Prac Res Module 1-2

Danica Rafols
12-Rutherford
PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:
Answer the questions below. Follow instructions properly.
I. TRUE or FALSE. Write QUANTITATIVE after the item when the sentence is true while
QUALITATIVE if the statement is false.
1. In quantitative research, researchers know in advance what they are looking for.
QUANTITATIVE
2. Quantitative research can be easily misinterpreted because it provides numerical data.

QUALITATIVE
3. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.

QUANTITATIVE
4. Normative research is conducted by researcher whose aim would be to find out the direction
and/or relationship between different variables or group of respondents under
study.
QUALITATIVE
5. Qualitative research requires a large number of respondents. It assumes that the larger
the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are.
QUALITATIVE
6. Evaluation describes the status of a phenomenon at a particular time. It describes without

value judgment a situation that prevents.
QUANTITATIVE
7. Correlational is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction
and/or relationship between different variables or groups of respondents under study.
QUANTITATIVE
8. Methodological is the implementation of a variety of methodologies that forms a critical part of

achieving the goal of developing a scaled-matched approach, where data from different
disciplines can be integrated.
QUANTITATIVE
9. One characteristics of quantitative research is that its method can be repeated to verify
findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity findings.
QUANTITATIVE
10. In quantitative experiments it filters out external factors, if properly designed, and so the
results gained can be seen, as real and unbiased.
QUALITATIVE
II. Put a check (/) if it describes the characteristics of a Quantitative Research.

✔1. Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects.
✔2. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.
3. It is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use numbers and
statistical methods as key research indicators and tools.
4. It tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic perspective, often
studying a single occurrence or small number of occurrences/case studies in great
depth.
✔5. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high
reliability.
✔ 6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
figures, or other non-textual forms.
7. Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
✔ 8. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the
population.
✔ 9. It tends to be associated with emergent research design, using a wide range of
approaches
✔ 10. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are
sought
May you now give your own example of a quantitative research?

A comparative study about women with polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) and those without
PCOS and determining whether age and weight affects testosterone level.
1. What is quantitative research?

Quantitative research is a defined systematic investigation of a phenomena that gathers data
through polls or surveys which is then being computed and the result is obtained through
numeric representations before being interpreted.
. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
Quantitative research is very objective, structured and clearly defined for it uses accurate
measurements and standardized values. It is also greatly reliable because aside from all the
aforementioned characteristics it also has a large sample size so it is ensured that the
computed data can be used to represent the general population or group.
2. Discuss the strengths of quantitative research.

Quantitative research is very reliable since it use standarized measurements and is objective it
avoids the possibility of the study to be biased and its numerical data can easily be interpreted.
It is also useful for the second phase of a qualitative research to test whether the said study
comes with the right proof and conclusion.
3. Discuss the weaknesses of quantitative research.

Quantitative research is very meticulous because one mishap in the research questionnaires or
during computation leads to inaccurate data. Although at present we tae advantage of online
questionnaires but before quantitative research is also very costly since it require large sample
size therefore more hard copy questionnaires are needed to be produce to disseminate it to
each respondents. Moreover, since this type of research design focuses only on numerical data
the contextual factors are being ignored which is the reason why quantitive research is rarely
used in psychological and sociological issues.
4. Describe each type of quantitative research design. Give example each.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN- This type of research enables the researcher to

uncover cause and effect relationships between variables and differentiate placebo effects from
treatment effects. The capacity to minimize alternative hypotheses and direct causal linkages in
the study is supported by this research methodology.
Example: A study was conducted to know the effects of sugar on the cognitive skills of a person
one group eats food high in sugar while the other one doesn’t eat foods with added sugar.
A. PRE-experimental -measures the group twice, before and after the intervention. Rather
than comparing the pretest and posttest within the same group, the treated groups are
compared to an untreated group.
Example: The effects of counseling sessions on the attitudes of the identified bullies on
the campus. It is pre-experimental because the experimental group is the bullies while the
treatment was in the form of counseling and the posttest was the observation.
B. Quasi – Experimental Design.-a research design that undergoes without any random
pre-selection process. It provides better internal validity because it further the study by
making more observations or finding more existing measures.
Example: The Department of Education performed a study at two schools, one of which
received the intervention and the other did not. Because the groupings existed previous to
the study, the researcher does not need to assign participants to treatment or comparison
groups.
a. Non-Equivalent Control Group- for purpose of analysis the investigator doesnt have a
control over the participants assignment which lead to a significant threat for internal
validity in this research design.
Example: A study was conducted wherein amployees was given a post-test about drug abuse
and undergone a seminar about drug abuse then was given a posttest while on the other
company the employees receive both the posttest and pretest but haven’t been into the
seminar. The situation of 2 groups are not equivalent that is why there is a threat for validity of
the outcome.
b. Interrupted Time Series Design.- when the effects of an intervention are assessed by
comparing outcome measures collected before and after the intervention.
Example: In a study conducted in Australia the students productivity was measured over the
course of years and the researchers concluded that a reduction of class hours would increase
the students productivity. It is an example of time-series design because the study is interrupted
by a treatment.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN- a research design that has the highest internal validity
because the researchers have control over the experimental treatment and it acknowledges
time-related and group-related threats, it involves two or more treated groups in which these
groups are assigned randomly.
Example: The researchers want to know the effects of a sleeping pill to insomniac so they
conducted a study of 50 patients who were considered insomniacs and found out that the pill is
effective in helping them sleep therefore it was prescribed to them.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.- or also called as a descriptive research design is done

through observation and is used to know the relationship between certain groups or to know the
differences between a certain group.
Example: A study that aims to know the attitude of ex-convicts after they get out of jail.
A.SURVEY- use to see a general picture of a situation by generating data from a population tha
asks about their knowledge or opinions about the situation
Example: Study about the preferred social media app of millennials.
B.CORRELATION- aims to know the relation or association of the variables to each other
Example: Research that aims to know the relationship between the entrepreneurs interpersonal
skills and marketing skills.
1) Bivariate Correlational Studies - the variables that were selected are assumed to be
related and then the score from each variable is calculated to know the correlation
coefficient.
Example: A study about women’s hormonal level and weight.
2) Prediction Studies-concerned with forecasting future events or behavior, the

assessment of variables at one point in time so as to predict a phenomenon assessed at
a later date.
Example: A research about a company’s drop of sales and the occurrence
of bankruptcy.
3) Multiple Regression Prediction Studies- all of the variables involved has a great
contribution to the over-all prediction of the study
Example: A study about the likelihood of a person to have diabetes where
the independent variables are weight, height and genetics.
C. EX-POST FACTO or CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE- a research design in which researchers

will determine the source or implications of existing differences between the group.
Example: A study done by the store to know why they have fewer customers this month where the
causes might be due to the presence of a new competitor or due to the sudden price increase.
D.COMPARATIVE- a research design that compares or compares two groups to form a conclusion
Example: A research about the acceptance rate in applying college from a public schools compared to
students from private schools.
E.NORMATIVE- a study that compares groups through a certain accepted value or a value that is
considered as normal.
Example: The study about the blood pressure of men in the workforce.
F.EVALUATIVE- it mainly focuses on the context of what is happening where the researcher gives more
emphasis on the progress or effectiveness of a certain product, concept or process.
Example: The Efficascent oil conducted tests on its buyers to know if the new product released is
effective in lessening body pain.
G.METHODOLOGICAL- an approach used for the improvement of the study by undergoing a variety of
ways or methodologies.
Example: In a study conducted in Iowa State University the researchers used a ranadom sample from 92
respondents and analyze it through cross-sectional approach. This is an example of methodological
design because it explained the variety of methods the study have gone through.
POST-TEST
1) Quantitative Research
2) Quantitative Research
3) Ex Post Facto or Casual Comparative
4) Normative
5) Quasi-experimental
6) Correlational
7) Research Design
8) True-experimental Design
9) Multiple Regression Prediction Studies
10) Non-Experimental / Descriptive Research Design
Multiple Choice:
1) C
2) D
3) B
4) D
5) B
6) C
7) C
8) B
9) B
10) D
MATCHING TYPE:
1) L.PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
2) D.EVALUATIVE
3) B. SURVEY
4) A. NORMATIVE
5) G. DESCRIPTIVE
6) M. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
7) J. PREDICTION
8) N. TRUE-EXPERIMENT
9) I. BIVARIATE CORRELATIONAL
10) C. CENSUS

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Danica Rafols

2. Quantitative research can be easily misinterpreted because it provides numerical data.

3. Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.

6. Evaluation describes the status of a phenomenon at a particular time. It describes without

8. Methodological is the implementation of a variety of methodologies that forms a critical part of

II. Put a check (/) if it describes the characteristics of a Quantitative Research.

May you now give your own example of a quantitative research?

1. What is quantitative research?

2. Discuss the strengths of quantitative research.

3. Discuss the weaknesses of quantitative research.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN- This type of research enables the researcher to

NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.- or also called as a descriptive research design is done

2) Prediction Studies-concerned with forecasting future events or behavior, the

C. EX-POST FACTO or CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE- a research design in which researchers

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