NCM 112 Trinal 9
NCM 112 Trinal 9
Etiology
Factors known to induce carcinogenesis include:
During PROGRESSION, the altered cells exhibit
1. Viruses and bacteria
increasingly malignant behavior. These cells
2. Physical agents
acquire the ability to stimulate angiogenesis
3. Chemicals
(growth of new blood vessels that allow cancer
4. Genetic or familial factors
cells to grow), to invade adjacent tissues, and to
5. Lifestyle factors
metastasize
6. Hormones
3. STRESS
Depression, grief, anger, aggression, despair or life
stresses decrease immunocompetence (affects
hypothalamus and pituitary gland)
Immunodeficiency may spur the growth and
proliferation of cancer cells
Continuous unmanaged stress that keeps hormones
such as epinephrine and cortisol at high levels can
result in systemic ‘fatigue’ and impaired
immunologic surveillance
Sedentary Lifestyle
4. OBESITY
Studies have linked obesity to breast and colorectal
cancer
5. HEREDITY
Hormonal Agents Greater risk with positive family history (it runs
Hormonal changes related to the female in the blood; if one family member has cancer,
reproductive cycle are also associated with cancer you probably will have cancer)
incidence. Early onset of menses before age 12 and
delayed onset of menopause after age 55, null 6. OCCUPATION
parity (never giving birth), and delayed childbirth E.g., Chemical factory workers (exposure to
after age 30 are all associated with an increased risk chemicals), farmers (too much sun exposure),
of breast cancer. Increased numbers of pregnancies radiology department personnel (X-rays, MRI,
are associated with a decreased incidence of breast, Ultrasound)
endometrial, and ovarian cancers
7. URBAN vs. RURAL RESIDENCE
Cancer is most common among urban dwellers
than rural residents (because of greater
exposure to carcinogens); too much pollution
8. PRECANCEROUS LESIONS
May undergo transformation into cancer lesions
and tumors
E.g., Pigmented moles, burn scars, senile
keratosis, leukoplakia, benign polyps/adenoma
of the colon or stomach, fibrocystic disease of
the breast
Leukoplakia
9. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
E.g., Cancer of the stomach in Japan, cancer of the
breast in U.S. – Japanese are fond of raw foods that
may have contributed to possible cancer of stomach
Due to influence of environmental factors as
national diet, ethnic customs and type of pollutions
10. RACE
Cancer can affect any population
However, African-Americans experience a higher
rate of cancer than any other racial or ethnic group