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Practical Research 2 Module 1 Q1
Practical Research 2 Module 1 Q1
Quarter 1 - Module 1
The Nature of Quantitative Research
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Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Quarter 1 - Module 1 : The Nature of Quantitative Research
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
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Layout Artist: Socrates M. Cereno
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● Bias - the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair
way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment:
● Complementary - serves to fill out or to complete.
● Complexity - the state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find
an answer
● Consolidate - to bring together separate parts into a single or unified whole.
● Correlational - presenting observations about the characteristics of someone or
something :
● Dataset - a collection of separate sets of information that is treated as a single unit
by a computer
● Descriptive - presenting observations about the characteristics of someone or
something.
● Empirical - provable or verifiable by experience or experiment.
● Experimental - something that is new or uses new ideas or methods relating to
tests, especially scientific ones:
● Hypothesis - a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited
evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
● Insight - a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated
problem,
● In-depth – done carefully and in great detail, covering many or all important points of
a subject.
● Intuition - the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for
conscious reasoning.
● Methodology - a set of systems, methods, procedures or rules that is used to
conduct a structured research process.
● Phenomena - facts, occurrences, or circumstances which are observable or can be
observed.
● Precautionary - intended to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous from
happening:
● Preconceived - formed before having the evidence for its truth or usefulness:
● Quantitative Research - a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques.
● Quasi - having some resemblance usually by possession of certain attributes.
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● Random Sampling - a part of the sampling technique in which each sample has an
equal probability of being chosen.
● Replicate - To reproduce or make an exact copy or similar copies.
● Research - the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in
order to establish facts and reach new conclusions:
● Researcher’s Bias - the tendency to see what is expected to see, or what is wanted
to see, with prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.
● Sample Size - a part of the population chosen for a survey or experiment.
● Spurious Conclusions - are results which are not true and are not based from the
claimed or proper source.
● Superficial - not complete and involving only the most obvious things.
● Variable – refers to something that may or does vary or change.
Directions: In each item, choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet. Be sure not to
write anything on this learning module.
2. Research is __________
(A) Searching again and again
(B) Finding solution to any problem
(C) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
(D) None of the above
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(A) Reliability (D) All of the above
(B) Useability
(C) Objectivity
❖ Objective
The research aims for objectivity and is separated from the data. Quantitative
research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. Prior to
proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem, data are gathered beforehand. It is
not based on mere guesses and intuitions.
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❖ Replicated or Repeated
Given its high reliability, quantitative research study can usually be replicated
or repeated to confirm or to verify the correctness of the results in a different or
another setting. In this manner, the validity of the findings is being strengthened in
order to eliminate the possibility of spurious conclusions.
❖ Clearly Defined Research Questions
Prior to the gathering of data, all aspects of the study are carefully designed
by the researcher. In quantitative research, the researchers know in advance what
they are looking for. Questionnaires are well defined for which objective answers are
sought.
❖ Numerical Data
Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented
using tables, charts, graphs, figures, or other non-textual forms that consolidate large
numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences among variables.
❖ Future Outcomes
Research paper can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict
future results, or investigate causal relationships. Future scenarios of the study
maybe formulated by using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of
computers, thus, predicting future outcomes.
STRENGTHS
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⮚ Applying well -established standards which means that the
research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with
similar studies;
⮚ You can summarize vast sources of information and can make
some comparisons across categories and over time; and
⮚ Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a 'distance' from
participating subjects and using accepted computational
techniques.
WEAKNESSES
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There are four (4) main kinds of quantitative designs –
descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental.
❖ Scientific Classification
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invertebrae, etc. All these classifications are made as a result of descriptive research
which describes what they are.
❖ Human Behavior
❖ Example 1.
To find out if there is a relationship between vegetarianism and income, you
send out a questionnaire about diet to a sample of people from different income
brackets. You statistically analyze the responses to determine whether vegetarians
generally have higher incomes.
❖ Example 2.
To find out if there is a correlation between gender and class participation,
you observe college seminars, note the frequency and duration of students’
contributions, and categorize them based on gender. You statistically analyze the
data to determine whether men are more likely to speak up in class than women.
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3. Quasi-experimental Research involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is
tested, without any random pre-selection processes. For example, to perform an
educational experiment, a class might be arbitrarily divided by alphabetical selection
or by seating arrangement. The division is often convenient and, especially in an
educational situation, causes as little disruption as possible. After this selection, the
experiment proceeds in a very similar way to any other experiment, with a variable
being compared between different groups, or over a period of time.
❖ Example 1:
Imagine that two professors decide to test the effect of giving daily quizzes on
student performance in a statistics course. They decide that Professor A will give
quizzes but Professor B will not. They will then compare the performance of students
in their two sections on a common final exam. List five other variables that might
differ between the two sections that could affect the results.
❖ Example 2:
Imagine that a group of obese children is recruited for a study in which their
weight is measured, then they participate for 3 months in a program that encourages
them to be more active, and finally their weight is measured again. Explain how each
of the following might affect the results:
▪ regression to the mean
▪ spontaneous remission
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▪ history
▪ maturation
During the semester, students in a class are lectured on particular courses and
an exam is administered at the end of the semester. In this case, the students are the
subjects or dependent variables while the lectures are the independent variables
treated on the subjects. Only one group of carefully selected subjects are considered
in this research, making it a pre-experimental research design example. We will also
notice that tests are only carried out at the end of the semester, and not at the
beginning.
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carried out at the end of each training to test the impact of the training on employee
skills, and test for improvement. Here, the subject is the employee, while the
treatment is the training conducted. This is a pretest - posttest control group
experimental research example.
❖ In the area of Accounting, Business, and Management (ABM), researchers can help
in designing new products and services, figuring out what is needed, and ensuring
that the development of a product is highly targeted towards demand. Businessmen
can also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient distribution of their products
and decide where they need to increase their product distribution. The primary
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function of research in ABM is to deliver quality goods and services, to establish the
enterprise in the most feasible location, to analyse what the competitors are doing, to
correctly determine its customers and their preferences, and to find ways on how to
continuously satisfy the growing and varied needs of the clients.
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
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Indicators or
1. Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects.
8. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative
of the population.
Write a 500-word essay in your topic of interest according to your choice of Senior High
School strand. All the details of your write-up must reflect the topic of interest and relevant to
the senior high school strand which you belong Your essay must be reflective on the
following questions:
⮚ Why did you choose your topic of interest?
⮚ What did you find most interesting about the topic?
⮚ How do you explain the relevance of your chosen topic to
which the Senior High school strand that you belong?
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Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space before the number. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer sheet. Be
sure not to write anything on this learning module.
For items 2-5, refer to the following characteristics of research for your
answers A. Large Sample Sizes
B. Replication
C. Numerical Data
D. Objective
_____ 2. Data are in the form of statistics.
_____ 3. It is needed to arrive at a more reliable data analysis.
_____ 4. It is not based on guess work.
_____ 5. It is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study
For items 6-9, refer to the following kinds of quantitative research for your answers
A. Descriptive Research
B. Correlational Research
C. Experimental Research
D. Quasi-Experimental Research
_____ 6. It is a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or more quantitative
variables from the same group of subjects.
_____ 7. It involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random
pre-selection processes.
_____ 8. It is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way.
_____ 9. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing
to understand causal processes.
_____10. It is an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals.
A. Observational B. Survey C. Case Study D. Interview
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As a Senior High School student, writing an academic paper
upon by your essay, dealing with a particular task may turn into a
writing conventions. In order to achieve this goal, you have to complete your task as a
researcher by writing a comprehensive learning about the given topics: The following
questions may serve as your guide in the organization of the contents of your writing output.
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(Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper which will serve as your answer
sheet. Be sure not to write anything on this learning module.)
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WRITING TASK SCORING RUBRICS
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Adapted from: Whalen, S. (2020) “Rubric from Contemporary Health Issues Research
Paper” http://academics.adelphi.edu/edu/hpe/healthstudies/whalen/HED601_r2.shtml
IV. Pre-Test
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. D
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5.
Practice Task 2
6.
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5.
Practice Task 3
Post-Test
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. A
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9. C
10. C
Faltado, R. E. & Pogoy, A.M. (2016). Nature and Inquiry of Research. Practical Research 2
(Quantitative Research for SHS). Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing, Inc. ISBN
978-621-8035-10-2.(1-6).
Prieto, N. G., Naval, V.C. & Carey T. G. (2017). Nature of Inquiry and Research. Practical
Research 2 For Senior High School. Quezon City. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. ISBN
978-521-8035-17.1. (1-8).
Talbot, D.F. (2015). The importance of qualitative research and the problem of mass data
gathering. Retrieved from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-qualitative-research-problem-mass-data
gathering-talbot Retrieved on June 18, 2020.
Whalen, S. (2020) “Rubric from Contemporary Health Issues Research Paper” Retrieved
from http://academics.adelphi.edu/edu/hpe/healthstudies/whalen/HED601_r2.shtml
Retrieved on June 19,2020.
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