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Abhidharmakośabhā Ya (Treasury of Metaphysics With Self-Commentary)
Abhidharmakośabhā Ya (Treasury of Metaphysics With Self-Commentary)
Encyclopedia of Religion. For referencing, please use the final version from OUP:
Summary
The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (Treasury of Metaphysics with Self-Commentary) is a pivotal treatise
on early Buddhist thought composed around the fourth or fifth century by the Indian Buddhist
philosopher Vasubandhu. This work elucidates the Buddha’s teachings as synthesized and
interpreted by the early Buddhist Sarvāstivāda school (“the theory that all [factors] exist”), while
recording the major doctrinal polemics that developed around them, primarily those points of
contention with the Sautrāntika system of thought (“followers of the scriptures”). Employing the
methodology and terminology of the Buddhist Abhidharma system, the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya
offers a detailed analysis of fundamental doctrines, such as early Buddhist theories of mind,
cosmology, the workings of karman, meditative states and practices, and the metaphysics of the
self. One of its unique features is the way it presents the opinions of a variety of Buddhist and
Brahminical schools that were active in classical India in Vasubandhu’s time. The work contains
nine chapters (the last of which is considered to have been appended to the first eight), which
proceed from a description of the unawakened world via the path and practices that are conducive
to awakening and ultimately to the final spiritual attainments which constitute the state of
awakening. In its analysis of the unawakened situation, it thus covers the elements which make
up the material and mental world of sentient beings, the wholesome and unwholesome mental
states that arise in their minds, the structure of the cosmos, the metaphysics of action (karman)
and the way it comes into being, and the nature of dispositional attitudes and dormant mental
afflictions. In its treatment of the path and practices that lead to awakening, the treatise outlines
the Sarvāstivāda understanding of the methods of removing defilements through the realization
of the four noble truths and the stages of spiritual cultivation. With respect to the awakened state,
the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya gives a detailed description of the different types of knowledge and
meditational states attained by practitioners who reach the highest stages of the path.
Notable Commentaries
Due to its thorough, yet refined, presentation of the Sarvāstivāda doctrines, the AKBh earned a
place of honor in the lineage of Abhidharma manuals and was the subject of numerous
commentaries by Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese scholars. Two classical commentaries composed
in India are Yaśomitra’s seventh-century Sphuṭārthābhidharmakośavyākhyā, which is extant in
Sanskrit and included in Shastri’s edition (mentioned in the section titled “A Textual History of the
Abhidharmakośabhāṣya”) but has not been translated into European languages, and the
Abhidharmakośabhāṣyaṭīkā Tattvārthā by the important sixth-century scholar Sthiramati, extant
in its Tibetan translation. Later traditions, particularly the Tibetan, have deemed Yaśomitra’s
Vyākhyā the paramount Indian commentary on the AKBh. Two earlier commentaries, which
Yaśomitra mentions in his Vyākhyā but which have not survived except for a few quotations in
Yaśomitra’s commentary, were written by Guṇamati and his student Vasumitra respectively. The
Upāyikā-nāmā Abhidharmakośa-Ṭikā, an undated Sanskrit commentary preserved in the Tibetan
canon and attributed to the otherwise unknown Śamathadeva, is a collection of canonical
quotations that appear in the AKBh. The author provides a more complete reference to the textual
source from which the quotations are drawn, either by providing a full quotation or by indicating
the name of the sutra and the place in which the passage can be found.36
Another important commentarial work is Purṇavardhana’s Lakṣaṇāṇusāriṇī (Minor Commentary)
from about the eighth century. His exegesis handles selected topics in an abridged manner, but
refers to the opinions of other thinkers. Dignāga, a direct student of Vasubandhu, wrote a
commentary entitled the Marmapradīpa. This is an abridged version of the AKBh, in which
Dignāga “reproduces word for word the kārikās [verses] and the basic explanations of the
Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya,” as Mejor observes.37 Mejor’s study of the commentaries preserved in
the Tibetan canon is a helpful guide to the history of these works and their authors.
The foundational commentary on the AKBh for all schools of Tibetan Buddhism is the Chos
mngon pa’i mdzod kyi tshig le’ur byas pa’i ’grel ba mngon pa’i rgyan (The Ornament of
Abhidharma), also known by its abbreviated name mChims mdzod (the mChims Treasury), by
the Tibetan scholar mChims ’jam dpa’i dbyangs (ca. 1245–1325).38 This commentary relies to a
considerable extent on notes given in the Indian commentaries by Yaśomitra, Sthiramati, and
Purṇavardhana. Each of the four Tibetan Buddhist schools has produced commentaries, largely
with reference to the mChims mdzod. The most common Gelug supplement to the mChims mdzod
is the mdzod Tik thar lam gsal byed (Illuminating the Path to Liberation) by the first Dalai Lama,
dGe ’dun grub (1391–1474).
In the Kagyu tradition, the commentary mNgon pa mdzod kyi ’grel pa chos mngon rgya mtsho’i
snying po (The Essence of the Ocean of Abhidharma) by the Ninth Karmapa, Dbang phyug rdo
rje (1556–1603), is the standard reference. However, the Eighth Karmapa, Mi bsyod rdo rje
(1507–1554), also wrote an important commentary; namely, Chos mngon pa’i mdzod kyi ’grel pa
rgyas par spros pa grub bde’i dpyid ’jo zhes bya ba glegs bam dang po (An Explanation of the
Treasury of Abhidharma Called the Essence of the Ocean of Abhidharma, The Words of Those
Who Know and Love, Explaining Youthful Play, Opening the Eyes of Dharma, the Chariot of Easy
Practice). The standard Sakya commentary is arguably Rong ston shes bya kun rig’s Shes bya
rab gsal (Thoroughly Illuminating What Can Be Known), while in the Nyingma curriculum, a
prominent commentary, Rin po che’i do shal blo gsal dgyes pa’i mgul rgyan (Precious Garland,
An Ornament of Joyful Understanding),39 was composed by ‘Ju mi pham.
In the Chinese tradition, the three major commentaries on the AKBh were composed by three
direct disciples of Xuanzang, who translated the AKBh into Chinese: Shentai’s commentary, titled
Jushe lun shu, Puguang’s commentary, Jushe lun ji (Taisho 1821), and Fabao’s commentary,
Jushe lun shu (Taisho 1822). These commentaries provide valuable information on the ideas
found in the AKBh, as reflected in La Vallée Poussin’s translation. However, modern scholarship
has not studied them in their own right.
Further Reading
Anacker, Stefan. “Vasubandhu, His Life and Times.” In Seven Works of Vasubandhu: The
Buddhist Psychological Doctor, 7–28. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984.
Choepel, David Karma, trans. Jewels from the Treasury: Vasubandhu’s Verses on the Treasury
of Abhidharma and Its Commentary Youthful Play by the Ninth Karmapa Wangchuk Dorje.
Woodstock, NY: KTD, 2012.
Coghlan, Ian James, trans. Ornament of Abhidharma: A Commentary on Vasubandhu’s
Abhidharmakośa. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2019.
Cox, Collett. Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence; An Annotated Translation
of the Section of Factors Dissociated from Thought from Saṅghabhadra’s Nyāyānusāra.
Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1995.
Dhammajoti, Bhikkhu KL. Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, Third Revised Edition. Hong Kong: Centre
of Buddhist Studies, The University of Honk Kong, 2007.
Dhammajoti, Bhikkhu KL. “Summary and Discussion of the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya.” In La
Vallée Poussin, Louis de and Gelong Lodrö Sangpo, trans. Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of
Vasubandhu: The Treasury of the Abhidharma and its (Auto) Commentary, Vol. 1, 1–69.
Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2012.
Duerlinger, James. Indian Buddhist Theories of Persons: Vasubandhu’s “Refutation of the Theory
of a Self.” London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
Gold, Jonathan. Paving the Great Way: Vasubandhu’s Unifying Buddhist Philosophy. New York:
Columbia University Press, 2015.
Kapstein, Matthew T. Reason’s Traces: Identity and Interpretation in Indian and Tibetan Buddhist
Thought. Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001.
Kritzer, Robert. Vasubandhu and the Yogācārabhūmi: Yogācāra elements in the
Abhidharmakośabhāṣya. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the
International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies, 2005.
La Vallée Poussin, Louis de and Leo M. Pruden, trans. Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu.
Berkeley, Calif.: Asian Humanities Press, 1988–1990.
La Vallée Poussin, Louis de and Gelong Lodrö Sangpo, trans. Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of
Vasubandhu: The Treasury of the Abhidharma and its (Auto) Commentary. Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, 2012.
Takakusu, Junjirō, trans. The Life of Vasubandhu. Leiden: Brill, 1904.
1
See K. L. Dhammajoti, “Summary and Discussion of the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣya,” in Louis de la Vallée Poussin and
Gelong Lodrö Sangpo, trans, Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of Vasubandhu: The Treasury of the Abhidharma and its (Auto)
Commentary (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2012), 10.
2
See Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, and Collett Cox, Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 255–
269; Dhammajoti (2012), pp. 108–19; and Leo Pruden, “The Abhidharma: The Origins, Growth and Development of a
Literary Tradition,” in Louis de la Vallée Poussin and Leo M. Pruden, trans, Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu
(Berkeley, Calif.: Asian Humanities Press, 1988–1990), Vol.1, liii-liv.
3
See Welleman, Dessein, and Cox (1998), 18–19. On the history and development of the Abhidharma literature more
broadly and the extant Abhidharma treatises, see Ulrich T. Kragh, “The Extant Abhidharma-Literature,” The Indian
International Journal of Buddhist Studies 3 (2002): 123–167.
4
On this, as well as on other contemporaneous authors whose work influenced the AKBh, see Marek Mejor,
Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa and the Commentaries Preserved in the Tanjur (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1991),
13–18.
5
On which, see Collett Cox’s seminal study, Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence; An Annotated
Translation of the Section of Factors Dissociated from Thought from Saṅghabhadra’s Nyāyānusāra (Tokyo: The
International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1995).
6
See Welleman, Dessein, and Cox (1998), 272–273.
7
On the transmission of the AKBh to Tibet, see Ian James Coghlan, “Translator’s Introduction,” in Ian James Coghlan,
trans, Ornament of Abhidharma: A Commentary on Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa (Somerville, MA: Wisdom
Publications, 2019), 14–18.
8
Yaśomitra, Sphuṭārthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā, ed. Unrai Wogihara (Tokyo: The Publishing Association of
Abhidharma-kośa-vyākhyā, 1932–1936).
9
V. V. Gokhale, “The Text of the Abhidharmakośakārikā of Vasubandhu,” Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society 22 (1946): 73–102.
10
Vasubandhu, Abhidharma-kośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, ed. Prahlad Pradhan (Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research
Institute, 1967).
11
Vasubandhu, Abhidharma-kośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, ed. Prahlad Pradhan Arun Haldar, was published in 1975 by
the same publisher. Electronic texts based primarily on Pradhan’s second edition have been published online by the
GRETIL project, edited by Paul Hackett and Dan Lusthaus (http://gretil.sub.uni-
goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/buddh/vakobhau.htm), and by the Bibliotheca Polyglota project, edited
by Jens Braarvig, which also offers a helpful synoptic edition that includes the Sanskrit, the two Chinese translations,
and, at the time of writing, a limited portion of the Derge edition of the Tibetan translation
(http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=volume&uid=9f3907f3-f0ba-
11e4-bbf3-001cc4ddf0f4).
12
Vasubandhu and Yaśomitra, Abhidharmakoṣa & Bhāṣya of Acharya Vasubandhu with Sphutārthā Commentary of
Ācārya Yaśomitra, ed. Swami Dwarikadas Shastri (Varansi: Bauddha Bharati, 1970–1973).
13
Vasubandhu, Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, chapter IX: Ātmavādapratiṣedha. Bibliotheca Indologica
Buddhologica 11, ed. Jong Schoel Lee, with critical notes by Yasunori Ejima (Tokyo: Sankibo Press, 2005).
14
Kyokuga Saeki, Kandō Abidatsumakusharon (Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1978).
15
Vasubandhu, L’Abhidhramkośa de Vasubandhu, trad. et annoté Louis de la Vallée Poussin (Paris: Paul Geuthner;
Louvain: J. B. Istas, 1923–1931).
16
Leo M. Pruden (1988–1990), lix.
17
Vasubandhu, Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu, trans. Louis de la Vallée Poussin and Leo M. Pruden
(Berkeley, Calif.: Asian Humanities Press, 1988–1990).
18
Vasubandhu, Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of Vasubandhu: The Treasury of the Abhidharma and Its (Auto) Commentary,
trans. Louis de la Vallée Poussin and Gelong Lodrö Sangpo (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2012).
19
Vasubandhu and Wangchuk Dorje, Jewels from the Treasury: Vasubandhu’s Verses on the Treasury of Abhidharma
and Its Commentary Youthful Play by the Ninth Karmapa Wangchuk Dorje, trans. David Karma Choephel (Woodstock,
NY: KTD Publications, 2012).
20
Masahiro Shōgaito, The Uighur Abhidharmakośabhāṣya: Preserved at the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014).
21
Theodore Stcherbatsky, “The Soul Theory of the Buddhists,” Bulletin de l’Academie des Sciences de Russie 13, no.
12–15 (1919): 823–854 and no. 16–18 (1919): 937–958. Reprinted as Theodore Stcherbatsky, The Soul Theory of the
Buddhists (Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1976), with several further reprints.
22
Matthew T. Kapstein, Reason’s Traces: Identity and Interpretation in Indian and Tibetan Buddhist Thought (Boston,
MA: Wisdom Publications, 2001), 347–374.
23
James Duerlinger, Indian Buddhist Theories of Persons: Vasubandhu’s “Refutation of the Theory of a Self” (London;
New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). An earlier version of this translation was published as James Duerlinger,
“Vasubandhu’s ‘Refutation of the Theory of Selfhood’ (Ātmavādapratiṣedha),” Journal of Indian Philosophy 17, no. 2
(1989), 129–187. The first half of the translation (the debate with the Pudgalavādins) was also republished as James
Duerlinger, “Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa: The Critique of the Pudgalavādins’ Theory of Persons,” in Buddhist
Philosophy: Essential Readings, eds. William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
286–296.
24
Charles Goodman, “Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa: The Critique of the Soul,” in Buddhist Philosophy: Essential
Readings, eds. William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 297–308.
25
Taiken Kimura and Unrai Wogihara, Abidatsumakusharon, Kokuyako Daizōkyō, Ron-bu, vol. 11–13 (Tokyo: Kokumin
Bunko Kankōkai, 1920); Giyū Nishi, Abidatsumakusharon, Kokuyaku Issaikyō: Indo senjutsubu, 4th ed., Bidon-bu, vol.
25–26 (Tokyo: Daitō Shuppansha, 1999 [1935]).
26
Hajime Sakurabe 櫻部建. Kusharon no kenkyū: Kai, konhon. 倶舎論の研究【界・根品】 (Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1969);
Susumu Yamaguchi 山口益 and Issai Funahashi 舟橋一哉. Kusharon no genten kaimei: Sekenbon 倶舎論の原典解明
【世間品】 (Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1955); Issai Funahashi 舟橋一哉. Kusharon no genten kaimei: Gōbon 倶舎論の原典解明
【業品】(Kyoto: Hōzōkan, 1987); Nobuchiyo Odani 小谷信千代 and Yoshifumi Honjō 本庄良文. Kusharon no genten
kaimei: Zuiminbon 倶舎論の原典解明【随眠品】 (Kyoto: Daizō Shuppan, 2007); Hajime Sakurabe 櫻部建 and
Nobuchiyo Odani 小谷信千代. Kusharon no genten kaimei: Genjō bon 倶舎論の原典解明【賢聖品】 (Kyoto: Hōzōkan,
1999); Sakurabe Hajime 櫻部建, Odani Nobuchiyo 小谷信千代, and Honjō Yoshifumi 本庄良文. Kusharon no genten
kaimei: Chihon, Jōhon 倶舎論の原典解明【智品・定品】 (Kyoto: Daizō Shuppan, 2004).
27
Akira Hirakawa 平川彰 in collaboration with Shunei Hirai, So Takahashi, Noriaki Hakamaya, and Giei Yoshizu, Index
to the Abhidharmakośa-bhāṣyam (P. Pradhan Edition) (Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan, 1973–1978).
28
Akira Saito 斎藤明, Daigo Isshiki, Koichi Takahashi, Toshio Horiuchi, Hisataka Ishida, Kuniori Matsuda, and Shiori
Ijuin, The Seventy-Five Elements (dharma) of Sarvāstivāda in the Abhidharmakośabhāşya and Related Works,
Bauddhakośa: A Treasury of Buddhist Terms and Illustrative Sentences, vol. 6 (Tokyo: The International Institute for
Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies, 2018).
29
http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~b_kosha/html/b_kosha_2014/html/index_75dharma.html.
30
See K. L. Dhammajoti (2012), 7–9.
31
See Welleman, Dessein, and Cox (1998), 273.
32
Issai Funahashi, “Abhidharmakosa-sastra,” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, ed. Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera
([Colombo:] Government of Ceylon, 1961), vol. 1, p. 59.
33
For a study of this chapter, see Bruce Cameron Hall, “Vasubandhu on ‘Aggregates, Spheres, And Components’:
Being Chapter One Of The ‘Abhidharmakośa’” (PhD Dissertation, Harvard University 1983).
34
As part of the discussion on conditioned factors dissociated from the mind, Vasubandhu attends to the attainment of
cessation. For a study of Vasubandhu’s treatment with reference to later commentaries, see Paul Griffiths, “On Being
Mindless: The Debate on the Reemergence of Consciousness from the Attainment of Cessation in the
Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam and Its Commentaries,” Philosophy East and West 33, no. 4 (1983): 379–394, and Paul
Griffiths, On Being Mindless: Buddhist Meditation and the Body-Mind Problem. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1986.
35
For a study of Vasubandhu’s explanation of the theory of dependent origination, see Susan Stalker, “A Study of
Dependent Origination: Vasubandhu, Buddhaghosa, and the Interpretation of ‘Pratītyasamutpāda’” (PhD Dissertation,
University of Pennsylvania, 1987).
36
An annotated translation of the Upāyikā-nāmā Abhidharmakośa-Ṭikā into Japanese is Yoshifumi Honjō 本庄良文.
Kusharon Chū Upāikā No Kenkyū 倶舎論註ウパーイカーの研究. 2 vols. Tokyo: Daizō Shuppan 大蔵出版, 2014. Along
the same lines, Part I of Hirakawa et al. (1973–1978) lists the canonical sources that are explicitly named in the AKBh
(pp. 423–425). Two other resources which offer information on identified canonical passages in Vasubandhu’s work
are Bhikkhu Pāsādika, ed. Kanonische Zitate im Abhidharmakośabhāṣya des Vasubandhu, Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der
buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1989) and Yoshifumi Honjō 本
庄良文. A Table of Āgama-Citations in the Abhidharmakośa and the Abhidharmakoṣpāyikā [sic] 倶舎論所依阿含全表
(Kyoto: private publication, 1984).
37
Marek Mejor (1991), 76.
38
Translated in Ian James Coghlan, trans, Ornament of Abhidharma: A Commentary on Vasubandhu’s
Abhidharmakośa (Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2019).
39
See Coghlan (2019), 19–21, for a list of major Tibetan commentaries.
40
Robert Kritzer, Vasubandhu and the Yogācārabhūmi: Yogācāra Elements in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya. Tokyo:
International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies, 2005; Robert
Kritzer, “Quotations Common to the Yogācārabhūmi and the Abhidharmakośa-Bhāsya,” Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū
45, no. 1 (1996): 15–20; Robert Kritzer, “Preliminary report on a comparison of the Abhidharmakosabhasya and the
Yogācārabhūmi," Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 49.1 (2000), 8–12; Robert Kritzer, “Sautrāntika in the
Abhidharmakośabhāsya,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 26, no. 2 (2003): 331–384.
41
Changhwan Park, Vasubandhu, Śrīlāta, and the Sautrāntika Theory of Seeds. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und
Buddhismuskunde 84 (Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 2014).
42
See Marek Mejor, “Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakosa in Non-Buddhist Philosophical Treatises,” in Buddhist Studies:
Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference, eds. Richard Gombrich and Cristina Scherrer-Schaub (Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, 2008), 119–150; Johannes Bronkhorst, “Sāṃkhya in the Abhidharmakośa Bhāṣya,” Journal of Indian
Philosophy 25 (1997), 393–400; Shoryu Katsura, “Some cases of doctrinal proofs in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya,”
Journal of Indian Philosophy 31 (2003), 105–120.
43
Johannes Bronkhorst, Karma and Teleology: A Problem and Its Solutions in Indian Philosophy (Tokyo: The
International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, 2000), 67–75.
See also Bronkhorst’s introductory exposition in Karma (Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2011), 55–88. James
McDermott offers a descriptive overview of the chapter in James Paul McDermott, Development in the Early Buddhist
Concept of Kamma/Karma (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1984), 127–143.
44
Sonam Kachru, Minds and Worlds: A Philosophical Commentary on the Twenty Verses of Vasubandhu (PhD
Dissertation, University of Chicago, 2015), pp. 448–495.
45
Karin Meyers, Freedom and self-control: Free will in South Asian Buddhism (PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago,
2010). See also Karin Meyers, “Free Persons, Empty Selves: Freedom and Agency in Light of the Two Truths,” in Free
Will, Agency and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy, ed. Matthew R. Dasti and Edwin F. Bryant (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2014), 41–67; and Karin Meyers, “The Dynamics of Intention, Freedom, and Habituation according to
Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośabhāṣya,” in A Mirror is for Reflection: Understanding Buddhist Ethics, ed. Jake H. Davis
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 239–256.
46
Oren Hanner, Moral Agency under the No-Self Premise: A Comparative Study of Vasubandhu and Derek Parfit (PhD
Dissertation, Hamburg University, 2016)
47
Kapstein (2001).
48
Jonardon Ganeri, The Concealed Art of the Soul: Theories of Self and Practices of Truth in Indian Ethics and
Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
49
Mark Siderits, Personal Identity and Buddhist Philosophy: Empty Persons, first edition (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003);
Mark Siderits, Personal Identity and Buddhist Philosophy: Empty Persons, second edition (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2015).
50
Alexander von Rospatt, The Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness: A Survey of the Origins and Early Phase of this
Doctrine up to Vasubandhu (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995).
51
Erich Frauwallner, On the Date of the Buddhist Master of the Law Vasubandhu. Serie Orientale Roma III (Rome:
Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1951).
52
Padmanabh S. Jaini, “On the Theory of the Two Vasubandhus,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
21 (1958): 48–53.
53
Jonathan Gold, Paving the Great Way: Vasubandhu’s Unifying Buddhist Philosophy (New York: Columbia University
Press, 2015).