NEW ERA UNIVERSITY

College of Nursing

CONAPL 18 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY

First Semester, AY 2020-2021

LABORATORY EXERCISE 2: CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

Name of Student: ________________________

Fernandez, Patricia Andrea Alexei Score: ________
Section: ______________________
CON-1D Group No. _______________

Learning Outcomes:
After completing this exercise, you should be able to:

1 Identify cellular components on a model or diagram.

2 Describe the function of the plasma membrane and
cellular organelles.
3 Identify cells and observable cellular structures on
prepared microscope slides.
4 Identify the stages of mitosis.
5 Describe the events of each stage of mitosis.

Materials:

• Model or diagram of a cell

• 3-dimensional models of mitosis
• whitefish blastula slides or pictures

Introduction
The human body contains over a trillion cells. These cells form
the organs of the human body and are responsible for organ function.
Cells take in nutrients delivered to them by the blood and use these
nutrients to make carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Cells use these macromolecules to make cellular and extracellular
structures, repair themselves, and to perform the tasks required for
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organ function.
A. Cellular Structure
Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of living
organisms. They are enclosed by a plasma mem- brane which
controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. The
interior of the cell is filled with cytoplasm that contains cytosol (a
viscous fluid) and organelles (little organs). Like an automobile, a
cell has different parts or organelles that perform different functions.
A “generalized” animal cell is shown in Figure 2.1.

Activity 1:

1Study each or Look at each cell structure shown in Figure 2.1 on a cell
model or
chart then identify which part of the cell is indicated.

2 Describe the function of each organelle.

8 9

10
11
12

13
7
7
714 14

5
15

4
16
3
17

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1

Figure 2.1 Sectional Drawing of a Cell

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 Mitochondria- generate the chemical energy needed
1. _________________________________________
to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
_________________________________________
Lysosome- degrading and recycling waste
2. _________________________________________
_________________________________________
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- syntesize lipids,
3. _________________________________________
phospholipids as in plasma membrane and steroids.
_________________________________________
Peroxisome- involved in lipid biosynthesis,
4. _________________________________________
important for the synthesis of plasmalogens
_________________________________________
Plasma Membrane- provides protection for a cell
5. _________________________________________
_________________________________________
Centriole- assist cell division, creation of cilla and flagella
6. _________________________________________
on the cell's structure.
_________________________________________
Microvilli
7. _________________________________________
Folds of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell.
_________________________________________
Flagella
8. _________________________________________
Long cell projection; whip-like motion moves sperm.
_________________________________________
Cilla
9. _________________________________________
Abundant hair-like cell projections hat move fluids and particles
_________________________________________
10. Vesicle- help transport materials
_____________________________________
_________________________________________
11. Nucleus- control center of the cell
_____________________________________
________________________________________
Nuclear envelope- surrounds and protects nucleus
12. _____________________________________
_________________________________________
Nucleolus- most conspicuous domain in the eukaryotic cell nucleus
13. _____________________________________
________________________________________
14. Cytosol- serves several functions within a cell.
_____________________________________
_________________________________________
15. Ribosome- cell structure that makes protein,
_____________________________________
_________________________________________
Rough endoplasmic reticilum- serves many general function,
16. _____________________________________
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 transport of synthesized proteins in vesicle to the Golgi apparatus
_________________________________________
Golgi apparatus- responsible for packaging into vesicles
17. _____________________________________
_________________________________________

B. Cell Specialization

The human body contains over 200 different types of cells with
different functions. These differences in function are reflected in cell
structure. Cells of the human body differ from the generalized animal
cell in shape, size, or number and type of organelles present. In the
next activity you will observe cells of skeletal muscle, pseudo-
stratified ciliated columnar epithelium, non-ciliated simple columnar
epithelium with microvilli, motor neurons, sperm, and blood.
• Skeletal muscle cells are long, cylindrical cells that contain
specialized proteins (contractile proteins) that enable them
to contract (shorten in length) to move bones. The
contractile proteins are organized into repeating units that
can be observed in the light microscope as striations.
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells have
cilia that move substances like mucus along the surface of the
cells. Mucus is produced by specialized cells called goblet
cells.
• Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium with microvilli.
Microvilli increase the surface area of the plasma membrane
which provides a larger area for absorption of nutrients along
the gastrointestinal tract or secretion of product from glands.
• Motor neurons are nervous tissue cells with many processes
(cell extensions) that receive information from other neurons
and send electrical signals to muscle cells causing them to
contract.
• Sperm cells (sperm) are small, oval cells with a flagellum that
propels them through the female reproductive tract.
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 • Red blood cells do not have a nucleus (anucleate) but contain
large amounts of hemoglobin, a red pigment that binds
oxygen.
• White blood cells have nuclei with different shapes and
defend the body from pathogens and cancerous cells.

Activity 2:
1. Identify each cell and list the cell structures that can be seen from the given
slides below.

Skeletal Muscle fiber and Nuclei of Skeletal

1. _________________________________________
muscle tiisue and the Stiations of the muscle fiber.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

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 Cell body, nucleus, axon, dendrite
2. _________________________________________
and the nuclei of neuroglia cells.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

Red blood cells, white blood cells

3. _________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

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 Platelets
4. _________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

C. Somatic Cell Division: Mitosis & Cytokinesis

Somatic (soma- = body) cell division occurs when one cell

divides to produce two genetically identical cells. Cell division is
needed for growth of the individual and cell replacement. The cell
cycle, a period during which a cell grows and divides into two
genetically identical cells (daughter cells), begins when a cell is
produced by cell division and ends when the cell divides. The length
of the cell cycle differs according to the type of cell, with some cells
dividing more frequently than others. The cell cycle can be divided into
two basic periods: interphase, a long period during which the cell
conducts its normal activity, grows, and prepares for cell division; and
the mitotic phase, when the cell is dividing. The mitotic phase
consists of mitosis, or nuclear division, and cytokinesis, or
cytoplasmic division. The four stages of mitosis are: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
To observe interphase and the stages of mitosis, you will examine a
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prepared slide containing several sections of a whitefish blastula. The
blastula is an early embryonic stage in which cells are dividing rapidly,
pro- viding many cells in different stages of mitosis.

Activity 3:

1 Observe the 3-dimensional models of the mitotic phases, noting

the changes in each phase.
2 Identify interphase, each phase of mitosis, and cytokinesis below.

Interphase
1. _________________________ Prophase
2. ______________________
_________________________ _______________________
_________________________ _______________________
_________________________ _______________________

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 Metaphase
3. _________________________ Anaphase
4. ______________________
_________________________ _______________________
_________________________ _______________________
_________________________ _______________________

Cytokinesis
5. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

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Review your Knowledge
A. Cellular Structure

Fill in the blank with the name of the cell structure that fits
the description.
cilla 1. short, hair-like projections for
movement of substances along cell surface
cytosol 2. intracellular fluid
mitochondria 3. site of energy production by cellular
respiration
ribosomes 4. site of protein synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5. site of steroid and fatty acid synthesis
lysosome 6. small vesicle with digestive enzymes
Microtubules 7. organelles needed to form cilia and
flagella
chromatin 8. thread-like strand of DNA with
associated proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum
9. site of secretory and membrane
protein synthesis
golgi complex
10. site where protein products are
stored, packaged, and exported
nucleus 11. contains DNA that control cellular
activities
nucleolus 12. site of ribosome synthesis
cytoskeleton 13. gives the cell shape, support,
movement, and holds organelles in position
plasma membrane
14. controls movement of substances into
or out of the cell
microvilli 15. folds of the plasma membrane that
increase the cell’s surface area
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 peroxisomes 16. detoxifies harmful substances,
produces hydrogen peroxide, and oxidizes amino acids
nuclear envelope
17. double membrane that separates the
nucleus from the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
18. a small membranous sac that delivers
proteins to the plasma membrane to exit the cell

B. Phases of the Cell Cycle

Write the phase of the cell cycle that the phrase describes.
cytokinessis 1. cytoplasmic division
Interphase 2. cell performing normal functions;
longest phase
Mitosis 3. nuclear division
Metaphase plate
4. chromatid pairs line up at equatorial
plate
Prophase 5. chromatin condenses into
chromosomes
Telophase 6. spindle fibers break up; nucleus
reappears
Anaphase 7. centromeres divide; chromosomes
move to opposite poles
Prometaphase
8. nuclear membrane disassembles and
disappears
Telophase 9. chromosomes unravel to form
chromatin
Prophase 10. mitotic spindle forms
S phase 11. DNA replicates

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C. Transport Across the Cell Membrane.

Match the definition with the term.

a. to shrink or shrivel
b. water moving through selectively permeable
membrane
c. substance dissolved in a solution
d. to burst a red blood cell
e. difference between solute concentrations across a
membrane
f. same solute concentration on both sides of
membrane
g. lower concentration of solutes than in cytosol of cell
h. a fluid that can contain dissolved substances
i. higher concentration of solutes than in cytosol of cell
j. random movement of particles from their greater
concentration to their lesser concentration
a 1. concentration gradient
e 2. crenate
j 3. diffusion
d 4. hemolysis
i 5. hypertonic solution
g 6. hypotonic solution
f 7. isotonic solution
b 8. osmosis
c 9. solute
h 10. solvent

CI. Diffusion
Select the letter of the correct answer.
b 1. In the dialysis bag experiment, sucrose and red dye
molecules are:
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 (a) solutes (b) solvents
a 2. If there is no concentration gradient, a substance will
not have net movement.

(a) true (b) false

a 3. Passive processes use to move substances
across a plasma membrane.

(a) ATP (b) kinetic energy

E. OsmosisSelect the letter of the

correct answer.
c 1. An isotonic solution will an RBC.

(a) crenate (b) hemolyze (c) cause no change to

a 2. A hypertonic solution will an RBC.

(a) crenate (b) hemolyze (c) cause no change to

b 3. A hypotonic solution will an RBC.

(a) crenate (b) hemolyze (c) cause no change to

Using your Knowledge

A. Diffusion
Select the letter of the correct answer in questions 1–3.
a 1. White blood cells engulf bacteria. This is an example
of diffusion.

(a) true (b) false

a 2. Food cooking on the stove in the kitchen can be
smelled in the living room. This is an example of diffusion.

(a) true (b) false

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a 3. Oxygen in the lungs moves into the
bloodstream and carbon dioxide moves in
the opposite direction. This is an example
of diffusion.

(a) true (b) false

B. Osmosis
Select the letter of the correct answer in questions 4–8.
c 4. A test tube with blood in it has a
particular solution added to it. After
several minutes, the solution is not clear
anymore, but becomes red. Which
solution was added to the blood to obtain
this result?

(b) 0.9% saline (b) 5% saline (c) distilled water

a 5. A 0.8% saline solution would be to the cytosol of
a cell.

(a) hypotonic (b) hypertonic (c) isotonic

a 6. If a 50% sugar solution had been used in the dialysis
bag in Activity 1, there would be a faster rate of osmosis.

(a) true (b) false

b 7. If you placed a peeled apple or potato in a 5% salt
solution, it would

(a) gain weight (b) lose weight (c) stay the same weight

a 8. A person’s hands become wrinkled after spending a

long, relaxing time in the tub. Tub water does not
have as many solutes in it compared with the human
body. The hands look wrinkled because.

(a) the tub water is hypotonic to body cells and water

enters the cells
(b) the tub water is hypotonic to body cells and water
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 leaves the cells
(c) the tub water is hypertonic to body cells and water
enters the cells
(d) the tub water is hypertonic to body cells and water
leaves the cells

B. Application
9. When a person becomes dehydrated, the amount of water
in extracellular fluids such as blood decreases, causing
the solute concentration of these fluids to increase. State
whether osmosis results in water entering or leaving cells.

fluid from the extracellular compartment is depleted first, followed by fluid

_______________________________________________
from the intracellular space. Fluid loss from the intracellular space results in
_______________________________________________
cellular shrinkage and metabolic dysfunction.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

10. Severe vomiting and diarrhea causes a loss of water and

solutes from extracellular fluids. If a person was only given
water, what effect would this have on the solute
concentration of extracellular fluids? Would osmosis result
in water entering or leaving cells?

Hypertonic dehydration occurs when an individual excretes too much water

_______________________________________________
without also excreting electrolytes, leaving the fluid that surrounds the cell.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

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