Final Paper - Group 3
Final Paper - Group 3
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for
Research /Capstone Project
2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3
Definition of Terms....................................................................................................... 16
I. CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE............................................................................ 20
Solid Wate................................................................................................................ 20
Sensor Unit................................................................................................................ 30
Waste Disposal......................................................................................................... 32
Research Design............................................................................................................ 45
CHAPTER I
Introduction
The population in earth increases more often which includes the solid wastes.
Solid waste are any garbage or discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-
residential operations. These wastes are disposed through solid waste management.
It is a process wherein solid wastes are collected and treated. Solid waste
implemented for it helps in protecting the environment and the health of the
population. Chemicals and toxins emitted by waste can cause air and water
pollution. It also may harm people and cause diseases such as Meningitis, Hepatitis,
and Skin infections. Solid waste management reduces these negative effects and
However, improper solid waste management may also cause harmful effects
to the environment and the people. It leads to soil, water, and air contamination,
management and inadequate space for these wastes are evident in some areas. In the
municipality of Ibaan, three thousand two hundred eighty-five cubic meters of solid
wastes are collected every year wherein nine cubic meters of solid wastes that are
limited to only seven barangays of the town are collected and disposed per day.
Thus, losing space for the collected wastes and causing negative impacts to the
town.
especially plastics. Plastic are a type of solid waste made of long chains of synthetic
and usually use polymer as the main ingredient. These are generally cheap and
inexpensive. Thus, many companies use plastics for its durability and for being
enough for their weight and has resistance to shock, corrosion, chemicals, and water.
These are more efficient in protecting and preserving products and food in terms of
saves fuel and decrease emission of greenhouse gases. These are also used in
in daily basis. Plastics are then for an indispensable part in our everyday life.
On the other hand, plastics are made of polymers, which do not break into
natural and environmental state. It also takes years to decompose. The plastics bags
that are used today can take up to one thousand years to break down, while the
plastic bottles can take up four hundred fifty years or more. As the result of the
curse of imperishability.
disposal capacity of waste authorities with more than seventeen billion five hundred
million are being consumed and thrown away into the environment, mostly in
residents burn down their plastic wastes or their local government collects and
disposes them into landfills. Both ways are useful in disposing plastics waste
and polychlorinated biphenyls, etc.) into the atmosphere which indicates threat to
vegetation, human, and animal life. It also damages the earth’s ozone layer that
aggravates global warming and climate change and if not restrained might lead to
Plastics are evident and used everywhere. Companies, factories, markets, and
restaurants use plastics for packaging and protecting their product and food.
Vending machines contains products that are made of plastic packaging such as
convenient, affordable, and has wide range of items to choose from. Commonly, the
consumer feeds bill or coins into the vending machine to purchase their desire item.
and enhance the solid waste management and plastic waste disposal in the
items, consumers will benefit and make money out of it. In this reverse vending
machine, consumers will feed the machine with plastic bottles and will receive a
designated amount of money based on how many plastic bottles are inserted in the
machine. Its system will operate with the use of Arduino microcontroller and several
sensors. Once it recognizes the correct components for plastic bottles, the machine
will automatically give the users an amount of money based on what is programmed
within the system. The reverse vending machine contains its own built-in shredder
to increase the machine’s capacity and to give ease and conveniency while
blocks. These are then sold off at the market. The income earned through selling
concrete hollow blocks will then be used to fund the money placed on the reverse
vending machines.
potential solution for the management of the plastic waste in Ibaan. It will be
Uno operated system that would help in improving the present plastic waste
Hence, this study was conceptualized to test the solid and plastic waste
management of Ibaan after the development of the reverse vending machine. This
innovation would suffice the needs of proper solid waste management since it
recycles plastic bottles and therefore, helping and saving the environment.
The main extent of the study is to design a prototype called Reverse Vending
Machine (RVM) that can be a potential solution to minimize the plastic waste and
Ibaan.
following:
terms of:
2.1. Capacity
3. To develop program that will be used in the Reverse Vending Machine using
5. To test the efficiency of the develop Reverse Vending Machine in terms of:
5.1. Responsiveness
5.2. Sensitivity
Hypothesis
This research study aims to develop a reverse vending machine that would
improve the locality of Ibaan in terms of plastic waste management and recycling
system. This section provides a formulated hypothesis which serves as a guide for
management of Ibaan and proposed plastic waste management and recycling system
The current study aims to design a Reverse Vending Machine that can be a
potential solution to minimize the plastic waste in the Municipality of Ibaan and
improve the plastic waste management and recycling system of the said
municipality.
To the Environment. This will help the environment as one of its major
problems is the increasing rate of plastic waste used by the humanity and this study
is a big help for the environment as plastic waste are not soluble in water.
impacts on the environment caused by the outraging number of plastic wastes in the
community. This will utilize the effectiveness of waste segregation and recycling in
beneficial to this sector to give them knowledge that some of the individuals are
willing to take part or support their programs that will help the surroundings to be a
healthy condition.
machines and enhance their knowledge which they can apply the acquired learning
and information in this study for the near future or even in their daily lives.
this could gain insights and will help them explore and create more effective
This will be a functional tool serving as a basis, source or reference to their future
machine as a potential solution for the plastic waste management of Ibaan to help
the environment in reducing plastics. This is a great way to lessen the often-scattered
plastic bottles in Ibaan. This machine is only intended for plastics that will
ultimately help reduce waste and will ultimately help for a small amount of money.
It will cover the process of making a reverse vending machine process by accepting
plastic items and gives coins as a reward according to the weight of plastic bottles.
This machine is a low-cost automatic machine, which crushes the plastic bottle to a
reduced size, thereby, requiring less storage space for final disposal. the operating
sensors. The program that will be used in the Reverse Vending Machine using
Arduino considering the capacitive proximity Sensor, strain gauge weight sensor
The initial research testing will be carried out using the Reverse Vending
Machine, its sensors, to assess and test the efficiency of the sensors of the machine
considering the speed of sensors and the operating capacity. This will be achieved
However, this study will not conduct to remove all the plastic waste in the
said municipality but to lessen the time in minimizing plastic waste. The volume
capacity and the power supply are limited as the basis of assessing the efficacy of
Arduino system. The researchers will not use any other microcontroller other than
indicated in the study. Moreover, this study will focus on the efficiency of recycling
of plastic bottles with the help of the designed reverse vending machine.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework is the blueprint of the study wherein principle and
assumptions hold together the ideas incorporating the whole concept of the study.
The study is based on the efficiency of reverse vending machine that will minimize
the plastic waste based on the implementation of the recycling system and to
CDIO model that illustrated the development stages for the assessment of the study.
In the Conceive Stage, the researchers will establish and present the
knowledge and hardware requirements that is essential to the study. Knowledge and
programmable logic controller (PLC), and robotics technology are necessary and
servo Motor, Alphanumeric LCD Ultrasonic Sensor and Bread Board were also vital
In the Design Stage, the researchers will use the Auto Cad and SketchUp
program in creating the plan and structure of the reverse vending machine.
software that will recognize the different solid waste inserted in the machine will be
and after, a preliminary testing of the designed reverse vending machine will be
the prototype. And lastly, the accuracy and efficacy of the reverse vending machine
In the Operate Phase, the researcher will be able to develop reverse vending
machine that is able to shred plastic bottles that often gives back a deposit or refund
in exchange.
Definition of Terms
For clarity and better understanding of this study, the following terms are
which is an Italy based hardware company. This board contains a set of digital and
analog I/O data pins that are used to interface this board with other electronic
biological and cultural elements which are interlinked both individually and
to survive or maintain its life process. It influences the growth and development of
measurement, and control with rapid access to hardware and data insights. It is a
Circuit (IC) that gathers input, processes this information, and outputs a certain
speeds, around the 1MHz to 200 MHz range, and need to be designed to consume
less power because they are embedded inside other devices that can have greater
power consumptions in other areas.is typically used for a specific application and
shaped, usually by the application of heat and pressure. This property of plasticity,
often found in combination with other special properties such as low density, low
large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units
including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. It forms the basis of
such minerals as diamond, quartz, and feldspar and such man-made materials as
2016).
automated way to collect, sort and handle the return of used drink containers. It is a
machine where people can return empty beverage containers like bottles and cans
for recycling.
signal (Sinha, 2017). As to be used in the study, this is the material measured in
producing the prototype that signals to classify the plastic bottles inserted in the
machine.
with great precision (Apoorve, 2015). As to be used in the study, the servo motors
will connect directly to Arduino to control the shaft position of objects and move
waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and
recycling.
CHAPTER II
This chapter presents different concepts and theories that provide significant
relation to the project. For the purpose of this research study, sources primarily
from 2008 to present were utilized, except for earlier literature that was used for a
historical perspective.
I. Conceptual Literature
1. Solid Waste
Waste has been a major environmental issue everywhere since the industrial
revolution. Besides the waste we create at home, school, and other public places,
there are also those from hospitals, industries, farms, and other sources.
(eSchoolToday, 2008-2019).
Solid wastes are any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment
plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other
operations and from community activities. Solid waste damps are seriously spoiling
impacts from improper solid waste dumping can be easily observed everywhere in
materials, although generally, Solid waste is solid. There are various types but
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are non-hazardous solid wastes coming from
schools, and other institutions. It contains a wide variety of materials such as food
waste, plastic, paper, tetra pack, plastic cans, newspaper, glass bottles, cardboard
boxes, aluminum foil, meta items, wood pieces. Municipal wastes are different from
petroleum refineries, paper mills, smelters and other industries and are treated
before disposing it. Hazardous wastes cause harmful effects to humans and the
environment.
Industrial wastes have more toxins and chemicals contents and need special
metallurgical chemical and pharmaceutical unit’s breweries, sugar mills, paper and
pulp industries, fertilizer and pesticide industries. The environment and the people
Agricultural wastes are waste coming from farms and agricultural operations
including crops and live stocks. Most of these wastes do not usually cause problems
medical colleges, research centers, etc. This kind of waste is treated by an authorized
a way that best addresses the range of public health, conservation, economic,
The Republic Act (RA) 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid
Canete, & Nagaishi, 2013). This law requires all Local Government Units in the
jurisdiction and provide mechanisms that are necessary to attain the objective.
Ibaan, solid waste management is one of the primary challenges in the municipal
disposal, and inadequate space for collected waste are considered as top factors that
provide a possible solution for the solid waste management of Ibaan through
The reverse vending machine is a machine where people can return empty
beverage containers such as bottles and cans for recycling. The machine often
returns the amount of the deposit or refund to the end user in the form of money.
This is what makes it a "reverse" vending vehicle: instead of the user putting in the
money and getting out the product, the user puts in the product and gets out the
money.
battery, they are designed to work under certain physics laws and principles. Basic
electronics also concerns the measurement of voltage, current (electron flow) and
equipment. Electronics is the branch of science and engineering dealing with the
theory and use of a class of devices in which electrons are transported through a
4.2. Troubleshooting
used to fix problems with hardware, software, and many other products. The basic
theory of troubleshooting is that you start with the most general possible problems,
and then narrow it down to more specific issues. Troubleshooting requires for
Techniques, 2017).
based controller that uses a programmable memory to store instructions and execute
to the design, construction and use of mechanical robots. Our guide will give you a
concrete grasp of robotics, including different types of robots and how they're being
applied across industries. Robotics involves the design and creation of robotic
systems. A robotic system has the capability of performing tasks and duties for
humans to simplify life and streamline work processes. The people who design
robotic systems are robotics engineers with specialized training in electrical and
robots, swarm and microbats, robotic networks, and modular robotics (Pagliarini &
4.5.1. Arduino
intuitive programming language that you develop using the Arduino Integrated
development environment. You can the Arduino into a programmable “brain” for
just about any control system by equipping the Arduino with sensors, lights,
speakers, additional module (called shields) and other integrated circuits (Blum,
2013).
between your device and external components that was developed way back in 2005
by Massimo Banzi in Italy for non-engineers as a simple tool for creating hardware
projects but in a low cost. It was released under a Creative Commons license which
which means that it is an interactive system that interacts with its surroundings
(McRoberts, 2010).
One of the most popular Arduino boards out there is the Arduino Uno. While
it was not actually the first board to be released, it remains to be the most actively
used and most widely documented on the market. Because of its extreme popularity,
the Arduino Uno has a ton of project tutorials and forums around the web that can
help you get started or out of a jam (Everything you need to know about Arduino
Code, n.d.).
The main workhouse in the Arduino family is the Uno. It is based on the
ATmega328 microcontroller and has a clock speed of 16MHz. it has 6 analog input
Arduino boards use the AVR ATMega microcontroller, including the Arduino Uno.
The microcontroller holds all your compiled code and executes the commands that
you specify (Blum, 2013). Microcontroller is a small computer that carries out
menial decision-making tasks that can be tedious, too fast, too slow or irritating for
a person to do. It can be meaningful and react to events in the real world by doing
that enables a user to program Arduino or any controller of the ATmega family.
This IDE provides a user the liberty to program an Arduino using C language. It
connects to the Arduino and hardware to upload programs and communicate with
run on Windows, Macintosh OS X, and Linux. This enables the users to write
Arduino world) that will then be uploaded to the Arduino using USB cable. The
Arduino will carry out the instructions based on its interaction with the outside
running on your computer that enables you to write codes for the Arduino board in
a simple language modeled after the processing which will then be converted to C
language when the user uploads the codes to the board itself. It will then be passed
to the AVR-CC compiler, the piece of open-source software that will make the final
is very important because this is where Arduino makes programming easy without
5. Sensor Unit
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
physical environment. Light, fire, motion, moisture, friction, or any one of a vast
range of other environmental phenomena may be the relevant input. The output is
Philippines, 2012)
material, can detect the presence or lack of virtually any object. Based on a change
in the electrical field around the active face of the sensor, they use the electrical
connected to an internal oscillator circuit in the sensing face of the sensor and the
Because of this property, strain gauges often are bonded to a solid surface and used
for measuring acceleration, pressure, tension and force. We can use the
(Strogonovs, 2013)
using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and
receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.
patterns. Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above
the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to
receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use
a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines
the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and receiving
5.4. IR Sensor
emitting diodes (LED’s) which in turn, emit infrared light. This light travels
through the air and once it comes in contact with an object, it is reflected back
towards the detector. The waste is dumped into the AWS and comes in proximity
of IR proximity sensor module which marks the entry of the waste. When the IR
6. Wastes Disposal
Waste disposal has a huge cause for concern in the present world. Disposing
of waste has huge environmental impacts and can cause serious problems.
evaluated in terms of specific factors. Testing of the prototype will assess the
viability of the proposed design and indicate unseen errors. The effectiveness of the
The accuracy of sensors is the maximum difference that will exist between
the standard value and the indicated value of the output of the sensors in the
degree of closeness of the output sensors to the typical accuracy level. The accuracy
would be tested through comparing several readings of the prototype’s sensors and
7.1.1. IR Sensor
sense if there is a bottle inserted in the machine. The accuracy of the IR sensor
would be tested through collecting the indicated value of the IR sensor’s output.
The data collected would then be compared to standard accuracy value of the IR
sensor to identify if the sensor is working properly and not below average. IR sensor
distance of an object. The reflected sounds are converted into electrical signals. In
the prototype, the sensor would sense if there is a bottle inserted through the sound
emitted by the bottle when it landed on the open-close mechanism. The Ultrasonic
sensor would be evaluated and tested to ensure its efficiency. The test will consider
the standard accuracy of the Ultrasonic sensor as the level needed to be reached to
Ultrasonic sensor refers to the difference between the output value that is measured
by the ultrasonic sensor and the actual target distance. Accuracies of one percent to
three percent are realistic and standard in industrial applications for ultrasonic
Capacitive proximity sensors are non-contact devices that can detect the
in the electrical field around the sensor's active face. Capacitive sensors can be
as well. To test its accuracy, it requires the measurements be made under the same
conditions in which the sensor was calibrated. The capacitive sensor has a standard
accuracy that switches between eighty percent and one hundred twenty percent of
Strain gauge sensor is a resistor used to measure strain on an object and used
a certain value, a warning is normally triggered to warn the user that the capacity
has been reached, allowing the problem to be resolved before it becomes dangerous.
The standard accuracy of the strain gauge sensor will be used to determine the
degree of accuracy required to ensure that the sensor of the machine is working
properly. The strain gauge sensor has a standard accuracy of one hundred to one
Preliminary testing is a prior trial which evaluates the reliability and validity
of the system, and if the program and sensors are suitable and functioning properly.
It is done in order to see errors and malfunctions which can be a serious factor for
failure in the later part of the study. The system and sensors would undergo
preliminary testing to ensure its effectiveness and accuracy. If the system and
sensors showed errors, the codes and program would be changed and improved until
Final testing is done when all needed factors for the prototype are completed
and examined wherein the prototype as a whole is tested to ensure its responsiveness
and efficiency. It also helps in finding unexpected errors in the system which then
are solved and enhanced. In the final testing, the overall performance of the
prototype would be observed and evaluated. The results in the final testing would
justify if the developed design of the Reverse Vending Machine is effective and
1. Local Literature
developed to reduce the improper waste disposal practices of Filipino citizens and
promote recycling. Upon conducting the study, the device has been proven to detect
if scanned material is a plastic bottle or aluminum can and give each material with
Gizduino 644 controlled the entire process in the Solar Powered Reverse Trash
Vendo Machine. The Gizduino X was connected along with inductive sensors to
recognize the waste material and the servo motor connected to the device will shift
depending on what type of waste material has been identified. Gizduino X uses
same micro controller as the Arduino Uno and is 100% compatible with the Arduino
Uno board. Thus, manifesting that Arduino Uno can be used in creating the system
for the reverse vending machine. From determining the input, to the outputs of the
LCD display, to the crushing of the input, to the dispensing of equivalent monetary
value of the inputs, and up to the communication between the device and the owner
through the GSM shield and the Android messaging application. The proponent has
successfully integrated the concept of trash can and reverse vending machines into
a device that is economic and environmentally friendly. (Rubio & Lazaro, 2016)
the garbage problem of Metro Manila. The researchers have designed a Reverse
microcontroller that controls the operation of the different inputs (sensors and
keypads) and outputs (displays and motors) of the devices connected to it. The
machine accepts plastic bottles and credits them as points which, in turn, can be
plastic and non-plastic bottles, the storing or upgrading of points for each
a solar panel and a battery not only generates a clean energy supply but also acts
findings of the survey have shown that the Colegio supports the concept of
machine would improve the existing waste separation scheme of the Colegio.
Philippines”, the prototype for this Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) will have
a brand name of “WISE Recycle Bin”. RVM is a device that accepts used
(empty) beverage containers and usually returns money to the user (the reverse
recycle plastic bottle beverage containers and gives a mobile charging time in
return. The prototype of this study will be developed using the integration of the
Machine was successfully built and the whole system can function successfully.
yet, its popularity in the Philippines is still on a low side. Though simpler unlike
the existing RVMs, this development of RVM in the Philippines will introduce
2. Foreign Literature
and separate different materials found in waste streams and minimizing the amount
of goods sent to landfill. It controls the timer and sensor so the time consuming to
sort the machine will be much effective and efficiently. The machine was developed
to detect metal components and have a reward feature. The results obtained from
the number of metals detected and recycled by the reverse vending machine was
reliable and accurate to give users reward fairly. Through the use of Arduino, the
reverse vending machine constructed was capable to detect the presence of metal
object (tin). The Arduino was used to detect the properties of metal and in the case
of the study being conducted the Arduino will be used to detect properties of plastic
bottles instead. The study proves that using Arduino as the main microcontroller of
the system makes the machine to function efficiently. (Wong, Samah, Sahimi, &
Othman, 2019)
Implementation to a Standard Recycle Bin” that was about the reverse vending
machine concept. The aim of the study was to develop an automated recycle bin
with a reward feature derived from a reverse vending machine (RVM) concept.
wherein the sensors are responsible for the weight scale and converting the weight
into corresponding points. This differs from the study being conducted in terms of
design and reward feature. The study being conducted has an extra feature which
is the shedder mechanism that will increase the machines storage capacity and
both studies are similar in terms of system. Both studies use a microcontroller as
the main controller of the process and sensors to detect and identify the materials
inserted in the machine. The system has been implemented in a small-scale user
testing and the framework shows its effectiveness for handling the whole process.
recycle bin provided by the local municipal is successfully develop and tested.
In addition, Shilpa Sambhi & Preeti Dahiya (2020) in their study “Reverse
Vending Machine for Managing Plastic Waste” states that managing plastic
of pollution caused due to plastic items especially plastic bottles, which are
commonly used for storing cold drink, fruit juices etc. The concept of reverse
reduced size, thereby, requiring less storage space for final disposal. The reverse
plastic can be used to produce useful products and help in reducing greenhouse
only empty recycling products to fix such a problem and reject the rest. The built
device consists of a revolving mechanism and sensor array that can detect empty
PET bottles and aluminum. Such skill demonstrates a promising outcome for
preventing the misuse of recycling bins and can be used by adding an incentive to
which inculcate the habit of recycling the waste materials. Reverse vending
machine will be working by taking recyclable waste into the machine and gives a
crush the recyclable waste that is held in the machine so that it is possible to
recycle and store more plastic and cans. The electronics part, consisting of a sensor
and microcontroller, is used as an LCD display to take the right input and segregate
the waste into its respective categories and provide a token of appreciation. With
the world's dwindling resources, we need to begin to protect them and put an end
The amount of waste produced by human's are increasing and landfill sites
for dumping waste are limited these days and recycling is one of the innovative
approaches to manage the waste effectively. The present recycling practice in which
the people need to bring the waste in bulk to the recycling centre might bother and
automated recycle bin designed and installed in many countries on subways, malls
etc. with a reward featured is developed from a reverse vending machine (RVM)
countries like Greece, Japan, Europe, South Korea, America and China. Reverse
Vending Machine (RVM) reduce employee work, saves time and energy also
motivate human's being, even cost effective. The proponents of the present study
aim to design a Reverse Vending Machine with the help of Arduino to minimize the
plastic waste in the Municipality of Ibaan. The review of related literatures and
studies provided sufficient and feasible information that was utilized by the
researchers to help further advance and have a better understanding of the study
regarding Arduino as the core of the system and the monitoring mechanism of the
prototype. With these, the researchers were able to come up with a study that
integrates all the various technology to be able to create a machine that is both
Other studies have clear and comprehensible similarities with the present
study conducted by the researchers including the proving and testing of the use of
the sensors. Moreover, almost all of the Reverse Vending Machine studies have very
attractive rewards for the users of Reverse Vending Machine, they get coins as a
implications and thrust in the search for the right sensors to be used. The researchers
also considered the use of Arduino Uno as suggested in the studies. The studies also
In conclusion, the studies have both similarities and differences with the
present study. The researchers find substantial number of related studies and
literature that will be used as references of ideas, which will provide viable
information that, will improve the results. The information source will be able to
help in developing a reverse vending machine due to having supporting details that
will prove reliability and accuracy in the study and its functionality and purpose.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presented the discussion of the design, plan, analysis, and
evaluation of the variables that would be used in the paper. Various research
methodologies would be utilized in order to achieve and acquire the needed data in
the study.
Research Design
The developed prototype that was responsible for collecting used plastic
bottles would utilize the following parts that would be considered for the prototype:
following were the materials that would be used in making the prototype
Ultrasonic Sensor
Figure 3.2. Left side view Figure 3.3. Right side view
o Safety Mechanism
Safety Measures would be taken to ensure that the materials that would be
used to construct the machine, and products used or created during its use, do not
endanger safety or health of people. The proponents of the machine ensure that the
design of the Reverse Vending Machine would not harm individuals who will use
the machine and near the area where it will be located. The shredder would be
placed inside the machine and it would be surrounded by metal casing. The machine
itself would be secured with a metal door and a cabinet where all the important
features of the machine mainly the coin dispenser for security purposes.
o Capacity
considered. The Reverse Vending Machine would consider how many bottles can
it process per minute and the total possible capacity of its bin. The operating
parameters of the prototype’s capacity would keep track of the deposited bottles
collectively in its lifetime. When tested, the proponents would set an amount of
weight that would be the limit of the capacity of the machine and when reached, the
processing facilities. Considering the capacity of the storage bin, it would allow for
optimal cleanliness and effectiveness, and will be emptied and cleaned daily by a
prototype and programming the system. In constructing the prototype, materials that
can operate, shred, and store plastic bottles considering their properties would be
utilize. The properties of plastic bottles such as strength, durability, and moisture
content would be assessed in order for the study to choose what materials to be used
for shredding and storing and what codes and commands to be programmed. The
Reverse Vending Machine would be constructed with materials that would function
effectively for a long period of time while taking the properties of plastic bottles in
consideration.
o Working duration
the type of power supply to be used. Two types of power supply would be tested
and be applied in order to ensure which of the two would last longer. The storage
bin would be filled up until it meets its maximum operating capacity. The first test
would be utilizing a power bank, and the last test a battery. Considering that both
power supplies would work efficiently, the source of energy to be used in the actual
prototype would base on which of the trials made showed an effective working
o Fabricating
1. Collect materials which are available locally that would be used in the
3. Attach the shredding machine inside the prototype where the plastics
prototype.
mechanism.
7. Lastly, paint the Reverse Vending Machine which will make the
o Programming
board is needed. The Arduino IDE is the software to be used in order to program
the Arduino board. With the use of commands and codes that will be uploaded
to the Arduino board, the Reverse Vending Machine would be able to operate
o Flow Chart
Step 5: A notification will appear in the LCD to address the user about
Step 6: The open-close mechanism will operate when the bottles are
built-in shredder which will reduce the size of the bottles for
Step 7: Finally, the shredded plastic bottles are dropped to the bin and
should be conducted and the prototype must be assessed first for a Reverse Vending
Machine to happen. The following factors would be needed to consider first for the
o Operating Capacity
The prototype would be considering the storage bin as its main body. The bin
through its height and weight. The shredded bottles would be measured and
computed which would provide the study the average weight of the shredded bottles.
Thus, enabling the study to identify the operating capacity of storage bin to be used
sensor are mainly used in terms of the process in the machine. Speed would be
measured and tested during the testing of the prototype. The speed of each sensors
to detect and store the inserted bottles would depend on the power supply used.
Different types of power supply will be tested to guarantee which one could make
the machine last longer. The prototype would be used until the storage bin reached
its operating capacity. Power bank and battery are the power supplies to be tested.
The power supply with great efficiency and relatively long working duration would
be used in the prototype. The speed of the sensors would be compared to the
testing the sensors’ sensitivity on how the machine would detect the inserted bottles
and continue its process. The duration of process would be considered on how the
sensors would operate accurately and quickly in the Reverse Vending Machine.
prototype and what needs to be changed. Data faults and errors are fixed as part of
the troubleshooting process. The troubleshooting process would help the Reverse
base's output is needed. The following parameters will be used to test the Reverse
Vending Machine:
o Efficiency
The system's efficiency will be measured and tweaked so that it could operate
efficiently and continuously. This will include how the Reverse Vending Machine's
overall working time would react. The accuracy of the sensors will be used to assess
the system's effectiveness. The system must sense the plastic wastes that will
undergo recycling. The procedure that would be conducted was adopted from the
study of Sambhi S. & Dahiya, P. The method has included the testing of the system,
the accuracy in identifying the plastic waste and by recycling it by the used of the
machine.
o Responsiveness
bottles considering that the sensors will help the machine to shred all the plastic
bottles. When the required number of plastic bottles to be shred is completed, it will
machines will benefit the environment, end users and the municipality by collecting
o Sensitivity
The machine was modified to detect the plastic bottles based on the
sensitivity of the sensors that will ensure that the plastic bottles to be put will be
crushed and shred. The sensitivity of the sensors measured the responsiveness of the
machine due to recycling plastic bottles. The overall impact and sensitivity of the
sensors will be the necessary equipment that will ensure that the machine could
recycle all the plastic bottles also considering the sensitivity and effectiveness of the
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