of placenta and membranes- adequate and no cotyledons are absent
PROGRESS NOTES
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for infection related to tissue trauma and / or damage to the skin, decreased
hemoglobin, invasive procedures and / or an increase in environmental improvement,
rupture of membranes in a long time, malnutrition.
ROY’S ADAPTATION THEORY
SUBJECT:
OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGICAL
NURSING