Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion
What is Research?
- Is a study on investigation which is done systematically, empirically, scientifically, and logically for the purpose of achieving knowledge
and helping solve situational problems.
What is Immersion?
- Instruction based on extensive exposure to surroundings or conditions that are native or pertinent to the object of study.
To observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry.
What is Investigations?
- The action of investigating something or someone; formal or systematic examination or research.
A seeking or request for truth, information, or knowledge.
What is Inquiries?
- An act of asking for information.
Objectives:
differentiate inquiries, investigations, and immersion
explain the relevance of the course
EMPIRICAL
- Measurable and Observable things or phenomenon that you can put in print on the bases of your senses.
SCIENTIFIC
- It can be tested.
LOGICAL
- Justifiable and acceptable by reason.
Purpose of Research
1. Discover new knowledge
2. Help solve situational problems
Importance of Inquiry
- Data flood the internet, which makes information easily accessible and readily available to researchers.
- The learners must go beyond information accumulation and move toward the application of useful and relevant knowledge
- Through the process of inquiry, individuals construct much of their understanding of the world.
Application of Inquiry
- Inquiry learning can be applied to all disciplines and all facets of life.
- An important outcome of inquiry should be useful knowledge about the natural and human-designed worlds.
- There are important concepts, issues, and questions that people will face throughout their lives.
- Questioning and searching for answers are extremely important parts of inquiry, aided by a conceptual framework for learning.
To illustrate in a diagram, there is a need to associate certain shapes with the elements of the conceptual framework:
(1) The type of variable under investigation grouped according to how readily it can be measured.
(2) The hypothesized relationship between any two variables.
Intrinsic Rewards
Independent variable
Extrinsic Rewards
Independent variable
Employment engagement
Dependent variable
IPO Model Functional graph that identifies the inputs, outputs and required processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs
Input
Qualified Teachers
Process
Lesson Execution
Output
Academic Performance of the Students
The search for related literature plays a vital role in doing research.
Purpose of Literature Review
To provide an overview of what is known about the topic and assess the strength of the evidence on that topic,
It also helps to distinguish what researches have been made and identity areas that need further research.
Related Literature
The search for related literature plays a vital role in doing research.
What is Literature Review
The review of related literature is a vital component in any research undertaking. No research can proceed without writing down what one has
read about the research topic.
Writing the literature review does not entail only summarizing what authors of previous researches have done. It requires sythesizing the
findings of previous researches done on the chosen topic.
"The ability to locate published data on a topic is a fundamental skill in the research process, and it aids in formulating and refining a research
question and planning the study. "
-Joseph L. Raut
Planning in Making a Research Title
Statement of the Problem
Things to consider in choosing an area topic for research
1. Identify a research area based on your interest and your need.
2. You need to have some knowledge of the area of study and experience.
3. Narrow the area sufficiently so that its not too broad nor to narrow.
4. Identify an area in which you can get easily.
Outcomes of Inquiry
Tabulating, Synthesizing, and Citing Related Literature.
Objectives:
• Tabulate related literature.
• Synthesize information from relevant literature.
• Identify the purpose of citation.
A review of related literature is an essential preliminary action for doing a research. A thorough review of previously published researches
prevents wasteful repetition of work.
Tabulating Sources
The literature reviewed may be tabulated into a summary table. The summary table may contain the number of column as identified by the
researcher. The summary table may be created electronically using either a word processor or a spreadsheet.
A review of related literature is an essential preliminary action for doing a research. A thorough review of previously published researches
prevents wasteful repetition of work.
The table serves as a guide that make ease of formulating synthesis regarding the topic of your study. This help the researcher create a list of
references for the final paper.
The suggested summary table contains eight (8) columns.
1. Title of the journal, volume, issue number and page number.
2. Title of the article.
3. Name of the researcher/s or author/s.
4. Objectives of the paper.
5. Delineated factors or variables used in the study.
6. Locus of the study.
7. Method used by the study.
8. Findings or conclusion of the study
Title of Journal, Title of Article Name of Major Objectives Delineated Factor Locus of the Method of Findings of the
Volume, Issue, Researchers of the Paper Study the Study Paper
and Page No.
In this synthesis, one can combine authors with same findings or statements, or same method used by authors, and variables and objectives.
With this, researchers now can identify if there are sufficient studies that will support the present study, or there are no sufficient studies
available.
Take note that even if there are sufficient literature available, authors are still conducting the same study.
The table serves as a guide that make ease of formulating synthesis regarding the topic of your study. This help the researcher create a list of
references for the final paper.
Citation
Citing is when the researcher refers to another author's work in his paper. He must cite his source by providing the last name of the author and
the year of publication.
Purpose of Citation
1. Helps readers detect and locate the source of the work.
- To relocate a work that has been cited, or to verify information, the readers depend on the citations made by the researcher.
2. Proves that the opinion is well-searched.
- Academic writing is built on previous research. Citations allow the researcher to demonstrate that his position or argument has been
exhaustively researched.
3. Acknowledges the author of an original concept or theory presented.
- It is ant to always collect the bibliographic data on source works necessary for proper citation is an organized and systematic manner.
Activity:
Read ten (10) journal articles on your chosen topic, identify the eight (8) parts of literature review.
Assignment
1.What is APA Citation?
2.How to write in-text citation
according to the APA format?
WEEK 5 DAY 2
Writing the Review of Related Literature
YOUR DISCUSSION TEXT:
There are different styles of citations.
1. Modern Language Association
2. American Psychological Association
In the APA format, only the author and the year are included in the in-text-citation.
Ex: (de Castro, 2013)
Note:
The page number of the journal article is included in the in-text-citation if a direct quotation is made.
Writing in-text-citation according to the APA.
1. When citing an article with a single author,
Author’s surname (year of publication)
(Author’s surname, year of publication)
Ex: According to de Castro (2013), .... or (de Castro, 2013)
2. When citing an article with two authors,
Author 1 and Author 2 (year of publication)
(Author 1 & Author 2, year of publication)
Ex: According to Biagi and Lucifora (2018), ...
(According to Biagi & Lucifora, 2018)
3. When citing an article with three to five authors,
Author 1, Author 2, and Author 3 (year of publication)
(Author 1, Author 2, & Author 3, year of publication)
Ex: According to Uy, Manalo, and Sy (2015), ... or
(Uy, Manalo, & Sy, 2015)
In subsequent citations, only the first author’s surname is written followed by et al.
Ex: According to Uy et al. (2015), ... or (Uy, et al., 2015)
4. When citing an rticle with six or more authors,
Author 1 et al. (year of publication)
(Author 1, et al., year of publication)
Ex: According to Chui et al. (2016), ... or (Chui et al., 2016)
5. When two or more articles are cited in the same parentheses, the order to be followed is the order of the articles in the reference,
separated by a semi-colon.
Ex: (de Castro, 2013; de Guzman, 2018)
6. When two or more articles by authors with the same surname are cited in the same parentheses, include the initial of the first name.
Ex: (B. De Castro, 2018; C. de Castro, 2011)
7. When two or more articles by the same author in the same year are cited in the same parentheses, use lower case letters with the year.
Ex: de Castro (2013a)
de Castro (2013b)
8. When the author is not known, cite the title or the first two words of the title in the parentheses instead.
Ex: Previous study on functional foods (“Consumers’ attitude”, 2015)
9. When the author is an organization or government agency, mention the name of the organization and the name of the organization in
brackets, and the year of publication.
Ex: According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2017), ...
Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
Using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information.
CTRL + C
- Lifting the significant portion of the text from a single source without alternations.
Find-Replace
- Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source.
Remix
- Using multiple source and making them fit together.
Recycle
- Borrowing generously from the writter’s previous work without citations.
Hybrid
- Combining perfectly the cited sources with copied passages without citation.
Mush-up
- Copying material from multiple sources and mixing them.
Writing the Theoretical Framework
After research topic intellectualization and specific problems identification, there is now a need to be proven in the research through the
conceptual framework and how the researcher can go about it through the theoretical framework.
The frameworks serve as a guide in the conduct of the study. These serves as a roadmap that shows how your research fits into what is already
known and relating it to existing theory and research.
State the chosen theory, who is/are the repondent/s behind it and the year when it was developed. Describe what the theory is all about, its
historical background and the assumptions or propositions it was able to prove.
Activity:
Problem: Farmers' comprehension of usage instructions on pesticide packaging.
Research Questions: What are the determinants of farmers' comprehension of usage instructions? What factors influence the way farmers
understand usage instructions om packaging?
Dependent Variable: Farmers' comprehension of usage instructions.
Independent Variable: Farmers' sources of pest management information, perceived credibility of source and frequency of exposure.
Review the social science theories and choose the theory that can best explain the relationship between the key variables in the given
investigation.
Answer the following:
1. What is Research Design?
2. What are the strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research?
Writing the Review of Related Literature
Boolean Logic
Boolean logic relationships between terms in a search. You can use these operators to create a very broad or very narrow search.
Boolean logic is the way to put terms together in a search by using AND, OR, NOT.
Using AND
When you use AND you will be looking for articles containing two or more words within each article.
Combines search terms so that each search result contains all of the terms.
Use AND when you are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research.
Example: Travel and Europe finds articles that contain both travel and Europe.
Example: Employee and motivation would retrive articles with both words in article.
Using OR
When you use OR you will be looking for articles containing either one word or the other word.
Combines search result contains at least one of the terms.
You would use NOT to exclude irrelevant result.
Example: College or University finds results that contain either college or university
Using NOT
When you use NOT you will be looking for one term but not the other.
Exclude terms so that each search result does not contain any of the terms that follow it.
Use end when you are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research.
Example: Television not cable finds results that contain television but not cable.
Example: You might search for broadband not wireless.
TIOC Approach
Highlight the trend/s in the field.
Pinpoint the issues underlying the trend/s
State the overall objective of the paper in the light of the gap identified.
Discuss the possible contribution of the research attempt to advancing/improving disciplinal theory research, practice, and policy
ACTIVITY
Look for at least five (5) articles related to your research paper and write a literature review and use the Boolean Logic.
Assignment:
Answer the following:
1. What is research design?
2. What are the types of research design?
Methods of Collecting Data
1. Interview Method
2. Questionnaire Method
3. Document Method
4. Observation Method
5. Experiment Method
Share experiences about problems you solved or opportunities you created that you had in your life.
Problem you solved/ opportunity you want to Processes that you implemented to attain Did you describe or evaluate your
create or created your goals opportunity/ problem?
1.
2.
3.
Research Design
Refers to the framework of market research methods and techniques that are chosen by a researcher. The design that is chosen by the
researchers allow them to utilize the methods that are suitable for the study and to set up their studies successfully in the future as well.
Pre-experimental Design
A type of research applies to experimental design that with least internal validity. One type of pre-experiment, the simple group,
pretest-post-test design, measures the group two times, before and after the intervention.
Quasi-experimental Design
In this design, the researcher can collect more data, either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures. Quasi-
experimental design involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre- selection processes.
Quasi-experimental design differs from true experimental design by the absence o random assignment of subjects to different
conditions. quasi experiments have in common with true experiments is that some subjects receive an intervention and provide data likely to
reflect its impact.
Non-experimental Research Design
In this kind of design, the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally, and no external variables are introduced. In this
research design, the variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled.
Surveys
It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population.
Correlational
It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction, associations and/or relationship between different variables
or groups of respondents under study.
Bivariate Correlational Studies
Prediction Studies
Multiple Regression Prediction Studies
Prediction Studies
It uses correlation coefficient to show how one variable (the predictor variable) predicts another (the criterion variable).
Example 1
A researcher is interested in how weight influences stress-coping level of adults. Here the subjects would be separated into different
groups (underweight, normal, overweight) and their stress-coping levels measured.
Comparative
It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of time.
Normative
It describes the norm level of characteristics for a given behavior.
Evaluative
It is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.
Methodological
In this approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale
matched approach, where data from different disciplines can be integrated.
Research five (5) different titles of research in a research reports and classify them to any of the research designs we have discussed. Choose
only quantitative research titles. Follow the format below.
Research Title Research Design
1.
2.
3.
Activity
Using a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.