FOREST BIODIVERSITY

 BIODIVERSITY - is define as the variability and variety of living organism.

The Philippine archipelago is one of the most important global centres of biological diversity.. Sadly, The
Philippines is ranked as having the most severely endangered endemic wildlife in the world. Its forest are being lost
and degraded at an astonishing rate. This habitat loss is also responsible for the increasing number and severity of
floods and droughts in the country, as well as massive soil erosion, coral reef siltation and ground water
depletion. These impacts directly undermine the livelihoods of poor rural and forest-dependent communities.
Losing natural resources has a direct effect on people’s well being.

Fauna & Flora International (FFI), through its Philippines Conservation Support Programme, works alongside
local conservation organisations to stop and reverse this downhill trend. We aim to provide safeguards to the
people who depend and coexist with these unique biodiversity.

Forests are the most diverse ecosystems on land, because they hold the vast majority of the world's terrestrial
species. Some rain forests are among the oldest ecosystems on Earth. Timber, pulpwood, firewood, fodder, meat,
cash crops, fish and medicinal plants from the forest provide livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people
worldwide. But only a fraction of known species has been examined for potential medicinal, agricultural or
industrial value.

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

 Genetic diversity - Variability in genes within species, subspecies, variety of breed.

 Species diversity - Variety of animals and plants.
 Ecosystem diversity - Variety of community of organism.

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biodiversity conservation seeks to maintain life support systems provided by nature. Adding to the impact of
natural processes, human intervention has had an adverse effect on these life support systems and thereby on
biodiversity. Much attention therefore has been focused internationally on formulating policies towards the
conservation of biodiversity over the past decade.

1. Ex -Situ conservation-A conservation where components of biological diversity is done outside their
natural habitat. Programs include zoos, seed/genetic banks, botanical gardens, etc.
2. In -Situ conservation-A conservation of ecosystem and natural habitat and the maintenance and recovery
of viable population of species in their natural surroundings and in the case of domesticated cultivated
species in the surroundings where they developed their distinctive properties.

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY

o Air pollution
o Chemical pollution
o Conversion of wild lands to agriculture and urban uses
o Destructive fishing activities
o Draining and filling of wetlands
o Indiscriminate use of pesticides
o Large scale clearing and burning of forest
 o Mine prospecting and exploration
o Overharvesting of plants and animals

OBSTACLES IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ( McNeelly et.al., 1990)

 National development objectives do not emphasize the importance of biological resources.

 Exploiting biological resources benefits traders and manufacturers more than the local people who have
few sources of livelihood and who pays the environmental costs of over exploitation .
 The species and the ecosystem upon which human survival depend are still not very well known.
 The available science is insufficiently applied to solve management problems .
 Conservation activities by most organizations have focused on too narrow aspects.
 Institutions responsible for conserving biodiversity lack financial and organizational resources to do the
job.

ENDANGERED WILDLIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi, and

other organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans.

Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, forests, rain forests, plains, grasslands, and other areas
including the most developed urban sites, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture
usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that much wildlife is affected
by human activities.

PHILIPPINE Endangered/rare plant species (FLORA)

TREES

 Shorea ovata  (Dark Red Merranti) is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is a tree

found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss.
 Tectona grandis (Philippine teak) is confined in secondary forests at low altitudes (100 to 250 feet
above sea level) in Luzon, particularly in Batangas. Often a substitute for molave, Philippine teak is
popularly used for house posts and in general construction .
 Agathis philippinensis (Almaciga) which is still found in Luzon and some parts of the Visayas (Samar
and Negros) and Mindanao (Misamis, Davao and Zamboanga).
 Albizza acle (Akle) is one of the most beautiful Philippine woods. It is one of the best cabinet timbers
on account of its warm-brown color, fine texture and lasting qualities.
 Dracontomelon dao (Dao) is a tall tree (35 to 40 meters) still found in primary and secondary forests.
 Toona calantas (Kalantas) is the best and only preferred wood for high-grade cigar boxes due to its
aroma. It is also a favorite for making tennis rackets, cloth chests, furnitures, cabinets, piano boards and
other musical instruments, lights bancas and small boats.
 Podocarpus costalis (Arius)  is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is native to
the Philippines and Taiwan. This plant is a shrublike tree which grows in island scrub, low forest, and bluff
habitat. It is also widely cultivated as a garden plant. It is used in bonsai. The fruit is edible. One threat to
the survival of wild populations is over collecting for horticulture; this practice is illegal throughout its
native range.
 Shorea contorta (White Lauan)
 Shorea almon  (Almon)
 Parashorea malaanonan (Bagtikan). It is found in the Philippines and the northeast coast of
Sabah in Borneo. It is a large emergent tree, up to 60 m, found in mixed dipterocarp forests on deep
friable clay soils.
 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Apitong) is a critically endangered common medium hardwood tree.The
tree itself is very useful for nitrogen fixing, erosion control, soil improvement, and watershed regulation.
 Hopea malibato (Kaliot) is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is endemic to
the Philippines.
 Shorea astylosa (Yakal)is a medium to large tree about 25 to 30 meters tall. Yakal is commonly found in
Luzon, particularly Quezon and Camarines; Samar; Negros; and Mindanao, particularly Zamboanga,
Agusan, and Davao. Contemporary use Yakal is used for high-grade construction, bridges and wharves,
mine timber, and other installations requiring high strength and durability.
 Shorea negrosensis (Red Lauan) is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is endemic to
the Philippines.
 Shorea thurifera (Palosapis) is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is endemic to
the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss which stems from recent human involvement in its natural
habitat.
 Shorea polysperma (Tanguile) is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is endemic to
the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss.

 ORCHIDIACEAE-largest family of flora. The Orchidaceae  are a diverse and widespread family of flowering

plants, with blooms that are often colourful and often fragrant,commonly known as the orchid family.

 Rafflesia manillana (Malaboa) is a parasitic plant species of the genus Rafflesia. A native plant in Mt.
Makiling.One of the largest flower in the world. This species was named after the city of Manila.Plants of
the genus Rafflesia a are renowned for having the largest single flowers in the world, reaching up to 91cm
in diameter with thick leathery petals. The huge flowers are said to smell of rotting flesh, which could be
used to attract flies for pollination.
 Vanda sanderiana (Waling-waling) is a flower of the orchid family. The only species under order
Rynchocephalia. It is commonly called Waling-waling in the Philippines and is also called Sander's
Vanda, after Henry Frederick Conrad Sander, a noted orchidologist. The orchid is considered to be the
"Queen of Philippine Orchids" and is worshiped as a diwata by the indigenous Bagobo people.Vanda
sanderiana is endemic to Mindanao in the provinces of Davao, Cotabato, and Zamboanga where it is
found on the trunks of dipterocarp trees at elevations below 500 meters. Over-collected, the plant is
considered rare in nature. It is often used in hybridization. Waling-waling, on the other hand, originated
from the warm islands of the South Pacific. Places like Malaysia , Thailand , Borneo, and the Philippines,
particularly the foot of Mount Apo , are natural homes to these rare epiphytic orchid species. The orchid
has long, trailing roots that draw moisture and nutrients from the air. Its long-lasting blooms make this
orchid popular among breeders and cut flower enthusiasts. Moreover, it easily crossbreeds with several
other orchid species. Some varieties, in fact, were used in successful hybridizations.
 Dendrobium anosmum (Sanggumai) -One of the orchids species with a powerful fragrance. This
species is native to New Guinea, the Phillippines and north to Sri Lanka and Thailand. The long slender
pseudobulbs are said to grow to 3 meters (nearly 10 feet) in length.
 Paphiopedilum ciliolare is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is known
commonly as the short haired paphiopedilum. It is endemic to the Philippines. This is a rare orchid with a
 total wild population of fewer than 2500 mature individuals. It is heavily collected for the horticulture
trade and its forest habitat is threatened with destruction and degradation. This species is notoriously
difficult to propagate. Germination media are most effective when they contain sugar and tryptone.
 Phalaenopsis lindenii is a species of plant in the Orchidaceae family, named after Belgian botanist Jean
Jules Linden. It is endemic to the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or
tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
 Aerides lawrenciae is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its
natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and
overcollection.Growing in brightly lit environments at low altitude on the islands
of Mindanao and Cebu, Aerides lawrenciae is a robust species up to 5 ft (1.5 meters) tall. It sometimes
becomes pendulous. The inflorescence has up to 30 strongly fragrant flowers, each about 4 cm across.
Flowering occurs during autumn.

 POLYPODIACEAE-second largest family of plant. Polypodiaceae is a family of polypod ferns.

Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones,
most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric.

FERN

 “Pakong buwaya” or tree fern (Cyathea spp.) thrives well in high altitude areas like Baguio . It is
occasionally planted in gardens and grows up to seven meters. The trunk is covered with black and still
interlacing roots. The young fronds are boiled and eaten as vegetable. The rhizome hairs are considered
as drug for coagulating blood in Chinese medicine and for rheumatic problems. It is also used as an old
man’s tonic. The rhizome itself is used topically for wounds and ulcers, and in handicraft making and
construction material such as fencing post.

PALMS

 The Philippine date palm, locally known as “voyavoy” is an erect palm growing alone, its trunk
rising up to 10 meters tall and its diameter up to 25 cm. The leaves grow up to 1 m long with leaflets at
the lower portion. Its fruits are oblong which turn black when mature. The voyayoy is found mostly on
grasslands and occasionally, along mountain streams at low medium altitudes. The plant is usually used
for ornamental purposes. The fruit is used for food while the leaves are used to make raincoats, bags,
hats, baskets, and others. Up north in Batanes, the leaves are used in making “vakul”, an Ivatan headgear,
and “kanayi”, a vest.
 Areca ipot Becc. locally known as “Bungang-ipot” is a small stocky tree that reaches four meters in
height. The plant belongs to the Palmae family. The dark green leaves, about 1.5 m in length, are
gracefully curved outward and appear to be swollen near the base. It bears clusters of flowers. It is
normally found in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. Its deep orange fruit has a flattened base
and a rounded top, while the seeds are oval-shaped. Some people use the nuts for betel-chewing.
 Alocasia sanderiana, commonly known as the Kris plant, is a plant in the Araceae family. It
is endemic to Misamis Occidental and Bukidnon, in the Philippines. It is classified as Critically
Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
VINES

 Jade vine or ‘tayabak’ in the vernacular is another endangered plant species in the country. The
luminescent aquamarine blooms of this tropical vine are unique in the plant kingdom. Its flowers are the
color of jade, and they hang in bunches up to 90 cm long. Each clawlike flower is about 7.5 cm long. Each
flower, looking like a stout butterfly with folded wings, attracts bees, butterflies, birds, and bats.  
 Palasan(Calamus merillii) a rattan generally found in the mountain ranges of Sierra Madre, Caraballo,
Cordillera, Halcon, Isarog and Kitanglad.

Other endangered plants

 Nepenthes bellii  is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Dinagat,

where it grows at elevations of 0–800 m above sea level. Nepenthes bellii is a climbing plant growing to a
height of 2.5 m and occasionally even 10 m. The stem, which may be branched, often scrambles through
vegetation but may also grow prostrate along the ground. It is terete or slightly angular and up to 5 mm in
diameter, with internodes up to 2 cm long. The conservation status of N. bellii is listed as Endangered on
the IUCN Red List, based on an assessment carried out in 2000. Stewart McPherson considers the species
"not currently threatened" and writes that it is "widespread" across Dinagat and northern Mindanao,
where it is represented by "extensive stands". Nevertheless, habitat loss is affecting the species in lowland
areas and this problem is particularly severe on Dinagat.

VALUES OF WILDLIFE

1. Aesthetic Value-those related to inherent natural beauty and artistic appreciation.

2. Recreational Values-related to sports and hobbies are recreational values often subdivided into:
 Consumptive(Hunting)
 Non-consumptive(Picture taking,recreation)
3. Ecological Values helps to maintain stability and sustain natural diversity.

Ex. Hawks reduce small mammal population by daylight and owls provide similar service after sundown.

1. Educational and scientific Value-serve in teaching and learning regarding wildlife population ,habitat
requirements and social organization.
2. Utilization Value-important in medical uses.
3. Commercial Value-wildlife economic return.
Ex. Sell of meat, fur, milk or animal as pet.

THREAT TO WILDLIFE RESOURCES

1. Deforestation which is the greatest cause of declining species population and extinction
2. Degradation of wildlife habitats
3. Over exploitation of wildlife species (collecting, selling and hunting)
4. Introduction of exotic species
5. Pollution
6. Soil erosion
7. Global warming
8. Ineffective and outdated wildlife legislation
9. Lack of information in public awareness about wildlife
HABITAT COMPONENT

1. Food
2. Cover-provides protection from weather or predator that offers a neuter vantage point.
3. Water-most species derive water need thru surface water and some through morning dew and succulent
plants.
4. Space-area for the animals to find enough food, cover, water and where to locate mate.

Herbivores preferences to palatability:

a. Preferred- first choice and always taken more frequently

b. Staple- second choice but still providing nutritional needs
c. Stuffers- useless nutritionally and ingested apparently to relieve hunger

POPULATION PARAMETER

POPULATION- species of organism or group of organisms living in a definable area.

1. Death rate- decrease in population size due to

a. Starvation
b. Disease
c. Parasitism
d. Predation
e. Excessive hunting
2. Age Composition
3. Dispersal- the movements of an animal from its birth or release and to the place where it reproduces
4. Birth Rate-number of birth per female.
a. Size and number of litter
b. Breeding age and frequency
c. Mating habit
d. Sex ratio
PHILIPPINE ENDANGERED/RARE FAUNA

AVES

Origin of Birds

Birds are believed to have been descended from reptiles explained by the following reasons:

1. Similarities with reptiles in terms of their skull , toes and breastbone and the vestiges of claws present on
the tips of the wing.
2. Reptilian type of process of producing their young (egg-laying).
3. Identified fossils known as “ARCHEOPTEREX “show a reptilian skeleton but with clear print of feather
hence birds are sometimes called as “feathered reptiles”

Birds structure in relation to their flight efficiency in air:

1. Body of the birds is streamlined offering least resistant to movement through the air.
2. Skeletons are closely united , providing the necessary frameworks for a body supported only by air.
3. Many bones are hollow making it very light.
4. Feathers when spread out overlap one another and from a large surface area against the air.
5. Tail serves mainly as rudder and streets the body in the desired direction.
6. Breastbone bears a V-shape projection to which the enormous muscles to move the wings finds efficient
attachment and forming the characteristics prominent chest of the bird.

Birds feet modification

1. Grasping
2. Swimming
3. Wading
4. For capturing and holding prey
5. For running or walking long distance

Birds beak usage

1. For building nest

2. For preening
3. For caring of young’s
4. For obtaining food
5. Beak necessary used for their for survival

Birds beak modification

1. For digging wood of trees(chisel-shaped)

2. For crushing of seeds (thick and short)
3. Ordinary beak for insects –eating bird(long with brittle at the base)
 Phil. Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) also known as the monkey-eating eagle or great Philippine eagle, is
an eagle of the family Accipitridae endemic to forests in the Philippines. It has brown and white-coloured
plumage, and a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82 to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs
4.7 to 8.0 kilograms (10.4 to 17.6 lbs). It is considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in
terms of length and wing surface, with the Steller's sea eagle and the harpy eagle being larger in terms of
weight and bulk. Among the rarest and most powerful birds in the world, it has been declared the
Philippine national bird. It is critically endangered, mainly due to massive loss of habitat due to
deforestation in most of its range. Killing a Philippine eagle is punishable under Philippine law by 12 years
in jail and heavy fines.The Philippine eagle is endemic to the Philippines and can be found on four major
islands: eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.
FOOD-The primary prey varies from island to island depending on species availability, particularly in Luzon
and Mindanao, because the islands are in different faunal regions. For example, the tree squirrel-
sized Philippine flying lemurs, the preferred prey in Mindanao, are absent in Luzon. The primary prey for
the eagles seen in Luzon are monkeys, birds, flying foxes, giant cloud-rats Phloeomys pallidus which can
weigh twice as much as flying lemurs at 2 to 2.5 kg (4.4 to 5.5 lb), and reptiles such as
large snakes and lizards.
CONSERVATION-They are threatened primarily by deforestation through logging and expanding agriculture.
Old-growth forest is being lost at a high rate, and most of the forest in the lowlands is owned by logging
companies. Mining, pollution, exposure to pesticides that affect breeding, and poaching are also major
threats. Additionally, they are occasionally caught in traps laid by local people for deer.
 The Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polypectron emphanum) is present (in the wild) only on the Island
of Palawan in the Philippines. The Palawan Peacock Pheasant is an extremely beautiful bird with a long
metallic green crest.
FOOD- live food which is mostly mealworms, scrambled egg and broken (or very small) cat biscuits
 The giant scops owl or Mindanao eagle-owl (Mimizuku gurneyi) is a species of owl in the
family Strigidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. In size and structure, it is considered intermediate
between a scops owl and an eagle-owl. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss .The giant scops owl is a medium-sized bird with a length of about 30
centimetres (12 in).
 Blue napped parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis). It was common on most islands in the Philippines a
century or less ago, but has suffered declines since on such a scale that it is now rare or extinct on many
islands. It is a bird of closed and open forest formations, including second growth, coconut plantations,
banana patches and mangrove, chiefly in lowland and coastal areas, up to 1,000 m. It is usually found in
flocks of up to 12 individuals which roost communally and make regular dawn and dusk flights between
feeding and roosting areas.
FOOD-It feeds in fruiting trees on nuts, fruits, berries and also on grain in other habitats. Nesting takes
place in a hole in a tree in April-June. 
 Cebu black shama (Copsychus cebuensis). This species qualifies as endangered as it has a very small
range and population, both of which are continuing to decline. In addition, it suffers severe fragmentation
owing to extreme pressure on the few remaining, already highly degraded, tracts of forest that still
support subpopulations. Copsychus cebuensis is endemic to the island of Cebu in the Philippines. It has
always been considered rare, but intensive fieldwork in 2004 has revealed it to be significantly more
widespread than was previously known. It inhabits primary forest and the dense undergrowth of
secondary habitats (along steep ravines), particularly along ridge-top and valley-bottoms with a high
percentage of canopy cover.
 The Mindoro imperial pigeon (Ducula mindorensis) is a bird species in the family Columbidae. It
is endemic to the Philippines.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and
subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was formerly classified as
a Vulnerable species by the IUCN.But new research has shown it to be rarer than it was believed.
Consequently, it is uplisted to Endangered status in 2008.
 The Japanese night heron (Gorsachius goisagi) is a species of night heron found in East Asia. It breeds
in Japan, and winters in the Philippines and Indonesia.The Japanese night heron prefers dense, damp
forest, in both its breeding and winter ranges
 The streak-breasted bulbul or mottle-breasted bulbul (Hypsipetes siquijorensis) is a songbird species in
the bulbul family(Pycnonotidae).It is endemic to the Philippines, where its natural habitat is subtropical or
tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrub land. It is threatened by habitat loss.
 The Mindoro hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis) is a species of hornbill in the Bucerotidae family. It
is endemic to forests on Mindoro in the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss, and is consequently
considered endangered by the IUCN.
 The Visayan hornbill (Penelopides panini) is a hornbill found in rainforests on the islands
of Panay, Negros, Masbate, and Guimaras, and formerly Ticao, in the Philippines. It formerly included all
other Philippine tarictic hornbills as subspecies, in which case the common name of the 'combined
species' was shortened to tarictic hornbill.
FOOD-The principal food of Visayan hornbill is fruit. It also
eats insects, beetles, ants and earthworms (rarely).
 The red-vented cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia) sometimes called the Philippine cockatoo or
kalangay, is a critically endangered species of cockatoo that is endemic to the Philippines. It is roughly the
size and shape of the Tanimbar corella, but is easily distinguished by the red feathers around the vent. The
plumage is all white with red undertail coverts tipped white, yellowish undertail and pale yellow
underwings. It is 12 inches (30 cm) long and has an 8.6-inch (22 cm) wingspan. The red-vented cockatoo
makes a characteristic bleating call, as well as screeching or whistling noises that are common to most
cockatoos.
 Negros bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi) is a species of pigeon endemic to the Philippines where it
is found on the islands of Negros and Panay. This species has an extremely small, severely fragmented
population. Continuing rates of forest loss on the two islands where it occurs suggest that it will continue
to decline, thereby qualifying it as critically endangered. It is 25 cm (10-in) total length. Ground-feeder but
roosts and nests on bushes or vines; seen in pairs in a flock. Habitat is primary and secondary forest. It is
threathened by hunting and habitat loss.
 The Sulu bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba menagei) is a species of bird in the pigeon and dove
family, Columbidae. It is endemic to the island of Tawi-Tawi and its surrounding islets in
the Philippines' Sulu Archipelago. It lives in primary and secondary forests that have a closed canopy. The
Sulu bleeding-heart is a medium-sized pigeon with a short tail.
HABITAT ANG FEEDING-Like other bleeding-hearts, the Sulu bleeding-heart is primarily a sedentary bird,
feeding on the forest floor and flying only for short distances. It only perches in trees in order to roost or
mate. When alarmed, bleeding-hearts run quickly into nearby undergrowth. It is very elusive in its
forested habitat, and nothing else is known about its behaviour.
 The Mindoro bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba platenae) .Kulo-kulo is bird native to the Philippines. It is
an endangered species. The Mindoro bleeding-heart is a type of ground dove.
 The Isabela oriole (Oriolus isabellae) is an endemic species of the oriole family found on Luzon in
the Philippines. The bird was presumed to be extinct for many years until it rediscovery in December 1993
 near Diffun,  Quirino,  and in Mansarong, Baggao Cagayan in September 1994. Additional sightings were
made in 2004 near San Mariano, Isabela.
 The Negros fruit dove (Ptilinopus arcanus) is a species of bird in the pigeon and dove
family, Columbidae. It is endemic to the island of Negros in the Philippines. This fruit dove is known from a
single female specimen collected from the slopes of Mount Kanlaon in the northern part of the island.
While it was found at a high elevation, it is suspected that the species originally lived in the
lowland dipterocarp forests and was driven to higher elevations by habitat destruction.The bill was black
and the feet were a dull purplish-red. The fruit dove is 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long.
 The Tawitawi brown dove (Phapitreron cinereiceps) is a threatened species of bird in the
family Columbidae. It is endemic to forests in the Sulu Archipelago (islands of Tawi-Tawi and Sanga-Sanga)
in the Philippines. It was downlisted from endangered status in the 2007 IUCN Red List.
 The blue-winged racket-tail or Sulu racquet-tail (Prioniturus verticalis) is a species of parrot in
the Psittaculidae family. It is endemic toTawi-Tawi island in the Philippines.Its natural habitats are
subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is threatened
by habitat loss.
 The Walden's hornbill (Aceros waldeni) locally called Dulungan, also known as the Visayan wrinkled
hornbill, rufous-headed hornbillor writhed-billed hornbill, is a critically endangered species
of hornbill living in the rainforests on the islands of Negros and Panay in the Philippines

MAMMALS

any of warm-blooded higher vertebrates (as placentals, marsupials, or monotremes) that nourish their young
with milk secreted by mammary glands, have the skin usually more or less covered with hair.

 The Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis), also known as the Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo, is a small mammal
that belongs to the family of Bovidae. These animals are native to the Mindoro Island. They are found at a
level of 2,000 meters above sea level. Tamaraws are critically endangered species as they have been
subject to extreme hunting, habitat loss, and logging. It is believed, however, to have once also thrived on
the larger island of Luzon. The tamaraw was originally found all over Mindoro, from sea level up to the
mountains (2000 meters above sea level), but because of human habitation, hunting, and logging, it is
now restricted to only a few remote grassy plains and is now an endangered species. Contrary to common
belief and past classification, the tamaraw is not a subspecies of the local carabao, which is only slightly
larger, or the common water buffalo. In contrast to the carabao, it has a number of distinguishing
characteristics: it is slightly hairier, has light markings on its face, is not gregarious, and has shorter horns
that are somewhat V-shaped. It is the largest native terrestrial mammal in the country.
 The Philippine mouse-deer (Tragulus nigricans)locally known as pilandok .It has a black and
brown coat with white stripes on the throat and chest.
HABITAT and BREEDING-Most of its habitat consists of areas where its diet of young shoots of cogon
grass and young low-growing leaves and buds are plentiful. Besides areas that are dense in vegetation, it
could also thrive in places it could graze. They may also visit burnt-out forest clearings for the floral ash.
Due to the now restricted range of the deer, it is impossible to ascertain the preferred habitat of the
species. The deer breed from November to December, although mating could begin earlier. Males have a
roaring call to attract females. Reports mostly mention a single calf with a mated pair, although conclusive
evidence on the number of young is not available because of the rarity of sightings. Calves are born after
a gestation period of around 240 days. Weaning takes place at six months and the calves are mature from
12 months.
 FOOD- The Philippine mouse-deer's main diet consists of leaves, flowers, and other vegetation in the
dense forest undergrowth.
 The Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi), also known as the Philippine spotted deer, is
a nocturnal and endangered species of deer located primarily in the rainforests of the Visayan islands
of Panay and Negros though it once roamed other islands such as Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate,
and Samar
FOOD-The diet of the deer, which consists of a variety of different types of grasses, leaves, and buds
within the forest, is the primary indicator of its habitat.
 The Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) is an endangered species that is endemic to the Philippines.
These animals are found in the southeastern region of archipelago, inhabiting the islands of Leyte, Bohol,
Samar, and Mindanao. Some of these species are known to reside in Siargao Island, Dinagat Island, and
Maripipi Island. The length of the Philippine tarsier measures around 118 to 149 mm, with weight
measuring at 113 to 142 grams. 
 The Calamian deer (Hyelaphus calamianensis), also known as Calamian hog deer, is
an endangered species of deer found only in the Calamian Islands of Palawan province of the Philippines.
It is known locally as usa., which is tawny brown in the head, lateral side of the neck and on the ventral
side of the body. Its tail is characteristically short with white buffs of hair present on the ventral side of
the tip. A 70-80 cm tall adult Calamian deer weighs 30-35 kg while a newborn weighs about 1 kg. Only
male Calamian deers have antlers. Calamian deers are largely threatened by shrinking habitat and illegal
hunting and collection.
 The Philippine deer (Rusa marianna), also known as the Philippine sambar or the Philippine brown
deer, is a species of deer that is native to the forests and grasslands, on most larger islands of
the Philippines.The only major islands where it is not commonly found are
in Negros, Panay, Palawan, Sulu, and the Babuyan and Batanes island groups.

RATS AND BATS

Cloud rats are gentle and lovely rodents found only in the Philippine. Six species of cloud rats inhabit the
Philippine. They are slow moving creatures but are excellent tree climbers. Cloud rats are nocturnal creatures
spending most of the day sleeping in the hole of large trees. Their diet is simple consisting mostly of tender
young leaves, bananas, guavas, and young corns (Novak, 1999). Survival of cloud rats is threatened by hunting
and wide scale deforestation. Cloud rats are usually hunted for their meat, which is a favorite finger food
during drinking session in rural areas. Others keep them as pets. Cloud rats are among the wildlife species
protected by the Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources a member of the World
Conservation Union with linkages with a number of conservation groups nationally and internationally.

 The Panay cloudrunner (Crateromys heaneyi) is the second-largest cloud rat, a squirrel-

like rodent that is found on the island of Panay in the Philippines.The Panay cloudrunner is a little over
600 mm long, with grizzled greyish-brown fur and a long, bushy tail making up more than half of the body
length. It weighs around 1 kilogram.The cloudrunner is nocturnal and arboreal, and nests during the day
in the hollow of a large tree.

FOOD-Its diet includes bananas, guavas, corn, papayas, and assorted leaves.

 The giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus), also known as the golden-capped fruit bat,
is a rare megabat and one of the largest bats in the world.The species is endangered and is currently
 facing the possibility of extinction because of poaching and forest destruction. It is endemic to forests in
the Philippines. The bat can reach up to 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) in weight and 1.7 m (5.6 ft) in wingspan.
 Dinagat hairy-tailed rat or Russet Batomys (Batomys russatus) is one of five species of rodent in
the genus Batomys. It is in the diverse family Muridae. This species is endemic to the Philippines. This rat
is found on Dinagat Island and possibly on other islands nearby. Further surveys have yet to be carried
out, but it is currently endangered according to the IUCN.
 The Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina) is a white-toothed shrew found only on the island of Negros in
the Philippines. It is locally called the katsurí and is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat
loss and a restricted range.
 The white-winged flying fox (Desmalopex leucopterus), also known as the mottle-winged flying fox is
a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. They are endemic to the Philippines. Their natural habitat is
subtropical or tropical dry forests. They are threatened by habitat loss. 
 The Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori) locally known in Tagalog as Bayakan is a
species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical
or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation.The species is named
for Dioscoro S. Rabor who, with several others, first collected the species.
 The Ilin Island Cloudrunner (Crateromys paulus) is a critically endangered cloud rat from Ilin Island in
the Philippines. It is a fluffy-coated, bushy-tailed rat and may have emerged from tree hollows at night to
feed on fruits and leaves.
 Chapman’s Fruit Bat(Dobsonia chapmani )is a large fruit bat that lives in Southeastern Asia in the
Philippines and the surrounding islands. It measures 218–221 mm from nose to tail and weighs 125–143
g. The wings of this bat connect to the midline of the back giving it a naked/furless appearance. The bat
prefers limestone caves in the forest. The forest habitats, consist of naturally open and shrubby native
vegetation.
 The Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat (Crateromys australis) is a species of cloud rat in the
family Muridae. It is one of the eight cloud rats found only in the Philippines, and is specifically endemic
to Dinagat Island. It is a rare species. It was found in a disturbed lowland forest, near a logging road.

PIGS/SWINE

 Oliver's warty pig or Mindoro warty pig (Sus oliveri) is a small species in the pig genus (Sus) which
can only be found on the island of Mindoro in the central Philippines. This species previously treated to be
a subspecies of S. philippinensis, was shown to be morphologically and genetically different. This species is
heavily hunted and is extremely rare.
 The Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons) is endemic to two of the Visayan Islands in the
central Philippines, and is threatened by habitat loss, food shortages, and hunting – these are the leading
causes of the Visayan warty pig's status as critically endangered. Due to the small numbers of remaining
Visayan warty pigs in the wild, little is known of their behaviors or characteristics outside of captivity.
HABITAT AND DIET-Visayan warty pigs tend to live in groups of four to six. The diet of the pig mainly consists
of roots, tubers, and fruits that can be found in the forest. They may also eat cultivated crops.
REPTILES

Reptiles- a cold-blooded vertebrate of a class that includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises.
They are distinguished by having a dry scaly skin, and typically laying soft-shelled eggs on land. Any of a class
REPTILIA.

 Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate)-These smaller species of turtle are listed as critically
endangered. Growing only up to 45 inches, they can be found in tropical waters, preferring shallow reef
areas where sandy nesting sites are nearby, and their preferred food, sponges, can be found. Featuring
claws on their flippers, a pointed mouth resembling a birds beak (hence hawksbill), and striking colored
shells, these turtles are often poached for their eggs, flesh, and shells. Living in shallow waters also makes
them victims of fishing nets. Apart from their cultural significance and tourism value, Hawksbill turtles
play an important role in maintaining reef health through eating sponges, thus providing better access for
reef fish to feed. (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the
family Cheloniidae.
FOOD-they are omnivorous, sea sponges are their principal food.However, like many spongivores, they
feed only on select species, ignoring many others.
CONSERVATION-Consensus has determined sea turtles, including E. imbricata to be, at the very least,
threatened species because of their slow growth and maturity, and slow reproductive rates. Many adult
turtles have been killed by humans, both accidentally and deliberately, for instance, due to loss of nesting,
pollution and coastal development. In addition, human and animal encroachment threatens nesting sites,
and small mammals dig up eggs.
 The Philippine Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis), also called Mindoro Crocodile, is a
subspecies of crocodiles that inhabits all throughout the Philippines. These crocodiles are considered to
be critically endangered species due to unsustainable fishing. They have wide and thick bony plates. They
can grow to a length of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), and weigh around 15 kg (33 lb.).
FEEDING HABIT.Crocodilians are largely carnivorous, and the diets of different species can vary with snout
shape and tooth sharpness. Though mostly carnivorous, several species of crocodilian have been observed
to consume fruit, and this may play a role in seed dispersal. In general, crocodilians are stalk-and-ambush
predators, though hunting strategies vary depending on the individual species and the prey being hunted .
CONSERVATION-Various types of aquatic habitats are used by different crocodilians. Some species are
relatively more terrestrial and prefer swamps, ponds, and the edges of lakes, where they can bask in the
sun and there is plenty of plant life supporting a diverse fauna. Others spend more time in the water and
inhabit the lower stretches of rivers, mangrove swamps, and estuaries. The main threat to crocodilians
around the world is human activity, including hunting and habitat destruction.
 The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle, or Pacific
green turtle, is a large sea turtleof the family Cheloniidae. This species is named for the green color of its
fat, rather than the color of its skin or shell as most people think. These turtles' shells are in fact olive to
black. It is the only species in the genus Chelonia. Its range extends throughout tropical and
subtropical seas around the world, with two distinct populations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, but
also found in the Indian Oceans. Chelonia mydas is listed as endangered by the IUCN and CITES and is
protected from exploitation in most countries. It is illegal to collect, harm or kill them. In addition, many
countries have laws and ordinances to protect nesting areas. However, turtles are still in danger due to
human activity. In some countries, turtles and their eggs are hunted for food. Pollution indirectly harms
turtles at both population and individual scales. Many turtles die after being caught in fishing nets.
  Philippine Forest turtle (Siebenrockiella crassicollis) have brown to reddish brown to
black carapaces that reach a length of 21 cm (8.3 in). Larger individuals can reach 30 cm (12 in) in length,
though this is relatively rare. A dorsal ridge (the keel) is only present in the posterior vertebral scutes or
absent altogether. The front margin of the carapace is slightly to strongly serrated, with the marginal
scutes projecting beyond the cervical scutes. The vertebral scutes are broader than long. Philippine forest
turtles are readily recognizable by their ginkgo-shaped vertebral scutes and a pale white to yellow line
traversing across its head behind the ears. The previous characteristic has earned it the nickname of
'bowtie turtle'.
HABITAT-Philippine forest turtles are known only from northern Palawan and surrounding islands. This
includes the island of Dumaran where the species is still relatively abundant in creeks. Elsewhere, it is
believed their populations are declining sharply. Particularly in the areas of Taytay and San Vicente. Its
distribution area is estimated to be less than 100 km2.
CONSERVATION-Trade is banned internationally under the CITES convention, as well as domestically under
the Philippines Wildlife Act.

 The Panay monitor lizard(Varanus mabitang) is an endangered monitor lizard native to Panay

Island in the Philippines. This frugivorelives in the large trees in tropical moist forests, and is threatened
both by the destruction of its habitat through deforestation and overhunting. It is listed on the ICUN's Red
List of endangered species. The Panay monitor is darker in coloration compared to Varanus
bitatawa and Gray's monitor.

MARINE MAMMAL

 The dugong (Dugong-dugon) is a medium-sized marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the

order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees. It is the only living representative of the
once-diverse family Dugongidae; The dugong is the only strictly marine herbivorous mammal. The dugong
is the only sirenian in its range, which spans the waters of some 40 countries and territories throughout
the Indo-West Pacific. The dugong is largely dependent on sea grass communities for subsistence and is
thus restricted to the coastal habitats which support sea grass meadows, with the largest dugong
concentrations typically occurring in wide, shallow, protected areas such as bays, mangrove channels, the
waters of large inshore islands and inter-reefal waters.
 The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal belonging to the baleen
whales (Mysticeti). At up to 30 metres (98 ft)  in length and with a maximum recorded weight of
173 tonnes (191 short tons)  and probably reaching over 181 tonnes (200 short tons), it is the largest
animal ever known to have existed.
Long and slender, the blue whale's body can be various shades of bluish-grey dorsally and somewhat
lighter underneath. Blue whales were abundant in nearly all the oceans on Earth until the beginning of the
twentieth century. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, in at least
five groups. The IUCN estimates that there are probably between 10,000 and 25,000 blue whales
worldwide today.

PISCES
 Fishes are vertebrate animals that live in water.

 ITCHTHYOLOGY-is the science that deals with the study on fishes.

Characteristics of fish

1. They have backbone

2. They breathe mainly by means of gills
3. They are cold blooded animals
4. They move by means of tins
5. Their body is covered by scales

 The humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) locally known as ‘‘mameng’’ is

a species of wrasse mainly found on coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. The humphead wrasse is the
largest living member of the Labridae family. Males are typically larger than females and are capable of
reaching lengths of up to 2 meters from tip to tail and weighing up to 180 kg, but the average length is
generally a little less than 1 meter. Females rarely grow larger than one meter in length. This species of
fish can be easily identified by its large size, thick lips, two black lines behind its eyes, and the hump that
appears on the forehead of larger adults. The humphead wrasses can be located within the east coast of
Africa and Red sea as well as in the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. There are different ranges in which
juvenile and adult humphead wrasses are found. Juveniles are usually found in shallow sandy ranges that
are bordering coral reef waters, while adults are mostly found in offshore and deeper areas of the coral
reefs, typically in outer-reef slopes and channels but can also be found in lagoons. Humphead wrasses are
found in small groups or larger combinations within their habitat.

THREATS TO MARINE PROTECTED AREA IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Overfishing
2. Aquaculture encroachment
3. Curion(coral and shell trade)
4. Anchorage of marine vessel
5. Siltation from land
6. Pollution from industries
7. Destructive fishing
8. Hunting endangered species
9. Tourism activity
10. Coral mining
11. Siltation from sea

AMPHIBIANS
 It is cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They
are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing
adult stage. The word amphibian means dual lives.

Characteristics of amphibian

1. Body covered by thin, flexible and usually moist skins, without scales, fur or feather.
2. Feet are present often webbed.
3. Immature forms are vegetarian while adults ate usually carnivorous.
4. Respiratory by gills ,lungs or skin.
5. Has a two chambered heart in larvae while three in adults
6. Eggs fertilized externally as soon as laid.

 The Negros forest frog (Platymantis negrosensis) is a species of frog in the Ceratobatrachidae family.

It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and
subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

 The Palawan horned frog (Megophrys ligayae) is a species of amphibian in the Megophryidae family.

It is endemic to the Balabac and Palawan islands, the Philippines.[2] Its natural habitats are subtropical or
tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane
forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, and intermittent rivers. It is threatened by habitat
loss.

 The Mindoro Tree Frog (Philautus schmackeri) is a species of frog in the Rhacophoridae family. It

is endemic to the Philippines.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests,
subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

 The Mount Data forest frog (Platymantis subterrestris) is a species of frog in

the Ceratobatrachidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines .Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical
moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

LAWS AND POLICIES GOVERNING WILDLIFE

RA 9147-(July 30, 2001) Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. An act providing for the
conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefore and for other
purposes.[Chap. 3,Art. 2-5]

FAO 17- (July 14, 1930) Defines closing season and regulation of certain game and other wildlife.

PWO 13- (June 14, 1939) Regulation for taking, possessing, exchanging, selling of certain game and other
protected wildlife.

RA 7586- (NIPAS ACT) Establishment of Integrated Protected Areas System over the country to protect and
conserve biodiversity.

RA 6147-(November 9, 1970) Declaring Pithecophaga jefferyi as protected bird in the Philippines and providing
rules for the preservation of the same authorization of funds.

PWO 1732- (May 8, 1978) Declaring monkey-eating eagle as Philippine eagle.

CA 73- (JUNE 15 ,1954)An act prohibiting the killing, hunting, wounding or taking away of tamaraw.

RA 1086- Known as “tamaraw law” which amend CA 73.

RA 1086- Created the Presidential Committee for the conservation of Tamaraw.

EO 542- (June 26, 1979) Created the Task Force Pawikan for the conservation of economically important marine
turtles.

MNR-AO 12- (March 10, 1980) Regulation for the conservation of marine turtles in the Philippines.

RA 7586 (1992) National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act-Provides for the establishment and
management of protected areas in the Philippines.

RA 8485 (1998)-Animal Welfare Act-Protects and promotes the welfare of all animals in the Philippines by
supervising and regulating the establishment and operations of all facilities utilized for breeding ,maintaining,
keeping, treating or training of all animals either as objects of trade or as household pets.

RA 8550 (1998) Philippine Fisheries Code- SEC.11.Protection of Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species. The
Department shall declare closed seasons and take conservation and rehabilitation measures for rare ,threatened
and endangered species ,as it may determine, and shall ban the fishing and/or endangered species, including
their eggs/offspring as identified by existing laws in concurrence with concerned government
agencies.SEC.97.Fishing or Taking of Rare ,Threatened or Endangered Species. It shall be unlawful to fish or take
rare, threatened or endangered species as listed in the CITES and as determined by the Department.

Writ of Kalikasan (2010)-Direct respondent to permanently cease from commiting acts or neglecting the
performance of a duty in violation of environmental laws resulting in environmental destruction or damage.

PD 705 (1975) otherwise known as the Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines which mandates the protection
of forest lands, including the conservation of wildlife and regulating the hunting thereof.

PD 1152-Philippine Environment Code of 1977 which mandates the DENR to establish a system of national
exploitation and conservation of wildlife resources and to encourage citizens’ participation in the maintenance
and/or enhancement of their continuous productivity by: regulating the marketing of threatened wildlife
resources, reviewing all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of wildlife resources, and conserving
the threatened species of wild fauna.

RA 7160- Local Government Code which mandates local government units to share with the national
government the responsibility in the maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdictions.

Act No. 3983(Dec. 3,1932)- An act to protect wild flowers and plants in the Philippine Islands and the prescribe
conditions under which they may be collected sold, exported ,and for other purposes.

BFAR

FAO-208(2001)-Rare, threatened, and endangered species

FAO-233(2010)-Aquatic wildlife conservation

Joint AO 1 (2005) BFAR-DOT-Guidelines for cetacean interaction; whale watching.

INTERNATIONAL

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)-[Art.6]-Develop national strategies,plans or programmes for the conservation
and sustainable use of biodiversity or adapt existing strategies purpose.

Convention on Migratory Species ( CMS)Appendix I,II-It is an intergovernmental treaty, concluded under the guidance of
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global
scale. It aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
BARRIER- Refers to any factor that limits the movement of organisms which can be physical, generic or
climate in nature.

BIOGEOGRAPHY- Refers to the distribution of of life or organisms.

BIOTA- Refers to plants and animals in a given area taken collectively.

BIOTIC POTENTIAL- It refers to the inherent ability of organisms to reproduce and increase in population
especially when relieved of all environmental resistance.

CAPTURING- Taking samples of the population be it dead or alive for some purposes.

COLLECTION- Refers to trapping , hunting, taking, amassing, gathering, and/or owning through any
mode of acquisition any species of wildlife.

COMPETION- It is a struggle among organisms for the same thing like food, shelter, habitat and other
needs for survival.

CONSERVATION-It is the preservation and sustainable utilization of wildlife , and/or maintenance

,restoration and enhancement of the habitat.

DISPERSAL- The movements of all individuals into birth or release and to the place where it reproduce.

ECOLOGICAL RANGE- It is the kind of environment in which species live.

ENDANGERED- Species and subspecies of wildlife whose populations are in danger of extinction and
whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.

FAUNA- It refers to all animals living in an area large or small collectively.

FLORA- It is the collective term to all the vegetation or plants in an area.

FOOD PATCH- Any plot of domestic plants reserve for the wild animals.

GAME- Refers to any bird ,mammal or fish that is allowed to be hunted or caught during open season or
for which seasons and bag limits have been prescribed.

GAME REFUGE AND BIRD SANCTUARY- Refers to any forest land designated for the protection of
game animals , birds and fish and closed to hunting and fishing in order that excess population may flew
and re-stock surrounding areas.

GEOGRAPHIC RANGE- It is the entire extent of land or water over which species may occur.

HABITAT- The kind of place in which the plant or animal lives such as forest grassland and marsh.

MARINE PARK- Any public offshore area delineated as habitat for rare and unique species of marine
flora and fauna.

POPULATION- Consist of individuals of the same area at a certain time.

PYTHOGEOGRAPHY- It refers to the geographical distribution of plants.

RARE- It refers to species and subspecies of wildlife found only in one particular area or in a few areas in
the Philippines in very highly specialized habitat types but occur only in very small numbers and are
therefore , seldom met with even within their preferred habitat types. Their population are not at present
endangered or vulnerable but are at risk.

TERRITORY- The area defended by the animals.

TRADE- The act of purchasing, selling, offering or exposing for sale, or having possession for sale .live or
dead ,or any part of wildlife species listed herein.

WILDLIFE-It refers to undomesticated flora and fauna on those organisms existing in nature without
human intervention.

WILD MANAGEMENT- It is the application of business principles and methods in handling wildlife
resources with the aim of alleviating its present conditions for socio-economic and ecological reasons.

WILLIFE COLLECTORS’ PERMIT- Privelege granted to any individual to take, collect , possess ,sell or
exchange/export game and other wildlife.

WILDLIFE GRATUITOUS PERMIT- Given free exchange , a privileged granted to any institution or
person to collect or gather wildlife in such a number for scientific and educational purposes only.

ZOOGEOGRAPHY-It is the science dealing with the geographical distribution animals.

REFERENCES:
  Agoo, E.M.G., Cootes, J., Golamco, A., Jr., de Vogel, E.F. & Tiu, D. 2004.  Aerides
lawrenciae.  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. Downloaded on 10
September 2015.
 Asian Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Viet Nam)
1998. Tectona philippinensis.  2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on
23 August 2007.
 Barcelona, Julie F.  "Rafflesia". Philippine Native Plant Conservation Society, Inc.
Retrieved 2008-12-08.
 BirdLife International (2007a): 2006-2007 Red List status changes. Retrieved 2007-AUG-
26.
 BirdLife International (2013). "Penelopides mindorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26
November 2013.
 Collar, N. J.; Mallari, N. A. D.; Tabaranza, B. R. J. 1999. Threatened birds of the
Philippines: the Haribon Foundation/BirdLife International Red Data Book. Bookmark,
Makati
 Diesmos, A., Alcala, A., Brown, R., Afuang, L., Dolino, C., Gee, G., Hampson, K., Diesmos,
M.L., Mallari, A., Ong, P., Paguntalan, L., Pedregosa, M., Ubaldo, D. & Gutierrez, B. 2004
 Diesmos, A., Alcala, A., Brown, R., Afuang, L., Gee, G., Hampson, K., Diesmos, M.L.,
Mallari, A., Ong, P., Pedregosa, M., Ubaldo, D. & Gutierrez, B. 2004.  Philautus
schmackeri. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 July 2007.
 Oliver, W., MacKinnon, J., Heaney, L. & Lastica, E. (2008). Rusa alfredi. In: IUCN 2008.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 9 April 2009. Listed as Endangered (EN
C2a(i))
 Mortimer, J.A & Donnelly, M. (2008).  Eretmochelys imbricata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
 Crocodile Evolution's greatest survivor. Orion. ISBN 978-1-74114-498-7Kelly, Lynne
(2007). 
 Forest Wildlife Biodiversity. A Lecture Guide compiled by For. Dennis G. Gapacan.
Kalinga State University.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS: TEST I

___ 1. Zoogeography is the science dealing with the geographical distribution of animals. Wildlife refers
to undomesticated flora and fauna, in all developmental stages , including those which are in captivity or
are being bred or propagated.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___ 2.Wildlife gratuitious permit is a privilege granted to any institution or person to collect or gather
wildlife in such a number for scientific and educational purposes only. Biogeography consists of
individuals of the same area at certain time.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___ 3. Collection refers to taking samples of the population be it dead or alive for some purposes.
Competition is the movement of all individuals into or out of the population.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___4. Biogeography refers to any factor that limits the movement of organism which can be physical
,generic or climatic in nature. Biota refers to plants and animals in a given area taken collectively.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___5. Endangered refers to species and subspecies of wildlife found only in one particular area or in a
few areas in the Philippines in a very highly specialized habitat types but occur only in a very small
numbers and are therefore seldom met with even within their preferred habitat types. Endemic refers
to an organism native to the place.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false
___6. Trade means the act of engaging in the exchange , exportation, purchase or sale of wildlife ,their
derivatives or by- products ,locally or internationally. Conservation means preservation and sustainable
utilization of wildlife ,and/or maintenance ,restoration and enhancement of the habitat.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___ 7. In-situ conservation is a type of biodiversity conservation where components of biological

diversity is done outside their natural habitat. Ex situ conservation is type of biodiversity conservation
where ecosystem and natural habitat and the maintenance and recovery of viable population of species
is in their natural surroundings.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. d. Both the statement is false

___ 8. Ecosystem diversity is variability in genes within species, subspecies, variety or breed. Species
diversity is the variety of community of organism.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___ 9. Aesthetic values of wildlife are those related inherent natural beauty and artistic
appreciation.Ecological values maintains stability and sustain natural diversity.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false

___ 10. Rafflesia manillana is the scientific name of Malaboa that is considered as one of the largest
flower in the world and a native plant in Mt. Makiling. Dendroium anosmum is the scientific name of
Waling-waling that is one of the famous orchids in the world found at Mt.Apo.

a. Only the first statement is true

b. Only the second statement is true
c. Both the statement is true
d. Both the statement is false
SAMPLE QUESTIOS: TEST II

___1. Dipterocarp forest is the forest type habitat of the Philippine Eagle. Savanna forest is the forest
type habitat of Tamaraw.Ostrich is critically endangered species. Tarsier is reportedly threatened
mammal found in Palawan.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

___2. Biota define as the variability and variety of organism of living organism. Pythogeography is the
science dealing with the geographical distribution of animals.Conversion of forest lands to agriculture
and urban uses is one of the threats to biodiversity. Deforestation is the single greatest cause of
declining species population and extinction.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

___3. Population is the kind of place in which the plant or animal lives such as forest grassland and
marsh. Geographic range is the entire extent of land or water over which species may occur. Dispersal is
the movement of all individuals into or out of the population area. Rare are species and subspecies of
wildlife whose populations are in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors
continue operating.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

___4. Act No. 2590 is known as the “Wildlife Law”. R.A. 1086 is known as the “Tamaraw Law”. E.0.543
created the Task Force Pawikan for the conservation of economically important marine turles.C.A.23 is
an act prohibiting the killing, hunting, wounding, or taking away of tamaraw.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false.
___5. RA 1732-Declaring Pithecophaga jefferyi as protected bird in the Philippines and providing rules
for the preservation of the same authorization of funds.Proc.No.6147- Declaring monkey-eating eagle as
Philippine eagle. RA 7586 -National Integrated Protected Areas System which established protected
areas for the protection of biological diversity.Act No. 3983- An act to protect wild flowers and plants in
the Philippine Islands and the prescribe conditions under which they may be collected sold, exported
,and for other purposes.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

___ 6. Vanda sanderiana is the scientific name of the only species under order Rynchocephalia.
Polypodiaceae is the second largest plant family which is the fern. Rafflesa manillana is a native plant in
Mt. Makiling. Dendrobium anosmum is native plant in Mt. Apo.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

___ 7.Rafflesia manillana is considered “Queen of Philippine Orchids”.Polypodiaceae species are found
in dry climates,and not commonly in rain forest. Nepenthes bellii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to
Mindanao. “Pakong buwaya” or tree fern thrives well in high altitude areas.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

___ 8. Orchidiaceae is the largest family of flora. Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. Erethmochelys
imbricate is the scientific name of Green Sea Turtle. Chelonia mydas is the scientific name of Hawksbill
Turtle.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false
___ 9. RA 8485 is the Animal Welfare Act. POW 13- (July 14, 1930) Defines closing season and regulation of certain
game and other wildlife. FAO17 - (June 14, 1939) Regulation for taking, possessing, exchanging, selling of certain
game and other protected wildlife. RA 8550 is Philippine Fisheries Code.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false

____ 10. RA 7160- Local Government Code which mandates local government units to share with the national
government the responsibility in the maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdictions. Act No.
3983 is an act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating
funds therefore and for other purposes. R.A. 9147 is an act to protect wild flowers and plants in the Philippine
Islands and the prescribe conditions under which they may be collected sold, exported , and for other purposes.
PD 705 (1975) otherwise known as the Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines which mandates the protection of forest lands,
including the conservation of wildlife and regulating the hunting thereof.

a. I & II statement is true while the rest is false

b. II & III statement is true while the rest is false
c. III & IV statement is true while the rest is false
d. I & IV statement is true while the rest is false
ANSWER KEY:

1. C
2. A-Biogeography-Population
3. D-Collection-Capturing
Competition-Dispersal
4. B-Biogeography-Barrier
5. B-Endangered-Rare
6. C
7. D-Ex-situ- In-situ&In-situ-ex-situ
8. B-Ecosystem-Genetic diversity
9. C
10. A-Dendrobium (Sanggumai)-Vanda sanderiana(Waling-waling)
11. A-Ostrich-Phil. Eagle&Tarsier-Calamian Deer
12. C-Biota-Biodiversity & pythogeography- Zoogeography
13. B-Population-Habitat& Rare-Endangered
14. A-EO543-EO542&CA23-CA73
15. C-Proc. 6147-7132&RA7132-6147
16. B-Vanda sanderiana- Rafflesia manillana & Dendrobium anosmum-Vanda sanderiana
17. C-Rafflesia manillana-Vanda sanderiana
18. A-Erethmochelys imbricate-Hawksbill&Chelonia mydas-Green Sea Turtle
19. D-FAO17-PWO13 & PWO13-FAO17
20. D-RA 9147-ACT No. 3983-interchanged