Pictorial Drawing

PICTORIAL
DRAWINGS.
SCHOOL: Tunapuna Secondary School.
NAME: Ganesh Jagroop
FORM: 3 L
TOPIC: Pictorial Drawings.
TERM: 3 (2016-2017)
SUBJECT: Technical Drawing.
TEACHER: D. Smith.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
What is Pictorial Drawing?
Isometric drawing.
Axonometric Drawing.
Oblique Drawing.
Perspective Drawing.
WHAT IS A
PICTORIAL
DRAWING?
Pictorial Drawing is a view of an object as it would be seen by an
observer who looks at the object either in a chosen direction or
from a selected point of view. Pictorial sketches often are more
readily and more clearly understood than are front, top and side
views of an object. Pictorial drawings, either sketched freehand or
made with drawing instruments, are frequently used by engineers
and architects to convey ideas to their assistants and clients.
In making a pictorial drawing, the viewing direction that shows
the object and its details to the best advantage is chosen. The
resultant drawing is orthographic if the viewing rays are
considered as parallel, or perspective if the rays are considered
as meeting at the eye of the observer. Perspective drawings
provide the most realistic, and usually the most pleasing, likeness
when compared with other types of pictorial views.
Several types of non-perspective pictorial views can be sketched,
or drawn with instruments. In the isometric pictorial, the direction
of its axes and all measurements along these axes are made with
one scale. Oblique pictorial drawings, while not true orthographic
views, offer a convenient method for drawing circles and other
curves in their true shape. In order to reduce the distortion in an
oblique drawing, measurements along the receding axis may be
foreshortened. When they are halved, the method is called
cabinet drawing.
ISOMETRIC
DRAWING
Isometric drawings are 3D drawings. They show three sides, all
in dimensional proportion, but none are shown as a true shape
with 90 degree corners. All the vertical lines are drawn vertically
but all horizontal lines are drawn at 30 degrees to the base line.
Isometric is an easy method of drawing 3D images.
AXONOMETRIC
DRAWING.
Axonometric projection is a type of orthographic projection used
for creating a pictorial drawing of an object, where the lines of
sight are perpendicular to the plane of projection, and the object is
rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple sides.
Axonometric" means "to measure along axes". Axonometric
projection shows an image of an object as viewed from a skew
direction in order to reveal more than one side of the object in the
same picture. Whereas Multiview projections involve depictions of
objects in which the principal axes or planes of the object are
parallel with the projection plane (thus revealing only one side of
an object at a time), in axonometric projection the principal planes
or axes of the object are always drawn not parallel to the
projection plane.
With axonometric projections the scale of distant features is the
same as for near features, so such pictures will look distorted, as
it is not how human vision or photography works. This distortion is
especially evident if the object to view is mostly composed of
rectangular features. Despite this limitation, axonometric
projection can be useful for purposes of illustration.
In German literature, axonometry is more generally defined based

on Pohlke's theorem, the fundamental theorem of axonometry.
Thus, in German literature, the scope of axonometric projection is
broadened to encompass all types of parallel projection.
Like oblique projection, axonometric projection is typically used
to create pictorials.
OBLIQUE
DRAWING.
Oblique drawings are also used in engineering. The object is
drawn with the most distinguishing features facing directly
towards the observer, showing the true shape of these features.
Circular features like round holes can be drawn on this front face
as true circles. In other 3D forms, circular features must be drawn
as ellipses.
To show the 3D effect, parallel lines (called 'lines of sight') are
drawn from the front face at an angle. The cavalier method is the
simplest form of oblique projection.
PERSPECTIVE
DRAWING.
Perspective is the illusion of depth in a two-dimensional drawing.
This concept is based on the reality that objects neither stand side
by side at an equal distance from the viewer nor stand directly
behind one another. By manipulating the size of similar objects,
and the intensity and contrast among color and value, the artist
attempts to convince the viewer that there is depth or distance
within the flat surface of a drawing.
There are two types of perspective: linear and aerial. Together
they convince the viewer of the apparent third dimension of
distance, or depth, in a drawing on a flat surface.
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE:
Linear perspective creates the illusion of depth or distance by
manipulating the amount of space occupied by similar-sized
objects. Objects closer to the viewer and that appear in the
foreground of the picture will be drawn larger than similar objects
that are further away from the viewer and appear in the
middle-ground or background of the composition.
An example of linear perspective is, for instance, the picture
above. It contains utility poles along a train track that recede into
the picture; the utility pole that is closest to the viewer is drawn
larger than any other (similar-sized) utility pole drawn in the
middle-ground or background.
DRAWING IN PERSPECTIVE:
Linear perspective may be drawn in three different ways: one -,
two -, and three-point perspective.
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE:
All lines that move back into space seem to go towards one
vanishing point on the horizon line. Lines running horizontally
become shorter in width as they move toward this point.
TWO-POINT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE:

All lines that move back into space seem to go towards two
vanishing points on the horizon line. Lines running vertically
become shorter in width as they move toward these points.
THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE:
All lines that move back into space seem to go towards two
vanishing points on the horizon line. But a third is placed either at
the top or below, causing the vertical lines to also appear to meet
either high up into space or way down below.
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE:
Aerial perspective creates the illusion of depth manipulating the
effect of light caused by distance. Objects closer to the viewer
and that appear in the foreground of the picture will appear with
the greatest contrast between their brightest and darkest areas.
The edges and details of objects closest to the viewer will
therefore be much clearer, more detailed and more easily
recognizable.
Objects further away from the viewer will appear to have less
contrast between their brightest and darkest areas. The further
these objects recede into the picture, the greater the loss of value.
This will produce areas where the different values seem to fuse
into one ‘weaker’ value, with little or no detail or sharpness of
edges. Aerial perspective is generally applied after linear
perspective.

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PICTORIAL

In German literature, axonometry is more generally defined based

TWO-POINT LINEAR PERSPECTIVE:

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