Methodological Instructions - Module 2

METHOLOGICAL INSTRUCTION
In microbiology, virology, immunology

For students
(specialization «Medicine»)
Lesson №1
Topic: Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases.
MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

Semantic module 12 Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
I. Significance of the topic: Different methods are used for microbiological research of
infectious diseases. Their information content depends on the nature and period of the
disease, the type of specimen. The correct choice of diagnostic method determines the
success of diagnosis. Knowledge of these features, the ability to interpret the obtained
results is necessary for doctors of all specialties.
II. Aim: Know methods of infectious diseases diagnosis, be able to choose diagnostic
method depending on the type of specimen, the nature and period of disease. Be
able to carry out sampling of different types of specimen for bacteriological
research, to interpret the results of various methods of infectious diseases
microbiological research.
III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

a.) Recall the following:
1. Structure of human body (Anatomy course).
2. Microscopic methods (General Microbiology course).
3. Steps of Pure culture method (General Microbiology course).
4. Serological reactions: types, usage (Immunology course).
5. Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities; skin allergy tests (Immunology course).
6. Live animal inoculation (General Microbiology course).
7. Genetic methods of infectious diseases diagnosis. (General Microbiology
course).
a.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
b.) Write down in albums: “sterile” and “nonsterile” specimen from patient.
Test questions:
1. Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases. Their informative, terms,
advantages and disadvantages:
1) microscopic;
2) pure culture method;
3) serological;
4) live animal inoculation;
5) skin allergy test;
6) genetic methods.
2. Types of specimen for microbiological research.
3. General rules of specimen sampling for bacteriological research, transportation.
Registration of accompanying documentation.
4. Rules of blood sampling and cerebrospinal fluid for bacteriological research.
4. Rules of pus sampling from the wounds, cavities and abscesses for
bacteriological research.
5. Rules of sputum sampling, smears from skin, mucous membranes for
bacteriological research.
6. Rules of urine and feces sampling for bacteriological research.
7. Features of specimen sampling for suspected especially dangerous infections,
anaerobic infection.
8. The choice of microbiological research depend on the type of specimen, nature
and period of the disease.
IV. Individual work at the lesson:

1. Start microbiological research of staphylococcal carriage (I step of pure culture
method). Inoculate the specimen from patients’ throat into milk-salt agar.
2. Write down in albums methods of infectious diseases diagnosis:

Advantages of
Method Types specimen Limitations
method
Practical work instruction:

Take the specimen from patient’s throat with sterile cotton swab; inoculate into milk –
salt agar. Incubate in thermostat for 24 hours.
V. Material supplements. Visual learning:

1. Тables.
2. Petri plates with milk-salt agar.
3. Sterile tampons.
VI. Information sources:

1. M. Tymkiv, O. Korniychuk, S. Pavliy. Medical Microbiology and Immunology.
Vinnytsia, Nova Knyha, 2019. ISBN 978-966-382-766-7.
2. Talaro, Kathleen P. «Foundations in microbiology» / Kathleen Park Talaro,
Pasadena City College, Barry Chess, Pasadena City College. – Ninth edition. ISBN
978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
3. Kaplan. USMLE STEP 1. Lecture Notes 2016. «Immunology and Microbiology» /
Tiffany L. Alley, Ph.D., Kim Moscatello, Ph.D., 2016. Published by Kaplan Medical, a
division of Kaplan, Inc. 750 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 Printed in the USA.
Course ISBN: 978-1-5062-0774-2. http://medsouls4you.blogspot.com.
4. «Nester’s Microbiology» A human perspective. 9Th Edition International Students
Edition. Eugene W. Nester, Denise G. Anderson, Sarah Salm, Deborah Allen. January
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.
5. http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/
6. http://www.microbiologybook.org/
МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.
МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

НА ЗАСІДАННІ КАФЕДРИ МІКРОБІОЛОГІЇ
ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.
Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

д.мед.наук Р.В. Куцик
For students
(specialization « Medicine »)
Lesson № 2
Topic: Staphylococci.
Semantic module 12 Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes
I. Significance of the topic: Staphylococci are members of the normal flora of the skin
and mucous membranes of humans; others cause suppuration, abscess formation, a
variety of pyogenic infections, and even fatal septicemia. Knowledge of this topic is
very important for doctors of all specialties to make correct diagnosis, treatment and
preventive measures.
II. Aim: To know the main biological features of staphylococci, their medical
significance. Be able to interpret the results of microbiological research and prevention
of diseases caused by staphylococci of clinical importance, carry out rational treatment
and prophylactic.

1. Structure of the skin and mucous membranes (Histology course).
2. Morphological forms of cocci (General Microbiology course).
3. Enzymes of the microorganisms (General Microbiology course).
4. Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases (General Microbiology
course).
5. Antibiogram (General Microbiology course).
6. Resistance of the m.o to the antimicrobial drugs (General Microbiology
course).
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
c.)Draw up the scheme of staphylococcal infections microbiological research.

Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of staphylococci.
2. Biological features of the staphylococci: morphology, culturing, stability to the
environmental factors.
3. Pathogenicity of the staphylococci. Toxins and enzymes.
4. Epidemiology of staphylococcal infections. Carriage of staphylococci. Pathogenesis
of staphylococcal infections.
5. Pyogenic infections of different localization, septicemia, food poisoning: role of the
staphylococci.
6. The staphylococci: pathogens of hospital infections. Hospital strains of
staphylococci.
7. Staphylococcal infections: characteristic of immunity.
8. Principles of microbiological research of staphylococcal infections.
9. Treatment and prevention of staphylococcal infections.

1. Make the smears of Staphylococcus culture, stain slides by gram method, look
through the microscope and paint in albums.
2. Continue the microbiological research of staphylococcal carriage (II step). Observe
the growth of the colonies on the milk-salt agar. Perform the II step of pure culture
method: pure culture isolation.
3. Study the medicines for staphylococcal infections treatment and prevention.
4. Study cultural and biochemical properties of pathogenic staphylococci.

1. Тables.
2. Staphylococcus culture on slant agar.
3. Milk-salt agar.
4. Medicines for staphylococcal infections treatment, prevention and diagnostics.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson № 3
Topic: Streptococci.

I. Significance of the topic: The genus Streptococcus includes the large and varied
group of bacteria. Some are normal residents are agents of diseases in humans: scarlet
fever, sore throat, impetigo, sepsis. Vary dangerous are long–term complications:
rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis.
II. Aim: To know the main biological properties of streptococci, their medical
significance.
Be able to interpret the results of streptococcal infections microbiological research,
carry out rational treatment and prophylactic.

1. Anatomy of the nasopharynx, tonsils (Anatomy course).
2. Antigenic structure of the bacterial cell serotypes of the microorganisms
(General Microbiology course).
3. Enzymes and toxins of the microorganisms (General Microbiology course).
4. Antigens, autoantigens (Immunology course).
5. The spectrum of autoimmune diseases (Immunology course).
6. Steps of pure culture method (General Microbiology course).
c.)Draw up the scheme of streptococcal infections microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of streptococci. Difference between Streptococcus
and Enterococcus.
2. Biological features of the streptococci: morphology, culturing, stability to the
environmental factors.
3. Cell surface antigens of streptococci. Antigenic classification of streptococci:
types and groups.
4. Streptococci as residents of human body. Epidemiology of streptococcal
infections.
5. Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes :toxins, enzymes.
6. Diseases attributable to infections with streptococci group A: scarlet fever, sore
throat, impetigo, erysipelas, sepsis. Characteristic of immunity.
7. Long – term complications of streptococcal infections: rheumatic fever, acute
glomerulonephritis. Pathogenesis.
8. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus): biological features, virulence
factors.
9. Epidemiology and pathology of Pneumococcus. The pathology of pneumonia.
10.Microbiological diagnosis of streptococcal infections.
11.Treatment and prevention of streptococcal infections.

1. Make the smears of Streptococcus culture, stain by gram method, look through a
microscope and paint in albums.
2. Study cultural and biochemical properties of streptococci.
3. Continue the microbiological research of staphylococcal carriage (III step):
identification of pure culture (blood agar, chocolate agar, jock – salt agar,
oxidase test, sugar fermentation).
4. Study the medicine for streptococcal infections treatment and prevention.
V.Material supplements. Visual learning:

1. Тables.
2. Streptococcus culture.
3. Slant agar.
4. Medicines for streptococcal infections treatment, prevention and diagnostics.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson № 4
Topic: Neisseria
I. Significance of the topic: Gonococcus is a pathogen of sexually transmitted disease,
which is called gonorrhea. Another serious human pathogen is meningoccocus, usually
associated with epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and meningococcemia-the most
common complication in children. Knowledge of this topic is very important for
doctors of all specialties to make correct diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures.
II. Aim: To know the main biological features of meningococci and gonococci, their
medical significance.
Be able to interpret the results of meningococcal and gonococcal infections
microbiological research, carry out rational treatment and prophylactic.

1. Anatomy of urinary-genital tract (Anatomy course).
2. Bacterial endotoxins (General Microbiology course).
3. Uncompleted phagocytosis (Immunology course).
4. Microbiological diagnosis of infection diseases (General Microbiology
course).
5. Immunotherapy (Immunology course).
c.)Draw up the scheme of meningococcal infection microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Genus Neisseria: classification, medical significance. Biological features of
Neisseria: morphology, culturing, stability to the environmental factors.
2. Meningococcus: virulence factors.
3. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of meningococcal infection.
Characteristic of immunity.
4. Microbiological diagnosis of meningococcal infection and meningococcal
carriage. Differentiating meningoccocus and gram – negative diplococci of
nasopharynx.
5. Treatment and prevention of meningococcal infections.
6. Gonoccocus: biological features, factors contributing to gonoccocal
pathogenicity, variability of gonoccocus.
7. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of gonorrhea. Gonococcal
ophtalmia neonatorum. Characteristic of immunity.
8. Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhea.
9. Treatment and prevention of gonorrhea and gonococcal ophtalmia neonatorum.

1. Look through a microscope the smears of urethral pus from patient with
gonorrhea.
2. Draw up the scheme of microbiological research of gonorrhea.
3. Finish the microbiological research of staphylococcal carriage. Determine the
sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci to antibiotics by disc diffusion test.
4. Study the medicines for gonococcal infections treatment and specific prevention.
V.Material supplements. Visual learning:

1. Тables.
2. Smears from patient with gonorrhea
3. .Blood agar, chocolate agar, jock – salt agar.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson №5
Topic: Family Enterobacteriaceae. Escherichia coli.

I. Significance of the topic: The Enterobacteriaceae are the large heterogeneous group
of gram-negative rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of human and animal.
Some enteric organisms, for example, Escherichia coli, are part of the normal flora and
incidentally cause disease, while others, the salmonellae and shigellae, are regularly
pathogenic for humans. The diseases caused by these microorganisms are very
dangerous for newborn and infants. Therefore, knowledge of this topics necessary for
doctors of all specialties.
II. Aim: Know classification of Enterobacteriaceae, biological properties and
physiological role of Escherichia coli and its significance in the emergence of
opportunistic infections; epidemiology, pathogenesis, main clinical manifestations,
principles of microbiological research, treatment and prevention of E coli associated
diarrheal diseases. Be able to perform microbiological diagnosis of E coli associated
diarrheal diseases, interpret the results, chose the medicines for rational treatment;
provide activities for intestinal infections prevention.

1. Anatomy and physiology of intestine (Anatomy and Physiology courses).
2. Features of child's organism immune reactivity (Immunology course).
3. Differential media there usage (General Microbiology course).
4. Bacterial enzymes (General Microbiology course).
5. Antigenic structure of the bacterial cell (Immunology course).
6. Serological reactions there use (Immunology course).
c.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
d.) Write down in albums microbiological research of E coli associated diarrheal
diseases.
Test questions:
1. Family Enterobacteriaceae: classification, general characteristics of its main
representatives. Medical significance of pathogenic and opportunistic enterobacteria.
Distribution and ability to survive in the environment.
2. Differential and selective media for enteric bacteria culturing, there chemical
composition and purpose (Mac Conkey’s, eosin methylene blue media, triple sugar
iron agar).
3. Antigenic structure of Enterobacteriaceae. Serological identification of
Enterobacteriaceae
4. Escherichia coli: morphology, properties. Antigenic structure.
5. Physiological role and sanitary exponential value of E. coli.
6. Escherichia coli: the pathogen of opportunistic and nosocomial infections.
Enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli: classification, antigenic structure,
virulence factors. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of E coli
associated diarrheal diseases.
7. Microbiological research of diseases caused by Escherichia coli.
8. Differentiation of Escherichia coli enteropathogenic strains.
Principles of E coli associated diarrheal diseases treatment and prevention.

1. Make the smears from Escherichia coli culture. Stain slides by gram method,
look through a microscope and paint in albums.
2. Study cultural and biochemical properties of Escherichia coli, its growth on the
main differential media.
3. Perform slide agglutination test: Escherichia coli culture with diagnostic anticoli
serums.
4. Start microbiological research of diarrheal disease (I step of pure culture
method): inoculate the specimen from patient into Mac Conkey’s medium.
5. Finish the diagnosis of staphylococcal carriage. Take into account the results of
determining the sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci to antibiotics.
6. Study medicines for E coli associated diarrheal diseases diagnosis, treatment and
specific prevention.

1. Tables
2. Escherichia coli culture
3. Demonstration of proteolytic (growth in milk, the formation of indole, hydrogen
sulfide) and saccharolytic (carbohydrate fermentation medium) properties of E.
coli.
4. Demonstration of E. coli and S dysenteriae growth on differential medium: Mac
Conkey’s medium.
5. Specimen from patient.
6. Set for slide agglutination test.
7. Medicines for E. coli associated diarrheal diseases treatment and prevention.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson №6
Topic: Shigella. Bacillary dysentery.
I. Significance of the topic: Shigella pathogens belonging to the family

Enterobacteriaceae and are agents of widespread acute intestinal infections -
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Therefore, knowledge of clinical and epidemiological
features, methods of diagnosis and treatment of shigellosis is important for doctors of
various specialties.
II. Aim: To know the biological properties of shigella; epidemiology, pathogenesis,
main clinical manifestations, principles of microbiological research, treatment and
prevention of bacillary dysentery. Be able to perform microbiological diagnosis of
bacillary dysentery, interpret the results, chose the medicines for rational treatment;
provide activities for intestinal infections prevention.

1. Anatomy and physiology of intestine (Anatomy and Physiology courses).
2. Differential media there usage (General Microbiology course).
3. Family Enterobacteriaceae: classification (Special Microbiology course).
4. Escherichia coli: morphology, properties. Antigenic structure (Special
Microbiology course).
5. Antigenic structure of the bacterial cell (Immunology course).
6. Types of agglutination test (Immunology course).
c.) Write down in albums microbiological research of bacillary dysentery.
Test questions:
1. Classification and morphology of shigella.
2. Cultural and biochemical properties of shigella Antigenic structure.
3. Significance of shigella in human pathology. Virulence factors.
4. Epidemiology of bacillary dysentery.
5. Pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, shigella toxins.
6. Main clinical symptoms of bacillary dysentery. Characteristic of immunity.
7. Microbiological research of bacillary dysentery.
8. Principles of bacillary dysentery treatment and prevention.

1. Make the smears from S. dysenteriae culture. Stain slides by gram method, look
through a microscope and paint in albums.
2. Study cultural and biochemical properties of S. dysenteriae, its growth on the
main differential media.
3. Continue microbiological research of diarrheal disease (II step of pure culture
method): study the colonies on Mac Conkey’s medium, stain slides by gram
method, look through a microscope and paint in albums.
4. Perform identification of the microorganisms by slide agglutination test, using
specific anti-sera.
5. Study medicines for bacillary dysentery diagnosis and treatment.

1. Tables
2. Escherichia coli culture on slant agar.
3. Demonstration of proteolytic (growth in milk, the formation of indole, hydrogen
sulfide) and saccharolytic (carbohydrate fermentation medium) properties of
shigella.
4. Demonstration of E. coli and S. dysenteriae growth on differential medium: Mac
Conkey’s medium.
5. Specimen from patient.
7. Medicines for bacillary dysentery treatment and prevention.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson № 7
Topic: Salmonella. Typhoid fever.

I. Significance of the topic: Salmonellae are often pathogenic for humans or animals
when acquired by the oral route, cause enteritis, systemic infection. The most serious
pathogen in the genus Salmonella is S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever - one of the
most dangerous infection diseases, which causes different complications. Knowledge
of this topic is very important for doctors of all specialties to make correct diagnosis,
treatment and preventive measures.
II. Aim: To know classification, biological features of salmonellae, epidemiology, and

pathogenesis, microbiological research of typhoid fever depending upon the period of
the disease, treatment and prevention. Be able to choose method of typhoid fever
microbiological research depending upon the period of the disease, interpret the results
and carry out rational treatment and prophylactic.

1. Anatomy and physiology of intestine lymphoid tissue (Anatomy course).
2. Differential and selective media, practical use (General Microbiology
course).
3. Antigenic structure of bacterial cell serotypes of bacteria (Immunology
course).
4. Pure culture method (General Microbiology course).
5. Type IV: cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity (Immunology course).
c.) Draw up the scheme of typhoid fever microbiological research.

Test questions:
1. The genus Salmonella: general characteristic, main serotypes. Pathogenicity
of S. typhi and S. paratyphi for human and animals.
2. Morphology, culturing and biochemical features of S. typhi, S. paratyphi.
Virulence factors.
3. Differential media, selective media used to study salmonellae (Bismuth
sulfite medium, Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar, Hektoen enteric agar
(deoxycholate-citrate agar), and selenite F broth).
4. Antigenic classification of salmonellae. Methods used to detect salmonellae
antigens.
5. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, main clinical symptoms and complications of
typhoid fever.
6. Characteristic of immunity. Process of antibody production.
7. Diagnostic laboratory tests used to study typhoid fever, convalescent and
healthy permanent carriage
8. Treatment, prevention and control of typhoid fever, depending upon the
period of the disease.

1. Study morphology of salmonellae. Make the smears from cultures, stain by
Gram method; look through a microscope and paint in albums.
2. Perform isolation of microorganisms from patients’ blood with suspected
typhoid fever on bile medium.
3. Study culturing and biochemical features of salmonellae, characteristic of the
colonies on the universal and differential media.
4. Perform identification of salmonella’s culture: rapid slide agglutination test.
5. Conduct with the medicines for diagnostics, treatment and prophylactic of
typhoid fever (diagnostic immune sera, live attenuated oral vaccine,
chloramphenicol (sulfa-trimethoprim), and typhoid bacteriophage).

1. Tables.
2. Salmonella’s culture on slant agar.
3. Differential media, selective media used to study salmonellae (Bismuth sulfite
medium, Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar, Hektoen enteric agar (deoxycholate-
citrate agar), and selenite F broth).
5. Medicines for diagnostics, treatment and prophylactic of typhoid fever.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson №8
Topic: Serologic diagnosis of typhoid fever. Salmonellosis.
I. Significance of the topic: Salmonellae are the pathogens of dangerous acute

intestinal infections - typhoid and paratyphoid fever, which cause serious
complications. They also cause severe diseases in adults and children - foodborne
intoxications and nosocomial salmonellosis. Knowing the etiology, pathogenesis,
principles microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases is
important for doctors of various specialties.
II. Aim: Know serological methods of typhoid and paratyphoid infections diagnosis;
classification of salmonellae, there biological properties; epidemiology, pathogenesis,
of foodborne intoxications, principles of their microbiological research, treatment and
prevention; role of salmonellae in nosocomial infections. Be able to perform Widal test
(tube dilution agglutination test), Vi – hemagglutination test to diagnose salmonella’s
carriage; interpret the results of serologic diagnosis. Cary out microbiological
diagnosis of salmonellosis, preventive measures of foodborne intoxications and
nosocomial salmonellosis

1. Serological methods of infectious diseases diagnosis, criteria of serologic

diagnose (General Microbiology course).
2. Mechanisms of agglutination test and indirect hemagglutination test
(Immunology course).
3. Titer of the serum, diagnostic titer (Immunology course).
4. Antibody production (Immunology course).
5. Bacterial endotoxins (General Microbiology course).
6. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections (General Microbiology course).
c.) Write down in albums microbiological research of foodborne intoxications.
Test questions:
1. Serologic diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Dynamics of antibody
production in patients’ blood, there diagnostic titer.
2. Widal test (tube dilution agglutination test) – basic serologic method of typhoid
paratyphoid fever diagnosis.Ingredients of the reaction, technique, accounting of the
results. Positive Widal reaction in patients who recovered, and grafted individuals.
3. Serologic diagnosis of salmonella’s carriage. Vi-hemagglutination test, its
diagnostic titer.
4. Salmonellae – the pathogens of acute gastroenteritis, there biological properties.
Nosocomial salmonellosis.
5. Microbiological research of salmonellosis.
6. Treatment, principles of foodborne intoxications and nosocomial salmonellosis
prevention and control.

1. Perform Widal test (tube dilution agglutination test). Take the results into
account.
2. Perform Vi-hemagglutination test Take the results into account.
3. Study cultural and biochemical properties of salmonellae, growth of the colonies
on differential media.
4. Take into account the results of the previous investigation. Stain slides, look
through the microscope.

1. Tables
2. Colonies of salmonellae on main differential media.
3. Sets for Widal test (tube dilution agglutination test) and Vi-hemagglutination test
4. Tubes, tripods, pipettes
5. Previous lessons inoculations.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson №9
Topic: Vibrios. Cholera.

I. Significance of the topic: Cholera belongs to quarantine infections, which are

characterized by high contagiousness. Untimely and improper treatment of patients
may lead to their death. Nowadays the world is in a state of the 7th pandemic of
cholera. Other vibrios also can cause gastroenteritis. Therefore, knowledge of cholera
epidemiology, principles of microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention is
important for doctors of various specialties.
II. Aim: Know classification, biological properties of vibrios; epidemiology,
pathogenesis of cholera, its clinical symptoms, microbiological research, treatment and
prevention.
Be able to perform diagnostics of cholera, correct sampling of the specimen and its
safe transportation to the bacteriological laboratory; interpret the results of cholera
microbiological research, choose correct treatment. Provide quarantine measures.
1. Anatomy and physiology of intestine (Anatomy and Physiology courses)
2. Differential and selective media there usage (General Microbiology course).
3. Biological properties of bacterial exotoxins (General Microbiology course).
4. The infectious proses (General Microbiology course).
5. Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases (General Microbiology
course).
6. Identification of pure culture (General Microbiology course).
c.) Write down in albums microbiological research of cholera.
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of vibrios, historical foundations.
2. Vibrio cholera: morphology, cultural and biochemical properties.
3. Differential and selective media for vibrios.
4. Biotypes of epidemic V cholerae (classic and El – Tor).
5. Antigenic structure of vibrios, serotype O 139.
6. Virulence factors of vibrios. V cholerae exotoxin.
7. The spread of V cholerae in nature.Epidemiology of cholera.
8. Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of cholera. Clinical forms of cholera.
Immunity.
9. Microbiological research of cholera. Rules of specimen sampling and
transportation.
10.Methods of cholera rapid diagnosis. Indication of V cholerae in environment.
11.Principles of cholera treatment.
12.Prevention and control of cholera. Organization of quarantine measures.
13.Vibrio parahaemoliticus and other vibrios – the pathogens of foodborne
intoxications. Biological properties. Pathogenicity for humans. Microbiological
research.

1. Study the morphology of V cholera. Look through the microscope stain slides of
cholera pathogens and paint in albums
2. Make a table: comparing the properties of cholera vibrios (classical, El Tor and
serotype O139).
Properties V. cholera V. cholera V. cholera

asiaticae El Tor O139 Bengal
3. .Study the medicines for cholera treatment and prevention.

4. Inoculate the specimen from patient with suspected cholera into nutrient media
for rapid diagnosis.

1. Tables
2. Smears of cholera pathogens.
3. Specimen from patient with suspected cholera.
4. Taurocholate-peptone broth.
5. Medicines for cholera treatment and prevention

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 10
Topic: Plague. Tularemia.
I. MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
I. Significance of the topic: Plague is very dangerous quarantine infection, that highly
contagious, lasts extremely severe and has high mortality. Due to the high virulence of
plague agent it is used in production of biological weapon for bioterrorism. Tularemia
-a severe zoonotic infection that can attack human being too. There are many clinical
types of plague and tularemia. That’s why doctors of all specialties have to know main
clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, and principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention
of these diseases.
II. Aim: Know classification, biological features of Yersinia and Francisella,

epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiological research of plague and tularemia,
treatment and prevention. Be able to find out Y. pestis antigens by the help of precipitin
reaction, take material from patient and ensure correct and safe transportation of
clinical material, prescribe correct treatment. Provide quarantine measures in the focus
of particularly dangerous infections.
III.Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

1. Biology of rodents (biology).
2. Anatomy and physiology of the skin (anatomy).
3. Bacterial spores (general microbiology).
4. Microbial exotoxins and endotoxins (general microbiology).
5. Antigenic structure of bacterial cell, discovery of microbial antigens
(immunology).
6. Ring precipitin reaction (immunology).
7. Type IV hypersensitivities: cell-mediated (delayed) reactions
(immunology).
8. Allergy skin test (immunology).
c.) Draw up the scheme of plague microbiological research; depending on the clinical
form of the disease.
Clinical form Specimen from patient Diagnosis
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of Yersinia, historical foundations.
2. Morphology, culturing and biochemical features of Y. pestis.
3. Pathogenicity of Yersinia for animals. Epidemiology of plague.
4. Pathogenesis and main clinical symptoms of plague. Characteristic of immunity.
5. Rules of specimen sampling and transportation from patient with suspected
especially dangerous infection. Routine in the microbiological laboratory.
6. Microbiological diagnosis of plague. Criteria for identification the causative
agent of plague.
7. Treatment, prevention and control of plague.
8. Y. pseudotuberculosis: biological features. Epidemiology, pathogenesis of the
disease.
9. Y. enterocolitica: biological features. Epidemiology, pathogenesis of the disease.
10.Microbiological research of diseases caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y.
enterocolitica. Principles of treatment and prevention.
11. Biology of tularemia causative agent. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, main
clinical symptoms of tularemia. Characteristic of immunity.
12.Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tularemia.

1. Study the morphology of Y. pestis. Look through a microscope and paint in
albums smears with Y. pestis, stained by methylene blue.
2. Perform precipitin reaction with investigated extract. Evaluate the results.
3. Study medicines for the treatment and prevention of plague.
4. Study morphology of F. Tularensis. Look through a microscope and paint in
albums smears with F. Tularensis.
5. Study drugs for tularemia treatment and prevention.

1. Tables.
2. Set for the precipitin reaction (normal and immune serum, positive and investigated
extracts, 0,9%NaCl, precipitin tubes, pipettes, tripods).
3. Medicines for plague treatment and prevention (live Anti-Plague vaccine,
streptomycin, tetracycline).
4. Smears from the organs of animals that died from tularemia.
5. Medicines for tularemia treatment and prevention (live attenuated vaccine).
978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 11
Topic: Anthrax. Brucellosis.
I. MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

I. Significance of the topic: Anthrax is a quarantine infection that is highly contagious,

lasts extremely severe and has high mortality. Spores of anthrax remain viable for
decades in the soil, on objects of the environment, that’s why it is used in production
of biological weapon for bioterrorism. Brucellosis–zooantroponotic chronic infection,
which is characterized by the lack of specific symptoms and diagnosed difficult. That’s
why doctors of all specialties have to know main clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, and
principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases.
II. Aim: To know classification, biological features of Brucellae, B. anthracis.

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiological research, treatment and prevention of
anthrax and brucellosis.
Be able to find out B. anthracis antigens by the help of precipitin reaction,
agglutination test for serological diagnoses of brucellosis. Take material from patient
and ensure correct and safe transportation of clinical material, prescribe correct
treatment. Provide quarantine measures in the focus of particularly dangerous
infections.

1. Anatomy and physiology of the skin (Anatomy course).
2. Bacterial spores (General Microbiology course).
3. Antigenic structure of bacterial cell, discovery of microbial antigens
(Immunology course).
4. Rules of taking and transportation the material with suspected especially
dangerous infection (Special Microbiology course).
5. Ring precipitin reaction (Immunology course).
6. Serological method of infection diseases diagnoses (General Microbiology
course).
7. Mechanism of agglutination test (Immunology course).
8. Titer of serum, diagnostic titer
9. Allergy skin test (Immunology course).
10. Type IV hypersensitivities: cell-mediated (delayed) reactions (Immunology
course).
b.)Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
c.)Draw up the scheme of anthrax microbiological research; depending on the clinical

form of the disease.
Clinical form Specimen from patient Diagnosis
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of B. anthracis. Antigenic structure.
2. Epidemiology of anthrax.
3. Pathogenesis of anthrax. Toxins and enzymes of B. anthracis. Main clinical
symptoms of anthrax. Characteristic of immunity.
4. Microbiological research of anthrax.
5. Treatment and prevention of anthrax.
6. Classification and biological features of brucellosis, virulence factors.
7. Epidemiology of brucellosis.
8. Pathogenesis of brucellosis in human, clinical symptoms. Characteristic of
immunity.
9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of brucellosis.

1. Prepare and stain slides by gram method of the B. anthracoides culture.
2. Perform precipitin reaction to find out pathogens antigen. Evaluate the results.
3. Familiar with medicines for the treatment and prevention of anthrax.
4. Study the morphology of Brucellae. Look through the microscope the smears
with Brucellae, paint in albums
5. Perform agglutination test with serum from patient with suspected brucellosis.
Evaluatethe results.
6. Familiar with medicines for the treatment and prevention of brucellosis.
V. Practical work instruction:
Pieces of fur, skin, cut into small particles and placed in a test tube containing 3 ml
of saline. Boil for a few minutes, filtered through filter paper (investigational
extract). The reactionis carried out in precipitin test tubes according to the scheme:
Number of the test tube

Ingredients
1 2 3 4
Normal serum 1,0 1,0 – –
Immune serum – – 1.0 1,0
Positive extract 0,5 – 0,5 –
Investigated extract – 0,5 – 0,5
Extract is poured on serum touching the wall of test tube. If the investigated extract
contains antigen of B. anthracis. precipitation ring will appear.
VI. Material supplements. Visual learning:

1. Tables.
2. CulturesofB. anthracoides.
3. Set for the precipitin reaction (normal and immune serum, positive and
investigated extracts, 0,9%NaCl, precipitin tubes, pipettes, tripods).
4. Medicines for anthrax treatment and prevention (antitoxic serum, vaccine,
penicillins, cephalosporins).
5. Set for the agglutination test (saline, serum from patient 1:25, Brucellae antigen,
precipitin tubes, pipettes, tripods).
6. Medicines for brucellosis treatment and prevention (live attenuated vaccine).

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 12
Topic: Mycobacteria. Tuberculosis.
II. MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
I. Significance of the topic: Mycobacteria are the pathogens of tuberculosis - a very
common chronic disease which can cause a variety of complications and a high
mortality. World-wide, millions of people are affected with tuberculosis and leprosy.
Certain opportunistic species are grouped into a category called NTM (non-
tuberculosis mycobacteria) have become an increasing problem in immunosuppressed
patients. Knowledge of these infections is important for doctors of all specialists.
II. Aim: To know the main biological properties of Mycobacteria tuberculosis, its role
in human pathology. Be able to interpret the results of tuberculosis, atypical
mycobacterioses and leprosy microbiological research. Carry out rational treatment
and prevention.
a) Recall the following:
1. Acid-fast bacteria staining (general microbiology).
2. Anatomy and physiology of lungs (anatomy and physiology).
3. The concept of non-sterile immunity (immunology).
4. Allergy skin test (immunology).
c.) Draw up the scheme of tuberculosis microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Classification of Micobacteria.
2. Mycobacteria tuberculosis species, morphological, cultural and antigenic properties.
3. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
4. Variability of Mycobacteria tuberculosis, virulence factors.
5. Characteristic of immunity, role of the cell immunity.
6. Microbiological research of tuberculosis.
7. Tuberculin. BCG vaccine. Antimicrobial drugs.
8. The problem of Mycobacteria tuberculosis resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs.
9. Epidemic spread of tuberculosis in the modern world.
10. The causative agent of leprosy.
11. Pathogens of atypical mycobacterioses. Classification, properties. Role in
human pathology. Mycobacteriosis as a manifestation of HIV - infection.
1. Study cultural and biochemical properties of tuberculosis pathogens.
2. Look through a microscope the stain slides of sputum from patient with
tuberculosis.
3. Study the medicines for tuberculosis treatment and prevention.
4. Solving situational tasks.

1. Tables.
2. The stain slides of sputum from patient with tuberculosis.
3. The culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
4. Medicines for tuberculosis treatment and prevention

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
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ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 13
Topic: Сorynebacterium. Diphtheria.
III. MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
I. Significance of the topic:
Several species of Corynebacterium are important in medicine; most human diseases
are associated with C. diphtheria, which causes diphtheria. Knowledge of this
infection is important for doctors of all specialists.
II. Aim: To know the main biological properties of C. diphtheriae, its role in human
pathology. Be able to interpret the results of diphtheria microbiological research. Carry
out rational treatment and prevention.

1. Anatomy of the throat and larynx (Anatomy and Physiology courses).
2. Plasmids of the bacteria (General Microbiology course).
3. Toxins of the microorganisms (General Microbiology course).
4. Vaccines and immune sera there use (Immunology course).
b.)Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
c.)Draw up the scheme of diphtheria microbiological research.
Testquestions:
1. Corynebacterium: classification, morphological and cultural features.
2. Virulence factors of C. diphtheriae.
3. Diphtherotoxin. Toxicity as a result of phage conversion. Molecular mechanism
of diphtherotoxin action.
4. Epidemiology of diphtheria.
5. Pathogenesis of diphtheria. Main clinical symptoms of diphtheria. Characteristic
of immunity.
6. Immunological and genetic methods of C. Diphtheria toxin research.
7. Principles of diphtheria microbiological research, express methods.
8. Medicines for diphtheria treatment and specific prophylactic.
1. Study the morphology of C. diphtheriae. Look through a microscope and paint
in albums smears with C. diphtheriae, stained by methylene blue and Neysser
method.
2. Stain slides of diphteroides be gram method, look through microscope, paint in
albums.
3. Study the medicines for diphtheria treatment and prevention (DAT, DPT, Td
vaccine).

1. Tables.
2. Samples with Corynebacterium.
3. Medicines for diphtheria treatment and specific prophylactic.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
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ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 14
Topic: Bordetella. Pertussis.
IV. MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
I. Significance of the topic: B. pertussis is the pathogen of pertussis or whooping

cough, a communicable childhood affliction that causes an acute respiratory syndrome.
H. influenze – the pathogen of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections, bacterial
meningitides, H. ducreyi – a sexually transmitted pathogen of chancroid. Knowledge
of these infections is important for doctors of all specialists.
II. Aim: To know the main biological properties of B. pertussis, H. Influenze, there role
in human pathology. Be able to interpret the results of pertussis microbiological
research. Carry out rational treatment and prevention.

1. Anatomy of the throat and larynx (anatomy and physiology).
2. Plasmids of the bacteria (general microbiology).
3. Toxins of the microorganisms (general microbiology).
4. Vaccines and immune sera, there use (immunology).
c.) Draw up the scheme of pertussis microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. B. Pertussis: morphology, culturing, antigenic properties.
2. Pathogenesis of pertussis. Characteristic of immunity.
3. Microbiological diagnosis of pertussis.
4. Comparing of the B. Pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica.
5. Treatment and specific prophylactic of pertussis.
6. The genus Haemophilus. Classification. Biological properties of Haemophilus.
7. H. influenze – the pathogen of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections,
bacterial meningitides. Characteristic of the pathogen. Antigenic structure.
Sensitivity to the antibiotics.
8. H. ducreyi – a sexually transmitted pathogen of chancroid. Characteristic of the
pathogen.
9. Microbiological diagnoses of diseases caused by haemophilus. Treatment.
VI. Individual work at the lesson:

1. Study cultural and biochemical properties of bordetella by the help of material
supplements.
2. Perform the microbiological research of pertussis (Bordet-Gengou medium).
3. Study the medicines for pertussis treatment and prevention.

1. Tаbles.
2. Petri pleats with media for B. Pertussis culturing.
3. Medicines for pertussis treatment and specific prophylactic.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
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ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 15
Topic: Сlostridia. Tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene.
V. MODULE 2 I. Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
I. Semantic module Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
12
I. Significance of the topic: Clostridia are the pathogens of severe infection diseases -
tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene. Knowledge of these infections is important for doctors
of all specialists.
II. Aim: know the main biological properties of pathogenic clostridia, clinical
symptoms, principles of microbiological research of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene.
Cary out microbiological research of gas gangrene.

1. Enzymes (General Microbiology).
2. Types of nutrient media (General Microbiology).
3. Culturing of the anaerobes (General Microbiology).
c.) Draw up the scheme of gas gangrene microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Classification and general characteristic of Clostridium.
2. Nutrient media for anaerobes, there composition and purpose.
3. The pathogens of gas gangrene, main morphological forms and properties.
4. Antigenic structure, virulence factors, toxins of gas gangrene pathogens.
5. Microbiological research, of gas gangrene, treatment and prevention.
6. Classification and biological properties of C. tetani.
7. Epidemiology, pathogenesis of tetanus. Enzymes and toxins of C. tetani.
Characteristic of immunity.
8. Microbiological research of tetanus. Treatment and prevention.
9. Biological properties of C. botulinum. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical
symptoms of botulism. Enzymes and toxins of C. botulinum. Characteristic of
immunity.
10. Microbiological research of botulism. Treatment and prevention.

1. Prepare the smears from mixed culture of the anaerobes, stain by gram method
look through a microscope.
2. Study culture and biochemical properties of pathogenic clostridia.
3. Study the medicines for tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene treatment and
prevention.

1. Tables.
2. Mixed culture of anaerobes on Kitt-Tarozzi, Wilson and Blair and milk media
3. Demonstration material.
4. Medicines for clostridia treatment and prevention (TIG, TAT, penicillin,
tetracycline).

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 16
Topic: Spirochetes. Syphilis, leptospirosis, relapsed fever.
II. Semantic module Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
12
I. Significance of the topic: The spirochetes are the pathogens of syphilis - common
sexually transmitted disease, leptospirosis and relapsed fever. Knowledge of these
infections is important for doctors of all specialists.
II. Aim: know the main biological properties of treponema, borellia, leptospira, role in
human pathology. Interpret the results of syphilis, leptospirosis, relapsed fever
microbiological research, carry out rational treatment and prevention.

1. Anatomy and physiology of genitourinary tract (anatomy and physiology).
2. Morphology of the spirochetes (general microbiology).
3. Complement fixation test (immunology).
c.) Draw up the scheme of syphilis, leptospirosis and relapsed fever microbiological
research.
Test questions:
1. General characteristic of the family Spirochaetaceae. Classification.
2. The genus Treponema. The pathogen of syphilis. Morphology, culturing.
3. Pathogenesis of syphilis. Characteristic of immunity. Microbiological research,
treatment and prevention of syphilis.
4. The pathogens of bejel, yaws, pinta. Properties. Ways of transmission. The
course of disease in human body. Microbiological research.
5. The genus Borrelia. The pathogen of relapsed fever. Pathogenesis. Characteristic
of immunity. Microbiological research, treatment, prevention and control of
relapsed fever.
6. The pathogen of Lyme disease. Diagnostic laboratory tests. Pathogenesis,
prevention.
7. The genus Leptospira, (family Leptospiraceae). Classification.
8. Other spirochetal diseases. Pathogenesis. Diagnostic laboratory tests
9. The pathogen of leptospirosis. Properties. Pathogenicity for human and animal.
Pathogenesis of leptospirosis. Immunity. Microbiological research. Specific
prevention.
VI. Individual work at the lesson:

1. Perform the Wassermann- Kolmer test.
2. Look through a microscope and paint in albums smears with pathogenic
spirochetes.
3. Study the medicines for syphilis, leptospirosis and relapsed fever treatment and
prevention.
1. Tаbles.
2. Set for the Wassermann- Kolmer test (serum from patient, normal and immune
serum, 0.9%NaCl, complement, hemolytic system).
3. Smears with pathogenic spirochetes.
4. Medicines for syphilis diagnostic and treatment.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 17
Topic: Rickettsiae, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas.
I. Significance of the topic: Rickettsiae are small bacteria that are obligate intracellular
parasites and except for Q fever are transmitted to human by arthropods. Rickettsial
diseases typically exhibit fever, rashes and vasculitis. Chlamydia and mycoplasma
urethritis are today the most common sexually transmitted diseases, and lead to
infertility. Trachoma is a common worldwide disease without treatment it leads to
blindness. Chlamydial conjunctivitis and respiratory chlamydial infections are big
problem neonatology and pediatrics. Therefore, knowledge of the topic is necessary for
doctors of different specialties for early diagnosis, proper treatment and prevention of
chlamydial, mycoplasmal and rickettsial diseases.
II. Aim: know the main biological properties of chlamydia, mycoplasma and rickettsia,
role in human pathology. Interpret the results of microbiological research of diseases
caused by chlamydia, mycoplasma and rickettsia; carry out rational treatment and
prevention.

1. Biological characteristics of mites and lice (General Biology course).
2. Morphological features of rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma (General
3. Principles of rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasmas culturing (General Microbiology
course).
4. Transmission and natural focal infections (General Microbiology course).
5. Methods of infectious diseases microbiological diagnostics (General
6. Complement fixation test (Immunology course)
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check
your knowledge by test questions.
c.) Draw up the scheme of spotted fevers and urogenital chlamydiosis

microbiological diagnosis.
Test questions:
10.General characteristic, classification and medical significance of rickettsiae.
11.Biological properties of rickettsiae.
12.Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of epidemic typhus, endemic
typhus.
13.Microbiological research of rickettsial diseases.
14.Rickettsial diseases treatment and prevention.
15.Q- fever: biological properties of pathogen, epidemiology and pathogenesis ,
microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
16.General characteristics, classification and medical significance of chlamydia
17.Morphology and culturing of Chlamydia. Virulence factors.
18.Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of chlamydial infection:
respiratory and urogenital chlamydiosis, trachoma, chlamydial conjunctivitis,
psittacosis.
19. Methods of clamydial infections microbiological diagnosis.
20.Principles of clamydial infections treatment and prevention.
21.Mycoplasma: general characteristics, classification and biological properties.
22. The role of mycoplasmas in causing human diseases (pneumonia, acute
respiratory infections, urethritis, endocarditis, diseases of pregnancy and fetal
injury).
23.Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mycoplasmal diseases.

1. Perform complement fixation test with the serum from patient (suspected
epidemic typhus).
2. Look through a microscope and paint in albums smears with riskettsia.
3. Perform treatment and prevention of urogenital chlamydiasis.
4. Based on charts and tables, explore the features of chlamydia morphology at
different stages of its life cycle.
5. Familiar with medicines for rickettsial, chlamydial and mycoplasmal diseases
treatment and prevention.
6. Situational tasks solving.

5. Tаbles.
6. Set for CFT.
7. Smears with rickettsiae.
8. Medicines for rickettsial, chlamydial and mycoplasmal diseases treatment and
prevention.

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ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 18
Topic: Actinomycetes. Fungi.
I. Significance of the topic: Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative disease which can
involve different parts of the body. Fungi can cause about 100 diseases in humans and
animals. Human fungal infections can be grouped into superficial cutaneous,
subcutaneous and deep (systemic) mycoses.
II. Aim: Know the main biological properties of actinomycetes and fungi, clinical
manifestations of diseases caused by actinomycetes and fungi, principles of diseases
caused by pathogenic actinomycetes and fungi microbiological research, treatment and
prevention. Cary out actinomycosis and fungal diseases microbiological research,
interpret the results. Perform correct antimicrobial therapy and prevention.

1. Morphology of actinomycetes.
4. Methods of infectious diseases diagnosis.
2. Morphology of actinomycetes.
2. Morphology of fungi.
3. Types of fungal reproduction.
4. Methods of infectious diseases diagnosis.
c.) Draw up the scheme of actinomycosis and candidiasis microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Systematics and general characteristic of actinomycetes.
2. Pathogenic actinomycetes, biological properties.
3. The spread of actinomycetes. Actinomycetes as a residents of organism normal
flora. Role of actinomycetes in dental diseases pathogenesis.
3. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of actinomycosis.
Microbiological research of actinomycosis. Treatment and prevention of
actinomycosis.
5. Pathogenic fungi. Classification and medical importance of fungi. Biological
properties of fungi: morphology, types of reproduction, culturing. Pathogenicity
factors of fungi. Toxins of fungi.
6. Sensitivity of fungi to antimicrobials. Antifungal medicines, mechanism of
action.
7. Dermatophytes – pathogens of cutaneous mycoses (tenia pedis, tenia corporis,
tenia cruris, tenia capitis). Biological properties, pathogenicity for human.
Microbiological research of cutaneous mycoses. Treatment and prevention of
cutaneous mycoses.
8. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of cutaneous mycoses.
9. General characteristic of candida and other yeasts. Biological properties of
fungi: morphology, types of reproduction, culturing. Medical significance of
candida. The conditions of candidiasis origin.
10. Microbiological research of candidiasis. Treatment and prevention of
candidiasis.
11. Pathogens of aspergillosis and penicillosis. Biological properties,
pathogenicity for human, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation.
Microbiological research of aspergillosis and penicillosis.

1. Make the smears from cultures of actinomycetes and C. albicans, stain slides by
gram method, look through a microscope and paint in albums.
3. Study cultural properties of fungi and actinomycetes.
4. Study the medicines for actinomycosis and candidiasis treatment.
5. Situational tasks solving.

1. Tables.
2. Smears with pathogenic actinomycetes and C. albicans.
3. Colonies of actinomycetes and C. albicans.
4. Set for gram staining.
5. Мicroscopes.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
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ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 19
Topic: Protozoa
I. Significance of the topic: Parasitic diseases have existed since ancient times but
are still a major public problem today. International travel of people and materials
has facilitated the spread of parasites and their vectors worldwide. The increase of
immunosuppressed people, particularly those with AIDS, has caused an increase in
formerly obscure protozoan infections. That’s why doctors of all specialties have to
know main clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, principles of diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of protozoan infections.
II. Aim: Know the role of protozoan in human pathology, methods of protozoan
infections microbiological research.
Cary out protozoan infections microbiological research, interpret the results,
chose the medicines for treatment and preventive measures.

1. Classification of protozoa (Biology).
2. Protozoan nutrition (Biology).
3. Difference between protozoa and fungi (Biology).
c.) Draw in albums life cycle of plasmodium malaria. Draw up the scheme of
toxoplasmosis microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Classification of protozoa
2. Entamoeba histolitica: morphology. Life cycle.
3. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of amebiasis. Complications.
Microbiological research of amebiasis. Medicines for treatment.
4. Giardia lamblia: morphology, role in human pathology. Epidemiology,
pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of giardiasis. Microbiological research of
giardiasis. Medicines for treatment.
5. Trichomonads: morphology, role in human pathology. Epidemiology,
pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of trichomoniasis. Microbiological research of
trichomoniasis. Medicines for treatment.
6. Leishmania: morphology, role in human pathology. Epidemiology,
pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of leishmaniasis. Microbiological research of
leishmaniasis. Medicines for treatment.
7. Trypanosoma: morphology, role in human pathology. Epidemiology,
pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of trypanosomiasis. Microbiological research
of trypanosomiasis. Medicines for treatment.
8. Balantidium coli: morphology, role in human pathology. Epidemiology,
pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of balantidiosis. Microbiological research of
balantidiosis. Medicines for treatment.
9. Classification of malaria pathogens. Life cycle, stages of plasmodium infection.
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of malaria. Microbiological
research of malaria. Characteristic of immunity. Medicines for treatment.
Control of malaria.
10.Toxoplasma: life cycle, morphology on different stages. Culturing.
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis.
Complications. Characteristic of immunity.
11.Microbiological research of toxoplasmosis. Medicines for treatment, prevention.

1. Look through the microscope and paint in albums smears with protozoa: giardia
lamblia, trichomonads, tripanosomas, leishmania, plasmodium malaria, toxoplasma.
2. Draw up the scheme of malaria microbiological research.
3. Draw schematically toxoplasma life cycle.
4. Study medicines for protozoan infections treatment and prevention.
3. Tables.
4. Smears with protozoa: giardia lamblia, trichomonads, leishmania, plasmodium
malaria, and toxoplasma.
5. Мicroscopes.
6. Drugs for malaria treatment and prevention.
978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 20
Topic: Ecological
microbiology. Microflora of the air, soil, water
and foodstuff. Normal microflora of the human body.
Semantic module 13 Clinical and ecological microbiology
I. Significance of the topic: Microorganisms are widely spread in the environment.
They inhabit water, soil , air and food. The appearance of atypical microorganisms
or a significant increase in the number of representatives of normal microflora may
be an indicator of the environment contamination. Water, soil, air , food can act as
factors of transmission of pathogens of many infectious diseases. Knowledge of
pathogens survival terms in the environment is important for proper preventive
measures. Microflora that inhabits various habitats of the human body has a number
of important physiological functions. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative
composition of the human normal microflora arising on the background of systemic
diseases, poor antibiotic effects, harmful environmental factors. Therefore,
knowledge of this topics is necessary for doctors of various specialties to perform
nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases, diagnosis and treatment of
dysbacteriosis
II. Aim: Know the lows of microorganisms spreading in the environment. Medical
significance of air, water, soil and foodstuff on pathogens transmission. Influence of
environmental factors on pathogenic microorganisms. Physiological role of human
normal microflora. Etiological factors and clinical manifestations of dysbacteriosis.
Be able to interpret the results of dysbacteriosis microbiological research, to use
medicines for dysbacteriosis treatment.
III.Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

1. Influence of physical and chemical factors on microorganisms (General
microbiology course).
2. The concept of the biosphere and biogeocoenoses. Relations between the
living organisms in biogeocenoses (General Biology course).
3. Forms of coexistence of living organisms (General Biology course).
4. Mechanisms of infectious diseases transmission (General microbiology
course).
5. Differential media for enterobacteria (General and Special microbiology
course)
c.) Draw up the scheme of intestinal dysbacteriosis microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. Population, biotype, microbiocenosis. The main types of relationships in the
species biocenoses: neutralism, symbiosis (commensalism, parasitism,
mutualism) competition.
2. Microflora of soil. Influence factors on the soil microflora. Types of
microorganisms’ resistance in the soil. Soil as a transmission factor of infectious
diseases.
3. Microflora of water. Factors affecting the intensive multiplication of
microorganisms in water. Water as a factor of infectious diseases transmission.
4. Microflora of air. Air as a factor of infectious diseases transmission.
5. The microflora of foodstuff. Food as a factor of infectious diseases transmission.
6. Contamination of environment by pathogens and opportunistic microorganisms.
Factors that determine the intensity of microbial contamination of the
environment.
7. Involvement of microorganisms in circulation nutrients, microbial degradation
of organic and inorganic substances, national economic materials.
8. Microbiological aspects of environmental protection. Biological and man-made
pollution. Problems of the biosphere protection from artificial mutants and the "
space " microbes.
9. Normal microflora of the human body, its role in physiological processes and
manifestation of disease. Methods for studying the physiological role of normal
microflora.
10.The main representatives of the resident microflora of different habitats of the
human body ( skin, gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, urinary tract).
Changes of normal microflora in different age periods.
11.Factors that affect the quantity and quality of human microflora. The concept of
colonization resistance and its role in infectious diseases.
12.Dysbacteriosis: etiology, classification (agent and localization), clinical
manifestations.
13.Microbiological diagnosis of dysbacteriosis.
14.Methods of dysbacteriosis correction. Probiotics (eubiotics), prebiotics.

1. Perform inoculation of the soil into plate agar to determine quantitative and
qualitative composition of its microflora.
2. Make up the smears from tooth plaque, stain slide by gram method and look
through microscope.
3. Draw up the scheme: Normal values of intestinal microflora microorganisms in
human faeces.
Microorganism Content in feces
4. Study the medicines for dysbacteriosis treatment.

1. Tables.
2. Plate agar, test tubes with 0,9 % NaCl.
3. Slides, set for gram staining.
4. Probiotics.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 21
Topic: Clinical
microbiology. Opportunistic microorganisms
(Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella). Hospital infections.

Semantic module 13 Clinical and ecological microbiology
I. Significance of the topic: Opportunistic microorganisms are etiological factors of

many inflammatory and purulent processes that occur in patients with both surgical
and therapeutic profiles. Therefore, knowledge of the topic is important for physicians
of all specialties.
II. Aim: Know the role of opportunistic pathogens in causing inflammation and septic
diseases.
Be able to perform opportunistic and hospital infections microbiological research,
correctly interpret the results of the research, chose rational treatment and
prevention.
III.Tasksforself-preparingtothelesson:
1. Microflora in different habitats of the human body, its physiological
significance (General Microbiology course).
2. Types of infections (General Microbiology course).
3. Methods of infectious diseases microbiological diagnosis (General
4. Groups of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, antiseptics (General
5. Resistance of the microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs, types, mechanisms,
diagnosis, prevention (General Microbiology course).
6. Aseptic measures (General Microbiology course).
c.) Make a table: the pathogens of opportunistic and hospital infections.

Taxonomical group of Types of microorganisms. Example of the infectious
microorganisms. disease
Test questions:
1. Clinical Microbiology, its object and tasks.
2. Opportunistic and nosocomial infections, the conditions of their occurrence,
epidemiological and clinical features. Properties of microorganisms’ hospital strains.
3. The main nosocomial pathogens: Staphylococcus, E. coli, Proteus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
4. Microbiological diagnosis of inflammatory, wound and burn infections caused by
hospital strains of microorganisms.
5. Nosocomial strains of microorganisns.
6. Sepsis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms.
7. Principles of opportunistic and nosocomial infections rational treatment and
prevention.

1. Write down in albums microbiological diagnosis of staphylococcal sepsis.
2. Evaluate the results of previous investigation (microbiological research of soil).
3. Study cultural properties of Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus).
4. Prepare, stain slide by gram method and look through the microscope smears from
Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus.
5. Study the resistance of Klebsiella nosocomial strain to the antimicrobial drugs.

1. Tables.
2. Cultures of Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus.
3. Situational tasks.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.

For students
Lesson№ 22
Topic:Sanitary microbiology of air, soil and water. Food

intoxications.
Semantic module 14 Sanitary microbiology
I. Significance of the topic: Several microorganisms multiply and accumulate in food,

can cause severe intoxications.
II. Aim: Know bacterial indicators of environmental objects microbial contamination,
direct and indirect methods of environmental objects microbial contamination, main
sanitary indicative microorganisms, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation
of food poisoning and foodborne intoxications. Be able to determine bacterial
indicators of environmental objects, analyze qualitative and quantitative composition
of microorganisms in water, soil, air; carry out microbiological diagnosis and rational
treatment and prevention of food poisoning and foodborne intoxications

1. Microflora of water, soil, air (General Microbiology course).
2. The influence of environmental factors on microorganisms (General
3. Ecological interactions between organisms in a community (General
4. Microflora in different habitats of the human body, its physiological
significance (General Microbiology course).
5. Types of infections (General Microbiology course).
6. Methods of infectious diseases microbiological diagnosis (General
c.) Make a table of food poisoning and foodborne intoxications pathogens.
Microorganisms species Types of toxins Dangerous food

Test questions:
1. Sanitary microbiology, its object and tasks. Sanitary microbiology objects of
study.
2. Indicator microorganisms of soil, water ana air, their significance. Terms and
conditions of pathogenic microorganisms’ survival in environment.
3. Bacteriological index of object contamination: the common microbe number, the
presence and species spectrum of indicator microorganisms, coli - titer, coli – index.
4. Methods of soil, water, air and food bacteriological research.
5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of foodborne intoxications.
6. Microorganisms - pathogens of food poisoning and foodborne intoxications
(staphylococci, Escherichia, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum).
7. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of food poisoning and
foodborne intoxications

1. Determine coli – titer and coli – index of water.
2. Study common microbe number by sedimentation method.
3. Write down in albums microbiological diagnosis of salmonellosis, botulism and
staphylococcal poisoning intoxication.
Practical work instruction:

Studding common microbe number by sedimentation method:
In laboratory at a height of 1.5 m above the floor post petri plate with nutrient agar and
blood agar for 5 minutes. A similar inoculation is performed in a sterile box. Closed
petri plate is placed in the incubator for 24 hours. Count the number of colonies.
Calculate the number of microorganisms in 1m3 of the air:
a  100  100  5
x
B  10  T ,
x – number of microorganisms in 1m3 of the air
a – number of colonies
В – area of the plate (78,5 sm2);
T - time during which the petri plate was open;
10 – air volume in liters;
1000 – discovered volume of the air.

4. Tables.
5. Petri plate with nutrient agar and blood agar
6. Situational tasks.

978–0–07–352260–9 — ISBN 0–07–352260–0. QR41.2.T35 2015.
22, 2018; ISBN-10: 9781260092219, ISBN-13: 978-1260092219.

ПРОТОКОЛ № 95 від 13.01.2020 р.


Methodological Instructions - Module 2

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METHOLOGICAL INSTRUCTION

In microbiology, virology, immunology

Topic: Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases.

MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

IV. Individual work at the lesson:

2. Write down in albums methods of infectious diseases diagnosis:

Practical work instruction:

V. Material supplements. Visual learning:

VI. Information sources:

МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.

МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

Semantic module 12 Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes

III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

a.) Recall the following:

c.)Draw up the scheme of staphylococcal infections microbiological research.

IV. Individual work at the lesson:

V. Material supplements. Visual learning:

VI. Information sources:

МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.

МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

c.)Draw up the scheme of streptococcal infections microbiological research.

IV. Individual work at the lesson:

V.Material supplements. Visual learning:

VI. Information sources:

МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.

МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

IV. Individual work at the lesson:

V.Material supplements. Visual learning:

VI. Information sources:

МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.

МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

Topic: Family Enterobacteriaceae. Escherichia coli.

MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

IV. Individual work at the lesson:

V. Material supplements. Visual learning:

VI. Information sources:

МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.

МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

Topic: Shigella. Bacillary dysentery.

MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.

Semantic module 12 Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

I. Significance of the topic: Shigella pathogens belonging to the family

III. Tasks for self-preparing to the lesson:

c.) Write down in albums microbiological research of bacillary dysentery.

IV. Individual work at the lesson:

V. Material supplements. Visual learning:

VI. Information sources:

МЕТОДИЧНУ ВКАЗІВКУ ПІДГОТУВАЛА ас., кмн Юрчишин О.І.

МЕТОДИЧНА ВКАЗІВКА ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНА

Завідувач кафедри мікробіології

MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.