Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BPRDJfgqrguly Sep 2020
BPRDJfgqrguly Sep 2020
Editorial Board
Chief Patron
Sh. V.S.K. Kaumudi, IPS,
DG, BPR&D, MHA,
New Delhi
Editor-in-chief
Sh. Santosh Mehra, IPS,
ADG, BPR&D, MHA,
New Delhi
Managing Editor
Sh. Anurag Tankha, IPS
IG/Director (SPD), BPR&D, MHA,
New Delhi
Executive Editor
Sh. Shashi Kant Upadhyay
DIG/DD (SPD),
BPR&D, MHA,
New Delhi
Contents
S.N. Titel of the Article Page No.
1. Technology and Trafficking in Persons 1
PM Nair
2. Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional 10
Anti-Corruption Approach: A Case for Sectoral Approach in Developing
Countries
Kannan Perumal
3. Public Perception of Police in Chandigarh: A Comparative Analysis 26
Before and During COVID 19 Lockdown
Mohit Verma and Manpreet Kaur
4. The Mind-fit Cop: Towards Effective Policing through Mindfulness and 35
Emotional Intelligence
Dr. Vibhuti Gupta and Amit Kumar, IPS
5. Gender Issues in Policing: Perspectives and Perceptions 46
Puja Konch and Vijay Raghavan
6. Occupational Heat Exposure of Female Police Personnel: Its Implication 52
of Climate Change and Undermine Issue
Arindam Dey, Tanusree Mishra, Subhashis Sahu and Atanu Saha
7. Integrated Traffic Fine Management System – Implementation in 58
Bidhannagar, Kolkata and Review
Amit. P. Javalgi, IPS
8. Examination of the Scanned and Printed Documents with the Help of 69
their Digital Images Uploaded on the Recruitment Portal: - Illustration
through Forensic Examination of Recruitment Scam Cases
Pranay Bhardwaj, Mahesh Chandra Joshi and Amit Koul
9. Modern Theory of Punishment – An Analytical Study 74
Dr. Caesar Roy
10. Windows Registry Forensic Analysis 84
Priyanka Tomar
11. Bawaria Crimes in Tamilnadu- How We Put an End to It 91
S. R. Jangid IPS
12. Victim-Offender Relationship and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in 96
Incarcerated Murderers
Sunil Kumar German and Prof. (Dr.) Mamta Patel
13. The Importance and Essentiality of Counselling for Police Officers- A 105
Systematic Review
Dr. Deepak Sharma
14. Issues of Juveniles: Juveniles in Conflict with Law 112
Chandra Deep Yadav and Dr. Mamta Patel
Editorial Message
The Indian Police Journal has come a long way since its first edition published in year 1954.
Over a period of more than six decades, IPJ has carved a niche in the police fraternity covering
myriad stories on numerous vital subjects on which the Indian police force works.
With collaborative endeavours, the Indian Police Journal has had a great time enriching the
reader with well researched articles on contemporary policing, administrative, forensic, HR
and police related technical issues. IPJ has been striving hard to promote citizen centric police
services as it is widely known to police professionals, forensic practitioners, research scholars,
academia, management communities, non- government organization and in the field of
correctional administration.
This edition compiles numerous articles that help the reader know various facets of police
work culture. “Technology and trafficking in persons“, the writer has shed light on the fact that
trafficking in persons is an “organized crime, a continuing crime, and a basket of crime.” further
writer explains in his article how traffickers are using technology to promote their business and
trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation. He has well explained trafficking in persons for
forced labour.
The article on “ Gender Issues in policing : perspectives and perceptions “ has shown a profound
insight into the roles, challenges and perception of women police personnel and gender
issues around them. The writer has highlighted the status of women in police in the scenario
prevalent.
The article on “Illustration through forensic examination of recruitment scam case” by Pranay
Bhardwaj has categorically underscored certain aspects emphasizing how recruitment agencies
are adopting an online recruitment process for employment of various staff for various posts in
order to maintain the equilibrium between need and demand.
The article on modern theory of punishment- an analytical study by Dr Caesar Roy elaborated
on various theories of punishment such as deterrent theory, retributive, preventive, reformative
and expiatory theory.
The article on ‘window registry forensic analysis’ written by Priyanka Tomar focuses on how to
solve any cyber crime and how investigation plays a vital role in detecting crime.
Besides, IPJ time and time again delves deep into numerous modus operandi employed by
certain gangs operational in a particular area where they are familiar with topography and
factors suited for that crime.
The article on “victim-offender relationship and post traumatic stress disorder in incarcerated
murderers” cannot be overlooked, this article further explains that crime is an anti- social
behaviour and is directed against certain fundamental values. In the criminal justice system,
researchers and social scientists have long been interested in murder and murderer. This piece
speaks of the remedy of such crime.
I am sure that this edition will definitely give readers an in-depth understanding of the
problems surfacing on a day-to-day basis with certain reasons for and causes of stress among
the uniformed personnel. Above all, the ways and means suggested addressing these grave
issues under police personnel commands.
Editor in Chief
Author’s Intro:
* Former, DG, NDRF and Civil Diffence, MHA
The Indian Police Journal
drastically increased in the recent days. As the the pictures of the girls, to bargain on high cost
fastest growing illegal industry in the world, the for providing girls, contact the customers, fixing
sex trafficking has become technology intensive. appointments to meet with the clients, booking
Traffickers are liberally using the Internet and hotels, transportation of the girls to the area of
technology for increasing demand, concealing demand, and bringing them back to their place
identity of the ‘customer’, concealing money trails, of stay. In fact, some traffickers use private social
and camouflaging the victim too, oftentimes media accounts and a few of them have their
giving misleading information to trap ‘customers’. own websites and chatrooms to sell girls online.
In some cases, the traffickers use webcam services
Using online platform to deceive or lure to sell girls.
vulnerable victims is a major aspect of cyber
traffickers. They use fake IDs especially on social One of the emerging crimes in the cyberspaces
media and stalk girls who are vulnerable to is Online Sexual Exploitation of Minors. The
trafficking. Selection is done very carefully and predators connect with the traffickers, to buy the
cleverly. The spotters go for people who are alone, children and make them do online sexual acts as
children who are not cared for by their parents or well as develop child pornography. The online
guardians, girls who are interested and are eager predators from different parts of the world join
to migrate and join glamorous vocations like those the call; watch the exploitation of the child, who
in the film industry, and adolescents, both men may be located in another country.
and women, who are excited and interested to
Due to Covid lock down, children and adolescents
exhibit their talents such as sports, dance, music,
who are ‘locked down’ at homes have started
comics and other cultural activities etc. Using the
liberally using the social media without any
online platform, the traffickers, start interacting
knowledge of the security aspect and without
with them as job providers, manpower agencies,
skills to ward off phishing mails and pictures.
or agents who connect them with the concerned
Therefore, vulnerability has gone up tremendously
industry, etc. The icebreaking part is skilfully
during the Covid lockdown. The inability of the
done till the trafficker wins the confidence of the
youngsters to share their miseries with peers and
client. Generally speaking, the activities can be
teachers has made the children more frustrated.
categorized as follows: trapping victim; promoting
demand; controlling victims; transferring funds The liberal use of social media by children and
and concealing activities. Once they gain the adolescents, who are not properly oriented
emotional trust of the victims, they will entice, lure and skilled, cause & colossal damage to them,
or coerce them to leave their homes. Thereafter even though it remains unnoticed for long.
it is the trafficker who calls the shots, as the girls Lack of knowledge of the security risks, lack of
will be under their command and control. More awareness of the phishing, wishing and smishing
often, this results in the girls being sold to brothel methods used by traffickers, lack of guidance
owners or other sexual predators. by experienced persons are some of the serious
issues that affect millions during the Covid
Facilitating the ‘Business’ of Sex lockdown phase. Most of these children are not
trafficking using technology able to share the issues with parents due to the
Most of the traffickers play up the fancy of the cultural issues or the generation gap. They are
‘customers’ by highlighting the comfort level, not able to share with peers and teachers also,
happiness level, safety of health and hygiene who used to be their safety valves earlier, but not
easy transfer of funds, anonymity etc. Technology so now due to lockdown, especially because of
comes very handy for advertising the picture.. the loose contact or lack of direct contact with
Technology is used to exhibit as well as camouflage them. The children suffer in silence and this adds
2 | July-September 2020
Technology and Trafficking in Persons
to the ‘pressure cooker syndrome’, as described increased demands and migration for labour, the
by UNICEF. The frustration and depression is traffickers are making more business out of them.
going to burst sooner than later and that will be In order to meet the demands by the employers,
a calamity. Therefore, this issue needs attention the traffickers use technology to lure, hire, move
by all concerned, especially the parents, teachers and control the victims of labour trafficking.
and mentors as well as law enforcers and policy
Metamorphosis of “Migrant’’ to “Bonded’’ to
makers.
“Trafficked’’: Many traffickers work under the
Control of victims using technology facade of a manpower agency or placement
Another significant aspect of the process of agency. They create advertisements and post
trafficking is the power and authority that the them online to lure vulnerable victims. The
traffickers exercise over the victims. In fact, traffickers also use online messenger services to
trafficking is, in simple terms, an extreme form send bulk messages across the State with exciting
of violence. It is a display of authority and power offers such as high salaries, place of stay, free food,
by the powerful, over the weak. In order to etc. The common victims for these predators are
run the show, the traffickers have to retain the unemployed youth and the poor. The migrants
position of power and for this they adopt several are part of the system. Human beings have a
techniques. Many traffickers install GPS software right to migrate. Depending on the demand,
or the location tracking mobile applications in the migrants move to places of work. Human
the victim’s phones and monitor the movements contractors facilitate this movement and in that
of the victims. The victims are instructed to travel process they may make money. However, the
story is not that simple. There is conscious effort
only to certain locations and defined distance.
across the country to make the migrants bonded.
This is closely monitored by the traffickers. If any
Different mechanisms are adopted. Some of the
of the victims travel beyond the defined location,
contractors extend advance payments, which
the traffickers contact them, warn/threaten/
may be huge sum from the perspective of the
intimidate them with dire consequences.
migrants, usually amounting to their wages for
Instances are plenty where the young girls were two to three months. The migrant is happy with
deceived, lured and forced to be part of the ‘sex the contractor but does not realise that this a
work’ only for a few months and that then they trap. Most of the migrants consume this either
were able to return to their normal life with huge before journey or soon after arrival. Thereupon
profits. During the period, they were under full they need to borrow from the contractors or the
watch using technology. Often videos of the girls proprietors for survival. The contractor is only too
being raped or sexually exploited were taken willing to lend money so that they can keep the
and used for blackmailing them with the threat labour further bonded. This bondage gives the
of sharing the images with their family or close contractor an open visa to exploit and command
friends or putting them on social media. the labour. Often times, the labour is made to work
beyond regular duty period. Holidays are never
Trafficking in Persons for Forced allowed. Instances are plenty where the wife and
Labour children are asked to supplement the work of the
According to the International Labour labour. All these ‘additions’ are done at no extra
Organisation (ILO), 14.2 million people are forced payment and only on the ground of the huge
into labour exploitation globally. Recently, in bondage. Thus the ‘migrant’’ who had moved to
India, labour trafficking is on the rise due to become ‘’bonded’’ now becomes trafficked. This
the increase in demand in the construction metamorphosis is smooth and steady that even
of buildings and other infrastructures. Due to the labour does not realise. Technology provides
July-September 2020 | 3
The Indian Police Journal
the appropriate substratum. Money transactions has reported 95% increase in the adult sites watch2.
are recorded on whatsApp messages and deleted This shows the rapid increase in the demand for
after the purpose, and no regular documentation is sex on the online platform after pandemic. Since
maintained, as they would become incriminatory. the demand for child pornography has increased
Technology is usurped to conceal the crime trails. drastically, the child porn makers and sellers are
making brisk business. Child porn development
Technology is used to further the cause. Once the
labourers are transported and handed over to the simply means that some child is exploited
owners, the traffickers delink their relationship somewhere and is violated physically, sexually
with the labourers and hand them over to the and emotionally. Therefore, the high demand
proprietors to exploit, almost like buying and for child pornography is a clear testimony to the
selling cattle. The bondage persists in the account corresponding increase in exploitation of children
of the bonded but the owner changes. Technology in developing pornography. The entire act of
helps with this transfer. filming, video recording, developing, transferring,
etc. are all technology driven with almost nil scope
The world of technology integration in the
for detection by the ordinary law enforcement
crime continues unabated. Migrant workers
officials.
are monitored and controlled through Video
surveillance cameras. Victims are under constant Increasing demand for online abuse: It is
watch and are made to work under the threat of estimated that in India 200 million children are
video monitoring. They are forced to give high staying at home as more than 1.2 million schools
outputs under duress. Videography is used as the are closed. Since children are at home, abusers
medium for coercion and slavery. use this opportunity to exploit them. Usually
Trafficking in Person for Organs: children tend to talk and share about the abuse
with parents or the teachers. Often children seek
Organ Trade is as serious as other forms of
help from the teachers and through them, the
trafficking, yet the visibility of the crime is limited
essentially because of the complete synthesis help of law enforcement officials and child welfare
of technology in the process of recruitment, officers3. A study by India Child Protection Fund
movement, exploitation and payments. This is (ICPF) shows that more than 5 million people in
exacerbated by the ingenuity of the high-profile India searched for child porn on the websites4. The
stakeholders such as medical professionals, organ Porn hub, the largest Pornography site mentioned
traders, agents, pharma companies and even that there are high searches on the keywords
law enforcement agencies, who, often, works such as Child Porn, Sexy child, and Teen sex
in complete unison with traffickers, sellers, and videos. Most of the child pornography viewers are
buyers. Technology keeps them hidden from interested in generic child sexual abuse materials
public view, public scrutiny and thus provides involving schoolgirl’s sex. Almost 18% of the
impunity too. individuals exhibited explicit intent for videos
where children were choking, bleeding, tortured,
Usage of Technology in TIP - Post
2 Pornography gets a pandemic boost, India reports 95 per cent
covid19 scenario: rise in viewing - https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/
pornography-gets-a-pandemic-boost-india-reports-95-per-cent-
COVID-19 pandemic has brought in radical change rise-in-viewing-1665940-2020-04-11
in the lifestyle of everybody. One visible impact 3 Schools shut, Unicef working with Indian govt for alternative
ways of learninghttps://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/
is on the tremendous change in the way people schools-shut-unicef-working-with-indian-govt-for-alternative-
use the internet. Shockingly, as one report shows, ways-of-learning/story-QzWqAmeCCvbKJXCVDjvWdP.html
4 | July-September 2020
Technology and Trafficking in Persons
in pain or screaming5. The increase in perversity Human trafficking is a global issue, affecting
and violation is another disturbing factor. This can almost every country in the world. More than 40
lead to further aggression and violence when the million people are victims of human trafficking
lock out is lifted. The fact is that Covid lock down in labour, commercial sexual exploitation, and
has provided a safe haven for child traffickers organ trafficking. By taking advantage of the
and child pornographers. This drives homes the available technology, when the human traffickers
point that children are more vulnerable for online are shifting their modus operandi to the online
predators now, than ever before. platform. It is essential and imperative that the
persons and organisations working to prevent
Technology in perpetrating and combat human trafficking must be aware
exploitation: of these developments and must adapt to this
According to Corporate Responsibility in situation by using technology to break the
Eliminating Slavery and Trafficking, during the human trafficking networks. There is a need to
COVID-19 pandemic situation, more than 164 utilise the development in machine learning,
million migrant workers’ are pushed into most Artificial intelligence, Blockchain and all new
vulnerable conditions6. In India. Millions of migrant forms of technology to combat the crime before
workers were severely affected by this pandemic it becomes too late.
lockdown. The issue of migrants’ condition and
Several organisation and tech industries across
their desperation to return to their native States
the globe and in India too, have joined the fight
were projected on all forms of media. The lack of
against human trafficking. Anti-human trafficking
coordination before the source and destination
organisations and technology companies who are
states was quite obvious, amply demonstrated
interested in fighting the crime, have developed
by the perils that the migrants including women
several technologies not only to identify the
and children had to face. The untold sufferings
victims and traffickers, but also understand the
have caused colossal harm and damage to these
strategies and tactics of the traffickers and break
hapless persons. There is one more dimension to
their networks. Technology has also come in hand
this. The hidden world of bondage that is awaiting
to help protect and save the victims from being
them going to break the back of the migrant. Most
trapped. Some of the technology developed in
of these migrants have made heavy borrowings
the recent past and considered useful is discussed
to meet the crisis. Further, as per the government
below.
order, the employers were made to provide food
and shelter without work during the pandemic. All a. Red Alert: A My Choices Foundation
the money spent on the migrants by the employers developed a system which can help in
is cleverly documented by most of them and once identifying vulnerable villages by collecting
the pandemic situation gets over, these employers publicly available socio-economic data
will connect with the contractors to ensure that on source areas, analysing them and then
these migrants are tracked back to their old facility prioritising them for interventions. MCF shares
and therefore they will be forced to work. it with NGOs and facilitates the community
members to send ‘Rakshaks’ for rescue to
Technological Platforms Available to the hotspots. MCF has been working in this
address/redress TIP: platform with good returns. (https://www.
5 ICPF report warns of sharp rise in demand for online child -
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/icpf-report-warns-
facebook.com/RedAlertMCF/ )
of-sharp-rise-in-demand-for-online-child-pornography-during-
lockdown/articleshow/75127399.cms b. G-Power: This tool developed by CINI ASHA,
6 COVID-19 places migrant workers in highly vulnerable situations based at Kolkata, captures data for ‘source
- https://crest.iom.int/news/covid-19-places-migrant-workers-
highly-vulnerable-situations%C2%A0 areas’ based on social parameters and with
July-September 2020 | 5
The Indian Police Journal
predictive algorithms. The data is used to into hash tags (unique identifiers) of known
identify the challenging areas and persons child sexual abuse material (CSAM) found on
especially girls who are likely to be trafficked the internet.
or exploited. Based on these parameters, they
h. Photo DNA: Developed by Microsoft, Photo
are further classified as ‘’Most Vulnerable,
DNA aids in finding, indexing, and also on
Vulnerable and Not vulnerable’’. This helps
removing known images of child exploitation.
the NGOs in deciding the course of action,
The system has been effectively used by
with immediately reaching out to the most
several agencies including law enforcement
vulnerable. (https://www.cini-india.org/
agencies.(https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/
news-and-press/cinis-g-power-project-
photodna)
gets-featured-in-some-of-the-leading-web-
medias/) i. Friends MTS F1:This is a technology to
create a unique digital imprint of video clips
c. Companion Chat: It’s a chatbot, developed in
that are deemed to be illegal or offending.
India, that asks potential victims accessed
These digital ‘fingerprints’ are of use to the
by NGOs about their conditions and
law enforcement agencies to locate and even
circumstances. Using natural language
remove child abuse images from the internet.
processing for sentiment analysis and
(https://www.friendmts.com/)
keyword extraction on the responses, it brings
out the actionable indicators. There upon j. Domain-Specific Insight Graph (DIG):DIG is
these are utilised by the concerned agencies a search and analysis system to collect and
for appropriate follow up action, including analyze data from open source websites
counselling services and facilitating justice containing child sexual abuse material
delivery. (CSAM). It was developed under the MEMEX
program, led by the University of Southern
d. Project Intercept: Seattle Against Slavery’s
California’s Information Sciences Institute.
integrated platform tools help in posting
Cyber Peace Foundation India is trying to link
decoy victims, trap buyers and thereby
this up with the Indian agencies. (https://usc-
prevent CSE with the help of Chatbot and
isi-i2.github.io/dig/)
advertisement scraper. (https://www.
seattleagainstslavery.org/) k. Spotlight by Thorn: This is a technology
that aims to improve the effectiveness of
e. Traffic Cam: Exchange Initiative, agency based
domestic sex trafficking response, with
in USA, helps to crowd source a large data set
updated database on the number of women
of images of hotel rooms, and then analyse
and children identified and provided with
them with cross-reference images related to
assistance.(https://www.thorn.org/spotlight/)
trafficking crimes. (https://traffickcam.com/
about). l. Deep Dive: By indulging in deep search
(usually termed ‘scrapping’) through web
f. Traffic Jam: By indexing online commercial
advertisements that contain CSAM, this
sex advertisements selling sexual services,
helps in generating credible intelligence
Traffic Jam uses Artificial Intelligence for facial
about traffickers and trafficking activity
recognition in order to identify victims of
and accordingly facilitates the process of
trafficking. (http://traffickjam.org/)
interventions. (http://deepdive.stanford.edu/
g. Analyse: US based company Analyze has showcase/memex#:~:text=DeepDive%20
developed a full suite for digital investigations is%20a%20tool%20for,and%20help%20
6 | July-September 2020
Technology and Trafficking in Persons
July-September 2020 | 7
The Indian Police Journal
real time tracking mechanism, which helps The High Court of Maharashtra utilised the
to coordinate cross-border repatriation of services of P. M Nair and he, in collaboration
child victims of trafficking, between India and with International Justice Mission and Justice
Bangladesh. The platform has been developed and Care, brought out an SOP on “Video
by Dnet, Dhaka. Conferencing in the Court Trial of Crimes”. This
drastically reduces the physical, emotional
u. Technology in locating Missing Children and financial strain on the victim. Further,
(Track the Missing Child and Khoya – the process of justice delivery is expedited.
Paya of Government of India): These are Since the proceedings were recorded on the
technology linked systems developed by the Video conference7, the legal process was fully
Government of India to locate and rescue accomplished too. Indeed technology can be
missing persons, especially children within of great use even in dispensing justice. The SOP
the country. The adoption rests on the data is a guide book for all stakeholders to know
sharing and utilization by the different States their tasks, roles and responsibilities.(https://
in India. Despite challenges, the systems have www.ijmindia.org/courts-introduce-video-
come to a stable level and are operational, conferencing-to-accelerate-proceedings).
delivering good results. (https://services.
india.gov.in/service/detail/national-tracking- The Way Forward:
system-for-missing-and-vulnerable-children) Every country in the world is affected by human
and http://khoyapaya.gov.in/mpp/home ) trafficking and no country is immune to this issue.
Human trafficking is one of the borderless issues
v. Video Conferencing in the Court Trial of
which needs borderless solutions. This means
Crimes: The victim of human trafficking goes
every country must come together, join hands,
through insufferable issues such as physical
exchange best practices, exchange technologies,
abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, threats
and implement certain strategic plans to eradicate
to life, confiscation of victim’s properties,
human trafficking. Here are a few requirements
threats to disclose the parent’s details or share
arising out of the problems and challenges on
their secret photos online. When they are
ground and based on the analysis in the earlier
rescued by the Law Enforcement agencies, and
paragraphs.
brought to testify against the perpetrators,
the victims are scared and intimidated. a) International Protocol to Combat Human
Knowing that the perpetrator could inflict so Trafficking
much of pain and cruelty, several victims are
afraid of speaking out the truth, as it can go It is well accepted that the United Nations
against the offenders. In order to reduce the Convention Against Transnational Organised
intimidation of the perpetrators, the trial court Crime and the Protocol thereto of 2000 has
in Mumbai along with the other stakeholders helped the nations across the globe to come
undertook video conferencing with Nepal together in combating the organised crime.
and Bangladesh. These cases ended in fast, Twenty years down the line, since technology
smooth proper disposal. Here is a case of and internet have been completely integrated
technology integration in the trial of offences with crimes and criminals, it is imperative that
in the court of law. This was the first time the response system also becomes technology-
when victim was located abroad, when trial driven, technology-oriented, technology-
was conducted in India. This is indeed a case facilitated and technology-integrated. As of
of court reaching out to the victim, thanks to today, several countries are facing problems
the technology integration. 7 Booklet on Video Conferencing in the Court Trial of Crimes by
International Justice Mission.
8 | July-September 2020
Technology and Trafficking in Persons
July-September 2020 | 9
Systemic Corruption;
Economic Growth and Limits of
Conventional Anti-Corruption
Approach: A Case for Sectoral The Indian Police Journal
Countries www.bprd.gov.in
Kannan Perumal*
Abstract
This political economy approach based study argues that in order to control corruption there should be
demand for the same from the forces that can influence policies of the state; and that the state should
be able to bear the costs of corruption control. Developing countries due to their less competitive
organizations that predominantly rely on illegal rent seeking and nefarious patron-client arrangements
face the problem of no demand from the powerful for corruption control. Similarly, weak institutional
arrangement and commitments of the developing countries for socio-economic and political
transformations make them incapable of bearing the costs of efficient anti-corruption enforcement.
These constraints incapacitate the conventional anti-corruption approach that aims at controlling
corruption across the board in developing countries. It is argued that developing countries can adopt
growth oriented corruption control approach, aiming at increasing the competitiveness of sectors
that promise high growth, which in turn will be capable of generating demand from the powerful for
corruption control.
Author’s Intro:
* DIGP, Shahabad Range, Bihar.
10 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
pecuniary or non-pecuniary benefits (OECD, high growth rate (OECD, 2018). But, barring these
1997). Depending upon the power the authorities few Asian examples, in most of the developing
enjoy, abuses can range from jumping the queue countries corruption has been found to be
to tailor the legislations (DID, 2015) for favouring impeding growth; and recognized as a governance
private players. The authority so abused gives challenge. There are studies indicating the
rise to different categories of corrupt behaviours. pervasive nature of corruption distorting policy
Demand versus supply side corruption; petty priorities in developing countries. It is true that
versus grand corruption; public versus private most of the developing countries have institutional
corruption; systemic versus individual or isolated experience in corruption control through their
corruption etc. are the broad categories that enforcement agencies (Perumal, 2019); and in
help to understand the varieties of corrupt deals. spite of having anti-corruption measures in place
Essentially, the degree of coercion used; nature at-least for three decades, most of the developing
of the abuse; the range of actors involved; and countries continue to have high incidence of
outcome expected in corrupt transactions help corruption. Many reasons, right from institutional
to understand the different categories of corrupt quality to state capacity, have been attributed for
arrangements (Deloitte, 2014). the sub-optimal outcome of corruption-control
efforts in developing countries. Recognizing the
But, whatever be the form, corruption has been impacts of corruption on economic development,
understood to be detrimental to growth (Wang this work attempts to inquire into the factors that
& You, n.d); and there are studies showing cause the conventional anti-corruption approach
negative correlation between corruption and to under-performing. Essentially, this work
development (Gründler & Potrafke, 2019). In their seeks to investigate the drivers that impact the
study conducted across 142 countries Cieślik effectiveness of conventional corruption control
and Goczek (2018) found that corruption was strategies; and the incentive structures that
negatively impacting economic growth. Studies sustain corruption in developing countries.
of Swaleheen (2011) and D’Agostino (2016) also
produced similar results. Still, contrary to the Literature review
commonly understood effects of corruption Economic development; systemic corruption and
on economic development, the famous Asian developing countries:
paradox experience shows that corruption
can have growth promoting effects. In China, The past three decades of anti-corruption research
Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea corruption shows that corruption has deep implications on
has been found to be significantly promoting the issues of governance (Javaid, 2010); with an
growth (Rock & Bonnet, 2004). increasing level of development, incidence of
corruption comes down (Enste, 2017); and that
But, while recognizing the Asian paradox corruption in developing countries is pervasive
phenomenon, Wang & You (n.d) found regional in nature (Wigwe, 2016). Accordingly, there are
variations in the growth enhancing effects of many prescriptions as to what policy should be
corruption. In other words, the growth enhancing adopted and which variables the interventions
effect of corruption is uneven across regions. should alter for controlling corruption. Supporters
Wang and You further argue that this positive of the idea of good governance that has occupied
effect of corruption on growth is transitory; and considerable space in governance already, argue
that sustainable growth requires well-functioning that good governance is a means of achieving
institutions. Incidentally, China, Indonesia, and development (Chimezie, 2016); and that in order
Korea do not have good scores over the years on to achieve growth the state should improve the
various indices of governance while maintaining quality of variables associated with governance.
July-September 2020 | 11
The Indian Police Journal
Accordingly, good governance, of which and of public trust cuts across virtually all
corruption control is an essential component, sectors and institutions (Laver.R, 2014). Nicholls
recommends the states to create strong (2011) argues that corruption brought-about,
institutions for controlling corruption as part encouraged or promoted by the system itself
of their governance agenda. As a step forward, leads to systemic corruption. World Bank (1997)
the open government approach takes issues of explains the situation of systemic corruption in
governance further, compelling the governments more simple terms by maintaining that corruption
to push corruption control agenda through is systemic where bribery is understood by
participatory governance (Harrison, et al. 2011). everyone to be routine in transactions with the
The neo-classical approach driven multinational government (World Bank, 1997). Where corruption
initiatives like the OECD1, UNCAC2 etc. do is systemic, the institutions of government that
attempt to harmonise anti-graft practices across are supposed to prevent corruption also become
jurisdictions for effective corruption control. The corrupt (Klitgaard, 2004).
World Bank and donor agencies are concerned
Drivers of corruption in developing
about the capabilities of anti-corruption apparatus
countries
in developing countries. Many regional initiatives
like, the African governance initiative etc. also talk Another damaging aspect of systemic corruption
about strengthening the institutions designed for is that in systemic corruption, formal rules may
corruption control. In fact, good governance idea remain in place; but, are incapable of breaking
dominates the current narrative about corruption the informal behaviours that nurture corruption.
control and the anti-corruption interventions Nicholls (2011) also supports this view. Contestable
across jurisdictions. legitimacy of the state in protecting public interest;
weak enforcement of rules; absence of rule of law;
But, this convergence of understanding about lack of institutional accountability; inefficient
corruption has not substantively altered the bureaucracy etc. have been cited to be the factors
nature of corruption prevailing in developing that sustain systemic corruption. The presence
countries; and developing countries continue to or absence of these drivers is the function of the
have high incidence of corruption. The efficiency strength of institutions; distribution of power
difference in the institutions of developed and and interest among various groups; presence or
developing countries is a well-researched area absence of discretions in decision making; level of
and evidence shows that developed countries rent seeking; and capacity of the state to bear the
have strong counteracting institutions like police, costs of rule enforcement explain the capacity of
judiciary, media etc. for constraining those who state (Perumal, 2019). Thus, capacity of the state to
are in power, whereas in developing countries, enforce rules and to bear the costs of enforcement
institutions are weak and corruption continues to is one of the critical determinants of corruption
be pervasive and systemic. According to Svensson control. State capacity has an economic growth
(2005), corruption is more systemic and rampant aspect too. Khan (2007) substantiates his argument
in developing countries than in rich countries; that efficient resource distribution comes with
and the systemic nature of corruption distorts the certain level of development, by citing the
governance objectives in developing countries. detailed procedures evolved for allocating rents
Systemic corruption is a serious concern in and rent seeking in developed countries. Presence
developing countries because, in the environment of detailed rules for re-allocating their resources
of systemic corruption, abuse of power; authority and strong counteracting institutions help the
1 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development is a developed countries to have low incidence of
multinational organization working on policy assistance.
corruption. In addition, developed countries are
2 United Nations Convention against Corruption is the only legally
binding multinational instrument for corruption control. rich enough to bear the costs of rule enforcement.
12 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
But, most of the developing countries have low typical exchange of loyalty and resources which
state capacity and inefficient institutions, apart cannot be done formally particularly when the
from undergoing the process of socio-political economy is weak (Hicken, 2011). In patron-client
transformation. The past three decades of anti- relationship, power is arrayed through a system of
corruption campaign have not substantively relations linking rulers not with the ruled; but with
increased the efficiency and strength of anti- patrons, associates, clients, supporters, and rivals,
corruption enforcement in developing countries. who constitute the ‘system’ (Jackson & Roseberg,
As a result, enforcement institutions in developing 1982). Nonetheless, developing countries owe the
countries continue to be weak and are working in responsibility of creating capable institutions for
environments which are adverse to their efficiency. controlling corruption in order to achieve their
Court, et al (2003) provide evidence about weak developmental aspirations.
and problematic governance due to widespread
corruption and lack of accountability in sixteen The relationship between corruption and economic
developing countries including Chile, India, China, growth is a well-researched area. Anti-corruption
Indonesia, Bulgaria, Pakistan and Russia. It is also literature shows that countries that score well
true that corruption in developing countries has in governance indicators record an increased
historical reasons. Angeles & Neanidis (2010) growth rate; and with the increased growth there
argue that corruption in developing countries is a reduction in the incidence of corruption. This
has deep historical roots and that colonialism finds support in the fact that countries with middle
is of paramount importance for understanding and upper income levels show a decreasing trend
corruption. It has been studied that there is a in the incidence of corruption (Khan, 2013). Such
significant disparity in the distribution of power a trend is visible even within a country. In their
and resources among various socio economic and empirical study conducted across twenty Indian
political groups in developing countries. States, Bhattacharyya and Jha (2015) found that
in advanced states of India corruption shows
Historically, there is a strong relationship between decreasing trend and in underdeveloped states
power and distribution of resources in society. corruption continues to remain high. Similar
Amundsen (1997) argues that re-distribution of evidence has been obtained in developing
resources follow the distribution of power. This countries like Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia. In
disparity promotes competing interests among other words, the drive for growth has a negative
various power groups or cliental networks. impact on the incidence of corruption in developing
Cliental networks are not limited to politics; countries like, India. Thus, the developing countries
religion or level of development and these in their transition to becoming an advanced
networks have been found to be active in every country experience a reduction in corruption
country. But, the level of economic development barring a few Asian countries like China, South
remains to be a strong determinant of clientalism Korea etc. It is intriguing that China and Japan
(Bustikova, 2009; Corduneanu-Huci, 2009) and in have achieved global competitiveness in sectors
weak economic environment cliental networks like Infrastructure, Space technology, Medical
become more powerful (Khan, 2013). Since, Science etc. while maintaining a high growth rate
economy and institutions in developing countries in spite of having a high incidence of corruption.
are generally weak; the political leadership rely on These growth models show that developing
patron-client networks for maintaining political countries need to do much in addition to the
stability. In other words, patron-client networks systemic corruption control measures in place in
serve the leaders to remain in power by assuring their respective jurisdictions. Evidence suggests
political stability in exchange for obligations that economic growth is incremental and that the
from the state. In this arrangement, there is a developed countries have made certain specific
July-September 2020 | 13
The Indian Police Journal
interventions like innovation, corruption control all developing countries show a high incidence
etc. in order to improve competitiveness of their of corruption in spite of their anti-corruption
organizations over the period of time. Consistent enforcement in place for decades.
efforts to increase the institutional efficiency
and innovation have played a crucial role in In fact, initial efforts to control corruption were
economic development in developed countries. taken in the post-world war era by colonial powers
Even among developing countries, experience of and by the newly independent countries (Sousa,
China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia 2010). While the colonial powers wanted to
show that improving the competitiveness of clean-up their administration in the post second
organizations can assure high growth (OECD, world war period, newly independent countries
2018). But, this transitional experience needs to endeavoured to undo the corrupt practices
be made sustainable because it is imperative for a rooted in their colonial inheritance by creating
developing country to maintain a high growth rate Anti-Corruption Agencies (ACAs) (Perumal, 2019).
for over a period of thirty to forty years in order to But, as argued by Sousa (2010), many of the ACAs
become an advanced country (Khan 2013), and have fallen short of the expectations they raised.
it is quite possible for a developing country to Works of Jeremy Pope (2000), Heilbronn (2004),
slip down in growth if their policies get distorted Lambsdorff (2007) show that anti-corruption
by corruption. Thus, it is critical for developing enforcement in many countries remains
countries to achieve and maintain high growth inefficient. Studies indicate that this conventional
by not allowing corruption to distort their policy anti-corruption approach faces the problem of
objectives. weak institutional design. Khan (2007) talks about
capacity of the state to create strong institutions
Anti-Corruption enforcement in and to efficiently enforce the rules for better
developing countries corruption control. Rose-Ackermann (1999) and
It is understandable that the relationship between Sousa (2010) favour creation of independent ACAs
governance, corruption control and economic for controlling corruption. Lambsdorff, (2007)
growth is near similar across jurisdictions argues that effectiveness of the anti-corruption
irrespective of the level of development; and enforcement depends upon how the instruments
that in order to achieve developmental goals, meant for controlling corruption distribute rents
governance policy must address these issues and the conditions attached with those rents in
together particularly when the neoclassical achieving the objective of corruption control. The
approach driven good governance agenda has absence of or a low level of constraints faced by
become a policy priority in governance. Here, how the agents (Public servants) from their respective
has the systemic corruption control approach ACAs gives indication about the inefficient
delivered so far needs careful examination because rent distribution by the instruments meant for
this approach still dominates the corruption controlling corruption. Khan (2007) attributes
control policy of most of the developing countries the inefficiency of enforcement agencies to the
(Sousa, 2010). In systemic corruption control, institutional arrangement in which they have
the effect is incremental and this approach to function. His argument finds support in the
aims at controlling corruption across all the studies of De Souza (2010), Pinsker (2001), Pinto
sectors. But, this conventional approach has not et al., (2008) and Quah (2017). Lack of functional
produced desired results; and no developing independence to ACAs remains to be an area of
country has successfully controlled corruption concern in many jurisdictions. Lambsdorff, 2000)
through this approach (Khan, 2013). Except few talks about deliberate attempts to create weak
developing countries like, Kuwait, Botswana etc. ACAs as the leaders do not have incentives to hold
that have abundant oil and diamond resources, themselves accountable for their decisions. Study
14 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
conducted by Princeton University (2014) shows ACAs from other enforcement agencies as one of
that the beneficiaries of corruption networks often the prerequisites for effective corruption control.
seek to neutralize the ACAs by weakening their Heilbronn (2004) rightly argues that the ACAs
legal powers. In many developing countries, ACAs cannot succeed in the absence of the laws necessary
remain institutionally weak in performing their to carry out their anti-corruption functions. Thus,
professional work. In the case of Russia, Pinsker powers to suo moto initiate investigation and to
(2001) attributes the weak legitimacy of Russian prosecute the corrupt are critical for effective ACAs.
ACA to the need for taking permission from
government before investigating higher officials. Methodology
Quah (2017) argues that Anti-corruption agencies Literature review suggests the presence of
of South Korea and Philippines are toothless strong structural drivers that promote and
because of unwillingness of the government to sustain corruption in developing countries and
fight corruption. ACAs of South Africa, Kenya thus, in spite of the presence of enforcement
and Nigeria have also been criticized for their mechanism in place, developing countries
inefficiency. continue to have a high corruption incidence.
Similarly, lack of competitiveness prevents the
The United Nations Convention against Corruption developing countries from generating demand
(UNCAC) and the Jakarta statement3on anti- from their institutions for corruption control. This
corruption agencies underline the importance of study endeavours to systematically investigate
independent ACAs for better corruption control. the drivers that impact the effectiveness of
According to Quah (2017), ACAs raison d’être is to conventional corruption control strategies; and
act as an independent watchdog that investigates the incentive structures that sustain corruption
all corruption cases impartially without fear or in developing countries against the collected
favor regardless of the position, status or political evidence. This work follows deductive reasoning
affiliation of those being investigated. Literature
for studying the research problem and thus,
shows empowering the ACAs requires institutional
it would fall under the scientific paradigm
features that guarantee their functional autonomy.
Positivism. Having defined the research objective,
Experience of successful ACAs like, the ICAC4of
this work identified the following variables for
Hong Kong, CPIB5 of Singapore and OGE6of the
study. 1. Economic growth; 2. Level of corruption;
United States of America shows that ACAs must be
3. Quality of regulation; 4. Competitiveness; 5.
functionally independent for effective corruption
Institutional efficiency; 6. Cliental networks; 7.
control. The ACA of Hong Kong has power even
Illegal rent seeking 8. Regulatory quality and 9.
to incarcerate the suspects in case of risk of flight
Innovation. These variables are associated with
(Heilbronn J, 2009). The Malaysian anti-corruption
governance and their prevalence impacts the
law mandates their ACA to examine the practices,
quality of governance. Using inferential statistical
systems and procedures of public bodies in order to
tools and simple & multiple linear regression
facilitate the discovery of offence (Malaysian Anti-
models, this work studies the impacts of certain
Corruption Commission, 2016). While explaining
identified predictors on dependent variables.
the scope of corruption control work done by ACAs,
De Souza (2002) argues that the mission of ACAs The level of impact of corruption on economic
goes beyond legal and criminal provisions in force. growth could be an important indicator for
De Speville, et al, (2013) identify distinctiveness of orienting the corruption control policies for
3 It’s a statement on principles for independent anti-corruption sustainable economic growth. In order to study
agencies.
4 Independent Commission against Corruption.
this aspect, this work uses secondary data
5 Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau. collected for the years 2005-2018 applying
6 Office of Government Ethics. simple linear regression technique. The second
July-September 2020 | 15
The Indian Police Journal
aspect that is being studied in this work is about the constraints faced by developing countries due
the impact of regulatory quality on corruption to the strong presence of policy distorting patron-
control as the quality of regulatory mechanism is client arrangements; and their commitments
an important determinant of corruption control. for socio-political transformations by reviewing
In order to study the impact of regulatory quality the existing studies in addition to studying the
on corruption control these two variables were aspect related with demand for corruption control
regressed using secondary data for 193 countries. from the powerful. Appropriate descriptive
It was endeavoured to see if there was any tools like Skewness and Kurtosis have also been
noticeable difference in the outputs between deployed in order to explain the behaviour of the
developed and developing countries. Trend data used.
shown by the groups of developed and developing
Analysis
countries could indicate the importance of
regulatory quality in controlling corruption. Both Corruption and economic growth:
these regression models used the indicators As per empirical studies, in the case of developed
developed by Transparency International and countries, the correlation between corruption and
the World Bank respectively. The third aspect various indicators of governance is negative and,
studied in this work is about competitiveness. equally, different governance indicators show
Promoting and sustaining growth is a governance strong positive correlation with development.
Most of the developing countries have recorded
challenge in many countries. Historical evidence
similar experience. This shows that corruption
shows that competitiveness has helped the
control, governance and development are highly
developed countries and some fast growing
correlated. In their comparative study conducted
developing economies to grow fast and to
about the impact of corruption on GDP growth in
sustain their growth even with a high incidence
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Nepal and Bangladesh,
of corruption. Thus, identifying the determinants
by studying the panel data for the period from
of competitiveness and studying their impacts 1996-2014, Awan, et al (2014) found the negative
can help the developing economies to have impacts of corruption on GDP growth. In the case
better policy orientation. In order to study this of India, when the real GDP percentage from
aspect, impacts of the variables institutional 2005 to 2018 were correlated with the corruption
efficiency and innovation on competitiveness perception scores for the corresponding years,
were studied using a multiple linear regression results do show a negative correlation of -0.3618.
technique keeping institutional efficiency and This indicates that with the increase in perception
innovation as predictors. On this count again levels about corruption, GDP growth percentage
secondary data for 134 countries developed by comes down which is similar in experience of
the World Bank was used. Also this work studied most of the countries in the world.
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Growth (%) 8.4 9.2 9 7.4 7.4 10.4 7.2 6.5 3.2 6.4 7.3 7.6 7.17 6.7
CPI scores 29 33 35 34 34 33 31 36 36 38 38 40 40 41
Table -1: Figures of CPI scores and Growth rate: -0.8 and -0.1 for the variables under analysis show
Source- Transparency International that outliers are very small and that the data set are
negatively skewed implying normal distribution.
Mean values for the variables mentioned in the
data set given above are 7.419286 and 35.57143 Figure 1: Impact of CPI scores on GDP growth.
for GDP growth and CPI scores respectively.
When the secondary data were regressed,
Kurtosis values of 2.83 and -0.7 and Skewness of
P-value for the intercept was found to be 6.4E-
16 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
07. This shows that the relationship between 2. Inability of the developing countries to bear the
the variables is not random, but has statistical costs of enforcement. While powers and mandate
reasons. Regression results, thus, show negative of the organizations form the components of
impacts of corruption on real GDP growth in the design of anti-corruption enforcement, rule
India. Even in the country like India that has huge following behaviour in the society; distribution of
socio-cultural and regional diversities, corruption power and interest among various organizations
has a negative impact on growth. This impact can constitute the environment in which the anti-
be more pronounced in countries where there corruption enforcement has to function. Khan
is homogeneity in socio-political and regional (2007) talks about capacity of the state to create
contexts. strong institutions and to efficiently enforce rules
for better corruption control. Works of institutional
Drawing evidence from cross country experience,
economist Lambsdorff (2007), Rose-Ackermann,
Obamuyi & Olayiwola (2019) in their comparative
Sousa (2010) etc. are also focussed on the need
study about the impacts of corruption on
for creating strong institutions for controlling
economy found that economic growth in India
corruption.
and Nigeria suffered due to a high incidence
of corruption. Both India and Nigeria are The conventional corruption control approach
comparable on many economic and governance aims to address corruption by strengthening
indicators; and corruption has been found to the anti-corruption enforcement and by making
have negative impact on the economy of both engaging in corruption a costly choice for those
these countries. Going into the specifics of the who exercise power. But, effectiveness of its
impacts of corruption on economy, Obamuyi prescriptions depends upon how the instruments
& Olayiwola (2019) argue that by acting as a meant for controlling corruption distribute the
negative externality, corruption impacts growth rents and the conditions attached with these rents
by discouraging investment and human capital in achieving the objective of corruption control.
formation, both in India and in Nigeria. Debroy & Evidently, as argued by Sousa (2010), many of
Bhandari (2012) assess that around 1.26 percent
the Anti-Corruption Agencies have fallen short
of the GDP goes to public servants through
of the expectations they raised. Works of Jeremy
corruption in India. This assessment can partly
Pope (2000), Heilbronn (2004), Lambsdorff (2007)
explain the unevenness in growth among various
show that the Anti-Corruption enforcement in
social and economic groups in India in spite of
many developing countries remains inefficient.
being the fourth largest economy in the world
There is similarity in the inefficiency of anti-
(Razak, 2013).
corruption agencies in developing countries
Corruption control and quality of anti- across continents. While working successfully in
corruption enforcement: developed countries why the systemic corruption
control approach is a near failure in developing
The conventional anti-corruption approach countries has been researched in the academia
depends on effectiveness of the enforcement by various scholars. The dominant view in the
institutions that have been devised to control literature is about the institutional constraints
corruption. This approach aims to constrain prevailing in developing countries.
the enforcers who abuse the rules through
criminal prosecutions and through measures like Theoretically, the conventional corruption control
transparency; accountability etc. Studies indicate approach has drawn insight heavily from the
that developing countries face problems in Principal-Agent model that makes assumptions
enforcing the rules at-least on two counts viz, 1. about corruption committed by the self- centred
Weak design of the enforcement mechanism and agents by causing information asymmetry.
July-September 2020 | 17
The Indian Police Journal
Lambsdorff (2007) argues that even the definition between regulatory quality and corruption
of corruption is often derived from Principal- control. For studying this aspect secondary data
Agent Model. But, while explaining the corruption was collected from global governance indicators
phenomenon through the concept of information released by the World Bank for the year 2017.
asymmetry, the principal agent model could not The variables identified for data analysis were 1.
provide solutions to make the principal principled; Control of corruption and 2. Regulatory quality.
rather, its assumptions and prescriptions are agent The correlation coefficient for the variables under
or enforcer centric. Logically, for the successful analysis across 193 countries was found to be
application of Principal-Agent Model in corruption 0.9911 showing a strong positive correlation.
control, the principles in governance need to be When these variables were regressed keeping
principled; and even for acting against the agents regulatory quality as the predictor, regression
the rents associated with the interventions need results gave the coefficient of determination of
to be efficiently distributed by the principal. 0.9824 with P-value 0.031526, indicating a strong
But, in reality this hardly happens in developing impact of regulatory quality on corruption control.
countries. Instances of grand corruption and (Data source: World Bank). For the data set under
political patronage by political leaders are study, values of Skewness and Kurtosis show that
reported across jurisdictions. Many heads of the distributions are Platykurtic and right tailed
states and political leaders have been found implying normal distributions.
engaged in corruption and favouritism in the
Table: 2: Descriptive statistics
past. But, many of them could not be punished.
There were instances of political leaders from Control of corruption Regulatory quality
African countries embezzling the public money Mean -0.039689119 Mean -0.0187
and fleeing their countries in the past. Serious Standard 0.998123712 Standard 1.00054
allegations of corruption were levelled against Deviation Deviation
the political leadership of Indonesia, Malaysia, Kurtosis -0.468303009 Kurtosis -0.41136
Skewness 0.549911983 Skewness 0.208226
Brazil, Sri Lanka etc. in the recent past. The recent
example of corruption charges against a former Below shown pair plot for the data set helps to
Malaysian Prime Minister in 1MBD scam shows visualize the pattern of distribution of dependent
that even in Malaysia where the Anti-Corruption and independent variables individually and the
Agency is considered to be independent and relationship between them as well.
successful, high level corruption could not be
deterred. In India too there were corruption Figure 3 & 4 Pair plot and regression table between
charges against many political leaders and some the variables Regulatory quality and Corruption
of them including a former Prime Minister and control.
at-least three former Chief Ministers have been
convicted on corruption charges. Developing
countries, India and Brazil witnessed regime
changes in the recent past due to allegations of
high level corruption.
18 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
July-September 2020 | 19
The Indian Police Journal
groups in resource redistribution has been found makes no serious efforts to control the corrupt
to have distorted the economic policies in Russia behaviours. Interestingly, this patron-client
and in Bangladesh. Khan (2013) presents evidence relationship is repetitive (Semenova, 2018) and
about political patronage for uncompetitive, but thus, there is reciprocity of trust based promises
politically connected corporations in power sector and obligations between the patron and clients
of Bangladesh and in Nigeria. His study shows (Lebra 1975). Study of Arriola (2009) about
that twenty billion dollars of public money goes patron-client networks in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya,
to the private parties annually due to inefficiency and Senegal suggests that leaders can achieve a
in resource redistribution in the power sector of degree of stability for their regimes by using state
Bangladesh. In redistributive corruption, part of resources to facilitate intra-elite accommodation.
the public money is shared by the private players He further produces evidence of cabinet
with those who illegally allot rents to them. appointments to reinforce patronage based rule
Inadequate or absence of institutions that can in many African countries.
regulate rents or deliberate attempts to subvert
In Asian countries also clientalism is common.
the institutions to favour private actors can be
Khan (1998) argues that the Malaysian cliental
critical determinants of redistributive corruption
networks could co-exist with capitalist sector
in developing countries. Thus, unlike in the case
due to its vast mineral wealth. In Sri Lanka, due
of petty corruption where the agents are involved
to penetration of politics into working class
in corrupt deals, redistributive corruption where
organizations strong patron-client system has
the powerful organizations and those who are in
developed (Gamage, n.d). While talking about
power collude cannot be tackled by conventional
the influence of clientalism in Ukraine and Russia,
anti-corruption approach because, the enforcers
Miller (1998) argue that use of contacts and
themselves are party in redistributive corruption;
influence has shifted from the subtle towards
and the institutions meant for corruption control
an increased use of crude monetary bribes. In
work under them (Khan, 2007). Williams (2018)
the case of India, Kohli (2009) argues that power
argues that one of the reasons for failure of
rests on multi-class coalition of patrons-client
systemic anti-corruption efforts is the absence
networks. Since clientalism is associated with
of principled principals to control corruption.
higher levels of rent seeking (Hicken, 2011) and
This, logically, breaks-down the effectiveness of
active support from those who are in power, it
corruption control measures based on Principal-
has adverse economic implications. Unless in the
Agent model in developing countries.
case of petty corruption where gratification and
Clientalism and corruption in developing favour are exchanged, clientalism can result in
countries: grand corruption whereby rules can be framed
to suit the interests of the interested groups.
In addition to their less competitive organizations Thus, patron –client networks have the potential
that cannot survive in the environment of strong to distort the state policies in their own interest
law enforcement, also there is the problem in developing countries. It is not that clientalism
of privileges and patron-client networks in is not operational in developed countries. But,
developing countries. These cliental networks clientalism is not distortive in developed countries
have the capacity to influence the state because because of the presence of detailed procedures
of the privileges they enjoy. In their study about for rent seeking and rent allocations (Khan, 2013).
clientalism and corruption in Greece, Trantidis; Incidentally, many developing countries could
Tsagkroni, Vasiliki (2017) argue that in developing not come out of the patron-client arrangement
countries, clientalism retains a politicized by making detailed procedures for resource
economy that fosters rampant corruption and allocations and for controlling corruption.
20 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
Also there are differences in the socio political economic interests. He has studied the political
commitments of political parties between parties engaging in patronage politics in Latin
developing and developed countries. Developing American countries also.
countries do attempt to meet their commitments
While talking about the politics of privileges,
by taking various affirmative actions and granting
Weingast (2008) argues that privileges are not
privileges in order to promote fair distribution
always arbitrary and they can serve the purpose of
of power and resources. Aiming to enforce rules
maintaining equilibrium in the society. Corbridge
strictly in such environments can increase the
(2009) supports the view of positive effects of
costs of corruption control because; such efforts
privilege politics by arguing that opportunities
may harm the politics and economics in the
need to be provided to the poor and excluded
long run. Costs of corruption control is a well-
people in economic development in order to
researched area in academia and it has been
deter them from the paths of unrest and rebellion.
found that if the developing countries tend to
Such commitments makes the developing
enforce rules efficiently, its cost on their social
countries unable to reorient their policy priorities
and economic policies will be so huge that they
in such a way that their inability to bear the
will not be able to bear. In the case of India, the
costs of corruption control does not distort their
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 was amended
policy objectives. But, developed countries have
in 2018 (Government of India, 2018), to make it
grown to a level where informality in resource
mandatory for the investigating agencies to take
redistribution cannot be productive. As a result,
prior approval from the government for instituting
the demand for corruption control by powerful
enquiry; inquiry or investigation against a public
forces has evolved over years in developed
servant unless a public servant is apprehended
countries; whereas in developing countries, the
while committing the offence because, it was
scenario is quite opposite.
perceived that the Anti-Corruption enforcement
was hampering the functioning of government. The conventional corruption control approach by
assuming fair distribution of power and resources
The 2018 amendment, though against the
in governance also ignores the governance
principle of functional independence to Anti-
obligations of developing countries for their
Corruption Agencies, has been justified on the
socio-political transformations. But, in reality,
ground that (because of the 1988 Act) many
these assumptions are hardly found in developing
honest public servants were harassed and
countries and the developing countries keep
eventually never convicted; reputations were
struggling between their commitments for socio-
ruined and a fear amongst decision makers was
political transformations and corruption control
created. Eventually, this witnessed a tendency
objectives. Thus, even the aggressive application
where civil servants would postpone decision
of neo-classical prescriptions for corruption
making to their successor rather than taking risks
control produce very limited results in developing
in decision making (Jaitley, 2018). This shows
countries. As a result, the Anti-corruption agencies
inability of the state to bear the costs of corruption
model could not significantly alter the nature of
control through functionally independent Anti-
corruption prevailing in developing countries.
corruption enforcement. In Brazil, Ketchel (2019)
argues that political parties act as vehicles of As it is clear, main reason for the significant
patronage, facilitating negotiations between failure of conventional Anti-Corruption approach
regional and economic interests; and the in developing countries is that its solutions for
government, all in the guise of democracy. This controlling corruption across the board are too
talks about the forces that operate and privileges heavy to be enforced considering the low capacity
given in the name of protecting regional and of developing countries. But, development is
July-September 2020 | 21
The Indian Police Journal
something that cannot wait; and corruption has including the efficiency of their anti-corruption
to be fought for achieving development. Thus, enforcement in addition to promoting innovation.
taking a developmental approach to controlling In order to study the impacts of the variables
corruption could address the issues of corruption efficiency and innovation on competitiveness
and economic growth together in developing secondary data was collected from the report
countries. Developmental approach combines published by the World Bank for 2017-18. Multiple
both corruption control and competitiveness not regression analyses for the scores of 137 countries
in all sectors; but, in the sectors that promise high with regard to the variables competitiveness,
and sustainable growth. efficiency and innovation provide interesting
results about the impacts of the predictors’
Institutional efficiency; Innovation and efficiency and innovation on the dependent
Competitiveness: variable competitiveness. Results do show strong
Competitiveness is associated with many factors positive correlation between these three variables.
such as, innovation; corruption control; strength of Table: 3: Correlation table.
institutions etc. Evidences show, competitiveness
increases with decrease in corruption and Overall Efficiency Innova-
the countries that have less competitiveness _score tion
do experience poor scores on indicators like Overall _score 1
efficiency; innovation; corruption control etc. Efficiency 0.9719747 1
Thus, it is imperative for the developing countries Innovation 0.9181297 0.91550917 1
to increase the efficiency of their institutions,
Figure 5: Trend line showing the impacts of efficiency and innovation on competitiveness.
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.974513057
R Square 0.949675697
Adjusted R Square 0.948924588
Standard Error 0.158379917
Observations 137
Coefficients Standard t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower Upper
Error 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 0.443853315 0.07967 5.571178 1.33E-07 0.286281 0.601426 0.286281 0.601426
Efficiency 0.776310164 0.046053 16.85673 6.41E-35 0.685225 0.867396 0.685225 0.867396
Innovation 0.155711941 0.04293 3.627138 0.000406 0.070804 0.240619 0.070804 0.240619
22 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
effort requires certain specific requirements like, control approach can lower the burden of the
institutional efficiency; state capacity etc. which costs of corruption control too on the state.
the developing countries do not have. Such
REFERENCES
capabilities can be built gradually by identifying
the sectors that can provide sustainable high Amundsen, I. (1997). Political corruption:
growth; and efficiently managing the rent introduction to the issues, Bergen, Norway: Chr.
opportunities in those sectors. Managing rent Michelson Institute.
opportunities could also include restructuring the
Angeles & Neanidis,. (2010). Colonialism elite
resource allocations in such a way to improve the
formation and corruption, Glasgow: University of
competitiveness of organizations.
Glasgow.
Conclusion
Anon. (2017). Anti-corruption agencies in asia-
Corruption control in the complex economy is pacific countries: an evaluation of their performance
the function of many forces that have competing and challenges. Singapore: Transparency
interests and state is one among them. Thus, International.
corruption control requires demand from
powerful socio-political and economic forces Arriola, L. R. (2009). Patronage and political
for corruption free environment; and the state stability in Africa. Comparative Political Studies,
to have capacity to bear the costs of corruption XLII(10), pp. 1339-1362.
control. Unfortunately, developing countries are
Awan, R. U. et al. (2014). Governance, corruption
not rich enough to bear the costs of corruption
and economic growth: panel data analysis for
control; and their powerful forces are not
the select SAARC countries. Pakistan Social and
competitive enough to demand corruption free
Economic Review, VVI(1), pp. 1-20.
environment. As a result, corruption continues
to remain systemic in developing countries. With Bhattacharyya, S. & Jha, R. (2015). Economic growth,
high corruption, aspiring for sustainable high law and corruption: evidence from India, Sydney:
growth rate for few decades in order to become a Australia South Asia Research Centre,Australian
developed country also is a governance challenge National University.
for developing countries. Evidence shows that
no developing country has controlled systemic Bustikova, L. & Corduneanu-Huci. (2009). The
corruption through conventional corruption correlates of clientelism: economic development
control strategy and that systemic corruption and historical state capacity, Toronto: American
hampers competitiveness. Thus, corruption Political Science Association.
control in developing countries requires a
Chimezie, C. (2016). The role of good governance
pragmatic approach that combines the objectives
and development administration in national
of both economic growth and corruption
development. International Journal of Development
control. Such a pragmatic approach could be
and Management Review, XI(3), pp. 176-186.
development centric and can help to improve
competitiveness of the sectors that can result in Cieślik & Goczek, (2018). Control of corruption,
high and sustainable growth. Thus, in addition international investment, and economic growth
to the corruption control arrangement in place, – Evidence from panel data. World Development,
developing countries should identify the critical Issue 103, pp. 323-335.
sectors that can promise high growth and devise
the incentive structures in such a way that there Corbridge, S. (2009). The political economy of
emerges demand for clean environment from economic development since independence.
the powerful forces. Sector focussed corruption London: Routledge.
July-September 2020 | 23
The Indian Police Journal
Court, J., Hyden , G. & Mease, . K., (2003). The Jaitley, A. (2018). New anti-graft law comes into
judiciary and governance in sixteen developing force;.The Economic Times, 31 July.
countries. Tokyo: The United Nations University.
Javaid, U. (2010). Corruption and its deep impact
D’Agostino, (2016). Corruption and growth in on good governance in Pakistan. Pakistan
Africa. European, Issue 43, pp. 71-88. Economic and Social Review, XLVIII(1), pp. 123-134.
Debroy, B. & Bhandari, L. (2012). Corruption Ketchell, M. (2019). Brazil’s institutions are working,
in India. [Online] Available at: https:// but its political party system is a disaster. [Online]
worldfinancialreview com/corruption-in-india/ Available at: http://theconversation.com/
[Accessed 15 January 2020]. b r a z i l s - i n s t i t u t i o n s - a re - wo r k i n g - b u t - i t s -
political-par ty-system-is-a- disaster-90889
Deloitte (2014). Corruption in Canada: definitions [Accessed 23 January 2020].
and enforcement, Ottawa: Deloitte LLP.
Khan, M. (2006). Governance and anti-corruption
DID. (2015). Why corruption matters:Understanding reforms in developing countries: policies, evidence
causes, effects and how to address them, London: and ways forward. New York: United Nations
Department for International Development. Publications. .
Enste. (2017). Causes and consequences of Khan, M. H. (1998). Patron‐client networks and the
corruption – an overview of empirical results. economic effects of corruption in Asia. European
Konrad-Adenauer-Ufer : Institut der deutschen Journal of Development Research, X(1), pp. 15-39.
Wirtschaft Köln .
Klitgaard. (2004). Leadership under systemic
Gamage, S. (n.d). Democracy in Sri Lanka: past, corruption, s.l.: cgu.edu.
present and future. Democracy in Asia , XVII(1), pp.
107-116. Kohli. (2009). Power, patronage and clientalism:
limits of political governance in India, s.l.: s.n.
Government of India (2018). nic.in. [Online]
Available at: http://www.egazette.nic in/ Lambsdorff, J. (2007). The institutional economics
writereaddata/2018/187644.pdf [Accessed 22 of corruption and reform: theory, evidence and
January 2020]. policy. London: Cambridge University Press.
Gründler, K. & Potrafke, N. (2019). Corruption and Lambsdorff, J. G. (2000). Making corrupt deals:
economic growth- new empirical evidence, Munich: contracting in the shadow of the law. Journal of
Leibniz Institute of Economic Research. economic behaviour & organization, XLVIII(2), pp.
222-241.
H.Jackson, R. & Roseberg, C. (1982). Personal rule
in black Africa. Berkeley: University of California Lambsdorff, J. G. (2007). The institutional economics
Press. of corruption. 1st ed. Passau, German: Cambridge
University Press.
Harrison, Guerrero, S., Burke, B. & Cook, M. (2011).
Open government and e-government: democratic Laver, R. (2014). Systemic corruption:considering
challenges from a public value perspective. Albany, its cultural drivers in second generation reforms.
Dept. of Communication & Center for Technology Cambridge: Harvard University.
in Government University of Albany.
Lebra, T. (1975). An Alternative approach to
Hicken, A. (2011). Clientelism. Annual Review of eeciprocity. LXXVII(3), p. 550–65.
Political Science, XX(2), pp. 289-310.
Miller. (1998). How citizens cope with post
24 | July-September 2020
Systemic Corruption; Economic Growth and Limits of Conventional Anti-Corruption Approach:.....
Obamuyi, T. & Olayiwola, S. (2019). Corruption and Svensson. (2005). Eight questions about
economic growth in India and Nigeria. Journal of corruption. Journal of Economic Perspectives, V(19),
Economics and Management, I(35), pp. 80-105. pp. 19-42.
OECD. (1997). Corruption: a glossary of international Swaleheen. (2011). Economic growth with
criminal standards. Paris: Organization for endogenous corruption: an empirical study. Public
Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, Choice, Issue 146, pp. 23-41.
France.
Trantidis, A. & Tsagkroni, V. (2017). Clientelism
OECD. (2018). Economic outlook for South-east Asia, and corruption:Institutional adaptation of state
China and India 2018: Fostering Growth Through capture strategies in view of resource scarcity
Digitalisation. Paris: OECD Publishing. in Greece. The British Journal of Politics and
International Relations, XIX(2), p. 263–281.
Perumal. (2019). In-built safeguards for anti-
corruption enforcement: to protect the innocence Wang, Y. & You, J. ( n.d). Corruption and firm growth-
or to protect the corrupt? - a case study on the evidence from China, China: School of Agricultural
effectiveness of the Prevention of Corruption Act, Economics and Rural Development, Renmin
India, Vienna: International Anti-COrruption University of China,.
Academy.
Weingast. (2008). Why developing countries resist
Perumal. (2019). State capacity, drivers of the rule of law , California: Department of Political
corruption and anti-corruption interventions: Science, Stanford University.
contextualizing corruption in Indian context- a
Wigwe, C. (2016). Corruption as economic barrier
rational choice approach. International Journal of
to development in third world countries. Harcourt
Development Research, IX(11), pp. 323-330.
Journal of Business Law, II(1), pp. 324-336.
Pinsker. (2001). Prosecutors play for power: a fight
Williams, S. (2018). Systemic corruption and public
against corruption or a witch hunt?. s.l.:s.n.
procurement in developing countries- are there any
Princeton University (2014). Anti-corruption solutions?, Lagos, Nigeria: Stellenbosch University.
agencies and their relevance, New Jersey: Princeton
World Bank. (1997). Helping countries combat
University.
corruption: the role of the World Bank. Washington
Rajak, J. (2013). Corruption in India: nature, causes, DC: World Bank.
consequences and cure. Journal of Humanities and
World Bank. (1997). World development report
Social Science, VIII(5), pp. 20-24.
1997: the state in a changing world. New York:
Rock & Bonnet, (2004). The comparative politics of Oxford University Press.
corruption: accounting for the East Asian Paradox
World Bank. (2019). worldbank.org. [Online]
in empirical studies of corruption, growth and
Available at: http://info.worldbank.
investment. World Development, Issue 32, p. 999 –
org/governance/wgi/Home/Reports
1017.
[Accessed 22 January 2020].
July-September 2020 | 25
Public Perception of Police in
Chandigarh: A Comparative
Analysis Before and During
COVID 19 Lockdown The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Mohit Verma1
Manpreet Kaur2
Abstract:
During Covid-19 Lockdown crisis in India, police have emerged as a multidimensional force. From
maintaining law and order to supplying ration at the doorsteps of citizens in need, from innovating
new regulatory mechanisms to being mediators or counselors, transitioning from traditional marchers
to techies, from strict implementers of law to social activists, from legal experts to medical assistants
in times of need, the police have won the hearts of citizens with their exemplary work and effective
policing. The present study deals with the Public Perception of Police in Chandigarh. To know public
perception, a sample of two hundred and sixty respondents was selected on random sampling basis
from the city. The structured questionnaire covered wide aspects like (i) Attitude of Police towards
citizens, (ii) Performance of Police (iii) Effective Patrolling (iv) Public Opinion on Police Administration
(v) Attitude of mass media and social media and (vi) Police-Public Relations, for seeking respondent’s
opinion on pre lockdown and during lockdown in Chandigarh. To analyze the same psychometrically,
three-point Likert scale has been used for scaling the responses in the survey research. The data has
then been analyzed by applying suitable statistical techniques like measures of central tendency and
Chi-square. The analysis of 4420 statements of 17 questioned survey revealed that public perception
towards police turns positive when police are used as an ‘instrument to social change’ rather than solely
as a ‘tool to maintain law and order’
Author’s Intro:
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Police and Public Administration, Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector 42 Chandigarh.
[email protected]
2 Assistant Director (Law), SVP National Police Academy, Hyderabad.
26 | July-September 2020
Public Perception of Police in Chandigarh: A Comparative Analysis Before and During COVID 19 Lockdown
from law and order to administration of big for a period of 21 days initially, but it is extended
events, prevention of crime to controlling the till 30th June, 2020 as of the date of submission of
crime, Security to welfare. While catering to this research paper.
these multidimensional duties, the police may
The Government issued guidelines on the
succeed in few and may fail in others resulting
measures to be taken by the police for the
in mixed responses from different categories of
containment of the pandemic, like warrant for
society. To maintain their legitimacy as social
criminal proceedings against individuals who
control agents and power centric units, the police
violate the curfew. It, however, allows certain
employ powerful symbols to promote images
exceptions to the containment measures,
of authority and capacity to control crime. This
whereby an individual can venture outside for his/
willful representation of police functioning and
her essential needs.
expectations of public from police have a great
impact on their public image. Further, for many, During Covid– 19 Lockdown in India, the Principal
who haven’t ever interacted with police directly, Investigator got the chance to be part of Sector
their perception about police image is largely Response Team, Chandigarh to cater to the
influenced by peer groups or reporting through needs of Senior Citizens and other residents in
mass media and social media. However, such terms of food and other requirements along with
indirect factors, many a time be inconsistent supervision on the community to maintain social
with the reality of policing. Then arises a need for distance in public areas like markets. This not only
Reality Check. gave an opportunity to have a closer look at the
working of police force but also study the public
Need of the Study:
police relationship in terms of law enforcement and
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is
welfare activities. During Lockdown crisis, Police
an infectious disease caused by severe acute
have emerged as a multidimensional force. From
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
maintaining law and order to supplying ration at
CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019
the doorsteps of citizens in need, from innovating
in Wuhan, China, and has resulted in an ongoing
new regulatory mechanisms to being mediators
pandemic. The first confirmed case has been
or counselors, transitioning from traditional
traced back to 17 November 2019. As of 21 June
marchers to techies, from strict implementers of
2020, more than 8.84 million cases have been
law to social activists, from legal experts to medical
reported across 188 countries and territories,
assistants in times of need, the police have won the
resulting in more than 465,000 deaths. More than
hearts of citizens with their exemplary work and
4.39 million people have recovered.
effective policing. The dominant presentation of
In India, the first case of Covid-19 was confirmed in their work has shifted from a “professional” image
the state of Kerala by the Government of India on to more of a “community-oriented” image during
30 January 2020. On 19th March, as the number of the COVID-19 lockdown. While the former image
confirmed COVID-19 positive cases reached 500, highlights the police as neutrally competent law
Prime Minister Narender Modi, asked all citizens enforcement experts, the latter emphasizes the
to observe ‘Janata Curfew’ (people’s curfew) on police as responsive partners with the public,
Sunday, 22 March. But at the end of the curfew, concerned with the overall quality of life and
Prime Minister Narender Modi stated “Janata instrument to social welfare. This shift has been
Curfew is just the beginning of a long battle taken as an opportunity to see the changes in the
against COVID-19”. After this, during his address formation of public perception of police image
to the nation on 24 March, he announced the and an effort has been made to assess the factors
nationwide lockdown from midnight of that day, for this change and that can be incorporated
July-September 2020 | 27
The Indian Police Journal
and institutionalized by police organization for interval of 10 years each, ranging from youth (20
maintaining this positive image in future i.e what – 30 years) to senior citizens (above 60 years), this
was the perception of public before lock down, survey has also sought information on educational
what was the perception during lockdown, qualifications (Below Senior Secondary to Post
whether there was any change in the perception Graduate and above) of respondents.
during lockdown, if yes, then what were the
Methodology:
reasons, and study of these reasons that can help
to maintain the achieved positive police image. The study has used both Primary and Secondary
data and is based on both qualitative and
Objectives of Study:
quantitative data. Primary data has been collected
Whether gender, age, educational background
from respondents by administering a structured
or financial status of citizen have any bearing on
questionnaire whereas secondary data has been
their perception of seeking police help directly?
collected from books, journals, Govt. documents
Has general image of police been affected by and other compilations. The information available
attitude of police and public police relationship on websites of police departments, stakeholders
during lockdown? and Information Portals has been extensively
accessed. For quantitative data, the questionnaire
Whether mass media and social media portrayals, covered wide aspects like (i) Attitude of Police
before and during lockdown, are important towards citizens, (ii) Performance of Police (iii)
determinants of public opinion of the police, Effective Patrolling (iv) Public Opinion on Police
regardless of whether public has had direct or Administration (v) Attitude of mass media and
vicarious contacts with police officers? social media and (vi) Police-Public Relations, for
seeking respondent’s opinion on pre lockdown
What amongst political interference, lack of public
and during lockdown in Chandigarh. To analyze
cooperation and lack of good working conditions
the same psychometrically, three-point Likert
affect the effective discharge of duty by police
scale has been used for scaling the responses in
before and during the lockdown?
the survey research. Qualitative data has been
Does frequent and effective patrolling, during collected on the basis of information gathered
lockdown, and responsiveness of police on the during interaction with the public/residents of
call of service help in creating healthy relation city, and observation of Principal Investigator
between public and police? during his duty as member of Sector Response
Team, Chandigarh. The quantitative data has then
Sample Characteristics: been classified and tabulated. The data has then
The present study deals with the Public Perception been analyzed by applying suitable statistical
of Police in Chandigarh. To know public perception, techniques like measures of central tendency and
a sample of two hundred and sixty respondents Chi-square.
was selected on a random sampling basis from the Findings:
city. The respondents were identified and selected
Perception of Seeking Police Help Varies With
to represent a cross-section of the society. The
Gender, Age, Education and Income.
public sample covered Students, Advocates,
Teachers, Government Employees, Businessmen, Gender: A male dominated police force
Doctors, Journalists, Social Workers and Common representing only 7% women police officers
People. Further the three income groups i.e. is more likely to exhibit skewed gender norms
Lower, middle and higher were included in the about the role of police and tolerance of violence
questionnaire. Besides, the age groups in the committed against them. The recording and the
28 | July-September 2020
Public Perception of Police in Chandigarh: A Comparative Analysis Before and During COVID 19 Lockdown
subsequent filing of FIR’s is also lesser as either Income: President Ram Nath Kovind, while
the women are discouraged or turned away addressing on the National Law Day in his
or harassed further while trying to lodge the speech on November 25, 2017 said that “India
complaint.1 Present study has corroborated the has acquired a reputation for an expensive legal
above findings where the results have shown system. In part, this is because of delays but there
that even in an advanced and open society like is also a question of affordability of fees. The idea
Chandigarh the majority of female respondents is that a relatively poor person cannot reach the
(58%) have never sought police help directly doors of justice for a fair hearing only because of
whereas 64% male respondents met police and financial or similar constraints”.
sought help. This clearly reflects skewed gender
norms in our society in approaching police. Police are the entrance to the Criminal Justice
System followed by courts and prisons. Person
Age: Study revealed that there is a strong positive from lower income group avoids approaching
correlation between the age and seeking police police as far as possible. The ‘chai- pani ka kharcha’
help. This is reflected from the fact that 39% of the (a popular slang of indirectly asking for petty
respondents in the age group of 20 to 30 years amount as bribe), amount to be spent on outside
have sought police help and in the subsequent age court settlements and if, the case reaches court
groups upto 60 years and above, this percentage then the fees of lawyers are taxing on the pockets
has increased from 39% to 77%. of lower income group.
Education: As per the latest data of National Crime To avoid all this, the lower income group
Record Bureau (NCRB), a written complaint has a continues to stay away from reporting the wrongs
better chance of being registered than a verbal committed against them in India. Present study
complaint. The data show that 53% of written revealed that there is a strong positive correlation
complaints were registered, while only 5% of oral between these two factors. The study further
complaints saw legal action by police. Complaints established that as the income level increases, the
made through Dial 100 had only 1% success rate.2 chances of approaching police increases which
means that people from low strata of society with
For the less educated people, reading and
lower income avoid seeking police help.
understanding technicalities of law or even writing
an application or complaint to SHO is very difficult. General image of police has been positively
Culture of red tapism and unnecessary formalities affected with a friendly attitude of police and
further makes the process so cumbersome, good public police relationship during lockdown.
resulting in lesser faith and poor image of police
among the uneducated or less educated citizens. Friendly attitude of police towards public: In any
Present study has revealed that with an increase democratic society, police are expected to have a
in educational qualifications, the chances of friendly attitude towards public. But in India, with
approaching police also increase. There has been age old and archaic Police Act, our police still have
an increase from 29% to 64% in respondents to function following procedures and presenting
having educational background from Senior a deterrent attitude as was expected from them
Secondary to Post Graduate respectively. in British era. Covid- 19 lockdown has shown the
1 India’s all-female police stations are encouraging women to mirror to the police organization that their image
report crimes, finds study [Online] https://scroll.in/article/902223/ has been tarnished because of Barbaric attitude of
indias-all-female-police-stations-are-encouraging-women-to-
report-crimes-finds-study [accessed on 27-05-20] the past which needs to be changed to a friendly
2 Telling Numbers: In India, Police Don’t Care Much For Rights attitude for constructing a better image.
Bodies [online] https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/
telling-numbers-in-india-police-dont-care-much-for-rights-
bodies-6208889/[Accessed on 27-05-20] The factors constructing the perception for
July-September 2020 | 29
The Indian Police Journal
attitude of police are beliefs, feelings, showing good relationship with police, at pre and during
compassion, friendly interaction and actions lockdown.
of police towards public. During lockdown, the
The cross tabulation of variables ‘attitude of police’
police successfully improved the perception of
and ‘public police relation’, during lockdown, has
public about their caring attitude by catering to
revealed a significant relationship (p-value of .000)
the needs of citizens, feeding the needy, caring
between two variables. Improvement in attitude
for stray animals, celebrating birthday cakes with
of police has strengthened its relationship with
toddlers and Senior Citizens, spreading lockdown
public. 64.6% of respondents responded that
messages through songs and artistic videos. The
during lockdown the attitude of police was friendly
results of study showed that there has been a
and they also enjoyed good public relationship.
massive increase in percentage of respondents
Whereas only 3.8% respondents disagreed to
saying that friendly attitude of police towards
the majority perception and said that they faced
public has risen from mere 36% to 82% (approx.)
a hostile attitude of police and witnessed a poor
from pre-lockdown to during lockdown period
police public relationship. Both these factors
respectively.
helped in improving the general image of police
Public Police Relationship: Police-Public among the public.
relations are the reciprocal attitude of the police
Further the combined effect of variables i.e
and public to the expected and performed tasks
friendly attitude of police and public police
of the police.3 It is a process of establishing
relationship improved the general image of police
and maintaining a mutual understanding and
from 9% to 57% pre lockdown to during lockdown
appreciation between an organization and public,
respectively.
through an effective two-way communication.4
Although the police have either assumed or have Direct encounters or interactions are though
been assigned responsibility for dealing with main source of relationship or image building
many more complex social problems, its folly yet individuals’ vicarious encounters with
to think that they alone can solve all of them. In police i.e. encounters they merely hear about
reality, the police can perform to a limited extent from family, friends or reported by media,
in other non - core policing areas and they need significantly affect their opinion about police:
assistance of public in the said functioning. As reported in earlier studies, people especially
women, minorities and youngsters have fear
Even effective crisis reactions often require the
of police excesses and lack trust in police. The
involvement of non-police resources. COVID-19
Principal Investigator felt the need to study the
lockdown period provided an opportunity to
role of mass media and social media in formulation
establish and maintain a mutual understanding
of opinion regarding police image. Further, while
and appreciation between the Police department
being part of Sector Response Team, Chandigarh
and public. Images of residents showering
during lockdown period the Principal Investigator,
petals on police officers, offering food and tea to
during personal interactions with Senior Citizens,
officers on duty, distributing homemade masks
migrant labourers and students, was surprised
to police and prayers of well-being of police
to know that the majority of them had never
officers health and the same is evident statistically
contacted the police directly. So, it was assumed
through the responses which shows that general
that their opinion is formed and influenced by the
public witnessed an upswing of 14% to 69% in
media reporting.
3 Redelet, Louis A (1980), Police and Community, Glence Publishing
Co. Inc. California , p. 9 As already stated above, 58% female respondents
4 Black, Sam (1970), Practice of Public Relations, P.R. Society, ELBS have never sought police help directly whereas
Publications, UK, p. 6
30 | July-September 2020
Public Perception of Police in Chandigarh: A Comparative Analysis Before and During COVID 19 Lockdown
64% male respondents met police and sought Especially the respondents in the young age
help. The survey captured two kinds of contacts group of 20-30 years and more active on social
with police officers i.e. formal and informal. Formal media opined that there perception of police
contacts included residents’ calls to police stations image was largely influenced through social
requesting service and police questioning of media like Facebook, Tiktok, You tube, Twitter and
residents regarding possible crimes. Only 42% Instagram but with posting of majority positive
of total respondents (male and female) sought posts on police work during lockdown changed
police help and came in formal or informal contact their opinion to positive and same has increased
with police. The informal contacts included from 34 to 89 %. This implies that content posted
conversations with police officers on patrol and on social media presented good image of police
interactions with police at community meetings and many police official through their Facebook
and police sponsored youth activities. Also, only and Twitter handles posted the good work being
39% of the respondents in the age group of 20 to done by their organization.
30 years have sought police help and as the age
Political interference, lack of public cooperation
increases from 31 to 40, 41 to 50, 51 to 60 and
and lack of good working conditions affect the
above 60 years, this percentage has increased
effective discharge of duty by police before
from 39% to 77%. With these variations, it can be
and during the lockdown: To understand the
concluded that it is not only direct contacts but
perspective of public for reasons for ineffective
also vicarious contacts i.e. discussions in peer
discharge of duties by police in pre-lockdown and
groups, feedback from friends and relatives and
during lockdown period, the question “In your
reports in mass media and social media which
opinion the police were not able to effectively
play a significant role in molding police image.
discharge their duties because of (a) Political
Regarding the role of mass media, a query was interference (b) Lack of public cooperation (c) Lack
posed in questionnaire that “What was the attitude of good working conditions”. Respondents are of
of mass media (new papers, radio and news the opinion that lack of public cooperation is the
channels) towards reporting on police. Whether biggest reason for ineffective discharge of duties
mass media(i) highlights the good work of police; by police instead of political interference or lack
(ii) reports neutrally on police or (iii) Distorts the of working facilities during lockdown whereas
facts while reporting on police.” Responses have others also opined that pre lockdown reasons
clearly showed that attitude of media highlighting for ineffective discharge of duties was political
the good work of police has increased from 34% interference, overburden, lack of motivation, lack
to 75% from pre lockdown to during lockdown of professionalism, unsatisfactory rewards and
respectively. Similarly, social media reporting has recognition.
transformed police image a lot.
Frequent and effective patrolling during
As mentioned in study earlier, the young lockdown and quick response to the service of
respondents in the age group of 20 to 30 years duties by police during lockdown has resulted
derived the image of police from social media in good image of police as compared to past.
though they rarely had come in actual contact
Police performance can be measured by two ways
with police. Influence of social media platforms
i.e. direct and indirect. Direct measures of police
like Facebook, Tiktok, You tube, Twitter and
performance commonly used include crime rates,
Instagram is very high amongst this age group
number of arrests and fines issued, clearance rates,
and statistics established very strong association
and calls for service response time. Some indirect
between age and social media usage on formation
measures of police performance include surveys,
of police image with p-value of .002 of chi square.
direct observations of social behaviour, situational
July-September 2020 | 31
The Indian Police Journal
studies and independent testing. In order to communication not only makes job easier but
assess the performance of police, the respondents also leaves a lasting impression on others.
were asked to rate police in terms of completion
of duties considering the responsiveness of police Not only the communication skills of officers
on the call of service. The results of study showed but also the skills of team communication be
increase from 29% to 77 % from pre lockdown to developed.
during lockdown situation. Effective two–way communication helps in
Patrolling: During COVID-19 lockdown patrolling reducing misunderstandings.
has proved helpful in two ways. On one hand it has
More and more capsule courses be organized
raised a fear among the covidiots (a term coined
for officers on public speaking and developing
during COVID-19 lockdown for those who don’t
communication skills.
follow covid rules of staying home) and on the
other hand has presented a sense of security to the A training program for sensitization of officers on
residents and also it has been seen as a connect friendly interaction with complainants, showing
between administrative machinery and residents. compassion to victims and treating everyone with
Patrolling is an effective technique undertaken courtesy should be devised.
by police to ensure safety of public and prevent
crime rate. As compared to 23% for pre lockdown Developing Social Leadership attitude: Police
patrolling it went to 77% during lockdown. have attained a commanding position as a Social
This shows that police used this technique to a leader in society during lockdown. For an effective
large extent for the smooth implementation of upkeep of this most desired position of police, the
administrative instructions and policies. leadership has to work strongly in reaffirmation of
following areas
Recommendations
During lockdown, police emerged as a Promoting the culture of serving citizens: Police
multitasking force while discharging functions leadership should identify the bottlenecks, be it
beyond core policing. They emerged as administrative or social, to promote a better and
champions while working as frontline warriors. efficient service delivery system for public. They
Instead of taking this pandemic as a threat, they should strive to respond quickly to their needs in
used it as an opportunity for improving their a respectful, helpful and responsive manner.
general image among public and gain confidence
Responding sensitively to the needs of citizens:
which has been lost or was felt missing in the
It is important for police officers to understand
last few decades. Though lot has been done and
the needs of marginalized and disadvantaged.
achieved by police force yet this study has been
Addressing their issues in an unbiased manner and
able to highlight some areas which still need to be
understanding the value of an affirmative action
improved upon. Some of the recommendations
towards theses sections of society is significant for
are mentioned below:
attaining a positive and strong social reputation
Developing Communication skills of police among them.
officers: Communications skills for police officers
Proactively seeking opportunities for
go a long way towards establishing positive
initiating new ideas: While facing challenges in
relations in the community.
implementing policy decisions, during lockdown,
From writing emails, reports or a media release, every situation was tackled with development
posting on social media or speaking publicly of new techniques, technology and continuous
to the media or community, the effective improvement in service delivery by police. This
32 | July-September 2020
Public Perception of Police in Chandigarh: A Comparative Analysis Before and During COVID 19 Lockdown
quality needs to be stressed among all the officials of duty and that too handling situations with
and efforts be made to imbibe this attitude during unforeseen consequences are adequate to drain
trainings conducted from time to time. out a person physically and mentally.
July-September 2020 | 33
The Indian Police Journal
34 | July-September 2020
The Mind-fit Cop: Towards
Effective Policing through
Mindfulness and Emotional
Intelligence The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Abstract
The central human aspect of Police Reforms is how the Police acts with the public and other stakeholders in
various synthetical and antithetical situations, and as a corollary, is dependent on how much the Policemen
find themselves prepared with having the emotional skill for the same. Mindfulness is indicative of the Police
(wo)man of how much s/he knows the situation around (situational awareness), knows him/herself (self
awareness) and the ability to operate using these two.
The paper is based on extensive review of contemporary literature on Police officers and mindfulness practices
that may help creating a force manned by mind-fit cops. The paper throws some light on current trends with
respect to mindfulness practices amongst Police officers in other countries like the US and UK and its positive
effects on the well being of Police officers.
2 Mr. Amit Kumar, IPS, Superintendent of Police (North), Lucknow. Email: [email protected]
July-September 2020 | 35
The Indian Police Journal
The Police departments, around the world, focus Mindfulness and stress has been done to gain an
on the modernisation of Police force, adequate insight as to what is happening around the world
training for physical fitness and mental firmness of with respect to Police officers and Policing.
Police officers, effective crime control strategies,
The key words used were Mindfulness, Police,
dealing with modernised crime techniques etc.
Police officers, Policing, Training on search engines
But, research has proved that world over; the
like EBSCOhost, DELNET, NDL, Google Scholar and
Police departments have overlooked a very
Google (authentic sites only). Websites of Sardar
important component in policing i.e. the mental
Vallabh Bhai Patel National Police Academy and
fitness (not mental firmness/toughness) of the
Bureau of Police Research and Development were
Police officers and a thoughtful consideration that
also referred to.
they are also human beings who have their own
set of emotional experiences; while on the job, is The results generated were then studied and only
necessary. those studies were considered that dealt with
Mindfulness specific to Police around the world.
The Police officers have to undergo a lot of
The research papers and Police specific websites
stress while performing their duties, needless to
of US, UK and few other countries were also
mention the work life im-balance, always on duty
studied to find out if they are still restricted to only
concept (Sec 22, The Police Act, 1861). It is rightly
physical training for Police personnel of all ranks
said, nothing but change is permanent. This
or if the world has moved ahead and is thinking
philosophy is equally applicable to the uniformed
beyond physical training for Police officers and
services, in general and the Police officers in
what its impact is. Is the physical training effective
particular. Hence, one important component in
enough to cope with stressful conditions?
Police Reforms needs to be an effort in making the
Police force Mind-fit. It was also attempted to find if any such study on
Mindfulness of Police officers has been conducted
The paper deals with the emotional well being
in India for Police personnel of various ranks. The
of the Police officers through application of the
researchers could not find any such study for India.
concept of Mindfulness. Research world over have
proved its benefits to Police officers and Policing Stage II: The second stage will deal with
which has been elaborated in the following Mindfulness exercise interventions amongst
sections. Police officers after proper approvals from
Police Department and Academy. Pre and post
Research Methodology
intervention primary data collection; based on
This is a conceptual paper, the aim of which is to
few Mindfulness exercises for 3 categories of IPS
understand and summarise how application of
officers: Officer Trainees at NPA, IPS officers with
psychological principles and research in Policing
5-10 years in service and IPS officers with 10 and
can improve the Mindfulness of Police officers.
above years in service. Eight Weeks Mindfulness
This paper is based on extensive review of
training would be done and its impact on Police
contemporary literature on Mindfulness; that is
officers well being will be assessed. Once its effect
relevant to policing; from around the world.
is established, future course of action may be
The researchers have planned a two stage research recommended for other ranks of Police officers.
process; Stage I and Stage II.
Police Reforms: Concerns that need
Stage I: In the first stage, an extensive review of attention too!
literature of the research papers published in some Research has proved that the “apparently” tough
of the best journals, literature specific to Police, cop has to undergo his/her own share of stress
36 | July-September 2020
The Mind-fit Cop: Towards Effective Policing through Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence
and emotional challenges too; which they face illness (Hesketh et. al. 2015, Dorman, 2015). There
while performing their day to day job. Jennifer are also hidden phenomena such as Presenteeism
Tejada, the chief herself at Emeryville Police (Johns, 2010) and Leaveism (Hesketh and Cooper,
Department, says that the Police department 2014), that add to form a more realistic picture of
has “.....succeeded in training our law enforcement the policing landscape (Hesketh et. al. 2015).
officers on the technical and tactical aspects
In India, Police reforms are generally understood
of being an effective officer. We have provided
as reforms in Policing, revision of the Police Act of
them with the tools of the trade. We have put
1861, implementation of the recommendations
them through traumatic and high-risk scenarios
of various committees and commissions,
to ensure they know how to be tactically safe,
introduction of the Commissionerate system, new
to ensure they survive without injury, or at least
legislations and policy revision, trainings to deal
visible injury. But what about the invisible injuries?
with modern crime techniques, modernization in
The emotional consequences of not just one
Police etc. However, research has proved that to
traumatic incident; but that of a career filled with
expect change with these efforts would not bear
traumatic and stressful events.” Rudofossi (2009)
fruitful results if we do not address invisible issues
found that over a 30-year long career, the officers
like the impact of stress on the well being of these
have to face more than 900 (approx.) extremely
officers.
traumatic events. During such challenging times
their role frequently switches between that of Unnoticed Challenges
a “social worker” to cater to the victims of crime
‘Work can make you sick – and work can make
to that of a street fighter”, fighting the criminals you happy. Which one happens depends on who
(Manzella & Papazoglou, 2014, Andersen, 2015). you are, what you do and how you are treated at
The government, society and the policy makers work’ (Robertson and Cooper, 2011). Research
need to understand that policing is an extremely has correlated policing careers to depression,
stressful job. With the passage of time, it has alcoholism, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
been found that there has been progressively etc along with physical ailments like cardiac
more responsibility on Police officers to solve ailments, diabetes, sleeplessness, etc. The
society’s evils. It has been found that world over Police officers experience both operational and
Police officers are trained in newer skills like how organizational stress throughout their careers
to administer drugs, to identify mental illness, to (McCreary & Thompson, 2006). It has been found
deal with complex crimes like property crimes, that the Police culture values stoicism due to
body crimes, cyber crimes, but rarely any full- which officers are often reluctant to seek out
fledged training is imparted to these officers who mental-health treatment (Yeoman, 2017). This
themselves suffer most of the times. Yeoman problem has led researchers to find out as to
(2017) quotes the Police Lieutenant in Hillsboro, how the Police officers look at their world and
Oregon, Richard Goerling, “how are we supposed the practices they have developed to cope with
to navigate someone else’s suffering if we can’t the pressures they are under (Hendriks and Hulst,
even navigate our own?” 2016). Research has proved that the Police officers
have to put in effort to display emotions they do
In terms of cost to the organisation, it was found not feel i.e. emotional labour, they experience
that in UK Police, the extent of sickness through emotional dissonance, undergo emotional
mental health problems was 600,000 sickness exhaustion and stress which has a serious impact
days lost a year which are due to stress, anxiety on the subjective well being of the Police officers.
or depression, with 78 officers nationwide away How the officer bounces back depends upon how
from the workplace for an entire year due to such resilient s/he is and if s/he has had any formal
July-September 2020 | 37
The Indian Police Journal
training imparted particularly to address these actual area is 1.63 sq. kms.
concerns. These are the concerns which need
For total Police per lakh of population the
to be addressed, but we are so inclined to see
sanctioned number is 192.95 whereas the actual
Police officers as toughness personified, that we
number is 150.80. With respect to total Police
ignore the “soft” side of their persona and that
per100 sq. km. of area the sanctioned number is
they are also human beings with common human
78.45 whereas the actual number is 61.31.
emotions and feelings.
The sanctioned strength of IPS officers as on
Stress and Stressors
1.1.2018 was 4,651 at all India level whereas the
Stress is the point after which the amount of
actual strength was 3,754.
pressure a person is under exceeds their ability
to cope, conceding that some pressure is actually The above data is self explanatory that the
good for you. Selye suggested the notion that fewer number of Policemen as compared to
there may be good stress, which he termed the sanctioned strength creates an additional
‘eustress’, as opposed to distress (Selye, 1984). workload of policing on the shoulders of
Policemen of all the ranks.
Stress, has been termed the ‘Health Epidemic
of the 21st Century’ by the World Health Research studies have elaborated the nature of the
Organisation. Police profession is associated with work that put Police at risk of exposure to a number
high stress levels (Kirkcaldy et. al., 1995; Stack, of acute and chronic stressors (Davey et. al., 2001;
2001) and hence it demands special attention to Newman and Rucker-Reed, 2004; Martinussen et.
reduce its detrimental effects on the well being of al., 2007). The connection between extreme stress
uniformed men and women. Amongst the many and health among Police has been studied by
stressors embedded in the job, the common ones Violanti et al. in 2006. In their 10-year longitudinal
are day-to-day enforcement activities that put study, Violanti et. al. found that Police officers,
officers in potentially dangerous situations, the compared with civil service workers had elevated
administrative burden, family and relationship cortisol levels, more depressive symptoms, as well
challenges that accompany the job, the state of as more post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Police community relations and negative portrayal symptoms. The frequency of job-related PTSD
of the Police by the media (Saunders et. al., 2019). amongst Police officers varies between 7% to 19%
(Marmar et al., 2006). Unmanaged stress in Police
Stress is also caused by work overload. According
officers has been linked to depression (He, Zhao,
to BPRD 2018 data, the statistics for Police with
& Ren, 2005; Berg, Hem, Lau, & Ekeberg, 2006;
respect to population, area etc shows a difference
Reichenberg & MacCabe, 2007; Violanti & Samuels,
in the number of Policemen in actual and the
2007; Waters & Ussery, 2007), anger management
sanctioned strength. With respect to the number
(Marshall, 2001), anxiety disorders (Wilkins et.
of total strength for States Police (Civil+District
al., 2004; Reichenberg & MacCabe, 2007; Smith
Armed Reserve (DAR)+Armed), the sanctioned
et. al. 2016), sleep disorder (Violanti et al., 2007;
strength is 24,84,170 whereas the actual strength
Violanti & Samuels, 2007; Waters & Ussery, 2007;
is 19,41,473. The all India record for population per
Gerber et. al., 2010), and burnout (Berg et al., 2006;
Policeman (approx.) (Civil+District Armed Reserve
Martinussen et al., 2007; McCarty et al., 2007).
(DAR)+Armed), the sanctioned number is 518.27
whereas as the actual number is 663. The all India Focused Police Reforms
record for area in Sq. Kms. per Police- man (approx.) The high psychological, behavioural, emotional,
(Civil+District Armed Reserve (DAR)+Armed), and social costs of Police trauma substantiate a
the sanctioned area is 1.27 sq. kms, whereas the significant need for intervention (Amaranto et al.,
38 | July-September 2020
The Mind-fit Cop: Towards Effective Policing through Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence
2003; Violanti et al., 2006) to cope with stress. Since their thoughts and emotions.
Police officers experience several stressful events
Benefits of Mindfulness with respect
during their career, the Police Reforms need to
to Police Officers
be focused towards their mental well being too.
It has been found through studies that these Mindfulness interventions have been found to
focussed efforts towards Police officers through be negatively related to burnout, sleeplessness,
Police Reforms have a direct impact on the well anxiety, depression, etc and positively related
being and job performance of the Police officers. to psychological well being (Kabat-Zinn, 1990;
Ciarrochi & Godsell, 2005; Gardner & Moore, 2012).
Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence Kaplan et al. (2017) found that mindfulness was
According to Kabat-Zinn, one of the main correlated to enhanced resilience and decreased
founders of the field, Mindfulness is “paying burnout amongst Police officers.
attention in a particular way: on purpose, in
Studies have proved that Mindfulness training is
the present moment, and nonjudgementally”.
related to improvements of attention functions,
It is cultivated on purposely paying attention
cognitive flexibility and problem solving, it has
to things we ordinarily never give a moment’s
been found to be negatively related to perceived
thought to’ (Kabat-Zinn, 2001). Mindfulness, by
stress, and positively related to emotional
its very nature, assumes attentiveness to one’s
intelligence, it increases immune functioning and
emotional states so that these states do not result
produces brain changes consistent with more
in psychological and physical harm to oneself or
effective handling of emotions under stress, it
others. Mindfulness, which can be understood as
reduces symptoms of burnout and improves life
an active state of awareness of one’s immediate
satisfaction.
experiences, may help respond constructively
to the dysfunctional tendency to avoid one’s According to Chopko and Schwartz (2013), the
emotions and cognitions, as well as distract from increased nonjudgmental acceptance in police
these dysfunctional patterns (Ryan & Deci, 2000; officers was found to be the primary correlate
Brown & Ryan, 2003). Mindfulness has been of reduced PTSD amongst Police officers. Police
associated with reductions in anxiety (Kim, 2017), officers need to use optimal behavioral tactics
and even addiction behaviors (Garland et.al., during distressing events. Stressful encounters
2014). It basically deals with emotions and hence can interfere with adaptive behavior, which may
it becomes important to understand Emotional result in aggression, escape, or freezing, all of
Intelligence (EI) to understand Mindfulness. EI is which can have negative consequences (Paton,
the ability to interpret, understand, and manage 2006). Among Police officers, greater mindfulness
one’s own and others’ emotions. EI is not about predicts less depression over the first year of
becoming emotionally detached; it is about service (Williams et al., 2010).
becoming emotionally mature and confident.
The ability to be self-aware and then regulate It has been found that the adaptive strategies for
one’s own emotions is one of the most profound coping with trauma play an important role (Kring
EI competencies that emerged from the research. & Werner, 2004), however, the Police officers often
Research conducted by Ekman (The Dalai Lama lack this skill (Evans et al., 1993; Gasch, 2006). The
and Ekman, 2008) confirms that emotions are in Police officers, rather, prefer avoidant strategies
a very basic sense the antithesis of Mindfulness. like they depend upon alcohol or become silent
Emotions supersede conscious, rational, and about their negative experiences and emotions
“mindful” thinking. Mindfulness and emotional (Amaranto et al., 2003), which often leads to health
intelligence both lay emphasis on people’s problems and relationship issues (Berking et al.,
abilities to perceive, understand and regulate 2010).
July-September 2020 | 39
The Indian Police Journal
Christopher et al (2016) in their study on Police Lieutenant in Oregon, Richard Goerling, has
Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training program been a champion of Mindfulness based Resiliency
on Police officers found self-reported mindfulness Training for about a decade. He was part of the
to be associated with increased resilience and Pacific University study and took 43 officers
emotional intelligence and decreased negative through a eight weeks course called Mindfulness-
health outcomes among Police officers (cited in Based Resilience Training (MBRT). Major
Kim 2017). components of the training were meditation,
martial arts, breath and body-awareness. (This
Mindfulness in Policing in the US and is primarily a Police-friendly kind of version
UK of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction). After
Safety and wellnesss of officers has been a very the completion of the program, it was found that
important concern in policing. To build officer there was a “significant improvement” in health
resiliency to stress has been a major area of outcomes like stress, fatigue, and sleep quality
research. The research outcomes have helped in (Yeoman, 2017).
taking some of the major initiatives in most Police
departments (Andersen et. al 2015). Goerling et. al., in a separate study on Mindfulness-
Based interventions on cortisol awakening
Mindfulness training has been gaining momentum response and its effect on the health outcomes
in the US and UK Police with it being introduced at among officers, found that it helps in increasing
several places in the US like Seattle, Washington resilience, emotional intelligence, and mental
and Madison, Wisconsin, since it has been found health while simultaneously decreasing anger,
that the Police officers face highest levels of stress sleep disorder, burn-out, fatigue, and general
amongst all occupations (The Guardian). stress. Officers also reported less difficulty
with emotional regulation, organizational and
In UK, to study the impact of Mindfulness
operational stress. (Yeoman 2017).
among Police officers an eight weeks course
was introduced at Avon, Somerset, South Wales, Mindful Policing can not only improve officer
Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire. wellness but also has the potential to remove
This was introduced to understand if Mindfulness the implicit bias of Police Reforms where only
training can ensure a“Mind-fit Cop”. The results were physical fitness and mental firmness are focused.
positive which led to enhanced effectiveness With Mindfulness training, the Police officers can
in policing. In Bedfordshire, an initial trail found be made more aware, to see that moment in time
that work-related-burnout was, on average, lower between stimulus and response as a moment
for 72 people who used the techniques. The when a mindful officer who is aware of his or her
participants reported calmer feeling, better sleep, body’s reaction to stress and trauma can take
being less reactive and reduction in medication those crucial breaths to strengthen attention
due to pain (Booth, 2018). and gain emotional regulation, they can respond
versus react to events and people. (O’Hagan 2016).
Sophisticated methods like fMRI brain scans
are being utilized nowadays to understand the Police Reform Focused Towards a Mindfit Cop for
benefits of mindfulness. The fMRI brain scan India
helps in understanding the changes in brain due
to mindfulness-based practices (Kim, 2017). In The Police force in India has to cater to a huge
policing, Mindfulness training has shown positive population base, with conditions that are
results with respect to stress management and quintessential to India, though the challenges
officer wellness. remain the same as the Police force face the world
over. With sophisticated technology, modernised
40 | July-September 2020
The Mind-fit Cop: Towards Effective Policing through Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence
crime trends and techniques, the responsibility benefits that are derived from the mindfulness
has increased, there is presence of an overactive training, however, the positive effects cannot be
media now a days, there is public scrutiny in negated.
every small act of Police, in addition to it, the
Police officers are the first to visit the scene of All these challenges do have an impact on the
crime, violence, dead bodies, arrests, child abuse, mental well being of Police officers in India too.
etc. All these challenges, research has proved, Hence, under the umbrella of Police Reforms, it
become instrumental in creating stress amongst becomes imperative for the policy makers to have
officers which lead to several ailments, suicidal a considerate view on these lines and put in effort
tendencies amongst the uniformed men and to not only train the Police officers to be physically
women, depression, sleeplessness, relationship fit and mentally strong, but also train them to be
issues etc. Researchers have proved that the mentally fit so as to have a force that has not only
mindfulness training has its positive effects on physically fit, but also a mentally fit force, i.e. a
well being of those who received the training, in force that has Mind-fit cop.
general and Police officers, in particular. The use of
Practical Implications with respect to
cutting-edge technology toward understanding
Police officers, Police Department and
mindfulness-an ‘‘inner technology’’ is elucidating
Society
new ways in which attention, awareness,
acceptance, and compassion may promote Having a Mind-fit cop will have its own benefits.
optimal health in mind, body, relationships, and It will have its positive effects on not only Police
spirit (Tan, 2015). The National Institute of Clinical officers but Police department as well as society,
Excellence has advised Mindfulness-based at large. A Mind-fit cop will be able to deal with
cognitive therapy for the treatment of recurrent day to day stress in a better manner. Stress is an
depression. (Booth, 2018) inherent ingredient when it comes to policing,
hence it will always be there, though, it can be
The ability to think calmly under fire is the hallmark
managed well with well planned training to
of great leadership. The training and deployment
the Police officers. This will help improve well
of this skill involves paying attention, on purpose,
being of officers, at the same time, applying
in the present moment, non-judgmentally (Zinn,
mindfulness in day to day life will have its effect
1990). The more you bring quality of attention to
on improving public image of the Police, thereby
your breath, the more you strengthen the parts of
the department. Police is frequently blamed for
your brain involved with attention and executive
being harsh to general public, or non considerate,
control, principally the prefrontal cortex (Tan,
however, an emotionally intelligent, mind-fit
2015). Recent research provides strong evidence
cop would be in a better position to understand
that practicing non judgmental, present moment
others and deal effectively. Hence, society will also
awareness (mindfulness) changes the brain. In a
be benefitted.
study of participants who completed the eight
week mindfulness program, it was observed that Limitations of the study
there was a significant increase in the density of
The researchers could not find any such study or
their grey matter. (HBR, EI Series, 2017).
research paper focusing on mindfulness training
Countries like the US and the UK are already for the Police officers in India. Though, much work
introducing mindfulness training for the Police has been done and is being done world over with
officers in their respective Police Academies and respect to Police and mindfulness, but researchers
are experiencing its positive effect. Though, it in India have yet to take up a full-fledged study on
is too early to comment on the percentage of the concept.
July-September 2020 | 41
The Indian Police Journal
42 | July-September 2020
The Mind-fit Cop: Towards Effective Policing through Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence
Bergman, and David T. Zava (2016). A Pilot Study Gerber, M., Hartmann, T., Brand, S., Holsboer-
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness- Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2010). The relationship
Based Intervention on Cortisol Awakening between shift work, perceived stress, sleep and
Response and Health Outcomes among Law health in Swiss Police officers. Journal of Criminal
Enforcement Officers. Journal of Police and Justice; 38(6), 1167–1175.
Criminal Psychology; 31 (1); 15-28.
He, N., Zhao, J., & Ren, L. (2005). Do race and
Ciarrochi, J., Godsell, C. (2005). Mindfulness-based gender matter in Police stress? A preliminary
emotional intelligence: A theory and review of assessment of the interactive effects. Journal of
the literature. Cited in Schulze, R., Roberts, R.D., Criminal Justice; 33(6), 535–547.
editors. Emotional intelligence: An international
Hendriks, Frank and Hulst, Merlijn van. (2016).
handbook; 69–90.
Shifting repertoires: understanding cultural
Dalai Lama, T. G., & Ekman, P. (2008). Emotional plurality in policing Innovation. The European
awareness: Overcoming the obstacles to Journal of Social Science Research; 29 (2); 161–
psychological balance and compassion: A 176.
conversation between the Dalai Lama and Paul
Hesketh, Ian, Cooper,Cary L., Ivy, Jonathan
Ekman. American Psychological Association.
(2015). Well-being, austerity and policing: Is
Davey, J. D., Obst, P. L., & Sheehan, M. C. (2001). It it worth investing in resilience training? The
goes with the job: Officers’ insights into the impact Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles;
of stress and culture on alcohol consumption sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:
within the policing occupation. Drugs: Education, 10.1177/0032258X15598950 pjx.sagepub.com.
Prevention and Policy; 8(2), 141–149.
https://www.mindful.org/to-pause-and-protect/.
Evans, B.J., Coman, G.J., Stanley, R.O., Burrows,
Kabat-Zinn J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living:
G.D. (1993). Police officers’ coping strategies: An
Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face
Australian Police survey. Stress Medicine; 9; 237–
stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delacorte.
246.
Kabat-Zinn J. (2001) Full Catastrophe Living:
Gardner, F.L., Moore, Z.E. (2012). Mindfulness
How to Cope with Stress, Pain and Illness Using
and acceptance models in sports psychology:
Mindfulness Meditation. London: Piatkus.
A decade of basic and applied scientific
advancements. Canadian Psychology; 53(4); 309– Kaplan, Joshua Benjamin, Aaron L. Bergman,
318. Michael Christopher, Sarah Bowen, and Matthew
Hunsinger. (2017). Role of Resilience in Mindfulness
Garland, Eric, Brett Froeliger, and Matthew
Training for First Responders. Mindfulness; 1-8.
Howard. (2014). Mindfulness Training Targets
Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Addiction at the Kim, John H. (2017). Mindfulness: The Next
Attention-Appraisal-Emotion Interface. Frontiers Frontier of Battling Officer Stress, The
in Psychiatry; 4; 173. Community Policing Dispatch, Social Science
Analyst (COPS), 10 (12).
Gasch, U. (2006). “CopShock”—
Kirkcaldy, B., Cooper, C. L., and Ruffalo, P. (1995).
VompsychischenErlebenundÜberlebendeuts
Work stress and health in a sample of U.S. Police.
cherPolizisten [CopShock-About psychological
Psychological Reports; 76(2); 700–702.
experiences and survival of German Police
officers] Kriminalistik. 4; 250–254. Kring, A.M., Werner, K.H. (2004). Emotion
July-September 2020 | 43
The Indian Police Journal
regulation and psychopathology. Cited in Paton, D. (2006). Critical incident stress risk
Philipot, P., Feldman, R.S., editors. The regulation in Police officers: Managing resilience and
of emotion; 359–385. vulnerability. Traumatology; 12(3); 198–206.
Manzella, C., & Papazoglou, K. (2014). Training Police Chief Magazine (2006). Emotional
Police trainees about ways to manage trauma Intelligence in Policing. The Police Chief, 73 (11)
and loss. International Journal of Mental Health http://www.Policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/
Promotion; 16, 103-116. index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_
id=1052&issue_id=112006,
Marmar, C.R., McCaslin, S., Metzler, T., Best, S.,
Weiss, D.S., Fagan, J., Liberman, A., Pole, N., Reichenberg, A., & MacCabe, J. (2007). Feeling
Otte, C., Yehuda, R., Mohr, D., Neylan, T., (2006). the pressure: Work stress and mental health.
Psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder: Pschological Medicine; 37(8); 1073–1074.
A decade of progress. Annals of the New York
Robertson, I. and Cooper, C. (2011). Well-Being.
Academy of Sciences; 1071; 1–18.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Marshall, R. W. (2001). Police suicide: We may never
Rudofossi, D. (2009). A cop doc’s guide to public
know the answer. Cited in Sheehan, D. C. and
safety complex trauma syndrome: Using five Police
Warren, J. I. (Eds.); Suicide and law enforcement
personality styles (death, value, and meaning).
(115-123). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/
Amityville, NY: Baywood.
pdffiles1/193528-193589.pdf
Ryan, R.M., Deci E.L. (2000). Self-determination
Martinussen, M., Richardsen, A. M., & Burke, R. J.
theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,
(2007). Job demands, job resources, and burnout
social development, and well-being. American
among Police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice;
Psychologist; 55; 68–78.
35, 239–249.
Saunders, Jessica, Kotzias, Virginia and Ramchand,
McCarty, W. P., Garland, B. E., & Zhao, J. (2007).
Rajeev. (2019). Contemporary Police Stress: The
Occupational stress and burnout between male
Impact of the Evolving Socio-Political Context.
and female Police officers: Are there any gender
Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society; 20
differences? Policing: An International Journal of
(1); 35–52.
Police Strategies and Management; 30(4); 672–
691. Selye, H. (1984). The Stress of Life. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
McCreary, D. R., and Thompson, M. M. (2006).
Development of two reliable and valid measures Smith, B. W., Wareham, J., and Lambert, E. G.
of stressors in policing: The operational and (2014). Community and organizational influences
organizational Police stress questionnaires. on voluntary turnover in law enforcement. Journal
International Journal of Stress Management; 13; of Crime & Justice; 37(3); 377–398.
494-518.
Smith, H. A., Wolfe-Clark, A. L., & Bryan, C. J. (2016).
Newman, D. W., & Rucker-Reed, M. L. (2004). Police An exploratory study of the mental toughness
stress, state-trait anxiety, and stressors among US psychological skills profile psychometrics, and
Marshals, Journal of Criminal Justice; 32(6), 631– the mediating effect of social support sources on
641. mental toughness and suicidal ideation among
military Police. Journal of Police and Criminal
O’Hagan, Maureen. (2016). To Pause and Protect.
Psychology; 31(4); 295–303.
Mindful Magazine.
44 | July-September 2020
The Mind-fit Cop: Towards Effective Policing through Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence
Stack, S. (2001). Occupation and suicide. Social among Police officers. Policing: An International
Science Quarterly; 82(2), 384–396. Journal of Police Strategies & Management; 30(2);
189–202.
Tan, Chade-Meng (2015): Just 6 Seconds of
Mindfulness Can make you more effective, Violanti, J. M., Fekedulegn, D., Charles, L. E., Andrew,
Harvard Business Review; 1-4. M. E., Hartley, T. A., Mnatsakanova, A., & Burchfiel,
C. M. (2009). Suicide in Police work: Exploring
Tejada, Jennifer (2019). Mindful leadership. potential contributing influences. American
National Police Foundation, Emeryville Police Journal of Criminal Justice; 34(1-2); 41–53.
Department. https://www.Policefoundation.org/
mindful-leadership/. Waters, J. A., & Ussery, W. (2007). Police stress:
History, contributing factors, symptoms, and
The Guardian (2018). https://www.theguardian. interventions. Policing: An International Journal of
com/uk-news/2018/oct/13/and-breathe-Police- Police Strategies & Management; 30(2); 169–188.
try-mindfulness-to-beat-burnout
Wilkins, Newman, D., and Rucker-Reed, M. L.
The Police Act, 1861. (2004). Police stress, state-trait anxiety, and
Violanti J.M., Andrew, M.E., Burchfield, C.M., Dorn, stressors among U.S. Marshals. Journal of Criminal
J., Hartley, T., Miller, D.B., (2006). Posttraumatic Justice; 32; 631-641.
stress symptoms and subclinical cardiovascular Williams, V., Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F.P., (2010). On
disease in Police officers. International Journal of being mindful, emotionally aware, and more
Stress Management; 13; 541–554. resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of Police
Violanti, J. M., & Samuels, S. (2007). Posttraumatic recruits. Australian Psychologist; 45(4); 274–282.
stress, the Police, and suicide. Yeoman, Barry (2017), The Future of Force.
Violanti, J. M., Andrew, M., Burchfiel, C. M., Hartley, https://www.mindful.org/mindful-policing-the-
T. A., Charles, L. E., & Miller, D. B. (2007). Post- future-of-force/ Mindful Policing.
traumatic stress symptoms and cortisol patterns
July-September 2020 | 45
Gender Issues in Policing:
Perspectives and Perceptions
Puja Konch1 The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
Vijay Raghavan2 BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Abstract
This article provides insights into the roles, challenges and perceptions of women police personnel and
gender issues around them. The article is based on the discussions and reflections among IPS and senior
CAPF officers, moderated by academic and subject matter experts in the field, as part of the Vertical
Interaction Course for Police Officers on Leadership Development held at the Tata Institute of Social
Sciences, Mumbai, in December 2016. Apart from highlighting the evolution of the role of women police
in India, the article analyses how gender guides the interactions within the police service. It critiques the
traditional values and practices which influence the work culture and fixes women in their reproductive
and nurturing roles. It points at the dichotomy between women as equal colleagues in the force and the
need for the force to be more conscious of the specific gender needs. The article highlights the concerns
faced in handling gender issues and possible suggestions towards creating a more inclusive and gender
aware police service.
2 Professor, Centre for Criminology and Justice, School of Social Work, TISS
46 | July-September 2020
Gender Issues in Policing: Perspectives and Perceptions
at the workplace. the work world. The change of such gender roles
brings about conflicting role expectations (Kapur,
The article begins with an overview of women’s
1969).
position in the work sector and the dynamics that
impact on their position in society. This is followed Historiography of Women Police
by the historiography of women in the police To understand the status of women in police in
force to understand the context in which women the present day context, the historicity is very
work in the police system. The paper presents the important as history influences the present day
findings from group discussions of police officers practices and stereotypes. According to Ghosh
that participated in the Vertical Interaction Course (1981), the journey of women in police has
co-organized by the Centre for Criminology and undergone three important phases. The first
Justice, School of Social Work and the Nodal Centre phase was when the police department wanted
for Excellence in Human Rights Education, School women who would frisk female prisoners and
of Law, Rights and Constitutional Governance at there were hardly any other powers that they
TISS from December 19 to 23, 2016. enjoyed. Later, in the second phase, women were
Women and Work employed to protect women and juveniles from
anti-social elements. In this period, there was a
With the increase in the socio-economic
minor acceptance of women police but it was very
development in the country, there have been
limited. In the third phase, there was no distinction
many changes in terms of industrial markets to
in the work of male and female police and women
technological innovations. This has increased
began to be recruited for all kinds of duties.
the employment opportunities for both women
and men. With educational and employment In the Indian context, the need for women
opportunities, more women began participating officers was first seen during the labor strike in
in the economy and this has led to increasing Kanpur, 1938 (Ghosh, 1981). Travancore in 1939
autonomy and freedom for women. However, also appointed woman head constables and
they continue to play dual roles of taking care these officers were seen as equal to male police
of the household and their work responsibilities, staff (Ghosh, 1981). Mahajan (1982) points out
which has led to a double burden for them. the need for women officers during and post-
Myrdal (1962) distinguishes two main phases of independence period, as there were many
this development. In the initial phase only women women in distress and to provide them with
who were unencumbered by family ties entered safety and security, the need for women police
the employment market but in the second phase was realized. Also, during this phase, women
an increased number of women began to combine actively participated in the freedom movement,
family responsibilities and job responsibilities. whereby the need for women police was felt
This resulted in women working more in more to handle women agitators. Later, there were
jobs, which reinforced their nurturing and caring enactments of laws on children and women like
roles. Mahajan (1982) mentions that there are the Children’s Act and the Suppression of Immoral
certain occupations where neither the nature nor Trafficking Act, where the role of women police
the structure of work is congruent with family was considered essential. These developments
roles of women and one is also stigmatized. There emphasized the requirement of women police
are jobs that require women to work with men as and further facilitated the entry of women in the
to remain out of the house for long periods and at police force.
odd hours. Such jobs as in the police force which
women have increasingly taken and which involve In most countries, when women entered the
longer working hours and break male bastions in police system, there was strong opposition due
July-September 2020 | 47
The Indian Police Journal
to existing stereotypes. They were criticized and the public show resistance. Further, he cites
shamed due to the change in gender roles and examples of United States and Europe where
their acceptance within and outside the system the police observed a conflicting situation by
was limited. But these hurdles further motivated involving women police in the service. Such type
women to join the force (Brown, 1997). There is of conflict resulted in sexual harassment, gender
an increasing trend of women entering the police discrimination in assignments, promotions, and
system and this has promoted a major change a general lack of concern for integrating women
in the form of separate women police wings in in police departments. In this context, it becomes
almost all state police forces. Also, women victims important to examine potential barriers to their
of violence prefer to approach female police promotion and success (Lonsway, 2002).
officers, as there is a perception that male police
Female officers face both internal and external
are not sensitive enough towards women’s issues.
disadvantages as highlighted by Schulz (2003),
One of the innovations in this regard has been the
in terms of negative evaluations by male training
setting up of special cells for women, attached
officers, supervisors, and policies or supervisory
to police stations where social workers provide
biases that put women out of the high-profile
socio-legal guidance and counseling to women
assignments. Morash (1995) elaborated on the
victims of violence and work in collaboration
stress in the workplace in the form of subgroup
with the police to ensure gender justice to service
status and sex jokes that results in gender
delivery to the victims. This initiative, which was
discrimination and a high incidence of resignation
started as a field action project of the Tata Institute
by women police. Morash includes the external
of Social Sciences in 1984 in the Mumbai Police
disadvantages like the dichotomy between work
Commissioner’s Office, has now become a scheme
and family roles and this has influenced the
of the Maharashtra Government whereby such
promotion and job satisfaction process. The above
special cells have been set up across the state at
issues not only bring down the confidence of
the district and block levels. The TISS continues to
women but also make their work very challenging.
be part of the monitoring and review process of
the scheme. The TISS has also helped this project Aleem (1991) mentions that there are only
to spread to other states thereby providing much two books written on women police. One is by
needed relief and support to violated women Mahajan (1982) and the other is by Ghosh (1981).
across the country.1 These cells have shown better She has researched on the working conditions of
results, more reporting, and timely intervention women police in Andhra Pradesh and she feels
due to the sensitivity of women officers. that the distribution of women police in the state
and country is not rational. She believes that
Review of Literature women police should be allotted independent
Since the 1970s, the role of women in policing powers and responsible jobs. She suggests that
has been observed. Some studies have centered physical fitness should not be the only criterion for
on issues that women face in the male dominated recruitment in the police force as women police
fields and the rest have focused on the abilities can be helpful in cases of dowry deaths, juvenile
of policewomen (Sherman, 1975). Women have delinquents and domestic violence and this can
faced discrimination and opposition for entering further lead to social change.
the police system, being a male dominated
service. Brown (2000) highlights how women According to survey done by the Common
face opposition even in the present day as both Wealth Human Rights Initiative (2007), most
their male counterparts and some sections of women never even consider a career in uniform
or law enforcement to begin with due to their
1 http://www.tiss.edu/view/11/projects/all-projects/special-cell-
for-women-and-children-maharashtra/ misunderstanding of the nature of the job,
48 | July-September 2020
Gender Issues in Policing: Perspectives and Perceptions
resistance from family or the aggressive and enforcement to that of a more varied role of public
authoritarian images portrayed in the media. service. In the new era of police, work known as
However once hired women face discrimination, police social welfare emerged in the early decade
sexual harassment or even pair intimidation and of the present century.
they often lack the necessary role models or
mentors to help them move up the ranks. In fact, Methodology of the study
the attrition rate of women in police, and especially The article is based on the experiences, reflections
at the level of constabulary is the highest of all the and discussions of IPS and senior para-military
government jobs in the country, not to mention police officers during the Vertical Integration
instances of women leaving the IPS - the top tier of Course on Leadership Profile organized by the
highly horizontally stratified police force- which is Centre for Criminology and Justice, School of
considered an elite and prestigious vocation. This Social Work, and the School of Law, Rights and
is obviously due to the discouraging and negative Constitutional Governance, Tata Institute of Social
atmosphere, peer pressures and gender issues. Sciences, Mumbai, from December 19 to 23, 2016.
The Bureau of Police Research and Development,
Ravindran Nair (1989) opines that women police
MHA, GOI sponsored the course. The participants
officers serve as social workers in uniform and
were divided into five groups and asked to
he explains it by giving the example of Kiran
Bedi. Bhardwaj (1976) in a study of forty-five discuss among themselves leadership challenges
women police has found out that they are in the to gender aware policing in the civil and para-
job not only for economic necessity but also for military forces. The paper attempts to theorise the
their immense liking for the position especially problems faced by women in the police force and
when working with offenders. She mentions suggest the steps required to provide address the
that to improve the relationship between law challenges.
enforcement officials and the community,
Objectives
policewomen should be made available for the
people for personal consultation. To understand gender and its interplay in the
police force.
Bhardwaj (1976) explained the need for women
police officers and emphasized a change in the To explore the various aspects of gender policing
role of women police. She stated changes in in rural and urban spaces.
socio-economic and political conditions and rise
To highlight the terrain and task force duties in BSF
in women and children offenders necessitated in
and CRPF in terms of efficiency in engendering
increase in women police.
the tasks.
Om Raj Singh (2005) opines that protection of
To analyze the response of the police force in
women regardless of their class, caste or age is
dealing with gender concerns.
the crying need of the hour. Even women who
are accused of crime or under arrest are entitled To study the best practices by the forces in context
to the preservation of their dignity. The law of of gender aware policing.
the land must take cognizance of this universal
truth. During arrest and remand of women, Data was collected on the basis of information
policewomen must be present. All over the world, gathered through presentations made by the
along with the changes taking place in societies, participants divided into five groups. Observations
the roles and goals of policing are also changing. and suggestions made by the participants during
The police role thus is continuing to develop the presentations were also incorporated in the
with multiplicity of function from purely law paper.
July-September 2020 | 49
The Indian Police Journal
50 | July-September 2020
Gender Issues in Policing: Perspectives and Perceptions
for this but eventually; it is a loss for the police and equity is necessary not only to protect women
force if women officers are not able to function but also to unleash their energies and productive
properly. Counseling facilities should be provided capabilities.
to increase confidence level of women police.
References
In rural areas, women tend to be more oppressed, Aruna .B. (1976). Police Modernization in India - A
and cases reported are also fewer due to structural study of Women Police in Delhi. Indian Journal of
barriers. Thus, as a safety net, there should be Social work, 37-1.
more women police posted in every police station
as per the current guidelines of the Supreme Brown, J. (1997). European Policewomen: A
Court. Women police have shown extremely comparative Research Perspective. International
good performance in the rural areas but they do Journal of the Sociology of Law 25 , pp. 1-19.
not usually prefer to stay in these postings, as it is
Common Wealth Human Right Initiative. (2007).
difficult for them to get suitable accommodation.
Police Reform Debate in
The idea of women police stations is a good
India. New Delhi, http://www.chri.com.
concept but both male and female police need
to be posted in these police stations to deal with Ghosh, S. (1981). Women in Policing.
the issues of isolation. Separate stations can bring
about ease of access for women complainants but Lonsway, K., Carrington, S., Moore, M., Harrington,
differential postings on the basis of gender would P., Smeal, E., and Spillar, K. (2002). Equality denied:
lead to a lack of coordination within the force and The Status of Women in Policing. National Center
widening the gap in understanding each other’s for Women and Policing, Beverly Hills, CA.
issues.
Mahajan, A. (1982). Indian Policewomen: a
Conclusion sociological study of a new role. New Delhi, India:
Deep & Deep Publications.
With an increasing number of women joining the
police force, there is a need to restructure the male Morash, H. N. (1995). Gender, Workplace Problems
dominated police department, keeping in mind and Stress in Policing. Justice Quarterly 12 , pp.
the cultural and social positioning of women, 114-140.
so that they are able to perform their duties
efficiently and without being viewed in lesser Ravindran Nair (Sep 1989). The Story of Women
terms. The discussions during the course brought Police in India, Social Welfare.
out the fact that women play an important
XXXVI - 6.
role in dealing with different kinds of crime and
law and order issues. It is therefore crucial to be Schulz, M. D. (2003). Women Police Chiefs: A
aware of their gender specific needs and their Statistical Profile. Police Quarterly 6, pp. 330-345.
role as professionals. There is a need for structural
modification in the police in the form of sexual Sherman, L. J. (1975). An evaluation of Policewomen
harassment committees, separate washrooms on Patrol in Suburban Police Department. Journal
and changing rooms, better equipment suited for of Police Science and Administration 3 , pp. 434-438.
women, paternity leave, and duty adjustments to Singh, O. R. (2005). Welfare Role of Women Police.
enhance their efficiencies. These structural reforms
The Indian Police Journal, 2 (4), 8-17.
along with gender awareness among fellow male
officers would provide better coordination within V, & Rao. (1975). Women Police in India, Police,
and among the police service. Gender equality Research & Development.
July-September 2020 | 51
Occupational Heat Exposure
of Female Police Personnel:
Its Implication of Climate
Change and Undermine Issue The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Arindam Dey1
Tanusree Mishra2
Subhashis Sahu3
Atanu Saha4
Abstract
Effect of excessive heat exposure of working personnel affects the working capacity in prolonged
physical activity and creates a number of physical imbalances like heat stress, heat syncope, heat stroke
etc. There is little information available on how the change in climate affects the exposed human
body. The impact of workplace heat exposure on behavioural and physiological activities and on the
working capacity of female police personnel is the target issue of this study. First, we recorded their
anthropometric parameters and then recorded perceived health problems via interviews of police
personnel by the General Climate Change Questionnaire for Female Police Personnel. From that study, it
might be concluded that female cops undergo through a heat-stressed environment throughout their
duty hours in hot and humid environments and feel more heat stressed. More than eighty-four percent
of the female cops experience stress during the work along with heat stress, whereas menstrual problem
also plays a key role in increasing stress and physical condition.
52 | July-September 2020
Occupational Heat Exposure of Female Police Personnel: It’s Implication of Climate Change and Undermine Issue
prolonged heat waves and gives more direct stress in police personnel in North India6. A study
heat exposure to the affected population. Police was conducted to evaluate the cardiovascular
personnel, who are continuously exposed to status of police officers, working in different
the hot environment, are prone to suffer in heat police stations in the Hooghly district of West
exposed illnesses, such as heat rashes, heat Bengal7. After analyzing data, they found that
cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat syncope or police officers suffer from more cardiovascular
heatstroke1. Female police personnel, who are risk factors than the general population. Since
exposed to prolonged heat, may develop some the occupation is a major determinant of health,
heat-related illness. The aim of this study is to traffic cops face multiple occupational hazards8.
The hazardous traffic fumes contain a variety of
investigate whether there is any critical issue
pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), carbon
which develops in them due to increased heat
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen
exposure caused by climate change.
dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone, etc.,
Review of Literature all of which can cause respiratory problems and
other systemic diseases including cancer9. Many
There were so many studies being performed on
studies in the past had been documented about
the occupational stress of traffic police personnel.
impaired respiratory function in traffic cops.
As thermal stress is an important factor, heat stress
Respiratory morbidity is higher among traffic cops
results in physiologic responses of increased
than in natural citizens10 .Traffic police personnel
temperature, increased heart rate and increased
are always exposed to traffic fumes, which causes
sweating2. Environmental temperature, humidity the highest risk of air pollution. Some works were
and solar radiation are factors contributing to heat previously done on the heat exposure of traffic
stress. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) police personnel, such as despite improvements
is an index of heat stress that incorporates these in traffic control measures, rapid industrialization
three factors3. This standard provides a simple and increasing traffic in developing countries have
convenient method, and uses the wet bulb globe and will continue to worsen outdoor temperature,
temperature (WBGT) heat stress index to assess noise, and air pollution exposures in environments.
hot environments4. A recent convenient study As a result, traffic-related environmental exposures
on occupational heat exposure on traffic police are alarmingly increasing concerns among the
was performed in Ahmedabad, Gujrat5 it found a public health research and policy community.
clear risk of heat stress for traffic police workers in Traffic police personnel face multiple occupational
June and July, particularly hotter times at traffic hazards since they are continuously and
junctions in Ahmedabad. An exploratory study simultaneously exposed to vehicular emissions,
was performed about sources of occupational 6 Singh S and Kar SK (2015): Sources of occupational stress in the
police personnel of North India: An exploratory study: Ind J Occup
1 Saha A, Sahu S, and Paul G (2008): Ergonomic Evaluation of Job Environ Med. Jan-Apr; 19(1): pp-56-60.
Stresses of Police Officers Working in Different Police Stations 7 Saha A, Sahu S and Paul G (2010): Study of Oxidative Stress
of Hooghly District of West Bengal: Journal of Environmental among Police Officers of West Bengal Police Services. Journal of
Physiology. 1(2): pp 67-78. Environmental Physiology. 3(1,2): pp 34-43.
2 Keim SM , Guisto JA , John B. Sullivan JB, (2002). Environmental 8 Patil RA, Chetlapally SK and Bagavandas M(2014): Global review
Thermal Stress, Ann Agric Environ Med 2002, 9, pp 1–15 of studies on traffic police with special focus on environmental
3 Gaffin SL, Moran DS (2001): Heat-related illnesses. In: Auerbach health effects. SRM University, Chennai, India. School of Public
PS (Ed): Wilderness medicine management of wilderness and Health, volume 4(27), pp 523-535.
environmental emergencies, pp 240-316. Mosby-Year Book. 9 Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Peacock JL, Marston L, Konstantinou
4 Ken Parsons (2006): Heat Stress Standard ISO 7243 and its Global K.(2004): Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies
Application, Industrial Health, 44, pp 368– 379 of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3): Report of a WHO task
5 Raval A, Dutta P, Tiwari A, Ganguli S, Satish L, Mavalankar D, Hess group. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
J (2018): Effects of Occupational Heat Exposure on Traffic Police 10 Maddur NK, Surendar KR, Sowmya J, Waghray P (2016). Respiratory
Workers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Indian J Occup Environ Med. effects of air pollutants among non-smoking traffic policemen: An
22(3): pp-144-151 analytical cross sectional study. IAIM, 2016; 3(5): pp 8-13
July-September 2020 | 53
The Indian Police Journal
noise from vehicle honking, and harsh weather Information was collected in details about the
conditions11. Multiple studies have concluded physical conditions of female cops, where almost
that traffic police are highly stressed. A number 80% of cops have their systolic blood pressure
of factors have been attributed to stress among below 120 mm/Hg and almost 65% having their
traffic police, namely inadequate rest periods, lack
diastolic blood pressure below 80mm/Hg. Almost
of communication with the family members, long
69% of subjects have their pulse below 72 beats/
duty hours, inadequate leave periods, heat stress
mins.
and climatic factors during the duty hours etc.
These studies have shown that there might be an From the Table 1, it has been suggested that the
effect of occupational heat exposure on female
female cops are suffering from following types of
police personnel. Studies on Police officers of
physical disorder during their duty. Among them,
West Bengal were performed to measure the level
maximum were affected by a headache and heavy
of oxidative stress and ergonomic stress between
them,12,13,14 (Saha A, Sahu S & Paul G et al. 2010), sweating.
(Saha et al. 2012), (Saha et al. 2014).
Table 1: Assessment of Climate change
Aims and Objectives questionnaire
The aim of this study is to know about the Table 1 Questionnaire Study
physiological effects of heat stress on the body SL No. % of Positive[Yes]response
of female traffic personnel with the implication of 1 80.77
climate change. 2 26.92
Materials and Methods 3 57.69
4 88.46
To study the impact of heat stress due to
5 19.23
increased temperature caused by the change
in climate because of global warming, we first
It has been summarized that the most vital
measured their anthropometrical parameters
physical ailments of the female cops are shown in
via anthropometric instruments and weighing
Figure 1.
machine. Then the subjects were interviewed by a
general climate change questionnaire for female Fig 1: Physical ailments felt by most female
police personnel. Assessment of blood pressure
traffic cops (in Percentage)
was performed by the use of Sphygmomanometer
and stethoscope. After collection of all data, data After observing the details of the physical ailments
were analyzed by the personal computer with IBM felt by the female traffic cops, it was important
SPSS V23 software. to check whether they feel heat stressed or not
Results and Discussion during their extreme exposure to the environment.
It was found that the maximum (84.62%) For this purpose, a stress dummy-variable was
percentage of subjects considered their job as created by adding the six different physical
moderate type, whereas it has been found that ailment variables. As the entire response variable
most (71%) of the female cops have to spend at is binary in nature (yes =1 and no =0), thus by
least twelve hours at the work area. calculating the sum of the response we obtain the
11 Afnan F Ibrahim, Alshebli A Ahmed, Ali I Salih (2015): Heat Stress aggregate of all the physical ailments experienced
among Traffic Police Officers at North Khartoum Locality, Sudan ,
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): by individual female traffic police. The variation of
pp 2319-7064, 4(3).
the variable stress dummy is shown in Table 2.
54 | July-September 2020
Occupational Heat Exposure of Female Police Personnel: It’s Implication of Climate Change and Undermine Issue
Table 2: Percentage distribution of the variable which implied most of the female cops at least
Stress Dummy: suffered from 3 types of physical problems during
their exposure to environmental.
Stress Dummy Percentage
1 3.85 It was also observed from the questionnaire that
2 11.54 more than 84% of the female cops experienced
3 26.92 stress during the work.
4 26.92
5 26.92 A proper statistical method was used to analyze
6 3.85 and to find the significance of those observed
Total 100 values. The association was checked off the
various controls that were chosen for analysis
In Table 2, the percentage of the response was with the dependent binary variable ‘HEATSTRESS_
maximum when the sum was greater than 2, FEMALECOP’.
Table 3: Association between Body Mass Index and Heat stressed of Female Cops.
It was concluded from Table 3 that, the association rate caused a moderate change in heat induced
between BMI and heat-stress of female cops was stress effects.
very high, so it might be concluded that there
was a relationship of BMI with the heat-stress of Table 5: Association between Breaks in Hours
female cops, such as an increased in BMI caused and Heat stress of Female Cops.
more heat-stress to female cops, whereas less BMI
HEAT BREAKS(HR.) Total
caused less effect.
STRESS 0.5 1 2
Table 4: Association between Heart rate and OF FEMALE
Heat stress of Female Cops COPS
No 0 4% 13% 17%
HEAT STRESS Heart rate Class Total Yes 26% 4% 53% 83%
OF FEMALE Below 72 Above Total 26% 8% 66% 100%
COPS 72 72 Cramér’s V = 0.3498 (Moderate association)
No 12% 4% 0 16%
Yes 56% 4% 24% 84% From Table 5 it was concluded that, the association
Total 68% 8% 24% 100% between break hours and heat-stress of female
Cramér’s V = 0.3404 (Moderate association) cops was moderate, so it might be concluded that
It was found from Table 4, as the association there was a relationship of breaking periods with
between heart rate and heat-stress of female the heat-stress of female cops, such as increased
cops was moderate, so it might be concluded that in time of breaks or break-period caused less heat-
there was little change in heart rate with the heat- stress on female cops, whereas less break time
stress of female cops, such as an increased heart caused more effect on heat stress.
July-September 2020 | 55
The Indian Police Journal
Table 6: Association between Systolic blood It was concluded from Table 8 that, the association
pressure and Heat stress of Female Cops. between working hours and heat-stress of female
cops was moderate, so it might be concluded that
HEAT STRESS Systolic Pressure
Below 120 Above Total there was a relationship of working periods with
OF FEMALE
120 120 the heat-stress of female cops, such as decreased
COPS
No 16% 0 0 26% in time of work or work-period caused less heat-
Yes 68% 8% 8% 84% stress to female cops, whereas an increased in
Total 84% 8% 8% 100% working time caused more heat stress.
Cramér’s V = 0.1905 (Very weak association)
From the study, it was also found that during
It was found from the Table 6 that, the association their menstrual period, their duty became more
between systolic blood pressure and heat-stress stressful as they could not get a sufficient place
of female cops was very weak, so it might be to change their sanitary pads, which made them
concluded that there was almost no relationship more stressed during duty hours. Also, because
of systolic blood pressure with the heat-stress of of this problem, many of them faced rashes and
female cops. So, change in systolic blood pressure other infective diseases spreading among them.
might not affect the feeling of heat stress of
female cops. Recommendation12,13,15: - From this study can be
seen that female cops face more problems during
Table 7: Association between Diastolic blood hot environments and climate and most exposure
Pressure and Heat stress of Female Cops. in the open environment, it can be recommended
that-
HEAT STRESS Diastolic blood Pressure Total
OF FEMALE Below 80 Above Sufficient amount of drinking water or electrolytes
COPS 80 80
should provide during the duty hours.
No 8% 8% 0 16%
Yes 56% 20% 8% 84% They should use a shed or equipment like umbrella
Total 64% 28% 8% 100%
to protect themselves from the direct exposure to
Cramér’s V = 0.2324 (Weak association)
the sunlight.
From Table 7, it was found that , the association
Duty hours should be in rotating shifts, or the
between diastolic blood pressure and heat-stress
break periods might be broken down in two or
of female cops was weak, so it might be concluded
three small breaks.
that there was a very little chance of change in
heat-stress of female cops as in a change in a Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are
diastolic blood pressure. So, there may be a very recommended for good digestion.
little or almost no change in feeling of heat-stress
with the change in diastolic pressure. Conclusion
It was concluded from the study that, female
Table 8: Association between Working times
cops go through a heat-stressed environment
(Hr.) and Heat stress of Female Cops.
throughout their duty hours in hot and humid
HEAT WORKING TIME(HR.) Total environments and feel more heat stressed than
STRESS 7 8 10 12 other civilians because some of those who had a
OF FEMALE
COPS 12 Saha A, Sahu S, and Paul G (2010): Evaluation of Cardio-vascular
No 0 0 0 17% 17% risk factor in Police Officers: International Journal of Pharma and
Yes 9% 4% 17% 53% 83% Bio Sciences 2010:1 (4) pp B-271 ref.32
Total 9% 4% 17% 70% 100% 13 Saha A, Sahu S and Paul G (2012): An Ergonomic Questionnaire
study on the Job Stresses of Police officers. Indian Police Journal.
Cramér’s V = 0.3035 (Moderate association) Published by Home Ministry Govt. of India. LXI(3): PP-70-81.
56 | July-September 2020
Occupational Heat Exposure of Female Police Personnel: It’s Implication of Climate Change and Undermine Issue
July-September 2020 | 57
Integrated Traffic Fine
Management System
–Implementation in
Bidhannagar, Kolkata and The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
Review www.bprd.gov.in
Abstract
The system of penalising traffic offenders is an important aspect in traffic management. Often it is an
avenue of corruption which mars the image of the police. The Integrated Traffic Fine Management
System (ITFMS) is an Information Technology (IT) based initiative which revamps the entire traffic penalty
structure. ITFMS in Bidhanangar City Police has brought transparency and efficiency in enforcing traffic
discipline. The people have found the system fair and accountable. The payment of fine using the system
is done instantly which saves time. The percentage of realisation to that of fine imposed has increased
substantially. The induction of this technology has been cost effective. The devices are provided by the
bank and the software is developed by State e-governance Mission Team (SeMT). However, the devices
used are not free from glitches and errors. There are maintenance issues which require a dedicate team
of experts. The data generated is hosted at the state data centre which ensures its safety and privacy.
KEY WORDS
Integrated Traffic Fine Management System (ITFMS), Information Technology (IT), Bidhannagar City
Police, transparency, efficiency, effectiveness, metropolitan, Point of Sale device, Payment Gateway,
State e-Governance Mission Team (SeMT), State Data Centre, Challan, SMS, Debit/ Credit card, Video
analytics.
Author’s Intro:
* Deputy Inspector General (Border), Intelligence Branch West Bengal; posted earlier as DCP (HQ), Bidhannagar, West Bengal.
NSCBI- NetajiSubash Chandra Bose International Airport.
58 | July-September 2020
Integrated Traffic Fine Management System –Implementation in Bidhannagar, Kolkata and Review
in service sector. They expect the metropolitan system immediately alerts the driver by SMS when
police to be a modern and efficient organisation. the fine is paid and the device generates a receipt
The Information and Communication Technology after the fine is paid.
(ICT) has a remarkable effect in bringing these
The system is integrated to the ‘Vaahan’ database
qualities in an organisation. The idea is to bring
of State transport department. It helps in
efficiency, effectiveness and transparency by
infusing technology in the process. The Integrated identifying the vehicle and its owner in citation
Traffic Fine Management System (ITFMS) is an IT cases.
application to digitise the system of imposing 1.2 Data Generation and its Analysis:
penalties/fines for traffic violations. It makes the
The data collected through the system is stored
imposition and collection of fine transparent and
in a centralized server. The data base provides
eradicates corruption.
for offense, location and month wise analysis of
Before the implementation of ITFMS, the traffic the traffic violations. The Geo Positioning System
police officers used to seize the offender’s driving helps in monitoring the locations of traffic officers
licence and issue challan to them. The drivers detailed for duty. It also helps in making a real
would then deposit the fine in a bank account time analysis of the vulnerable spots of violations
under relevant head or pay the fine online. The which could lead to accidents. As the details of
drivers would get their driver licenses from the the drivers and vehicles are uploaded it is easy to
traffic officers of concerned traffic guard/ office on identify repeat offenders. If the project is scaled
showing the receipts of payments made by them. up and implemented in the entire state, it would
The drivers felt harassed by the effort and the time be easy to identify repeated traffic offenders in
involved in this process. In this system since the the state. It generates information which could
payment is on the spot, there is no need to seize be valuable in crime investigation. The security of
the drivers’ licences. In addition to making the the data base is a concern which is addressed by
process of prosecution of traffic violation simpler, hosting the data in the state data centre.
ITFMS records all transactions and creates data
The data of ITFMS is stored in the State Data Centre
base for reference.
of government of West Bengal. The Department of
1.1 The Device and its functioning: IT and Electronics, takes care of the security of the
It involves a Point of Sale (POS) device connected data in the state data centre and gets it audited
via internet for generating challan through a regularly. Thus the expenses on hosting and
mobile application. The device is issued to a traffic protecting the data are saved.
police officer who logs into it with his name, GPF The implementation of the fully integrated online
number and password. While issuing a challan, traffic fine management system enables faster
the officer enters the particulars of the offending ‘challan’ generation, real time system update of
driver such as the driver’s name, address, phone database, SMS notification to the offender and
number and email address, the nature of offence, analytics to plan and manage traffic.
relevant section of law and the amount of fine is
selected from the drop box. The device has a high 2.Key Components of ITFMS
resolution camera to take pictures of the vehicle The following is the list of key components of the
and the documents produced by the driver before ITFMS with a brief description of their features and
the prosecuting officer. The device also has a functions.
feature that enables an offender to make payment
instantly by Credit/ Debit card as the system is 2.1 Integrated Point of Sale Device:
integrated with an online Payment Gateway. The a. Connected all the time to the centralised
July-September 2020 | 59
The Indian Police Journal
b. Device has 4G internet speed facility for fast 2.4 Payment gateway:
access; Web based Online Payment facility to citizens
through Payment Gateway facility;
c. Device supports Dual SIM with dual IMEI
Number. Two SIMs from different Service 2.5 Centralised Database at State Data
providers can be used with one as backup; Centre:
d. Android based device - easy to handle; a. Centralised database for all Police Authorities
at State Data Centre,
e. Camera for capturing images for each
transaction; b. Real time update of entire data from POS
device / online system to centralised database
f. Debit / Credit Card based payment facility for is available.
collection of On-the-spot fine;
2.6 SMS Notification to offenders:
g. Printing facility for Traffic Fine challan is Real time SMS based notification with Challan
available. details on Mobile number of the Offender;
2.2 Mobile Application Software: Web based download/printout of the Challan for
a. Version controlled Installation on the records purpose.
Integrated POS device;
2.7 Secured Access to device by Traffic
b. Integrated with State Vehicle Database of Guard Officers:
Road Transport Office (‘Vahaan’ database of Single device for each individual Traffic Guard
the state of West Bengal) for fetching details officer:
of the vehicle involved;
Access to device secured through Linking of
c. Exhaustive List of Traffic Violations under State device with individual officer ID;
Rules and Central Act;
Login Password based access to device.
d. In-built Matrix of Fines / Penalties against
each Violation; 2.8 Image capturing facility:
There is a high end built-in camera for capturing
e. Auto calculation of Fine /Penalty amount.
every transaction image;
2.3 Types of Challans:
Image linked to each transaction stored in
On the Spot payment of fine, centralised database.
Seizure of documents not required due to
recording and data capturing facility,
60 | July-September 2020
Integrated Traffic Fine Management System –Implementation in Bidhannagar, Kolkata and Review
3. Encrypted
2.9 INTEGRATED
data: TRAFFIC FINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM1
All data generated through POS device / online system is encrypted and secured before storage in
3.1 THE DEVICE
centralised database server.
Figure 11
Figure
ITFMS is an IT application installed on a hand held device. It is simple to use. A traffic
officer can select the details required for traffic prosecution directly from the drop down boxes.
July-September 2020 | 61
There is inbuilt list of offence and corresponding fines as per the Motor Vehicle Act and rules. The
offender can make a spot payment by using credit/ debit card which works also as a Point of Sale
The Indian Police Journal
Figure 2
The device has login features using password. data base of West Bengal ‘Vaahan’ of the state’s
Every officer has to provide his name and GPF transport department. The images of the vehicle
details to login into the device. This ensures and documents can be captured with a camera of
accountability of officers and prevents misuse the device for documentation. The officer has to
of the device. The officer can select details of select the relevant offences from the drop down
jurisdiction such as traffic guard, traffic beat and box which is applicable to a violation case. The
location. The vehicles and drivers’ details are offence is registered in the database.
entered and are checked against the integrated
62 | July-September 2020
Integrated Traffic Fine Management System –Implementation in Bidhannagar, Kolkata and Review
Figure 3
The device anticipates two situations. First, when generated having details such as nature and place
the driver is carrying a Credit/ Debit card and of offence and the fine. The receipt is sent to the
willing to pay the fine with it and second, when offender through an SMS to his mobile phone. In
he is not carrying a Credit/ Debit card and agrees both the cases i.e. on spot payment and remote
to pay the fine online or at a designated bank. option payment, the offender is notified about fine
The device is used as a Point of Sale machine and paid and pending payment of fine respectively.
the payment of fine is done instantly. A receipt is
Figure 5
The Citation cases increase the efficacy of the The system helps in indicating the citation cases
traffic penalty system. An officer observes the done through fixed cameras called the Red Light
traffic violation on CCTV or directly on the spot, Violation Detection (RLVD) cameras at traffic
notes down the vehicle number and fetches the signals. The details of challan and the offence can
details including ownership details from a data also be seen as evident from the figure above. The
base. The West Bengal VAAHAN is the data base system has the facility to convert the unpaid fine
of the state’s road transport department which is cases to court cases.
integrated with the ITFMS. The details of offence
3.3 gps location of the device and
and fine are notified to the owner’s mobile phone
suspension of driving license
obtained from the data base. The status of such
pending e – challans is monitored on the dash
board.
Figure 6
64 | July-September 2020
Integrated Traffic Fine Management System –Implementation in Bidhannagar, Kolkata and Review
Figure 8
ii) The Mobile App is developed by in-house team of IT and Electronics department of Government of
West Bengal. The App is provided to Bidhannagar City Police without any cost.
iii) The cost of SMS about the transaction sent to the offender is borne by the Police Authorities.
July-September 2020 | 65
The Indian Police Journal
Table 1
Table 2
The above tables indicate that the amount of fine realised is higher in case of e- challan through ITFMS.
Higher fine realisation is indicative of efficiency of the ITFMS.
66 | July-September 2020
Integrated Traffic Fine Management System –Implementation in Bidhannagar, Kolkata and Review
The following are the benefits listed Also the online payment does not work sometimes,
but such instances are rare. In such a situation
To the government the offender has to deposit the fine to the banks
a. Minimal errors in levy of fines; which means reverting to the old system which is
time consuming.
b. Real time update of data in centralised server
minimising chances of loss of data; the offenses to be charged are to be selected
c. Reduced scope of malpractices; from the drop box. If a wrong offense is selected
d. Real time payment to government exchequer from the list and confirmed, then there is no way
through digital channel. to rectify it. In the manual system, the field officer
used to write the relevant penal sections and
e. Reduced expenses in maintaining the records.
the offense. As the offense need to be selected
To the citizens in a machine, there is possibility of choosing the
wrong section of law which makes the legal action
f. Real time notifications void. Such instances occur due to sun glare on the
g. Zero travel for payment of fines; machine during the day or due to clumsiness on
h. All transactions recorded by the device the part of the officer issuing ‘challan’.
reducing indiscretion of the field officers; 7.2 Challenges
i. The licenses are not seized pending payment The traffic police men should overcome their
of fine. aversion to use of technology and adopt to
To the police change. They must be trained intensively and
motivated to use the devices regularly.
j. Reduced manual effort of writing and
recording traffic fine; At present the banks have provided the machines
and the e governance team of IT department is
k. The device is portable and easy to use;
overseeing the ITFMS. A dedicated allocation of
l. The summary and sum total of fines imposed government fund is required to procure, maintain
readily available; and upgrade the devices and the system. There
m. It saves time and manpower; should be a dedicated team of software personnel
n. The dashboard data helps in tracking repeated to run the system and to handle the technical
July-September 2020 | 67
The Indian Police Journal
68 | July-September 2020
Examination of the Scanned and Printed
Documents with the Help of their Digital
Images Uploaded on the Recruitment
Portal: - Illustration through Forensic
Examination of Recruitment Scam Cases The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Pranay Bhardwaj1
Mahesh Chandra Joshi2
Amit Koul3
Abstract:
Nowadays various recruitment agencies are adopting an online recruitment process for employment of
staff for various posts in order to maintain an equilibrium between need and demand. In this process
candidates are asked to upload their signatures, writings, photos, etc. on the website/recruitment portal
of the recruitment agencies and thereafter the recruitment process in respect of candidates commences.
Whenever there is a doubt of impersonation, the various agencies forward signatures/writings for
identification of the person actually appeared in the examination to forensic laboratories. In most of the
cases scanned and printed signatures on some relevant recruitment documents could not be opined
conclusively due to their poor quality and unusual dimensions which might be due to uploading of
the signatures in a limited area of interest in the requisite place of the online application forms, etc.
This hinders the process of examination of the same. In the present research work, the experts not only
establish the identity of hard copy signatures with their digital image stored in CD/DVDs, etc. provided
by the recruitment/investigating agencies but also examine the same regarding their authorship or
otherwise.
Keywords:
Superimposition, Reproductions, Exemplars, Impersonation, Transparencies, VSC-8000.
Author’s Intro:
1 Corresponding Author-Scientist-B (Documents), Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Shimla Unit, Railway Board Building, The Mall, Shimla,
HP-171003, India Tel: +91 8218099620,
2 Dy. Director & Scientist-D (Documents), Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Shimla Unit, India
3 Forensic professional, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Shimla Unit, India
July-September 2020 | 69
The Indian Police Journal
size and dimensions directed by the recruitment 1. What type of printing technology is involved
agencies on their online recruitment portal. in the reproduction documents?
After that, the process of scrutiny of documents
2. Whether these print-outs are legible
is initiated and selected candidates are called
enough in order to study the various writing
for a written examination/interview, etc. At the
characteristics/attributes essential for
time of examination candidates appear and put
handwriting examination and comparison?
his/her signatures physically on the attendance
sheet or other documents which are examined by 3. Whether their overall as well as relative size is
the invigilators at that point in time. Sometimes in accordance with other original signatures
question arises whether the real person appeared (Questioned /Standards) in all dimensions?
for examination or not and if there is any doubt
Generally, the printouts supplied for comparison
regarding his/her candidature, the documents
are the production of scanning and printing
submitted by the candidates at various stages of
technology. Laser or inkjet printers2 are mostly
recruitment process are forwarded for forensic
used for the above mentioned purpose.
document examination.
If a laser printer is used by the recruitment agencies,
All the signatures can be examined and opined
the signature thus produced when examined
except the poor quality reproduction signatures
under magnification shows deterioration in
on the printout of online application form,
the line quality as the toner generally is unable
etc. submitted by the agencies for forensic
to produce a high quality image due to its
examination, the reproduction copy documents
limitation of printing scanned signature also the
are the product of scanned and printed process1.
customized settings (Dpi, quality, etc.) of the
Which, when examined microscopically shows
printer and scanner used also acts as a catalyst
an image of poor line quality as well as unusual in such deterioration. If an Ink Jet printer is used
compression or stretching in the actual size (which by the recruitment agencies, the signatures thus
might be due to uploading of the signatures in a produced when examined under magnification
limited area of interest in the requisite place in the shows deterioration in the line quality as the ink
online application forms, etc.), due to this all the droplets coming out of the nozzles spread on
writing characteristics/ attributes could not be the paper randomly and produce an image of
established and experts are not in a position to poor quality from the forensic examination point
express conclusive opinion on such signatures. In of view. In both the above mentioned cases, the
this present work, the authors have specified the forensic document expert is unable to study the
ways to opine on such type of signatures as well as various writing characteristics/attributes3 essential
different problems associated with them. for handwriting examination and comparison.
In order to solve such type of cases and express
Methodology:
a conclusive opinion, the soft copies of the
The documents which are submitted for signatures uploaded on the server of recruitment
examination should be carefully and thoroughly agencies by the candidates play a significant role.
examined. Signatures/writings on online The document expert in such conditions may ask
application form whose print out are generally for the soft copies of the signatures uploaded on
supplied by the forwarding authority is analyzed 2 David Ellen, (2005). The Scientific Examination of Documents,
in the light of following points. Methods and techniques, Third edition, New York, CRC Press.
1 Jan Seaman Kelly & Brian. S Lindblom, (2006). The Scientific 3 Wilson, R. Harrison, (1981). Suspect Documents, their scientific
Examination of Questioned Documents, Second Edition, New Examination Chicago, Nelson-Hall.
York, CRC Press.
70 | July-September 2020
Examination of the Scanned and Printed Documents with the Help of Their Digital Images....
July-September 2020 | 71
The Indian Police Journal
72 | July-September 2020
Examination of the Scanned and Printed Documents with the Help of Their Digital Images....
July-September 2020 | 73
The Indian Police Journal
Modern Theory of
Punishment –
An Analytical Study
The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
Dr. Caesar Roy* www.bprd.gov.in
Abstract
The object of criminal justice system is to protect the society against criminals by punishing them
under the existing penal law. The principal object of punishment is the prevention of offences. To inflict
punishment, different methods have been adopted in different countries at different times. The early
law givers gave their variant opinions on the need of punishment to check criminal behaviour against
the society. State should aim to protect society and reclaim the criminals by taking measures to prevent
people from committing crimes. The various theories of punishment are - Deterrent theory, Retributive
theory, Preventive theory, Reformative theory and Expiatory theory. It is the settled principle that a
person is considered innocent until proved guilty. The nature of proof requires that the evidence must
prove beyond reasonable doubt the guilty of the person accused of various offences. The method of
proof is through conduct of trial before a competent court. Once the court comes to a conclusion based
on evaluation of the evidence admitted before the court, that the accusations are proved against the
accused, then the court has to necessarily decide on the quantum of punishment to be awarded to the
accused. In a criminal trial, the learned Judge has to consider the different theories of punishment while
awarding the most appropriate punishment keeping in mind the various theories of punishment, he has
to choose the exact punishment which is called for in the particular facts and circumstances of each case.
At the time of imposing punishment, the learned Judge should consider two important factors which
would shape the most appropriate punishment – (a) aggravating factors and (b) mitigating factors.
The aggravating factors and mitigating factors have to be seriously assessed and properly balanced for
fixing the appropriate punishment. These factors are generally considered by the learned Judge at the
time of imposing punishment as these are the very important and vital variables. The punishment will
be severe if the aggravating factors of a case are more and the punishment will be less or smaller when
the mitigating factors of the case are less.
Author’s Intro:
* Assistant Professor of Law, Surendranath Law College, Kolkata
74 | July-September 2020
Modern Theory of Punishment – An Analytical Study
The paramount purpose of punishment is social inflict punishment, different methods have been
control; grave suspicion arises, whether crime can adopted in different countries at different times. In
be controlled by inflicting the punishment only. ancient times the methods were generally severe
Punishment must be severe enough to act as a all over the world and India was no exception to
deterrent but not too severe to be brutal. Similarly this. The usual forms of punishment employed
punishments should be moderate enough to were hanging, beheading, mutilation, impaling,
be human but cannot be too moderate to be throwing the convict to elephants or other
ineffective.1 ferocious beasts kept for this special purpose,
or some other severe punishment regarded as
Meaning and object of Punishment
appropriate to the offence.5 For administration
The word punishment derives its origin from the of criminal justice, punishment plays a very vital
Greek root “Pu” meaning to cleanse. In the same role. In fact, the concept of punishment has been
way Sanskrit term “Dam” means to check or to a significant part of legal discourse in every legal
restrain and the term Danda means a stick, staff theory.
or rod; a symbol of authority and punishment.
It has been justly remarked that it is needed as Punishment in ancient time in India
retribution, restraint and reformation.2 The early
According to P.V. Kane ancient Smriti writers
law givers gave their variant opinions on the
were quite aware of the several purposes served
need of punishment to check criminal behaviour
by punishment for crimes, though they do not
against society.
develop a regular science of penology. The
A ‘crime’ according to Salmond, is an act deemed person wronged feels a great urge for revenge
by law to be harmful for society as a whole or retaliation and other men sympathize with
although its immediate victim may be individual. that emotion. The individual, however could not,
Murder injures primarily the particular victim, in civilized societies, take the law into his own
but its blatant disregard of human life puts it hands and therefore, the state saw to it that the
beyond a matter of mere compensation between emotion for relation or revenge was to some
the murderer and the victim’s family.3 Those degree satisfied by the adequate punishment
who commit such acts are proceeded against of the wrongdoer.6 In ancient India danda was
by the state in order that, if convicted they may considered to be a crucial constituent of legal and
be punished.4 It is therefore, evident that the social system. Manu realized that maintenance
object of criminal justice is to protect society of law and order would not be possible without
against criminals by punishing them under the an effective force behind it. According to Manu
existing penal law. Thus punishment can be the essential characteristics of law is danda. It
used as a method of reducing the incidence was significant punishment meant for violating
of criminal behaviour either by deterring the various laws of society. These laws were framed
potential offenders or by incapacitating and and established by the ruling classes and on
preventing them from repeating the offence or many points followed the principles of varna or
by reforming them into law-abiding citizens. To class legislation. The ultimate sanction behind the
1 Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, Government exercise of the State Authority lay in the power of
of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (March 2003). Report, at 169. the sword which depended on the power of king.
Retrieved September 23, 2019 from http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/
upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/criminal_justice_system.pdf
2 Das, Sukla (1977). Crime and Punishment in Ancient India (p. 57). According to Manu the king should impose
New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 5 Banerjee, Dr.Tapas Kumar (1990). Background to Indian Criminal
3 Fitzgerald, P.J. (2000). Salmond on Jurisprudence (p. 92). Bombay: Law (p. 297). Kolkata: R. Cambray & Co. Pvt. Ltd.
N.M. Tripathi Pvt. Ltd. 6 Chakraborti, Dr. N.K. (2002). Principles of Legislation & Legislative
4 Ibid. Drafting (p. 295). Kolkata: R. Cambray & Co. Pvt. Ltd.
July-September 2020 | 75
The Indian Police Journal
just and proper punishment on those who act According to Narada wicked people should be
unjustly, having due regard to the time, the place punished by the king. As fire is not polluted by
and circumstances under which the offence was burning, soaking is not polluted by inflicting
committed, knowledge of law or understanding or punishment on deserving criminals.15 Katyana
education of the offender.7 Punishment properly holds the view that the king is the protector of
inflicted after due consideration, makes all people the helpless, home of the homeless, son of the
happy. It is inflicted without due consideration, it sonless and father of the fatherless person. Thus
destroys everything.8 If the king fails to punish all it is the duty to protect the people from the evil
those who deserve to be punished, the stronger doers and to restrain the delinquent by inflicting
would roast weaker and as a result, the weaker punishment commensurate with the wrong done.
section of society would suffer.9 Brihaspati clearly pointed out that when the
safety of many could be ensured by destroying a
Manu further opines that an individual is kept
single offender; his execution was productive of
under control by the fear of punishment. There is
religious merit.16 Kamandaka repeated the ideas
hardly any man in this world who is guiltless. It is
of Manu and Katyana when he said that danda
only through the fear of punishment, the people
yield to the rule of law.10 If the king fails in his should neither be too severe nor too mild but be
duty to use the power of the state to punish the just in accordance with the offences committed,
guilty, individuals with evil propensities would the Nolamata Purana echoed the same idea that
cross all barriers of law and cause injury to others punishment should be inflicted upon the culprits
and as a result, the people at large would suffer.11 in accordance with the gravity of crimes.17
But in a place where the punishment is imposed Different theories of Punishment
on the sinners, the people will have peace and
The principal object of punishment is the
happiness.12
prevention of offences. Punishment is inflicted
But the power to punish must be used in a proper as a method of protecting society by reducing
manner after due consideration. The king who the occurrence of criminal behavior. It is the
is well versed in Trivarga Siddantha (Dharma, recognized function of all civilized states that
Artha and Karma) and who is wise alone can be criminals or offenders be punished. State should
a proper inflictor of punishment.13 The power of aim to protect the society and reclaim the
punishment cannot be exercised by persons who criminals by taking measures to prevent people
are not well experienced and knowledgeable. It from committing crimes. The various theories of
can be imposed only by those who know Dharma punishment are as follows –
fully. Any improper use of power of punishment is
sure to destroy the king (State) himself.14 1) Deterrent theory
2) Retributive theory
Repeating the idea of Manu, Yajnavalkya remarks 3) Preventive theory
that danda rules over all people, it protects 4) Reformative theory
them and remains awake when the guardians 5) Expiatory theory
of law are asleep and it is regarded as dharma.
7 Manusmriti VII-16 1. Deterrent theory
8 Manusmriti VII-19
9 Manusmriti VII-20 According to this theory, punishment should
10 Manusmriti VII-22 be inflicted in such a manner that it should
11 Manusmriti VII-24 15 Das, Sukla (1977). Crime and Punishment in Ancient India (p. 56).
12 Manusmriti VII-25 New Delhi: Abhinav Publications
13 Manusmriti VII-26 16 Ibid.
14 Manusmriti VII-28 17 Ibid.
76 | July-September 2020
Modern Theory of Punishment – An Analytical Study
deter or prevent not only the offender himself Reform the criminal and not punish him is the
but also others. So the object of this theory main object of this theory.
is not only to prevent the wrongdoer from
5. Expiatory theory
doing a wrong a second time but also to make
him an example to other persons who have According to this theory if the offender expiates
criminal tendencies.18 or repents for the commission of crime or
misdeeds then he deserves to be forgiven
2. Retributive theory
and let off. Here expatiation or repentance is
According to this theory, the offender should treated as equivalent to punishment.
be made to suffer in proportion to the injury
Various Jurists on Punishment
caused to the victim. In primitive society,
punishment was mainly retributive. The According to Jeremy Bentham, punishment is
victim was allowed to take revenge against evil in the form of remedy which operates by
a wrongdoer. The principle of ‘eye for an eye,’ fear.19 Bentham believed Punishment to be the
‘a tooth for a tooth,’ ‘a nail for a nail,’ was the chief end of the General Prevention. His opinion
basis of criminal administration. The theory, on Punishment is “All punishment is mischief; all
therefore, underlined the idea of vengeance punishment in itself is evil”. If we could consider
or revenge. an offence which has been committed as an
isolated fact, the like of which would never recur,
3. Preventive theory punishment would be useless. It would only be only
adding one evil to another. But when we consider
This theory is based on the proposition ‘not to
that an unpunished crime leaves the path of crime
avenge crime but to prevent it.’ The preventive
open, not only to the same delinquent but also
theory seeks to prevent the recurrence of
to all those who may have the same motives and
crime by incapacitating the offenders. It
opportunities for entering upon it, we perceive that
suggests that prisonisation is the best mode
punishment inflicted on the individual becomes a
of crime prevention as it seeks to eliminate
source of security for all. That punishment which
offenders from society thus disabling them
considered in itself appeared base and repugnant
from repeating crime.
to all generous sentiments is elevated to the first
4. Reformative theory rank of benefits when it is regarded not as an act of
wrath or vengeance against a guilty or unfortunate
According to this theory, the object of
individual who has given way to mischievous
punishment is to reform criminals as to
inclinations, but as an indispensable sacrifice to the
prevent him from committing the further
common safety. Bentham further said that if the
crime. This theory seeks to bring about a
evil of punishment exceeds the evil of the offence,
change in the attitude of the offender so as
the punishment will be unprofitable; he will have
to rehabilitate him as law abiding member
purchased exemption from one evil at the expense
of society. Reformatory theory condemns all
of another. According to Jeremy Bentham, the
kinds of corporal punishments. The modern
main object of punishment is to produce pleasure
criminal jurisprudence has emphasized
and prevent pain. Strictly speaking, punishment
that no one is a born criminal. Man turns
is in itself a pain. As suggested by Bentham, pain
into a criminal by force of circumstance like
and pleasure are the great springs of human
abject poverty and other circumstantial and
action. When a man perceives or supposes pain
environmental conditions and not by choice.
19 Bentham, Jeremy (1995). The Theory of Legislation (p. 167).
18 Mahajan, V.D. (2001). Jurisprudence & Legal Theory (pp. 136-137). Bombay: N.M. Tripathi Pvt. Ltd.
Lucknow: Eastern Book Company
July-September 2020 | 77
The Indian Police Journal
to be the consequences of an act he is acted on not obey the commands of the sovereign. Simply
in such manner as tends with a certain force to ‘sanction’ means punishment. So according to
withdraw him as it were from the commission of Austin, the command of the sovereign can only
that act. If the apparent magnitude be greater be obeyed if it is supported by punishment or dire
than the magnitude of the pleasure expected he consequence if the above stated command is not
will be absolutely prevented from performing it. being followed.
Bentham is considered to be the father of deterrent
theory. Fundamentally, pleasure and pain are H.L.A. Hart also suggested the concept of
considered to be the basic premises of this theory. punishment. His nine essay on “Punishment and
If people are deterred by punishment from doing Responsibility” is the pioneer in this topic, and
things which may produce more pain, then the was published in the year 1968. Many important
punishment is quite justified. If not, there is no aspects on punishment are discussed here. In
scope of punishments or retribution for its own this publication he propounded that the general
deeds. This theory also calculates how much of justifying aim of punishment is utilitarian which
punishment would be adequate. It is that amount is protection of society from the harm caused by
whose pain is measured by the pains of the actions crime but justice requires that the application of
it deters. According to Bentham, punishment when punishment should be restricted to only those
inflicted should not be more aggravating than the who have voluntarily broken the law.21 He defends
crime committed by the wrong doer. The ‘pleasure’ punishment as a system designed to reduce
should exceed the ‘pain,’ otherwise the object of wrongdoing but at the same time to respect
punishment would be frustrated. freedom, specially freedom to choose in the light
of the legal consequences.
Retributive theory is based on the assumption
that causing pain to the offender or making The Retribution is the oldest and perhaps
them face other unpleasant consequences is most instinctive attitude towards a wrongdoer.
right and proper. According to George Hegel, the According to it, the wrongdoer deserves
great German Philosopher, punishment ‘annuls’ punishment in order to ‘pay’ for his crime. In
the crime. It aims at restoring the social balance theory of punishment, Bentham suggested that
disturbed by the offender. The offender should the punishment should go with the crime. Various
receive as much pain and suffering as inflicted by analytical jurists have faith in the sovereign; they
him on his victim to assuage the angry sentiments have different opinions on punishment. Hart and
of the victim and the community.20 George Hegel Kant are the supporters of retribution, Bentham
and Immanuel Kant criticized the utilitarian theory believed in rehabilitation whereas Austin is the
and supported the retributive theory which states supporter of administration of sanctions in order
that punishment is not means to be an end but to obey the command of the sovereign.
end in itself.
Punishment under Indian Penal Code &
The terms, ‘command’ and ‘sanction’ used by Criminal Procedure Code
the John Austin, have important bearing upon
Sections 53 to 75 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in
the corporal punishment. According to Austin,
short IPC) describe the general provisions relating
‘command’ is the wish or desire of the sovereign
to punishment for different offences. Chapter III of
authority that the subjects shall do or refrain from
the IPC titled ‘Of Punishments’ contains sections 53
doing a particular act, otherwise some evil will
to 60 dealing with different types of punishments
be inflicted. Whereas ‘sanction’ is the contingent
including death sentence, life imprisonment and
evil which will be inflicted on a person who does
imprisonment for certain periods, whether the
20 Qadri, S.M.A (2009). Criminoilogy and Penology (p. 129). Lucknow:
Eastern Book Company 21 Ibid, p.136
78 | July-September 2020
Modern Theory of Punishment – An Analytical Study
sentence should be served as rigorous or simple the accusations are proved against the accused,
imprisonment and so on. Provisions relating then the court has to necessarily decide on the
to impositions of fines including provisions for quantum of punishment to be awarded to the
alternative sentences, if the fines are not paid, accused.
are mentioned in sections 63 to 70 of IPC, nature
of punishment for offences made up of several Sentencing aspects that are relevant to
offences is provided for in sections 71 and 72. consideration by courts are more or less laid
Solitary confinement as punishment and limits of down by courts all over the world except where
its imposition are incorporated in sections 73 and the statute provides a minimum mandatory
74. Section 75 provides for enhanced punishment sentence. Factors that influence sentencing
for certain offences for repeat offenders. process have been clearly settled by a series of
court pronouncements. For imposing substantial
A sentence of imprisonment in default, as per punishment many aspects are taken into account.
section 30 Cr.P.C., should not be in excess of Similarly for reducing the quantum, factors which
power u/s 29 Cr.P.C. and should not exceed 1/4th mitigate are also taken into account. Therefore
of the term of imprisonment which the magistrate in the sentencing process both these factors are
is empowered to inflict. However, it may be in taken together.22
addition to substantive sentence of imprisonment
for the maximum term awarded by the Magistrate In a criminal trial, the learned Judge has to
u/s 29. In case of conviction of several offences at consider the different theories of punishment
one trial, as per section 31 Cr.P.C., the court may while awarding the most appropriate punishment
pass separate sentences, subject to the provisions keeping in mind the various theories of
of section 71 of the I.P.C. The aggregate punishment punishment, he has to choose the exact
and the length of the period of imprisonment punishment which is called for in the particular
must not exceed the limit prescribed by section facts and circumstances of each case. At the time
71 I.P.C. According to section 354(3) of Cr.P.C. when of imposing punishment, the learned Judge
the conviction is for an offence punishable with should consider two important factors which
death or, in the alternative, with imprisonment would shape the most appropriate punishment –
for life or imprisonment for a term of years, the (a) aggravating factors and (b) mitigating factors.
judgment shall state the reasons for the sentence Aggravating factors are those factors which go
awarded, and, in the case of sentence of death, against the offender and mitigating factors are
the special reasons for such sentence. Section 360 those factors which go in favour of the offender.
of Cr.P.C gives a wide power to court to adopt a Some of the examples of aggravating factors are
lenient view in respect of young offenders. – brutality in the commission of offence, excessive
cruelty, dangerous manner of commission of the
Modern Theory of Punishment offence to the individual or to the society at large,
The stage of punishment is the final process use of dangerous weapons, multiple murders,
of the criminal justice system. It is the settled murder of innocent helpless woman or child etc.
principle that a person is considered innocent Similarly some of the examples of mitigating
until proved guilty. The nature of proof requires factors are – age, character, antecedents, poverty,
that the evidence must prove beyond reasonable transgression the limit of self defence, family
doubt the guilt of the person accused of various background, circumstances which impel the
offences. The method of proof is through conduct offended to commit crime.
of trial before a competent court. Once the court 22 Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, Government
comes to a conclusion based on evaluation of of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (March 2003). Report, at 169.
Retrieved September 23, 2019 from http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/
the evidence admitted before the court, that upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/criminal_justice_system.pdf
July-September 2020 | 79
The Indian Police Journal
So the above aggravating factors and mitigating he happens to be a member. In considering the
factors have to be seriously assessed and properly adequacy of the sentence which should neither be
balanced for fixing the appropriate punishment. too severe nor too lenient the court has, therefore,
These factors are generally considered by the to keep in mind the motive and magnitude of
learned Judge at the time of imposing punishment the offence, the circumstances in which it was
as these are the very important and vital variables. committed and the age and character (including
The punishment will be severe if the aggravating his antecedents) and station in life of the offender.
factors of a case are more and the punishment will
The Supreme Court in Jagmohan Singh v. State
be less or smaller when the mitigating factors of
of U. P.,25 held that It is necessary to emphasize
the case are less.
that the court is principally concerned with
Some judicial observation on punishment facts and circumstances, whether aggravating
or mitigating, which are connected with the
In modern days of criminal justice system urgently
particular crime under inquiry. It was further
need for sentencing policy in India. In India
held that the court should pass the sentence by
neither the legislature nor the judiciary has made
balancing aggravating and mitigating factors of
sentencing guidelines. Several governmental
each case.
committees have pointed to the need to adopt
such guidelines in order to minimize uncertainty In Alister Anthony Pareira v. State of Maharashtra,26
in awarding sentences. The higher courts, the Supreme Court held that sentencing is an
recognizing the absence of such guidelines, important task in the matters of crime. One
have provided judicial guidance in the form of of the prime objectives of the criminal law is
principles and factors that courts must take into imposition of an appropriate, adequate, just and
account while exercising discretion in sentencing. proportionate sentence commensurate with the
nature and gravity of the crime and the manner
In Gurubachan Sing v. Satpal Singh23, the Apex Court
in which the crime is done. There is no straitjacket
cautioned saying that exaggerated devotion to
formula for sentencing an accused on proof of
rule of the benefit of the doubt must not nurture
crime. The courts have evolved certain principles:
fanciful doubts or lingering suspicion as they
the twin objective of the sentencing policy is
destroy social defence. Justice cannot be made
deterrence and correction. What sentence would
sterile on the plea that it is better to let hundred
meet the ends of justice depends on the facts and
guilty escapes than punish an innocent. Letting circumstances of each case and the court must
guilty escape is not doing justice according to law. keep in mind the gravity of the crime, motive
The Supreme Court in Modi Ram & Lala v. State of for the crime, nature of the offence and all other
Madhya Pradesh,24 held that keeping in view the attendant circumstances.
broad object of punishment of criminals by courts The Supreme Court in State of Punjab v. Prem
in all progressive civilised societies true dictates Sagar & Ors.,27 held that in our judicial system, we
of justice seem to us to demand that all the have not been able to develop legal principles as
attending relevant circumstances should be taken regards sentencing. The superior courts except for
into account for determining the proper and just making observations with regard to the purport
sentence. The sentence should bring home to the and object for which punishment is imposed
guilty party the consciousness that the offence upon an offender, had not issued any guidelines.
committed by him was against his own interest as The Court stated that the superior courts have
also against the interests of the society of which 25 AIR 1973 SC 947
23 AIR 1990 SC 209 26 (2012) 2 SCC 648, at para. 69
24 AIR 1972 SC 2438 : 1972 Cri.L.J 1521 : (1972) 2 SCC 630 27 (2008) 7 SCC 550, at para. 2
80 | July-September 2020
Modern Theory of Punishment – An Analytical Study
come across a large number of cases that “show warrants to be. The facts and given circumstances
anomalies as regards the policy of sentencing, in each case, the nature of the crime, the manner
adding, whereas the quantum of punishment in which it was planned and committed, the
for commission of a similar type of offence varies motive for commission of the crime, the conduct
from minimum to maximum, even where the of the accused, the nature of weapons used and all
same sentence is imposed, the principles applied other attending circumstances are relevant facts
are found to be different. Similar discrepancies which would enter into the area of consideration.
have been noticed in regard to imposition of fines. For instance a murder committed due to deep
In 2013 the Supreme Court, in the case of Soman seated mutual and personal rivalry may not call
v. State of Kerala,28 also observed that giving for penalty of death. But an organised crime or
punishment to the wrongdoer is at the heart of mass murders of innocent people would call for
the criminal justice delivery, but in our country, it is imposition of death sentence as deterrence.
the weakest part of the administration of criminal
Suggestions
justice. There are no legislative or judicially laid
down guidelines to assist the trial court in meting The Indian Penal Code prescribes offences and
out the just punishment to the accused facing trial punishments for the same. For many offences
before it after he is held guilty of the charges. only the maximum punishment is prescribed
and for some offences the minimum may be
However, in M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra,29 prescribed. The Judge has wide discretion in
Supreme Court cautioned the judiciary against awarding the sentence within the statutory limits.
showing more leniency to offenders based on There is now no guidance to the Judge in regard
reformative theory that would amount to injustice to selecting the most appropriate sentence given
to the society. The offences like serious economic the circumstances of the case. Therefore each
offences and other offences, the balance has to be Judge exercises discretion according to his own
maintained between the security of society and judgment. There is therefore no uniformity. Some
rights of offenders. Judges are lenient and some Judges are harsh.
Exercise of unguided discretion is not good even
In Ankush Maruti Shinde & Ors. v. State of
if it is the Judge that exercises the discretion. In
Maharashtra,30 the Apex Court held that,
some countries guidance regarding sentencing
protection of society and stamping out criminal
option is given in the penal code and sentencing
proclivity must be the object of law which
guideline laws. There is a need for such law in our
must be achieved by imposing an appropriate
country to minimize uncertainty to the matter
sentence. Therefore, law as a cornerstone of the
of awarding sentence. There are several factors
edifice of “order” should meet the challenges
which are relevant to prescribing the alternative
confronting the society. Friedman in his “Law in
sentences. This requires a thorough examination
Changing Society” stated that, “State of criminal
by an expert statutory body.31
law continues to be as it should be a decisive
reflection of social consciousness of society”. The Law Commission in its 47th report says
Therefore, in operating the sentencing system, that a proper sentence is a composite of many
law should adopt the corrective machinery or factors, the nature of offence, the circumstances
the deterrence based on factual matrix. By deft extenuating or aggravating the offence, the prior
modulation sentencing process be stern where criminal record if any of the offender, the age of
it should be, and tempered with mercy where it the offender, the professional, social record of
28 (2013) 11 SCC 382
31 Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, Government
29 AIR 1978 SC 1548 of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (March 2003). Report, at 170.
30 AIR 2009 SC 2609 Retrieved September 24, 2019 from http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/
upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/criminal_justice_system.pdf
July-September 2020 | 81
The Indian Police Journal
the offender, the background of the offender representing the prosecution, legal profession,
with reference to education, home life, the police, social scientist and women representative.33
mental condition of the offender, the prospective
rehabilitation of the offender, the possibility of Section 53 of the IPC enumerates various kinds
treatment or training of the offender, the sentence of punishments that can be awarded to the
by serving as a deterrent in the community for offenders, the highest being the death penalty and
recurrence of the particular offence.32 the second being the sentence of imprisonment
for life. At present there is no sentence that
Different kinds of punishments are the need of the can be awarded higher than imprisonment
hour. Disqualification from holding public office, for life and lower than death penalty. In USA a
removal from the community etc. are some of higher punishment called “Imprisonment for
the measures that should be introduced and not life without commutation or remission” is one of
punishment in a prison. These punishments are the punishments. As death penalty is harsh and
not custodial in nature. In other words instead of irreversible the Supreme Court has held that death
conventional punishments enumerated in Sec.53 penalty should be awarded only in the rarest
of the Penal Code which was enacted in 1860 of rare cases, the Committee considers that it is
nothing has been done to reform the system of desirable to prescribe a punishment higher than
punishment. Considering the new nature, modus that of imprisonment for life and lower than death
operandi and types of crimes in the modernization penalty. Section 53 be suitably amended to include
and globalization of this era, it is suggested that “Imprisonment for life without commutation or
a Committee should be appointed to review the remission” as one of the punishments. Wherever
Indian Penal Code and other allied criminal laws imprisonment for life is one of the penalties
deal with punishment and to suggest creation of prescribed under the IPC, the following alternative
new kinds of offences, prescribing new forms of punishment be added namely “Imprisonment
punishments and reviewing the existing offences for life without commutation or remission”.
and punishments. The Indian Penal Code was Wherever punishment of imprisonment for life
enacted in the year 1860, the Evidence Act was without commutation or remission is awarded,
enacted in the year 1872 and the Code of Criminal the State Governments cannot commute or remit
Procedure which was enacted in the year 1898 the sentence. Therefore, suitable amendment
was replaced by the new Code in the year 1973. may be made to make it clear that the State
These laws enacted long back are now found Governments cannot exercise power of remission
to be inadequate to meet the new challenges. or commutation when sentence of “Imprisonment
People are losing faith and are rightly demanding for life without remission or commutation” is
stronger laws and greater functional efficiency awarded. This however cannot affect the Power
of the System. Hence there is a need of review all of Pardon etc of the President and the Governor
these laws. under Articles 72 and 161 respectively.34
Therefore in order to bring about certain regulation So far as sentences of fine are concerned, time has
and predictability in the matter of sentencing, the come to have a fresh look on the amounts of fine
Committee recommends a statutory committee mentioned in the IPC and the mode of recovery.
to lay guidelines on sentencing guidelines under As the law stands we have two classes of offences
the Chairmanship of a former Judge of Supreme for which only fine can be imposed. Then there are
Court or a former Chief Justice of a High Court
experienced in criminal law with other members 33 Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System, Government
of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. (March 2003). Report, at 171.
32 Law Commission of India, 47th Report on The Trial and Punishment Retrieved September 22, 2019 from http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/
of Social and Economic offences, Retrieved September 20, 2019 upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/criminal_justice_system.pdf
from http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/1-50/Report47.pdf 34 Ibid. Pp. 175-176
82 | July-September 2020
Modern Theory of Punishment – An Analytical Study
offences for which fine can be imposed in addition and not imprisonment as the only punishment in
to imprisonment. Further for non-payment of respect of large number of minor offences. This
fine, imprisonment is also provided. So far as logic equally applies to increasing the number of
imprisonment in case of default of payment of compoundable offences which while satisfying
fine is concerned it is time that the same was done
the victim do not affect societal interests.36
away with. In view of the acceptance that custodial
sentences are only to be imposed in grave crimes Conclusion
there are many areas where correctional approach
In Criminal Justice System, severe punishment
or community sentences etc., will have the desired
effect. Section 64 of the IPC should be amended demands higher standard of proof of guilt. The
and Sec. 65 which says that where in addition to need for punishment is one of the most important
imprisonment, fine is imposed as also punishment issues. The infliction of punishment should be
in default of the payment of fine imprisonment properly balanced considering the gravity of the
shall not exceed 1/4th of the sentence that may offence. Punishment should be moderate enough
be fixed should also be deleted. Sec. 66, 67 should to be human but cannot be too moderate to be
also be deleted as also 68 and 69 of the IPC and in ineffective. Obviously, conviction rate would be
all these crimes community services for specified
less, which is not a healthy sign of Criminal Justice
periods should be prescribed.35
System. Certainty of punishment much depends
The need to reclassify crime today is both urgent upon the simplicity of laws and good method
and compelling. Offences range from the most of procedure. Criminal justice must balance
heinous crime such as murders to a minor offence between “Justice delayed is justice denied” and
of appearing in a public place in drunken state. The
“Justice hurried is justice buried” which are two
result is that individuals once they are convicted
important basic concepts of criminal justice. No
for a minor offence get labelled as criminals and
this stigma makes it difficult for them to get jobs theory of punishment is against the punishing
and even a chance to reform and become useful the guilty but the theorists differ on the purpose
members of Society. When such persons are sent of punishment. Accordingly there is an urgent
to jail, they often come under the influence of need for guidelines of sentencing policy in India
hardened criminals and gravitate towards a life of considering the modern theory of punishment as
crime. This is one of the reasons for suggesting fine stated above.
35 Ibid. Pp. 176-177 36 Ibid. Pp. 184-185
July-September 2020 | 83
Windows Registry Forensic
Analysis
Priyanka Tomar* The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Abstract
To solve any cybercrime, it is essential for an investigating officer to understand the working of digital
device. Evidence collection from the digital evidence is strenuous and time consuming task because
of high capacity storage media/hard disks. Another reason is that digital devices are very fragile and
can be tempered or damaged easily. Therefore for an effective and efficient examination investigating
officer should be able to identify, collect and preserve the digital evidence. To do forensic analysis of the
digital devices, forensic investigator may start with windows registry in order to find evidence about
hardware and software used on that particular computer. In cyber forensic, windows registry is a vital
source of information for collecting the digital evidence. Malicious programmes also use the various
computer resources in the background or while running, so these may leave some footprints in the
windows registry. This article explains windows registry, structure of windows registry and tools and
techniques that can be used to access the registry. It covers the initial forensic analysis of the registry to
collect the information about mounted devices including USB storage media, wired and wi-fi network
card details and list of registered applications. Consequently, the forensic analysis process and collection
of digital evidence may take less time.
Keywords- Windows Registry Analysis, Forensic investigation, Cyber Attack, Cyber Forensic,
Windows Registry Forensic
84 | July-September 2020
Windows Registry Forensic Analysis
Whatever event takes place in Windows Major section of Windows Registry is called
operating system is recorded in the Windows as Hive/subtree that contains registry keys,
Registry. It contains the information that subkeys and registry values. These hives
Windows continually references during contain information of hardware, software,
operation, such as each user’s profile, user computer configuration and user preferences
preferences, the applications installed on the
etc.
computer, property settings of the folders/
directories and application icons, existing Here is a list of the common registry hives in
hardware on the computer, and the ports Windows Operating System:
that are being used by various hardware and
software applications. Sometimes installed • HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
applications don’t use the registry to store • HKEY_CURRENT_USER
their configurations and settings such as • HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
portable applications usually store their • HKEY_USERS
configuration related information within • HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
Example
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\Colors\Menu
• Registry Hive: HKEY_CURRENT_USER
• Registry Key: Control Panel
• Registry Subkey: Desktop
• Registry Subkey: Colors
• Registry Value: Menu
July-September 2020 | 85
The Indian Police Journal
A Registry hive is a collection of keys, sub keys, and values in the windows registry that contains a set of
supporting files loaded into memory when the operating system is started or a user logs in. Each time a
new user logs on to a computer, a new entry is created for that particular user with a separate file. This
is called as user profile. A user’s hive holds specific registry information related to the user’s computer,
network connections, printers and application settings.
Registry hives, cannot be created, deleted, or renamed but registry keys and values can be altered or
deleted. There are 5 hives that make up the Windows registry. The following list contains each sub-tree,
the standard abbreviation, and the type of information contained within each sub tree:
86 | July-September 2020
Windows Registry Forensic Analysis
Registry Key- The data is structured in a tree the filename associated with that particular hive:
format. Each node/folder in the tree is called
as key. Each key can contain both subkeys/ Registry hive Supporting files
subfolders and data entries called as values. HKEY_LOCAL_
Sam, Sam.log, Sam.sav
MACHINE\SAM
Sometimes, the presence of a key is all the data, HKEY_LOCAL_ Security, Security.log,
that an application requires; and sometimes, MACHINE\Security Security.sav
an application opens a key and uses the values HKEY_LOCAL_ Software, Software.log,
associated with that key. MACHINE\Software Software.sav
HKEY_LOCAL_ System, System.alt,
Let us understand a bit more about HKEY_
MACHINE\System System.log, System.sav
LOCAL_MACHINEbecause it contains settings
System, System.alt,
that apply to the local computer’s configuration
HKEY_CURRENT_ System.log, System.sav,
and affect each user that logs on.
CONFIG Ntuser.dat, Ntuser.dat.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE key holds hardware log
and software related information under the HKEY_USERS\ Default, Default.log,
mentioned five subkeys: DEFAULT Default.sav
Security Accounts Manager(SAM) subkey- Note: Backups of the hives are located in C:\
It stores information of security settings, user Windows\system32\config\regback. Now look
accounts, and group memberships. The Security at the modified dates of those files to determine
subkey holds information on local security policies if they contain some relevant information useful
e.g. password policy, user rights, account lockout to your investigation. Using REGEDIT, to look at
etc. HARDWARE key. The key is volatile in memory,
so you will not be able to see it during registry
Security Subkey-It contains all the security analysis. It contains hardware devices related
information utilized by the operating system information hardware devices that were detected
including password policies. during the boot process of computer.
Software Subkey- It is applicable to all local users, The file name extensions of the files in these
stores data about installed software. folders are self-explanatory and indicate the type
of data that they contain. Also, the lack of an
System Subkey- It stores information needed to
extension also indicates the type of data that they
boot windows operating system.
may contain.
Following list displays the name of each hive and
July-September 2020 | 87
The Indian Police Journal
Extension Description
none A complete copy of the hive data.
.alt A backup copy of the critical HKEY_
LOCAL_MACHINE\System hive.
Only the System key has an .alt file.
.log A transaction log of changes to the
keys and value entries in the hive.
.sav A backup copy of a hive.
Registry can be accessed by following any one of Figure 5 - Open Regedit using run command
the steps –
4.USB Storage Devices Traces
Open the command prompt & type in
“regedit”(without quotes) & press enter. USB Devices Information locations where
investigating officer needs to look to find
information
88 | July-September 2020
Windows Registry Forensic Analysis
6.NetworkCard Details -
The Registry keeps a list of all network cards Figure 11- Wireless Network Card Details
connected to that particular device whether the 7.Registered Applications - The list of registered
network card is built in or is an external network application is showed in Figure and listed in the
card. In portable devices such as laptops there are following Register key:
two type of network card: the Ethernet network
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Registered
card and Wi-Fi network card. The following Applications
Registry key provides the list of network card:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\
WindowsNT\CurrentVersion\NetworkCards
July-September 2020 | 89
The Indian Police Journal
Figure 12- Registered Applications on the • Access Data Registry Viewer and Harlan
Computer Carvey’sRegRipper - Windows registry
forensics tool for extracting and parsing the
Registry Editor Functionality information such as keys, values, data out of
Complications might occur if a novice edits or the windows Registry. Reg Ripper is an open
modifies the windows registry by using Registry source tool, written in Perl and available for
Edit (reg edit) or by using any other technique both the operating systems i.e. Windows and
Linux. Reg Ripper was developed by Harlan
or tool. Even computer system might require the
Carvey and it is considered as one of the
re-installation of the operating system therefore
fastest, easiest, and best tools for windows
inexperienced users should not modify the
registry forensics analysis.
registry.
Conclusion
You can use Registry Editor to do the following:
In this article, we have understood that windows
• Locate a subtree, key, subkey, or value registry analysis can provide the important
• Add a subkey or a value evidence that may be crucial for investigation
• Change a value purpose. We read the following:
• Delete a subkey or a value
• Rename a subkey or a value 1. What is Windows Registry
2. Basic structure of the registry
The Registry Editor displays the directories and 3. How to access Windows Registry
each directory/folder represents a pre-defined 4. Locations where investigating officer needs to
key on that particular local computer. When you look to find information
access the registry of a computer, located at
And now we can find the following information
remote location, only two predefined keys appear:
from the Windows Registry using REGEDIT tool-
• HKEY_USERS
a) Connected USB devices traces
• HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
b) Mounted Devices
Useful Tips while analyzing windows registry c) Ethernet Card Details
d) Wireless Card details
Categorizes the type of items you are looking for, e) Registered Applications under Software
for example-
References
• If you are looking for user’s profile such as https://suppor t.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4027573/
when the user logged in last etc. This task can windows-10-open-registry-editor
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/256986/windows-
be accomplished using SAM directory. registry-information-for-advanced-users
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry
• System configuration related information https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/
such as time zone or network related structure-of-the-registry
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/
information can be accessed by using SYSTEM registry-hives
or SOFTWARE. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/256986/windows-
registry-information-for-advanced-users
• User activities foot prints can be collected by https://www.cert-in.org.in/
Downloader?pageid=5&type=2&fileName=CIPS-2011-0097.pdf
accessing NTUSER.DAT file.
https://accessdata.com/product- download/registr y-
viewer-2-0-0
• USB devices analysis can be done by accessing Practical Windows Forensic -Ayman Shaaban, Konstantin
SYSTEM and SOFTWARE directories Sapronov
90 | July-September 2020
Bawaria Crimes in
Tamilnadu- How We Put an
End to It
The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
S. R. Jangid IPS* www.bprd.gov.in
A series of cases, very sensational in nature but as undetectable in the year 1998. We reopened
committed with the same modus operandi (MO) the case in the year 2005, arrested the accused,
had puzzled the Tamilnadu State police for over got their fingerprints tallied and two of the
one decade (1995-2015). Following an MO had accused were convicted to death sentence by
been adopted while perpetrating these dastardly the Fast Track Court, Ranipet. They again struck
acts - terror in the same town the following year on
23.02.96 by committing dacoity in the house of
I. Dacoity in houses located along the National one Sankar. After a gap of about 4 years, they re-
Highways from Gummidipoondi - Chennai - entered Tamil Nadu only in the year 2001 when
Bangalore. they perpetrated dacoity in Avinashi followed
II. Unprovoked violence while committing the by three more dacoities in the same year in the
crime resulting in killing or causing grievous districts of Dharmapuri and Salem at intervals of 1
injuries to the inmates including elderly to 3 months. The frequency of their commissions
persons and children. increased in the year 2002 with 8 dacoities
committed in Tamil Nadu at Avinashi, Kangeyam,
III. Use of firearms and steel rods. Gummidipoondi, Athur, Karimangalam, Burgur,
Sriperumbudur and the most sensational of which
IV. Looting of jewels and cash and at times
was the one committed in Salem City dealt with
electronic goods like cellphones.
in Annthanpatti in Cr.No. 575/02 in which on the
V. Attacking the public, if anyone gathers night of 12.09.02, these desperado gained entry
outside hearing the screams of the inmates into the house of Thiru Thalamuthu Natarajan,
killed him and his watchman Gopal and injured all
2. SENSATIONAL CASES the 6 inmates, some of them seriously. Strangely,
2.1. Every offence committed by them became the commission of the dacoity was informed to
very sensational mainly due to the cruelty with the police who reached the spot and one SI saw
which they operated. On the night of 07.06.95, the culprits coolly walking away but there was no
they struck terror in the house of Dr M. Mohan appropriate reaction by the police as the culprits
Kumar at Walajapet in Vellore district killing him were armed with firearms. They walked for about
on the spot and seriously injuring his wife and 2 kms and boarded the lorry parked there and
two children. This followed looting of gold jewels drove to their destination. Apart from the jewels
and cash valued more than Rs.50,000/- and and cash they looted one pistol and one DBBL gun
decamped with the same. The case was referred belonging to the deceased.
Author’s Intro:
* Director General of Police (Rtd)
July-September 2020 | 91
The Indian Police Journal
2.2. In the year 2003, they perpetrated dacoities committed along the National highways falling
in four occasions in Tamil Nadu at Sholavaram, under the North and West Zones. I selected 4
Walajapet and Natrampalli. Of the 4, 3 were young DSsP, 10 Inspectors, 10 SIs and 30 other
dacoities with murder. Subsequently in the year ranks at the outset and left for different directions
of 2004 also, they operated four times in Tamil after initial discussion and briefing. I also took
Nadu at Thiruverkadu, Vellavedu, Sriperumbudur 4 fingerprint experts with me. The initial clues
and Tiruvalam and the most sensational was which included use of .315 bore country made
Thiruverkadu PS Cr.No. 132/04 in which the revolver, fingerprints (which never tallied with
dreaded criminals killed the house owner Thiru any criminals on record in the state), typical shoes
Gajendran by shooting him dead and also killed and use of broken Hindi language in some places
the watchman and injured 2 other inmates in the indicated the involvement of criminals outside
outskirts of Chennai City. Tamil Nadu. Hence, our search started from Stuart
Puram bordering Tamil Nadu. One team was sent
2.3. The year 2005 dawned with the atrocities to Karnataka, another team to Andhra Pradesh
of these desperado and even before we could and I took the remaining teams to Delhi. The first
celebrate the Pongal, they struck terror in the house two teams, after getting no clues, were asked to
of the former Minister and the sitting MLA Thiru visit Maharastra and Madhya Pradesh respectively.
Sudarsanam at his house near Periyapalayam. They
attacked the inmates causing grievous injuries, 4. SUSPECTED GANGS/TRIBES
looted properties and when Thiru Sudarsanam
It started with virtually a wild goose chase. All the
attempted to resist, he was shot dead at point-
teams were instructed to discuss with the police
blank range. The gang leader, who positioned
officers of the areas concerned who were experts
himself outside the house guarding the scene,
at handling the criminal gangs the special terms
fired at the neighbours who gathered outside
have cast suspicion and various tribal groups. With
the house hearing the screams and chased them
these discussions, we formed initial ideas about
away. They made a cool departure by boarding
involvement of any one of the following criminal
their lorries parked one kilometre away from the
gangs who may belong to any tribes –
crime scene. On their way back they attempted
another dacoity next night, on 10.01.05 at Burgur. 1. Pardies (base at Central India)
2. Bawarias (base at North India)
2.4. In these 10 years, they committed 24 dacoities
3. Shekh Bangalas (base at Punjab and Haryana
in Tamil Nadu where in 13 persons were killed,
and Bihar)
63 were injured, majority of them seriously and
4. Sansis (Central and North India)
properties, mostly jewels and cash valued over Rs.
5. Kanjars (Central India) and the special teams
2 crores were looted.
have cast suspicious on
3. FORMATION OF THE SPECIAL TEAMS 6. Saperas (Central India).
Following the incident that took place on 09.01.05 After elaborate discussions and analysis of modus
at Periyapalayam and in order to dispel fear among operandi of all these gangs, the special teams
the people living along the National highways, it have cast suspicion on the first two tribal gangs.
was felt imperative to prevent recurrence of such Both are equally violent and adopt almost the
dacoities and track down the culprits. With that same modus operandi. The only difference was
in mind, the State Government formed a special that the Pardies gangs always commit rapes while
party headed by me, as I was Inspector General committing such dacoities whereas Bawarias do
of Police, North Zone. It is to be noted that all not commit rapes. Due to this difference only we
the decade long dacoities by these gangs were could zeroe in on the Bawarias as no rape had
92 | July-September 2020
Bawaria Crimes in Tamilnadu- How We Put an End to It
been committed in any of the incidents in Tamil our Fingerprint Expert Tr. Dhanajezhian from Agra
Nadu. informed that the chance prints were found tallied
with that of one accused Ashok @ Lakshman
5. THE CAMPS Bawaria of Chandanpura village of Rajasthan
5.1. I called back all the teams and reassembled recorded at the Central Jail, Agra in 1996. We
them in the Bawarias dominated states of rushed to Bharatpur. The SP Sri Rajiv Sharma IPS,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. presently ADGP, was so kind to have agreed to
Teams led by one DSP was positioned in each have a meeting at his residence at the midnight
State. DSP Tr. Jayakumar of Thirukoilur and his with our officers despite cold weather. He deputed
teams were positioned at Bharatpur in Rajasthan. one DSP, two Inspectors and some policemen to
DSP Tr. Vijayakumar of Thiruvallur and his team assist us in securing the said Ashok @ Laksmanan
were positioned at Palwal in Faridabad district Bawaria. Next morning we reached Roopwas Police
in Hariyana (Palwal has since been formed as a Station in which jurisdiction Chandanpura village
district). DSP Tr. Arul Arasu of Hosur and his teams lay. It is only with the help of the Bharatpur Police
were placed in Agra to move in Uttar Pradesh that we could reach the Chandanpura village and
and Dr. Sudhakar, DSP Madhavaram took care of traced informants in the surrounding areas. The
Punjab with his teams. I had to personally move first to be secured was Dharam Singh Bawaria, the
between these places mainly because of the organiser of the gang who would himself not visit
language problem as only two-three policemen the place of occurrences but defend and guide
had little knowledge of Hindi. But the native the gang. On 26.02.05 we were able to nab the
informants were not even comfortable in Hindi. said Ashok @ Lakshman Bawaria. He was sent to
Hence I had to introduce the informants to our Tamil Nadu with our escorts. On the confession
teams. Yet another problem was to have a liaison of the said Dharam Singh and Ashok @ Lakshman
with the local police. I contacted all senior officers Bawaria all the mysteries of the occurrences were
particularly my batchmates working in these unraveled. Hence, the task ahead was to secure
four states and got directions to local officers the remaining but known gang members. Similar
to render necessary assistance to Tamil Nadu assistance was rendered to us by SP Dholpur, Sri
Police. Another biggest problem was that we Hemant Priyadarshi IPS, presently ADGP. In the
went equipped with the fingerprints taken from midst of the ongoing elections to local bodies
the SOCs but these North Indian States had no he spared services of police officers and men but
such recording of fingerprints of criminals at that for that it would have been difficult to comb the
time. Punjab has recently started a systematic suspected hide outs of the culprits in Dholpur
documentation of fingerprints but that was still district.
in a primitive stage. As a result, our fingerprint
records were of no avail. After considerable 5.3. It was also transpired on his interrogation
discussion with lower level officers in Ambala and that they used to travel by lorries from North
Agra, we were informed the practice of taking India and go to far off places in the south with
the thumb impression of criminals in the Central goods booked by reputed companies. They used
Jails whenever they were imprisoned. Hence, we to commit dacoities en route. That is how the
placed our fingerprint teams along with these National Highways suited them. They also kept
DSPs at the Central Prisons of Agra, Ambala and secret chambers in their lorries in which they
Jaipur and commenced a comparison with all used to conceal the weapons and the looted
the Bawaria gangs arrested and remanded since jewels and other properties. We recovered 4 such
1995. In fact, officials of Prisons of these states lorries used by these gangs from various places at
were surprised the way we were comparing the Seccundrabad, Pune, Ludhiana and Faridabad. The
fingerprints with their prisoners entry-registers. seizure of the lorries was one of the connecting
evidence as their registration numbers were noted
5.2. On 01.02.05 we found no bounds of joy when at the transport offices and check posts before
July-September 2020 | 93
The Indian Police Journal
and after the incidents. One of the lorries seized at arrests in this case.
Jalandhar was found with tampered registration
numbers. We were also able to seize cell phones 5.6. Every arrest was splendid work of our team
which were looted from the SOCs in Tamil Nadu because each one followed meticulous planning,
and used by these gangs and some of the phones liaising with other state police and hard team
were sold to others in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. work. For example, securing Oma Bawaria was
We used the IMEI numbers technique to trace a dream for the police force of Uttar Pradesh,
them. This was clinching connecting evidence Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab and Delhi. Apart from
several cases against him he had even fired at
which strengthened the prosecution case.
Police of Faridabad and escaped when they tried
5.4. The seizure of various documents containing to nab him. Jagadesh Bawaria had a bounty on
contacts and cell numbers of the associates of the his head announced in Madhya Pradesh State.
said Ashok @ Lakshman Bawaria from his house He was also wanted in several cases of Rajasthan
provided a lead in getting further into the details State. Securing of Oma Bawaria, the gang leader
of the gang members. We wasted no time to get at Kannauj (Uttar Pradesh) on 08.09.05 by a special
all the calls and other details of these cell phones. party led by me and also securing of Jagadish
We could find the details of the calls made from Bawaria at Pune on 14.08.05 by another party led
the places nearby SOCs on the fateful days and by me were the examples of supremacy of Tamil
the time of the occurrences in Tamil Nadu. This Nadu police. Both the state police forces worked
helped us in connecting the culprits with the with us shoulder-to-shoulder making the arrests
crimes perpetrated by them. a grand success. Similar was the arrest of Gudu
Bawaria near Palwal in Haryana on 30.03.05 whose
5.5. With this, we changed the locations of our fingerprints tallied with several cases including
teams and positioned them at places likely to be that of SOC of killing of MLA Thiru Sudarsanam
frequented by these gang members as they do not near Periyapalayam. His confession helped us
stay in a fixed abode. We stationed our teams with to get further details of the gangs. Almost each
the U.P. STF and sought their assistance. The U.P. arrest followed litigation by their family members
STF had done excellent work between 2001-2003 but we were able to defend each of our action in
after frequent dacoities by Bawaria gangs in Uttar High Courts and the Supreme Court.
Pradesh and finally killing the MLA of Saharanpur
in one of such incidents. The U.P. STF, headed 5.7. Meanwhile, we were able to follow them and
by its founder SP Sri Arun Kumar IPS, presently secure the culprits one after an other and in all, 13
working as DGP RPF, killed more than two dozens gang members were caught and incarcerated in
of Bawaria criminals in encounters during these the jails of Tamil Nadu.
2 years and several gangs were eliminated. But
5.8. On 01.03.06 I was in Ghaziabad having a
unfortunately the Oma gang, which perpetrated
discussion with Uttar Pradesh STF about the
dacoities in Tamil Nadu remained away from the
whereabouts of two left out criminals i.e. Bhura
clutches of the laws because of their intelligent
and Jitendra who had participated in almost every
operation and secret hide-outs, despite the fact
offence in Tamil Nadu. We got information about
that they were also involved in several dacoities in
their movement near Meerut and accordingly
Uttar Pradesh. The fear of encounters by the Uttar
we took help of Meerut Police. On the night of
Pradesh police forced them to leave Uttar Pradesh
01.03.06 both the wanted criminals were killed in
and switch their major operations to Central and
an encounter on the outskirts of Meerut.
South India and that is how Tamil Nadu got badly
affected. We are also indebted to the UP STF, I 5.9. Arrest of these criminals solved, mysteries
would it as the most professional police unit in behind many heinous crimes committed
the country and its then Chief, SP Sri Akhil Kumar throughout the country. For example, their
and his team for many sensational detections and fingerprints tallied with the following cases of
94 | July-September 2020
Bawaria Crimes in Tamilnadu- How We Put an End to It
July-September 2020 | 95
Victim-Offender Relationship
and Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder in Incarcerated
Murderers The Indian Police Journal
@BPRD, MHA
BPRD Publication
www.bprd.gov.in
Abstract:
In western literature, the oldest description of symptoms of PTSD is seen in Homer’s Iliad written around
720 BC. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common reaction to traumatic events, especially in
heinous crimes. Many offenders and victims of crimes recover in ensuing months, but insignificant
offenders and victims, the symptoms persist, often for years. This research work was conducted on 374
convicted murderers. Out of these, 31 offenders with PTSD symptoms were selected for the study. This
study aims to explore the victim- offender relationship with post- traumatic stress disorder in offenders.
The data was collected from Central Prison, Sagar through the random sampling method. Traumatic
events were assessed by using the Psychological Scale and Interview Schedule. The findings indicate
that more than half of the offenders were convicted for the murder of their family members. The study
suggests that the offenders need psychological treatment to come out the mental trauma.
Author’s Intro:
1 Research Scholar, Department of Criminology and Forensic Science
2 Dr. Harisingh Gour (Central) University, Sagar(M.P.)
96 | July-September 2020
Victim-Offender Relationship and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Murderers
Etymologically ‘Homicide’ comes from Latin word, (1990) describes traumatic events as those life
‘Homa’(Meaning ‘Man’) and ‘Cide’(Meaning ‘Cut’): events involving violent encounters with nature,
Homicide may be ‘lawful’ or it may be unlawful. technology, or social environment. These events
(Devasia, 1989). Victims, criminals ,and a crime are characterized by extreme and/or sudden
against the victim by the criminal have been force involves an external agent, and can arouse
linked from the beginning through studies. intense fear(Hoffmann, 2002). These symptoms
The relationship between the victim and the usually occur within a few weeks of trauma, but
offender is an important variable in studies of they may not appear for several months or even
personal violence because it places the event years. Extreme anxiety and trauma-related fear are
within the context of social structures. Roles such characteristic of PTSD. The American Psychiatric
as husband, wife, friend, lover, and stranger are Association classifies PTSD in a category with
complex social relationships that may delineate other trauma- and stress-related disorders that
homicides that share a distinctive etiology. are closely related to anxiety disorders. Some
Furthermore, the moral and legal responses to people may experience PTSD simultaneously
violence are, to a large extent, determined by with anxiety disorders, depression, and substance
the social roles of the victim and offender (Loftin abuse. Women are twice as likely to develop PTSD
et al., 1987). A traumatic event is an event that is as men(“Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, n.d.).
or may be a cause of trauma. The term may refer
to Psychological trauma, it is a type of damage Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
to the mind that occurs as a result of a severely Treatment:
distressing event. Trauma is often the result of an Psychotherapy:
overwhelming amount of stress that exceeds one’s
ability to cope or integrate the emotions involved Some types of psychotherapy used in PTSD
with that experience. A traumatic event involves treatment include-Cognitive therapy, This type
one’s experience or repeating events of being of talk therapy helps you recognize the ways of
overwhelmed that can be precipitated in weeks, thinking (cognitive patterns) that are keeping
years, or even decades as the person struggles you stuck. Exposure therapy, This behavioral
to cope with the immediate circumstances, therapy helps you safely face both situations and
eventually leading to serious, long-term negative memories that you find frightening so that you
consequences (“Trauma Definition”, 2014). can learn to cope with them effectively..
Homicide perpetrators have been observed Medications:
to report symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD) directly related to involvement in Several types of medications can help
the offence itself (Pollock, 2010). improve symptoms of PTSD for example-
Antidepressants, These medications can
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): help symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common Anti-anxiety medications, These drugs can
reaction to traumatic events such as assault, relieve severe anxiety and related problems.
disaster, or severe accidents. The symptoms Prazosin, While several studies indicated that
include repeated and unwanted re-experiencing prazosin (Minipress) may reduce or suppress
of the event, hyper arousal, emotional numbing, nightmares in some people with PTSD (“Post-
and avoidance of stimuli (including thoughts) traumatic stress disorder”, n.d.).
which could serve as reminders for the event.
Many people experience at least some of these Victim offender Relationship:
symptoms in the immediate aftermath of the The relationship between the victim and the
traumatic event (Ehlers, 1999). Traumatic event” offender is very intricate. The victim, one who
has been defined in different ways over the suffers, and the offender, one who harms
last few decades. One approach has been to the victim, appear in victimization in a close
define it in terms of the type of event. Norris interpersonal relationship. All offenders against
July-September 2020 | 97
The Indian Police Journal
the person involve direct contact between orientation are confined to homicides resulting
victim and offender, but murder usually means from interpersonal conflicts. Waldo (1970),
a greater degree of intensity or longer duration compared 621 incarcerated murderers with a
of the contact than is true for any other offence group of incarcerated non-murderers in terms
(Wolfgang, 1958). Parker (1989) suggested that of previous incarcerations and adjustment on
family homicide would be more closely related previous sentences served. It was determined that
to socioeconomic factors, whereas acquaintance murderers were less likely than non-murderers
homicides would be influenced by subculture to have been previously incarcerated and this
factors. Stranger homicide would be affected difference was maintained when controlled for
by both economic and sub cultural factors, race, age, and intelligence. For those who had
depending on the circumstances. Several been previously incarcerated, adjustment on
studies on the sentencing of homicide offenders previous sentences was analyzed and it was
have been published, but only a few studies found that murderers were less likely to have had
examined the victim–offender relationship as escapes or infractions than non-murderers. He
the main variable (Dawson, 2004, 2012). The et al. (2003), examined the utility of the stream
newly developed interest in the victim-victimizer analogy of lethal violence. Based on frustration/
relationship shows that the understanding of aggression thesis and attribution thesis, expanded
crime is reaching a new phase (Devasia, 1980). integrated models of total lethal violence and the
suicide-homicide ratio are proposed. The data also
Review of the literature: There have been many
reveals that the divorce rate greatly increases the
studies in the context of the murder, murderer,
total amount of violence but does not influence
and PTSD, some of which are the following:
the percentage of lethal violence that is expressed
Freeman (1996), research showed that as suicide over homicide. Miles-Doan (1998),
involvement in offence and involvement with the used Duval County, Florida, law enforcement
criminal justice system have reached exceptional data for 1992 and data from the 1990 census, this
levels among young men. With around 2% as study explores whether neighborhood context
many men mounded as in the labor power, the is as important in explaining census-tract-level
crime rate should have plummeted. The costs variation in the incidence of violence between
of incarceration are such that even marginally spouses and intimate partners as it is in explaining
effective prevention policies can be socially violence between others who know each other.
desirable. Kovandzic et al. (1998) study explored This study finds that neighborhoods with great
the relationship between rates of homicide and resource deprivation also have dramatically
income inequality and poverty. This research higher rates of violence between intimates.
reports the findings of a city‐level analysis of Ehlers & Clark (1999), research showed that
this relationship, using 1990 data for the 190 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common
largest cities in the United States. Kubrin (2003), reaction to traumatic events. Many people
the study assessed whether socioeconomic and recover in the ensuing months, but in a significant
demographic characteristics are correlated with subgroup, the symptoms persist, often for years.
different types of homicide. The findings of this A cognitive model of the persistence of PTSD is
research indicate that while residential instability proposed. The model is consistent with the main
is associated only with felony killings, economic clinical features of PTSD, helps explain several
disadvantage is associated with all of the homicide apparently puzzling phenomena, and provides a
categories. Williams & Flewelling (1988), had done framework for treatment by identifying three key
research on comparative studies of homicide in targets for change. Hoffmann (2002), research
the United States research showed that indicators showed that the few epidemiological studies of
of resource deprivation and social disintegration traumatic events amongst tertiary students have
tend to have significant effects across subtypes been conducted in South Africa. The incidence of
of homicide, although the magnitude of the 10 traumatic event categories has been measured
effects varies, while indicators of violent cultural by means of the Traumatic Stress Schedule in
98 | July-September 2020
Victim-Offender Relationship and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Murderers
a convenience sample (N = 245). It was found 2. To determine the symptoms of PTSD in the
that more than two thirds (70,6%) of the sample offenders.
reported one or more traumatic events during the
preceding year, with the most frequent traumatic Methodology:
event categories being the death of a loved one, This study was conducted on 374 male convicted
a negative change in life circumstances and murderers at central prison, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh
witness to injury/death. Norris’s (1990), study in the year 2017. The primary data was collected
presented a short instrument for detecting the through a random sampling method with the
occurrence and impact of traumatic events as well
help of the interview schedule and psychological
as information about perceived losses, threats,
scale. Only 31convicted offenders were selected
and rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
for this study, those were having PTSD syndrome.
associated with each event. Pollock’s (2010),
research showed that the Homicide perpetrators In this work, Personal information was taken from
have been observed to report symptoms of the offenders related to the age of offenders at the
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) directly time of the crime, victim’s age, type of residence,
related to involvement in the offence itself. The marital status, educational qualifications, family
nature of difficulties these offenders experience type, occupation, PTSD symptom, relation with
is considered and the need for appropriate the victim. Data has been analysed through the
psychological intervention in such cases is SPSS program and shown through the Table,
discussed. diagrams, and the chi-square test.
Objectives: Result and Discussion:
1. To know about the relation of offenders those In this study total 31 convicted offenders were
who are having Post Traumatic Stress Disorder selected for data analysis and data analysis has
and their victims of crime. been represented through tables as follows:
July-September 2020 | 99
The Indian Police Journal
The personal background shows in Table 1, were illiterate and 9.7% were graduate and
that 67.7% of the offenders were residing in postgraduate (6.5%). Almost half of the offenders
the rural area whereas 32.3% were in the urban were living in a nuclear family system and the rest
area. Only 1/4th of the offenders were unmarried of the others were in the joint family system. Out
and others were found married and widows. In of 374 offenders, 8.3% of offenders were having
educational qualifications, only 12.9% of offenders the symptoms of PTSD.
Table 2 shows that the highest no. of offenders the percentage of the person of the same village
was having distress and interference as difficulties is 50%. The fourth category consists of the victims
been bothering 58.1% (2 to 3 times per week) and who were strangers to the criminal. This category
also the same period, difficulties been interfering consists of 3.2% of people.
with them everyday life 67.7%. In increased arousal
After the analysis of the above figure, it was
and reactivity, the highest no. of respondents
found that most of the victims belong to the
(48.4%) were found in difficulty in concentrating
first category, in which maximum no. is of the
2 to 3 times per week, and 45.2% of respondents
criminal’s wife. After this comes the percentage
in difficulty falling or staying asleep once in a
of the third category, in which the maximum
week. In re-experiencing symptoms, Unwanted
no. of the victim were people living in the same
distressing memories about the trauma 41.9%
village. This research shows that the symptoms of
respondents 2 to 3 times per week and also in the
Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder have mostly been
same category 22% respondents feel 6 to more
found in the criminals who have murdered any of
times per week.
their own family members.
Figure 1: Victim offender relationship
Table 3, Showing statistical distribution of data
obtained by cross tabulation of victim offender
relationship with post traumatic stress disorder
of the victims, we find that 3.2% victims belong Stress Disorder and on the other hand that 3%
to the age less than 18 years, 64.5% belong to who have been imprisoned for the last 15 years
18-29 years 12.9% belong to 30-39 years, 12.9% are also suffering from the same PTSD. This proves
belong to 40-49 years and 6.5% belong to the age that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms
group of 50-59 years. After analyzing the data, it can be seen for a long time. This psychological
has been found that the percentage of offenders problem for a longer period of time can affect
and the victims in the age group of 18-29 years is the average life span of a person. Therefore such
mostly the same. In other words, we can say that persons need psychological therapy in the right
most cases of murders happen or take place in this manner so that they can also live a normal life.
age group and the offender and victim are almost
Conclusion:
the same age. This research also indicates that the
symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder occur In many earlier studies, it has been seen that
quickly in this age group. most incidents of murder happen at a young
age. The present research also shows that the
highest numbers of offenders are the age group
of 18-29. “Homicide may be due to sudden
provocation on the part of the victim and/or
uncontrollable impulsive behavior does not force
everybody to commit criminal homicide. Every
murderer, therefore, gradually and consciously or
unconsciously accepts homicide as an absolute
solution for problems he faces (Devasia & Devasia,
1992)”. The bad effects of the murder are seen
in a victim as PTSD symptoms. This research is
basically centralized on the criminals who have
received punishment on account of the murder.
The result describes the data of the criminals who
are suffering from the symptoms of Post Traumatic
Figure 3, denotes the time-period of the Stress Disorder. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is a
imprisonment of the 31 offenders who are psychological disease, whose symptoms can be
suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. seen in any person after any incident or accident.
The time period is shown from the time of the These symptoms can be seen mostly in people
murder to the date of the interview. The above- who themselves or any of their family members
mentioned pie-chart shows that 19% offenders have met with any such incident.” The victims of
are those who have completed 5 years from the many assaults and homicides have what may be
day and date of the murder, 16% have completed called an aggressive-tyrannical personality and
3 years, 13% have completed 6 years, another 13% engage in acts with the offender which invite or
have completed 4 years, yet another 13% have excite assaultive response ( Mendelsohn,1963)”.
completed 2 years, 8% have completed 8 years, “The victim is usually emotionally involved
another 8% have completed 7 years, 3% have with the offender- a spouse, parent, or lover
completed 15 years, another 3% have completed (Schultz,1960)”. Earlier the studies related to Post
14 years, and a 3rd 3% have completed 11 years and Traumatic Stress Disorder have been done only on
last 3% have completed 1 year of imprisonment. the victims who have suffered, but the symptoms
After analyzing the data it has been found that of this can be seen in any person who has suffered
those 3% offenders who have completed 1 year of any kind of anti-social incident. Data analysis
imprisonment are suffering from Post Traumatic shows that members of the victim’s family are
more likely to have symptoms than the criminal’s model of posttraumatic stress disorder.
wife and other family members. Research shows Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 2000.
that in the same way as the victim has Post- Department of Psychiatry, University of
traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms after Oxford, U.K..319-45.(http://aidir.home.
the incident, there is also a PTSD symptom in mruni.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2008/11/
the offenders after the incident. This study also cognitivehlers_clark_2000).
reveals that PTSD symptoms were found in the • Foa, E.B. & Capaldi, S. (2013). Manual for the
offenders who were incarcerated from one year Administration and Scoring of the PTSD
to fifteen years in prison. It means PTSD can be Symptom Scale-Interview for DSM-5 (PSS-I-5).
found for a long period after the crime. Looking • Freeman, R. B. (1996). Why Do So Many Young
at this problem the study suggests that the American Men Commit Crimes and What
prisoners of this age group need treatment for Might We Do About It? Journal of Economic
PTSD and counseling from psychological experts Perspectives, 10(1),.25–42. doi:10.1257/
to come out of mental trauma. For this, Indian jep.10.1.25
prisons need psychological counseling to adjust • Hoffmann, W. A. (2002). The Incidence
the prisoners in society. “A special psychological of Traumatic Events and Trauma-
counseling session was organized at Lucknow jail Associated Symptoms/Experiences
where inmates suffering from depression were Amongst Tertiary Students. South African
apprised of ways to deal with mood disorders that Journal of Psychology, 32(4), 48–53.
negativity impact one’s life (Lucknow jail inmates, doi:10.1177/008124630203200406
2019)”. • He, N., Cao, L., Wells, W., & Maguire, E.
R. (2003). Forces of Production and
References:
Direction. Homicide Studies, 7(1), 36–57.
• Clarke, R.V. (1980). Situational Crime doi:10.1177/1088767902239242
Prevention: Theory and Practice. British
• Kovandzic, T. V., Vieraitis, L. M., & Yeisley,
Journal of Criminology, 20, .136-147.
M. R. (1998). The structural covariates of
• Dawson, M. (2004). Rethinking the boundaries urban homicide: Reassessing the impact
of intimacy at the end of the century: The role of income inequality and poverty in the
of victim–defendant relationship in criminal post-Reagan era. Criminology, 36, 569-600.
justice decision making over time. Law & doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01259.x
Society Review, 38, 105-138.
• Kubrin, C. E. (2003). Structural covariates of
• Dawson, M. (2012). Intimacy, homicide, and homicide rates: Does type of homicide matter?
punishment: Examining court outcomes Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,
over three decades. Australian & New Zealand 40, 139-170. doi:10.1177/0306624x03251124
Journal of Criminology, 45, 400-422.
• Loftin, C., Kindley, K., Norris S., and Wieersma, B.
• Devasia, V.V. (1980). Victimology and the (1987). An attribute approach to relationships
Role of Victim in Crime, Cochin university law between offenders and victims in homicide,
review, .219-244. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,
• Devasia, V.V. (1989). The phenomenon of 78(2), 259-271
murder, Dattsons publishers & publishers • Lucknow jail inmates get tips to tackle
distributors, Nagpur. .2 depression (2019). Hindustan Times,
• Devasia, V.V & Devasia, L.(1992). Criminology September 9, p.3
Victimology and Corrections, Man and • Mannheim, H. (1946).Criminal Justice and
Murder, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. Social Reconstruction, by Routledge and
• Ehlers, A, & Clark, D.M. (1999). A cognitive Kegan Paul Ltd. U.K. p.7
• Mendelsohn, B.(1963). The origin of the • Post-traumatic stress disorder (n.d.). Retrieved
doctrine of victimology, Excerpeta Criminology, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
3,293-42. conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder/
• Miles-Doan, R. (1998). Violence between diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355973
Spouses and Intimates: Does Neighborhood • Schultz, L.G. (1960). The spouse assaulter, 6,
Context Matter? Social Forces, 77(2), 623–645. Journal of social Therapy, 6, 103-11
doi:10.1093/sf/77.2.623 • Trauma Definition. Substance Abuse and
• Norris, F. H. (1990). Screening for Mental Health Services Administration.
Traumatic Stress: A Scale for Use in the Archived from the original on August 5, 2014.
General Population1. Journal of Applied • Waldo, G. P. (1970). The “Criminality Level”
Social Psychology, 20(20), 1704–1715. of Incarcerated Murderers and Non-
doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01505.x Murderers. The Journal of Criminal Law,
• Papachristos, A.V. (2009). Murder by Structure: Criminology, and Police Science, 61(1), 60-70.
Dominance Relations and the Social Structure doi:10.2307/1142093
of Gang Homicide, American Journal of • Williams, K. R., & Flewelling, R. L. (1988). The
Sociology, 115 (1) 2009, p.74–128 Social Production of Criminal Homicide: A
• Parker, R. N. (1989). Poverty, subculture of Comparative Study of Disaggregated Rates
violence, and type of homicide. Social Forces, in American Cities. American Sociological
67, 983-1007. Review, 53(3), 421. doi:10.2307/2095649
• Pollock, P. H. (2010). Eye movement • Wolfgang, M. E. (1967). The subculture of
desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) violence: Towards an integrated theory
for post-traumatic stress disorder in criminology, Tavistock Publications,
(PTSD) following homicide. The Journal London.p-186-87.
of Forensic Psychiatry, 11(1), 176–184. • Wolfgang, M. E. (1958). Patterns in criminal
doi:10.1080/095851800362454 homicide. Philadelphia: University of
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (n.d.). Retrieved Pennsylvania, Free Press.
from https://adaa.org/sites/default/files/
ADAA_PTSD.pdf
Abstract
This study aimed to review previous articles that related to coping strategies utilized by police officers
when encountering their job stress. In this paper, it is argued that the counselling could provide rich
insights into the understanding of employee and employer relations within the police and the stress
and wellbeing of officers.Police officers often experienced stress when executing their job. Stress and
trauma experienced by police officers in the line of duty can have negative impacts on officers’ health and
wellbeing. Psychological support and counselling is imperative to help officers maintain psychological
well-being and to perform their duties more efficiently.
The author concluded that police departments should consider making periodic counselling mandatory
for all officers, a procedural tactic that camouflages counselling need while concurrently treating the
source of officer stress. The suggestions for future study research of importance and essentiality of
counselling in policing were also discussed.
stress may be called eustress which is not only emotional problems. Some research suggests that
inevitable, it can be good. For example, the police officers commit suicide at a higher rate than
physical stress of “working out” improves your other groups. Most investigators report unusually
cardiovascular system, and feeling pressure high rates of divorce among police. These stress
that causes you to study harder for an exam can experiences impair their health and result in high
improve your score. Police stress, however, refers to rates of mental illness. Stress related illnesses are
the negative pressures or Distress related to police of particular concern and are reflected in tragically
work. According to Gail Goolkasian and others, high suicide rates, divorce, alcoholism, decreased
research shows that they are affected by their job satisfaction and burnout (Curran, Finlay
daily exposure to human indecency and pain; that &McGarry, 1988; Labovitz&Hagedorn, 1
dealing with a suspicious and sometimes hostile
public takes its toll on them; and that the shift
changes, the long periods of boredom, and the
ever-present danger that are part of police work do
cause serious job stress. Police officers experience
frequent and on-going stressors in their work.
These stressors range from cumulative stress
(constant risk on the job, the need for adherence
to often restricting and conflicting regulations,
public perceptions that may be inaccurate) to
critical incidents such as violent crimes, shootings
Possible Sources of Psychological
and mass disasters. While these stressors are
Stress
inherent and accepted by officers, they need not
necessarily lead to burnout or other psychological • Within the organization characteristics:
lack of supervision, lack of positive reward,
problems including substance abuse, marital
restrictive policies, excessive paperwork, poor
problems, anxiety, depression or post-traumatic
equipment.
stress disorder. Many studies have shown that
the job of policing is an extremely stressful one • Criminal Justice practices:unfavourable
(Colwell, 1988; Heiman, 1975; Kroes, Margolis & court decisions, recidivism, court delays and
Hurrell, 1974; Niederhoffer & Niederhoffer, 1978; continuances, adversarial nature of the justice
Selye, 1978; Somodevilla, 1978 &Violanti, 1992). system.
Police stress arises from several features of police • Public practices: distorted press accounts
work. Alterations in body rhythms from monthly of police work, allegations of brutality and
shift rotation, for example, reduce productivity. The racism, adverse local government decisions
change from a day to a swing, or graveyard, shift such as funding.
not only requires biological adjustment but also
complicates officers’ personal lives. Role conflicts • Police work itself: role conflict (e.g.
between the job—serving the public, enforcing apprehension of criminals while needing to
the law, and upholding ethical standards—and maintain their rights), irregular work schedule,
personal responsibilities as spouse, parent, and danger inherent in the profession, inability
friend act as stressors. to resolve and close many problems in the
community, witnessing human suffering,
Stress contributes not only to the physical seriousness of the consequences of one’s
disorders previously mentioned, but also to actions, critical incidents such as shootings or
mass disasters, cumulative nature of stress. performance and wellbeing (Kuo2014). Generally,
there are two accepted sources of stress in policing
Challenges namely job content (operational stressors) and
Police work is challenging in multiple ways. Police job context (organisational stressors) (Houdmont
officers are often mandated to respond to and et al. 2012; McCreary and Thompson 2006; Shane
resolve violent situations (e.g., violent criminals, 2010). Operational stressors for policing, such
terrorist attacks, and domestic violence). It as exposure to violence and death, pressure to
can be inferred that police officers, as frontline perform efficiently, making critical decisions
professionals, adopt a dual role: that of the “crime and life-threatening situations (McCraty and
fighter” and that of the “social service worker” Atkinson 2012; Violanti and Aron1993; Waters and
(Manzella&Papazoglou, 2014). Previous research Ussery2007), have been linked to psychosomatic
has clearly demonstrated the link between symptoms and psychological distress (Burke
line of duty stress and deleterious effects on andMikkelsen2005; Dowler and Arai 2008; Setti
health outcomes through officer self-report and and Argentero2013; Volanti et al. Violanti et
physiological stress. Research has indicated that al. 2006). In addition, organisational stressors,
by the time police officers put on their uniform such as shift work, overtime demands, feelings
and begin general patrol, their stress-related of being always on the job, problems with co-
cardiovascular reactivity is already elevated workers, inadequate training, weekend duty, poor
(Anderson, Litzenberger, &Plecas, 2002). relationships with supervisors and colleagues
and a lack of administrative support (Ellison 2004;
Police officers are expected to perform well and
McCreary et al. McCreary and Thompson 2006;
make the right decisions under extreme stress. Shane 2010; Violanti et al. Violanti and Aron1993),
Police organizations, the government, and the have been associated with depression and anxiety
public in general, expect police officers not only to (Nelson and Smith 2016), suicide (Spence and
be healthy, but also to maintain high performance Millott Spence and Millot2016), burnout (Burke
levels in the line of duty. However, police officers and Mikkelsen2005), marital or family problems
are human beings and they have their own (Alexander and Walker 1996), poor performance
personal and family lives to consider. At the end (LeBlanc, Regher, Jelley, and Barath LeBlanc
of their shift, they return home and undertake et al. 2008), emotional exhaustion, cynicism,
the role of the parent, spouse, sibling, friend, and absenteeism, early retirement, alcoholism and
so on. When individuals manage multiple roles post-traumatic stress disorder (Brough2004;
they may experience role strain, or the difficulty Dowler et al. Dowler and Arai 2008; Martinussen,
in meeting given role demands due to allocation Richardsen, and Burke Martinussen et al. 2007;
of energy, skills, and resources into multiple Setti et al. Setti and Argentero2013; Toch2002;
roles (Goode, 1960). The policies and procedures Volanti et al. Violanti et al. 2006).
of the police organization (Swanson &Territo,
1983) and autocratic management (Cooper, Counselling - the finest Coping strategy
Davidson, & Robinson, 1982) have been known According to the American Counseling
to cause discontent and dissatisfaction among Association “Counseling is a professional
police personnel along with frequent transfer, relationship that empowers diverse individuals,
suspension / suppression, delayed promotions, families and groups to accomplish mental health,
non-grant of leave on time and departmental wellness,education and career goals.” Our world
inquires (Mathur, 1995). The success of a law is increasingly becoming more interconnected.
enforcement organisation depends upon a good This globalization highlights the need for highly
understanding of the stressors operating within trained mental health professionals to address
the organisation and managing their impact on trauma, addiction, depression, academic and
health evaluations are appropriate and necessary Allen, G. (2017). Police numbers in England &
based on the regular stress levels encountered by Wales (SN/SG/2615).
law enforcement personnel and are essential to Retrieved from http://researchbriefings.files.
the well-being of police personnel. It is not only parliament.uk/
the effects of critical incidents that affect officers,
documents/SN02615/SN02615.pdf
but also the daily situations and stressors, which
have an effect on mental well-being. Atkinson C (2007) Trust and the psychological
contract. Employee Relat
Recommendations 29(3):227–246. https://doi.
To deal with the psychological problems of org/10.1108/01425450710741720
police officers due to their high job stress it is Atkinson PH, Barrow C, Connors L (2003) Models
highly recommended to organize counselling of police probationer
workshops, counselling sessions in regular
career progression: preconceptions of the
intervals of time. However set-up of counselling psychological contract.
centres within the offices should be carried out
so that in any need to deal with the stress anyone Babatunde, A. (2013). Occupational stress: A
review on conceptualisations, causes and cure.
can reach out for the psychological support and
Economic Insights - Trends & Challenges, 65(3), 73–
counselling for their betterment. Counselling 80.
centres should be well equipped as per the
standards. Trained professionals should be hired BBC.(2016). Police psychological sick leave up 35%
in five years.
for the services. Family therapy and group therapy
can be incorporated in the counselling sessions. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
35965223
If a competent wellness program is presented
Bergman AL, Christopher MS, Bowen S (2016)
and maintained from the time a police recruit Changes in facets of
graduates from the academy to throughout his/
mindfulness predict stress and anger outcomes
or her career, the likelihood is that physical and
for police officers.
mental wellbeing can be maintained. I believe
that a standardization of policy and procedure Mindfulness 7(4):851–858
relating to police officers’ wellness should Carlan, P., &Nored, L. (2008). An examination
be implemented.Agencies must implement of officer stress: Should police departments
mandatory involvement of officers in physical implement mandatory counseling? Journal
and psychological maintenance and evaluation of Police and Criminal Psychology, 23, 8-15.
programs. doi:10.1007/s11896-008-9015-x
Cooper, C.L., & Marshall, J. (1976) Occupational
References sources of stress.A review of Literature relating
Abdollahi KM (2002) Understanding police stress to Coronary Heart disease and Mental III-Health.
research. J Forensic PsycholPract 2:1–24 Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11-28.
Alexander DA, Walker LG (1996) The perceived Cooper, C.L., Davidson, M.J., & Robinson, R.
impact of police work (1982). Stress in the Police Service. Journal of
Occupational Medicine, 24, 30-36.
on police officers’ spouses and families. Stress
Med 12(4):239–246 Ellison,K,&Genz,J. (1983) Stress and the Police
Officer, pp.3-5, Thomas Publishing
Alexander, D. A., & Walker, L. G. (1994). A study of
methods used by Scottish police officers to cope Gaines, J., &Jermier, J. (1983).Emotional
with work induced stress. Stress Medicine, 10(2), exhaustion in a high stress organization.Academy
131–138. http://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460100210 of Management Journal, 26, 567- 586.
Gerber, M., Kellmann, M., Hartmann, T., &Pühse, Vivekananda Kendra, Yoga Research Foundation
U. (2010). Do exercise and fitness buffer against
Page, K. S., & Jacobs, S. C. (2011).Surviving the
stress among Swiss police and emergency
shift: Rural police stress and counseling services.
response service officers? Psychology of Sport and
Psychological Services, 8(1), 12–22. http://doi.
Exercise, 11(4), 286–294. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.
org/10.1037/a0021796
psychsport.2010.02.004
Pasillas RM, Follette VM, Perumean-Chaney SE
Guingand. (2015). New study reveals nearly
(2006) Occupational stress and psychological
half U.K. police officers so stressed they cannot
functioning in law enforcement officers. J Police
sleep. Retrieved from http://www.pressat.
CrimPsychol 21:41–53
co.uk/releases/new-study-reveals-nearly-half-
uk police-officers-sostressed-they-cannot-sleep Pestonjee, D.M. (1992). Stress and Coping. The
5f8a449d99c723bbbef6f1eaeb2af137/ India experience. New Delhi: Sage Publication
Gutshall CL, Hampton DP, Sebetan IM, Stein PC, Saint Paul Minnesota police Department physical
Broxtermann TJ (2017) The effects of occupational fitness program
stress on cognitive performance in police officers.
Sipon, S., Nasrah, S. K., Nazli, N., Abdullah, S., &
Police Pract Res 18:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/
Othman, K. (2014).Stress and religious coping
15614263.2017.1288120
among flood victims.Procedia - Social and
Goode, W. (1960).A theory of role strain.American Behavioral Sciences, 140, 605–608. http://doi.
Sociological Review, 25, 483-496. Retrieved from org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.478.
http://www.jstor.org.
Shane J (2010) Organizational stressors and police
ezproxy.osu-tulsa.okstate.edu/stable/2092933 performance. J Crim Just 38:807–818
Holahan, J.S. & Moos, R. (1987).The personnel and Somodevilla, S.A. (1978). The psychologist’s Role
Contextual determinants of coping strategies. in the Police Department . The Police Chief, 45, 21-
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 23.
946-955.
Sundaram, M., &Kumaran, M. (2012). Occupational
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the stress and coping strategies among grade II
coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill. police constables. International Journal of Business
Management and Economic Research, 3(4), 579–
Liberman, A. M., Best, S. R.,Meltzer, T. J., Fagan,
589.
J. A.,Weiss, D. S., &Marmar, C. R. (2002). Routine
Occupational distress in Police..Policing:Int J Tetrick LE (2004) Understanding the employment
Police Strategies Manag, 25, 421–441. doi:https:// relationship: implications for measurement and
doi.org/10.1108/13639510210429446 research design. In: Coyle-Shapiro JM, Taylor SM,
Tetrick LE (eds) The employment relationship:
Liberman, A. M., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Fagan,
examining psychological and contextual
J. A., Weiss, D. S., &Marmar, C. R. (2002).Routine
perspectives. Oxford University
occupational stress and psychological distress in
police.Policing: An International Journal of Police Press, New York
Strategy and Management, 25, 421-439.
Thompson BM, Kirk A, Brown DF (2005) Work
Mathur, K.M. (1994). Indian Police: Role and based support, emotional exhaustion, and
Challenges, New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. spillover of work stress to the family environment:
a study of policewomen. Stress Health 21:199–207
Mathur, P. (1999). Stress in Police in India:
Recognition, diagnosis and coping strategies. Wiese, L., Rothmann, S., & Storm, K. (2003). Coping
New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House , stress and burnout in the South African Police
Service in Kwazulu-Natal. SA Journal of Industrial
Nagendra, H.R., &Nagarathna, R. (1988).New
Psychology, 29(4), 71–80. http://doi.org/10.4102/
perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore:
sajip.v29i4.124.
Abstract
The term ‘Juveniles in conflict with law’ refers to any person below the age of 18 years who has come
in contact with the justice system as a result of committing a crime or being suspected of committing
a crime. The purpose of the study was to explore different types of crimes under the criminal law by
Juveniles in conflict with law in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. In this regard, the census method
was used for this study and 324 cases were interviewed through the interview schedule in all sixteen
observation homes. The result shows that the highest number of rape (21.9%) cases was reported
against the juveniles. This study suggests that parents and school teachers can be helpful to reduce
delinquent behavior of juveniles the policymakers can recommend new policies for the reformation of
the delinquent Juveniles in our society.
2016). Juvenile reforms such as Child-Saving exasperation regarding their children (Meldrum
Movement focused their attention on urban et al., 2017). According to Odekunle (1986), the
poor and working-class youths. The experts school also holds that apart from access to success-
argued that class background was a significant goals varying with the socio-economic status of
explanatory variable for delinquent propensities. the individual, individuals also differ in their innate
However, to some resources, delinquency is also ability to acquire professional expertise in criminal
quite common among middle-class youth. The or violent activities. In another study number of
land dispute, inferiority complex, large family size, people under the same circumstances may desire
income disparity and friend’s motivation are the to commit violent crimes, not everyone will actually
main determinants of the juvenile heinous crime commit the crime to the same extent (Cullen and
(Mahmood & Cheema, 2004). In this regard, the Agnew, 2011). According to Oloruntimehin (1973)
work of Shaw and McKay (1942) is cited as the most studies of juvenile delinquency in some cities,
significant contribution in this area. Theory also the largest concentration of juvenile offenders
explains that certain factors in the environment have been found in that part of the city with
produce violent and delinquent behavior and that comparatively better the housing, the so-called
crime and delinquency are confined to certain low density areas, than in the more disorganized
specific areas or ecological zones and that an areas of the city. Akers & Seller (2004) revealed that,
individual is likely to be a delinquent or criminal the ecological explanation tends to be assert that
if he comes from or lives among people in the slum by itself causes crime or delinquency or that
crime or delinquent zones (Akers & Sellers, 2004; uneven distribution of wealth, as objectified by the
Bernard et al., 2010). disparity in zones of habitation, cause delinquency
or crime. Alleyne & Wood (2013) found that gangs
Who is ‘Juveniles in conflict with law’? map out their territory with graffiti and intimidate
Juvenile Justice (care and protection of others via threats. They also found that high levels
children) Act, 2015 of Sec. 2 (13) defines ‘Child or of individual delinquency and the presence of
Juveniles in conflict with law’ means a child who neighborhood gangs were significant predictors
is alleged or found to have committed an offence of gang-related crime. In one of the studies
and who has not completed eighteen years of age related to gang and crime was examined, the
on the date of commission of such offence. behavioral, social and psychological factors were
associated with gang-related crime (Beth et al.,
According to Legal Dictionary (2018) ‘The
2014) .In another study which examined 12 forms
behavior of a minor child that is marked by
of juvenile delinquency (murder, rape, robbery,
criminal activities, persistent antisocial behavior,
aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, auto theft,
or disobedience which the child’s parents are
arson, weapons, sexual offence, drug sale, and
unable to control.’
drug use) and was found that one thing which
According to Cyril Burt (1955) “A child is to be was significantly associated with all criminal career
regarded as a delinquent when his anti-social outcomes was juvenile drug use (Desi et al., 2014).
tendencies appear so grave that he becomes or Moreover, results indicate that social bond (e.g.,
ought to become the subject of the official action.” parent’s substance abuse, siblings substance abuse,
peers substance abuse and gang membership) play
Review of Literature a significant role in the desistance of delinquent
Various studies on juvenile violence and delinquency behavior and programme completion (Gilmore
have attempted to justify the magnitude of the et al., 2005). Lack of proper family control, conflict
problem to society. The results indicate that in family, situation of residential area, impact of
parents who are lower in self-control and whose movies etc. are equally responsible for the juvenile
children have had more extensive involvement delinquency Consequently, they are involving
in officially recorded delinquency report greater in many anti-social activities to fulfill their basic
needs and recreation through earning money • To understand family status, caste, educational
(Chowdhury et al., 2016). The overall findings status and residential area of juveniles in
revealed that there were higher levels of permissive conflict with law.
parenting in the families of delinquent adolescents.
It may be because low-income families have many • To explore different types of crimes under the
family members that initiated the adolescents to criminal law by Juveniles in conflict with law.
take up some jobs to increase the family income, Methodology:
and this in turn affected their parents’ parenting
The universe of the present study consisted of
behavior (Moitra et al., 2018). The results showed
the juveniles who committed different types
that rape myths are associated with juvenile rape.
of offence in the state of Madhya Pradesh,
Furthermore, rape victim myths were the myth
India. There were 324 under trail ‘Juveniles in
category relating to juvenile rape, rather than
conflict with law’ interviewed in the total sixteen
rape perpetrator myths (Huang, 2016). In another
Government observation Homes of different
study, findings suggest that stereotypes can
districts (i.e. Sagar, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Seoni,
influence judgments in cases involving juveniles
Betul, Ratlam, Indore, Jhabua, Khandwa, Bhopal,
and indirectly affect policy-making about juvenile
Chhatarpur, Guna, Gwalior, Morena, Rewa and
offending (Greene et al., 2017). In Badiora (2015)
Ujjain) in Madhya Pradesh. The selection of the
study findings revealed that encounters with drug
sample was made entirely on the basis of their
and alcohol had the highest functional coefficients
area of origin. The census method was used
among juvenile residents in a post crisis part of the
for this study and the cases were interviewed
town. Neighborhood gang activities had the highest
through the standardized interview schedule.
functional coefficients among juvenile residents in
The collected information analyzed by using
medium-density areas. The study concluded that
predictive factors in criminal offending differ from appropriate statistical techniques through SPSS.
one residential area to another. In the brief of research, data has been distributed
in frequencies and percentage of Family status,
Objectives of the study: caste, educational status, residential area and
different types of crime.
• To determine the specific age factors for
delinquency.
(Diagram.1): District wise Institutions (Observation homes) and cases of Juveniles (in %):
In this diagram (1), it is shown that the maximum Table.1. describes about the family status, caste,
cases of juveniles found were in Rewa district’s of educational status and residential area of Juveniles
observation homes with 19.4% and the minimum in conflict with law and they were apprehended
cases were found in Narsinghpur by the police and housed in Observation homes
in different districts of Madhya Pradesh.
District’s observation homes with 1.5%.The
second highest cases of juveniles were found in About family status of juveniles, it has been found
the observation home in Bhopal (10.5%). that 71.3% juveniles belong to a nuclear family
whereas 28.7% juveniles belong to a joint family
Descriptive Analysis of data (Table. 1) apprehended by the police.
Family status of juveniles
About the caste of juveniles, it has been found
Types of Frequency Percent that there are the highest juveniles apprehended
Family (N=324) by the police from OBC caste with 28.7% whereas
Nuclear 231 71.3 6.8% Juveniles caste have not been known to
Joint 93 28.7 them.
Total 324 100.0
As we know that education plays an important role
Caste of juveniles in the formation of behavioral pattern particularly
among the children at the earlier stages. Here it is
Caste Frequency Percent interesting to know the relationship of education
GEN 62 19.1 with nature of offences charged with committed
OBC 93 28.7 by the juveniles. The table clearly indicates that
SC 67 20.7 the highest 30.2% juveniles have passed middle
ST 80 24.7 school level while 29.9% passed high school level
Don’t know 22 6.8 qualifications.
Total 324 100.0
It is important for any child to have a proper
Educational status of juveniles regional environment. Shaw and McKay (1932)
found that the delinquents came from particular
Educational Frequency Percent
areas called delinquent areas. Most of the children
Status
turn to crime in the absence of facilities in their
Illiterate 31 9.6
area. Here, the table shown about residential area
Primary 73 22.5
of juveniles and indicates that 55.9% juveniles
School
apprehended by the police belong to rural areas
Middle School 98 30.2
whereas 44.1% belong to urban areas.
High School 97 29.9
Higher 22 6.8 Age groups of juveniles apprehended by the
Secondary police (Table.2)
Pursuing UG 3 0.9
Total 324 100 Age groups of Frequency Percent
Juveniles
Residential area of juveniles (in Years)
9- 11 04 1.2
Residence Frequency Percent 12- 14 42 13.0
Rural 181 55.9 15- 17 253 78.0
Urban 143 44.1 18 and above 25 7.8
Total 324 100.0 Total 324 100.0
Table (2) describes the age of juveniles who have School dropout Status of Juveniles (Table.4)
been apprehended by the police and housed in
School dropout Frequency Percent
observation homes from different districts of
status (in Years)
Madhya Pradesh. Today, along with technological Less than 1 year 33 10.1
and industrial development, children are growing 1-2 42 13.0
up and are becoming more and more skilful with 3-4 41 12.6
development. The table clearly indicates that the 5-6 44 13.5
7-8 09 2.8
age groups of 15 to 17 of juveniles are dangerous
9-10 04 1.2
for delinquency with the percentage of highest
More than 10 Years 03 0.9
with 78.0%. According to this data the age of NA (School goers 148 45.7
juveniles ‘18 and above’ are kept as a under trial and Never been at
but they have committed a serious and heinous School)
crime i.e. murder, rape, robbery, dacoity etc., at the Total 324 100.0
age below 18 years. In this table (4) it is shown about school dropout
status of juvenile. Juveniles have attended the
Parental status before offence: (Table. 3)
school but they have been dropout of their school
Parental Frequency Percent in some months or years due to many reasons.
Status (N=324) It may be that, they do not feel comfortable in
Only Mother 49 15.1
the school or because of family problems (i.e.
Only Father 22 6.8
Poor family background, low income and death
No Parents 14 4.3
of father and mother in the family). Moreover, in
With Parents 239 73.8
this data it is shown that as about 176 (54.32%)
Total 324 100.0
juveniles went to school but later left the school
Family and parents of any child or juveniles have and the same 148 (45.7%) cases, either would
special contribution to their lives. In the absence have gone to school regularly or would have
of parents, the child cannot develop properly. not gone to school before apprehended by the
police. The table shows that, highest school
The table (3) describes that 15.1% juveniles lived
dropout status of juveniles with 13.5% for 5-6
with their mother, 6.8% juveniles lived with their
years categories followed by 13.0% for 1-2 years
father or 4.3% juveniles have no parents because categories, 12.6% for 3-4 categories.. In this study,
their parents have died due to certain disease and it has been also found that many juveniles play
accident. 73.8% juveniles lived with their parents truant because they do not like going to school or
but due to many reasons became juvenile. Here, they are involved in jobs as daily wages. Other risk
the table also shows that juveniles who were living factors included low academic achievement, poor
with their mother or father 21.91% cases have lost problem solving, low self esteem, dissatisfaction
their father or mother due to certain diseases like with school, substance abuse etc. The same
study found by Siegel and Welsh (2009) about
cancer, tuberculosis and other serious diseases. In
school failure and delinquency are significantly
this regard, many juveniles are not under the care
correlated to committed delinquency by the
and protection of their parents and guardians juvenile. School failure or failing to achieve
because of which they have got easily into bad success in school can result in frustration, anger,
peer groups and have committed different types and reduced self esteem, which may contribute to
of crimes in society. delinquent behavior.
The figure (2a) describes the crime head (IPC This study also explains that most of the juveniles are
Cases) in which juveniles have been apprehended influenced by the peers group to commit a serious
by the police and housed in observation home and heinous crime (i.e. murder, rape, robbery,
from different districts of Madhya Pradesh. In this dacoity, theft etc.) and this study also found in rape
fig., it is shown that crime head (IPC Cases) of the cases, where mostly offenders and victims, were
juveniles are highly involved in 71 cases of rape known to each other for few months or years with
(21.9%) followed by 62 (19.1%) of theft, 52(16.0%) good faith and beside that sometimes they used
of murder, 29(9.0%) of attempt to commit murder, to make a sexual relation for sexual satisfaction.
Many juveniles have also kidnapped and abducted
15(4.6%) for robbery, 11(3.4%) of kidnapping
female victims for marriage in which mostly female
and abduction,10 (3.1%) of dacoity,7(2.2%) of
victims were minor. On the other hand, male
unnatural offences, 7 (2.2%) of modesty, 1(.3%) of
victims, the juveniles kidnapped and abducted
cheating, 1(0.3%) of forgery and 32 (9.9%) of other
for the ransom because they were professional
offences (i.e. abetment to suicide, grievous hurt,
killers. In robbery, dacoity and theft cases juveniles
gang of thieves, Unlawful assembly, rioting, affray,
were involved in drug addiction. The same study,
causing disappearance of evidence of offence, general theory of crime, given by the Gottfredson
criminal conspiracy, dowry death, dishonestly and Hirschi, indicates that delinquent acts, such as
receiving stolen property, selling minor girl for the robberies or burglaries, are illegal events or deeds
purpose of prostitution, extortion, etc.). 6 (1.9%) that offenders engage in when they perceive
cases do not apply for IPC cases on Juveniles in them to be advantageous. Burgalaries are typically
which they have been apprehended under only committed by young male looking for cash, liquor
IT Act, NDPS Act, MP Excise Act, and The Railway and entertainment, delinquency provides easy
Property (Unlawful Possession) Act by the police. short term gratification.
(Figure. 2b): Juveniles apprehended under CrPC and Other Acts (Special and local laws cases)
(Figure. 2b) In the SLL cases of Juveniles have weaker section (i.e. SC/ST communities) of our
also apprehended by the police with highest society. While, in the case of IT Act, Juveniles
percentage of 23.8% (77 cases) of total data of have mostly committed a crime through social
POCSO Act followed by 5.6% of Arms Act, 3.1% of networking sites (WhatsApp or Facebook) for
M.P. Dacoity Act, 1.9% SC/ST Act, 0.9 % of IT Act, communal violence. In the case of RP (UP) Act,
0.9 % of RP (UP) Act, 0.3% of M.P. Excise Act, 0.3% juveniles were apprehended by the Railway police
of NDPS Act and the same juveniles have been and civil police for stealing the railway properties
apprehended by the police juvenile on multiple and the case of MP Excise Act, 01 juvenile was
acts that frequency is 5 (1.5%) ‘POCSO and SC/ST apprehended by the police because he was selling
Act’ of 324 total data, 0.3% of ‘NDPS & Arms Act’, alcohol without permission of legal authority. On
0.3% of ‘SC/ST and Arms Act’, 0.3%of ‘Arms Act and the other hand, in the case of multiple acts of
IT Act’ and 2 (0.6%) cases of Criminal Procedure NDPS & Arms Act juveniles were involved in drug
Code, 1973 (Crpc). 60.2% total cases were not delinquency with peer group as a professional
applied to SLL because they were apprehended delinquent for earning money and sometimes
under only Indian Penal Code, 1860 by the police. they used arms (i.e. Desi katta, revolver, gun, knife
etc.) for threatening of others. In the cases of both
In the case of POCSO Act, when children committed ‘SC/ST and Arms Act’, when juveniles committed a
a crime with victims, victims were below 18 years crime with victims, the victims belong to a weaker
of age but in multiple cases applicable to juveniles section and victims were threatened or murdered
under the ‘POCSO and SC/ST Act’ the victims by using arms by the juveniles. In data representing
were less than 18 years and also belonged to the the case of Criminal Procedure code (Crpc, 1973),
weaker section (i.e. SC/ST communities) in which Juveniles committed cognizable offences and
minor girls were raped by the juveniles. In the were apprehended by the police because they
case of only SC/ST Act, when juveniles committed were generally involved in criminal activities in
a crime with victims, the victims belonged to their areas and were labeled as habitual criminals
The role of social bonds in juvenile drug Note on the Influence of Parental Low Self-
courts. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 3(4), Control and Juvenile Delinquency on Parental
287-315. Exasperation. Youth Violence and Juvenile
Justice. Sage. USA.Vol. 15(3) 314-324.
• Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1993).
Commentary: Testing the general theory • Moitra, T., Mukherjee, I., & Chatterjee, G.
of crime. Journal of research in crime and (2018). Parenting behavior and juvenile
delinquency, 30(1), 47-54. delinquency among low-income families.
Victims & Offenders, 13(3), 336-348.
• Greene, E., Duke, L., & Woody, W.D. (2017).
Stereotypes influence beliefs about transfer • Oloruntimehin, O. (1973). A study of juvenile
and sentencing of juvenile offenders. delinquency in a Nigerian city. In: Ghana
Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(9), 841-858. Journal of Sociology, 8(1), 35-43
• Huang, J. Y. (2016). Rape myths and rape by • Shaw, C.R., & McKay, H.D. (1932). Are
juveniles. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & broken homes a causative factor in juvenile
Psychology, 27(4), 489-503. delinquency?, Social Forces, 10(4), 514-524.
• Khetrapal, B.S. & Khetrapal, P. (2017). Juvenile • Siegel, L., & Welsh, B. (2009). Social structure,
Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, process, culture and delinquency. Juvenile
(2015), Sect. 2 (35). Bare Act. Indore. Puja Law Delinquency: Theory. Practice and Law, 115.
House.
• Yadav, k. (2017). Involvement of Juvenile
• Mahmood, K., & Cheema, A. (2004). Delinquents in Rape in Northern and Southern
Determinants and maximum likelihood Region of India. International Journal of
functions of juvenile crime in Panjab Pakistan Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR). Vol.4.
(An international journal). Department of Issue 3. e ISSN 2348 –1269.
Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan. Webliography: