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Chapter 13
Chapter 13
Periodic Motion
or
Oscillation
1
Periodic motion
Any motion that repeat itself at regular intervals is
called periodic motion or harmonic motion.
Key characteristics
Period (T) – time required for one cycle of periodic
motion. Units: s (seconds/cycle)
Frequency (f) – number of oscillations that are
completed each second. Units: s-1 (cycle/second) that is
1 hertz = 1 Hz = 1 oscillation per second = 1 s-1
1
f =
T
⎛ 2π ⎞
x (t ) = xm cos⎜ t + φ ⎟ = xm cos(ω t + φ )
⎝ T ⎠
2π
ω= = 2π f
T
SI unit for ω is the radian per second
2
Examples
⎛ 2π ⎞
x (t ) = xm cos⎜ t + φ ⎟ = xm cos(ω t + φ )
⎝ T ⎠
= [xm cos(ω t + φ )]
dx(t ) d
v (t ) =
dt dt
v (t ) = −ω xm sin(ω t + φ )
= [− ω xm sin(ω t + φ )]
dv (t ) d
a (t ) =
dt dt
a (t ) = −ω 2 xm cos(ω t + φ ) = −ω 2 x (t )
3
Examples
x (t ) = xm cos(ω t + φ )
v (t ) = −ω xm sin(ω t + φ )
a (t ) = −ω 2 xm cos(ω t + φ )
Checkpoint
In simple harmonic motion, the magnitude of the
acceleration is:
A) constant
B) proportional to the displacement
C) inversely proportional to the displacement
D) greatest when the velocity is greatest
E) never greater than g
a (t ) = −ω 2 xm cos(ω t + φ )
4
The force law for simple harmonic motion
From Newton’s second law
F = ma = −m(ω 2 x )
For a SHM – a restoring force that is proportional to
the displacement but opposite in sign
F = −kx then k = mω 2
k m
ω= T = 2π
m k
example
Car springs
When a family of four people with a total mass of 200 kg
step into their 1200-kg car, the car springs compress
3.0 cm
(a) What is the spring constant for the car springs,
assuming that they act as a single spring?
(b) How far will the car lower if loaded with 300 kg?
(c) What are the period and frequency of the car after
hitting a bump? Assume the shock absorbers are
poor, so the car really oscillates up and down.
5
example
Car springs (cont.)
F ( 200.0 kg) ⋅ (9.8 m/s2 )
F = kx then k = = = 6.5 ⋅ 104 N/m
x 0.03 m
if the car loaded with 300.0 kg
F
x= = 4.5 ⋅ 10−2 m
k
m (1200.0 + 300.0)kg
The period T = 2π = 2π = 0.92 s
k 6.5 ⋅ 104 N/m
1
The frequency f = = 1.09 Hz
T
example
Two springs
Suppose that two springs in figure have different spring
constant k1 and k2. What is the frequency of oscillations
of the block?
1 k
F = −kx f =
2π m
1 k1 1 k2
f1 = f2 =
2π m 2π m
Fnet = −k1 x − k2 x = −( k1 + k2 ) x
1 k1 + k2
f = and f = f12 + f 22
2π m
6
Energy in simple harmonic motion
The potential energy
1 2 1 2
U (t ) = kx = kxm cos2 (ω t + φ )
2 2
1 2 1 2 2
K (t ) = mv = kxm sin (ω t + φ )
2 2
1 2
E =U + K = kxm
2
Examples
1 2
U (t ) = kxm cos2 (ω t + φ )
2
1 2 2
K (t ) = kxm sin (ω t + φ )
2
7
example
Problem: energy in SHM
An object of mass m on a a horizontal frictionless surface is
attached to a spring with spring constant k. The object is
displaced from equilibrium of x0 horizontally and given an
initial velocity of v0 back toward the equilibrium position.
(a) What is the frequency of the motion?
(b) What is the initial potential energy?
(c) What is the initial kinetic energy?
(d) What is the amplitude of the oscillation?
example
Problem: energy in SHM
Given : m, k , x0 , v0
Find : f , U 0 , K 0 , xm
m 1
T = 2π and f =
k T
kx02
U0 =
2
mv 2
K0 = 0 x0
2
kxm2
E = U 0 + K0 =
2
8
The simple pendulum
The restoring force
F = mg sin(θ )
For small angles
s mg
F ≈ mgθ = mg = s
L L
Comparing to F = −kx
mg
k=
L
m L
T = 2π = 2π
k g
example
An experiment to measure g
L
T = 2π
g
L
g = (2π )2
T2
for L = 1.0 m
39.5
g = 2 m / s2
T
9
Problem: Pendulum
L 17.0m
T = 2π = 2π = 8.3s
g 9.8m / s 2
Example
Fmax = mamax = μs mg
amax = ω 2 xmax
then ω 2 xmax = μs g
μs g μs g (m + M )
and xmax = = = 0.59m
ω2 k
10
Periodic Motion
Damped Oscillations
Real-world always have some dissipative (frictional)
forces.
The decrease in amplitude caused by dissipative
forces is called by damping.
Quite often damping forces are proportional to the
velocity of the oscillating object.
Fx = −kx − bv x
Second-order differential equation
d 2x dx
m 2 + b + kx = 0 (we need two initial conditions)
dt dt
x ( t ) = xm e − bt / 2 m
cos(ω ' t + φ )
k b2
ω' = −
m 4m 2
11
A pendulum + periodic external force
Model: 3 forces
• gravitational force
• frictional force is proportional
to velocity
• periodic external force
d 2θ
I 2 = τ g + τ f + τ ext
dt
dθ
τ g = −mgL sin(θ ), τ f = − β ,. τ ext = F cos(ωt )
dt
d 2θ dθ
example 1 = − ω θ − α + f cos(ωt )
2
0 sin( )
dt 2 dt
mgL g β F
ω02 = = , α= 2
, f =
I L mL mL2
d 2θ d 2θ dθ
2
= −ω02 sin(θ ) 2
= −ω02 sin(θ ) − α
dt dt dt
1.2 1.2
1.0 θ(0)=1.0 1.0
θ(0)=1.0, α=0.1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
θ(t)
θ(t)
-0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
-0.6 -0.6
-0.8 -0.8
-1.0 -1.0
-1.2 -1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50
time time
12
d 2θ
example 2: beats 2
= −ω02 sin(θ ) + f cos(ωt )
dt
When the magnitude of the force is very large – the
system is overwhelmed by the driven force (mode
locking) and the are no beats
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
θ(t)
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time
example 3: resonance
When the frequency of an external force is close to a
natural frequency d 2θ 2
= −ω0 sin(θ ) + f cos(ωt )
dt 2
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
θ(t)
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time
13
Oscillations: The Tacoma bridge (1940)
14