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    This document discusses a lab experiment on optical activity. It defines optical activity as the ability of chiral molecules to rotate the plane of polarized light. Optical activity is measured using a polarimeter, which determines the angle of rotation of polarized light passed through a solution. The lab experiment involves preparing sugar solutions of varying concentrations, measuring their optical rotation, and using the results to determine the concentration of an unknown sugar sample. A graph of concentration versus optical rotation is produced, showing that optical rotation increases with concentration as expected. Sources of error in the experiment are also discussed.

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    This document discusses a lab experiment on optical activity. It defines optical activity as the ability of chiral molecules to rotate the plane of polarized light. Optical activity is measured using a polarimeter, which determines the angle of rotation of polarized light passed through a solution. The lab experiment involves preparing sugar solutions of varying concentrations, measuring their optical rotation, and using the results to determine the concentration of an unknown sugar sample. A graph of concentration versus optical rotation is produced, showing that optical rotation increases with concentration as expected. Sources of error in the experiment are also discussed.

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    112 views4 pages

    Organic Chemistry Lab: Optical Activity

    Uploaded by

    atat2002
    This document discusses a lab experiment on optical activity. It defines optical activity as the ability of chiral molecules to rotate the plane of polarized light. Optical activity is measured using a polarimeter, which determines the angle of rotation of polarized light passed through a solution. The lab experiment involves preparing sugar solutions of varying concentrations, measuring their optical rotation, and using the results to determine the concentration of an unknown sugar sample. A graph of concentration versus optical rotation is produced, showing that optical rotation increases with concentration as expected. Sources of error in the experiment are also discussed.

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    of 4

    24/03/2021

    Organic Chemistry Lab


    Dr. Ghada Al Kadamany

    Optical Activity
    Spring 2020-2021
    Section 11

    By:
    Leen Hamdash – 202001797
    Mohamad El Atat – 202001902
    Optical Activity
    Optical activity is a physical property of molecules, where they exhibit the ability
    to rotate plane-polarized light. For a molecule to be optically active it must be
    chiral. A chiral molecule is a molecule containing a carbon with four different
    groups (tetrahedral atom) and can exist in one of two stereoisomeric structures.
    Chirality is when two objects are mirror images to each other, yet they are non-
    superimposable. These are called enantiomers and they have the same atomic
    components, chemical bonds, physical, and chemical properties. However, they
    differ in their arrangement in space and their interaction with polarized light.
    Polarized light is light where the electromagnetic oscillations have been oriented in
    a particular plane perpendicular to the direction in which the light is moving. When
    all photons from a light source have their electric fields oscillating in the same
    plane, then the light is plane-polarized. The difference between plane-polarized
    light and ordinary light is that plane-polarized light consists of only those beams
    that vibrate in the same plane while non-polarized light consists of many beams
    vibrating in different planes. Polarized light can be produced by passing ordinary
    light through a polarizer that allows one component only to pass through. Optical
    rotation is measured by the angle of rotation of the plane of polarized light and can
    be determined with a device named polarimeter. The simplest Polarimeter
    consists of monochromatic light source, polarizer, sample tube with a solution
    having the chiral molecule in it, second polarizer, which is called the analyzer,
    and a light detector. The plane polarized light is turned or rotated by optically
    active compounds: the enantiomers either to the right (positive) or clockwise or
    counterclockwise (negative). Both enantiomers rotate light by exactly the same
    magnitude but in opposite directions. Solutions with the same concentration of both
    enantiomers of a chiral compound are called racemic mixtures thus, they are
    optically inactive as the clockwise and counterclockwise optical rotations cancel
    each other out. For specific rotation, it has to be a specific property of a chemical,
    angle rotation obtained under standard conditions which are the concentration of
    1g/ml, the tube length through which the light is passing should be 10 cm, the
    temperature has to be fixed, and the wavelength of the polarized that we are using
    has to be fixed. Optical rotation measurements can be used for quantitative analysis
    to determine an unknown concentration and/or purity of a substance or simply to
    detect the presence of an optical active chemical in a mixture. As concentration
    increases, the optical rotation increases. Specific rotation is a characteristic of the
    optically active substance, it is constant at a given temperature and wavelength of
    light used. An experiment was designed to determine the concentration of an
    unknown sugar. 6 solutions of different concentrations are prepared by dissolving
    5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 g of sugar in 100 ml volumetric flasks respectively. The tube
    of the polarimeter, of length 0.5 dm, is filled with de-ionized water to zero it and
    then calibrated by checking a 10.0 % solution of this sugar. The polarimeter cell is
    then filled with each solution and the rotation is measured using plane polarized
    light. Next, the polarimeter cell is filled with the sugar solution of unknown
    concentration and the rotation is measured. The optical rotation observed is 9.07◦,
    and the concentration calculated is 0.07 g/ml.

    This graph shows that as the concentration increases, the optical rotation increases.
    Any distortion of the curve obtained could be due to some experimental error. This
    distortion might be the result of adding water in the volumetric flask to a slightly
    higher or lower than the line mark which affects the concentration. Also, gas
    bubbles that might take place in the tube of the polarimeter. Another factor of error
    is improper shaking of the volumetric flask leading to the sugar being incompletely
    dissolved in water or inaccurate weighing of the sugar. One more distortion is the
    presence of impurities in the sugar.
    α
    2) α = Cl  α =αCl = 19*0.2*2 = 1.25

    % = (0.5/1.25) * 100 = 40%


    3) α = α/Cl = 104 / (0.805*1) = 129.2◦

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