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    The document provides information about the normal distribution, including that it is a bell-shaped and symmetric distribution used in statistics to describe repeated random events. It notes key properties of the normal distribution like being defined by its mean and standard deviation, and outlines the empirical rule that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the data falls within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Examples are given demonstrating how to calculate probabilities and percentiles using the normal distribution.

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    The document provides information about the normal distribution, including that it is a bell-shaped and symmetric distribution used in statistics to describe repeated random events. It notes key properties of the normal distribution like being defined by its mean and standard deviation, and outlines the empirical rule that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the data falls within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Examples are given demonstrating how to calculate probabilities and percentiles using the normal distribution.

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    36 views10 pages

    Normal Distribution: 3. Statistical Inference

    Uploaded by

    AN NGUYEN
    The document provides information about the normal distribution, including that it is a bell-shaped and symmetric distribution used in statistics to describe repeated random events. It notes key properties of the normal distribution like being defined by its mean and standard deviation, and outlines the empirical rule that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the data falls within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively. Examples are given demonstrating how to calculate probabilities and percentiles using the normal distribution.

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    of 10

    Normal Distribution

    • bell shaped, symmetric, single peaked

    • used a lot in statistics but is not a natural occurrence

    • Normal distribution is abbreviate as N (µ ,σ )

    Normal Distributions are important because:

    1. good descriptions for repeated data collection


    2. good approximation to the results of chance outcomes (tossing a
    coin)
    3. statistical inference procedures based on Normal distributions

    Note: Normal distributions are symmetrical, but not all symmetrical


    distributions are normal!
    For Calc People…..
    Inflection points: The point at which the change of curvature takes
    place is known as the point of inflection and is located at a distance of
    σ on either side of the mean
    Empirical Rule or 68-95-99.7 Rule

    In the Normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ :

    • Approximately 68% of the data falls within 1 standard deviation


    of the mean
    • Approximately 95% of the data falls within 2 standard deviations
    of the mean
    • Approximately 99.7% of the data falls within 3 standard
    deviations of the mean

    What is the difference between the Empirical Rule and Chebychev’s


    Inequality?

    http://www.stat.tamu.edu/~west/applets/empiricalrule.html
    Standard Normal Distribution

    Standard Normal Distribution: the N(0, 1)

    x−µ
    X ~ N (µ ,σ ) z= ~ N ( 0,1)
    If: then
    σ
    Why Standardize? To use the table!

    Standard Normal Calculations:

    1. Draw a picture.
    2. Statement about X.
    3. Standardize.
    4. Find area.
    5. Write your conclusion in the context of the problem.
    Example 1: The average height of a male age 20 or over in the U.S. is
    5’9” with a standard deviation of 2.8”. Assume the heights are
    distributed Normally.

    a) If the standard door height of a residence is 6’8”, what percent


    of males will have to duck to get through the door?

    b) What percent of men are shorter than the average female at


    5’4”?

    c) What percentile would you fall in?

    d) The average height of the NBA in a 2006-07 survey was found


    to be 6’7”. What percent of men are at least this tall?

    e) What percent of men fall between 5’5” and 6” tall?

    f) Between what heights do the middle 95% of men fall?


    2. On a typical Saturday, the local farmers market reports that the mean
    amount of money spent by customers is $27.21 and a standard deviation of
    $7.93. The distribution is roughly normal.

    a. The middle 68% of customers spent between what two amounts?

    b. If a person spends $10, in what percentile does that place her?

    c. If a person spends $40, she is in the top ______ percent of spending?

    d. What range of amounts do the middle 60% represent?

    e. If a customer spends in the top 2%, how much does he spend?

    f. If a customer spends in the 99.5th percentile, how much does he spend?

    g. If a customer spends in the 99.99th percentile, how much does he


    spend?
    1. The level of cholesterol in the blood is important because high
    cholesterol levels may increase the risk of heart disease. The
    distribution of blood cholesterol levels for 14-year old boys is
    approximately N(170, 30) (measured in milligrams per deciliter of
    blood). Levels above 240 mg/dl may require medical attention.

    a. What percent of 14-year old boys have more than 240 mg/dl
    of cholesterol?

    b. What percent of 14-year old boys have blood cholesterol


    between 170 and 240 mg/dl

    2. Scores on the SAT verbal test in recent years follow


    approximately the N(505, 110) distribution. How high must a
    student score in order to place in the top 10% of all students
    taking the SAT?
    4. Three landmarks of baseball achievement are Ty Cobb’s batting
    average of .420 in 1911, Ted Williams’ .406 in 1946 and George
    Brett’s .390 in 1980. These batting averages cannot be compared
    directly because the distribution of major league batting averages
    has changed over the years. The distributions are quite symmetric
    and (except for outliers like these three) are reasonably normal.
    While the mean batting average has been held roughly constant by
    rule changes and the balance between hitting and pitching, the
    standard deviation has dropped over time. Here are the facts:

    Standard
    Decade Mean Deviation
    1910's 0.266 0.0371
    1940's 0.267 0.0326
    1970's 0.261 0.0317

    Relative to his time, which batter actually had the most impressive
    batting average?
    Answer the following question in your groups:

    The weight of a randomly selected can of a new soft drink is known to


    have a normal distribution with a mean of 8.3 ounces and a standard
    deviation of 0.2 ounces. What is the weight that should be stamped
    on each can so that only 2% of all cans are underweight?

    If they had already stamped a weight of 8 ounces on the can but still
    want only 2% to be underweight, what should the mean be?
    Assessing Normality

    First Steps:

    1. Graph it (using a histogram is easiest.) Is it bell-shaped and


    symmetric about the mean?
    2. Compare the mean and median.
    3. Mark the points x, x ± s, x ± 2 s on the horizontal axis.
    4. Compare the count of observation in each interval with the 68-95-
    99.7 rule.

    Next Steps:
    Construct a Normal probability plot. This is a plot that graphs the x
    values vs. z-scores. You can do this with your calculator.

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