X Rays
X Rays
X - RAYS
TEACHERS OF PHYSICS
www.teachersofphysics.com
7/19/2020
1. State two properties of X – rays (2mk)
They travel in straight lines with speed of light.
They carry no charge.
2. State one property of X-rays that show that X-rays are waves (1mk)
They undergo interference ,diffraction and polarization effect.
3. State the effect on the nature of x – rays when the heater current is increased
(2mk)
The number of electrons produced increases hence the intensity of x-rays is increased.
7. State one property of X-rays that show that X-rays are waves (1mk)
They undergo interference ,diffraction and polarization effect.
9. State the factor that determines the hardness of the X-rays produced in an X-
ray tube (1 mk)
Potential difference between the cathode and the anode.
10. Explain how the intensity of X-rays produced in an X-ray tube is controlled
(3mk)
The higher the temperature of the filament current the greater is the number of electrons
produced and hence greater is the intensity of x-rays.
11. State one difference between hard and soft X – rays. (1mk)
Hard x-rays have short wavelength while soft x-rays have longer wavelength.
Hard x-rays are more penetrating while soft x-rays are less penetrating.
12. What adjustment on the x-ray tube will:
(i) Increase the hardness of the x-rays (1mk)
Increase the accelerating voltage by setting a higher value.
(ii) Reduce the intensity of the x-rays. (1mk)
Lowering the heating current which will reduce the number of electrons
produced.
14. Explain why X-rays are appropriate in study of the crystalline structure
materials.
X-rays can be diffracted by crystals.
15. Name the metal used to shield X-rays operators from the radiation. Give
reasons why it is used.
Lead – It has high atomic mass hence very dense. This enables it to stop or absorb x-
rays.
16. State the properties of X-rays, which makes it possible to detect cracks in
bones.
X-rays have high penetrating power.
17. State and explain the effect of increasing the EHT in an X- ray tube on the X-
rays produced.
The speed of the electrons produced increases hence the strength of x-rays is increased.
E G
Oil in
Oil out
H
A
B F
C D
a) Name the parts marked with letters and state their function A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, and H
A. Cooling fins
B. Copper anode.
C. Tungsten target.
ENERGY OF X- RAY
1. The potential between the anode and the cathode of an x-ray tube is 80KV.
Calculate, The energy of an electron accelerated in the tube. (3mk)
(Electronic charge e = 1.6 x 10-19C)
E=e V
=1.6X10-19CX80000V
=1.28X10-14J
2. The accelerating voltage between cathode and anode is 1000V. Calculate the
(i) Energy possessed by the electrons across the tube. (3mks)
E=e V
=1.6X10-19CX1000V
=1.6X10-16J
=√
=√
=1.875X107m/s
ii) The number of electrons hitting the target per second. (2mks)
Q=It
=20X10-3AX1s
=2.0x10-2C
n=
=1.25X1017 electrons
iii) The velocity of the electrons when they hit the target. (3mks)
v =√
=√
=√
=2.965X107m/s
If only 5% of the energy of the electrons is converted to x-rays,
iv) Estimate the quantity of heat produced per second. (2mks)
Q=PXt
= X1000W X1s
=950J or 950Nm
Wavelength, λ =
=6.216X10-9m
(3mks
K.E= e V
= 1.6X10-19X100000V
= 1.6X10-14J
(ii) If 0.5% of the electron energy is converted into x-rays. Determine the
minimum wavelength of the emitted x-rays. (h=6.63x10-34J.S and
C=3.0x108ms-1) (3mk)
E= X1.6X10-19J
=8X10-17J
Wavelength, λ =
=2.486X10-9m
=1.25X1017 electrons
=2.5X1017 electrons
c) Determine the velocity with which the electrons strike the target.
v =√
=√
=√
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=5.930X107m/s
10. An x-ray tube is operating with an anode potential of 20KV and a current of
40mA. Determine the number of elections hitting the target per second. ( the
charge or an electron is 1.6 x 10-19C) (3mks)
Q=It
=40X10-3AX1s
=4.0x10-2C
n=
=2.5X1017 electrons
11. A potential difference of 50kV is applied across an X-ray tube. Given that the
charge of an electron e = 1.6 x 10-19coulombs and the mass of an electron
M e 9.1 1031 kg.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons. (3mks)
K.E= e V
= 1.6X10-19X50000V
= 8.0X10-15J
(ii) If 12% of the electron energy is converted into X-ray, determine the
minimum wavelength of the emitted X –ray given planks constant
h= 6.63 x 10-34
E= X1.6X10-19J
=9.6X10-16J
Wavelength, λ =
=2.072X10-10m
=√
=√
=8.386X107m/s
ii) State the energy changes that take place at the target.
Electrical─heat──kinetic─x-rays+heat at the cathode
13. A target was bombarded by electron accelerated by a voltage of 106 V. If all the
K.E of the electrons was converted to X-rays, calculate:-
a)The K.E of the electrons
K.E= e V
=3.371X10-11m
=√
=√
=1.139X108m/s
=3.108X10-11m
16. X-rays are produced by a tube operating at 1 x104V. Calculate their wavelength.
(Take h= 6.6 x 10 -34 Js, e= 1.6 x 10-19C, c= 3x108ms-1)
Wavelength, λ =
=1.243X10-10m
17. An X-ray tube operates at 1000 kV between the cathode and the anode.
Calculate the maximum energy of X-ray photons produced.(e= 1.6 x 10-19 C)
E=e V
=1.6X10-19X1000000V
=1.6X10-13J
18. In an certain x-ray tube, the electrons are accelerated by a p.d of 12,000V.
Assuming all the energy goes to produce x-rays, determine the frequency of the
x-rays produced (plank’s constant ,h = 6.62 X 10-34 Js and charge on an
electron, e =1.6 x 10-19c). (3mk)
f=
=
=2.896X1018Hz
19. The energy of x-ray is 1.989 x 10 -14 joules. Given that the speed of light is
3.0 x 108m/s and plank's constant is 6.6 x 10 -34Js, find the wavelength of the x-
rays. (3mk)
Wavelength, λ =
=1.0X10-11m