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Methodological Instructions - Module 2
Methodological Instructions - Module 2
Lesson №1
a.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
b.) Write down in albums: “sterile” and “nonsterile” specimen from patient.
Test questions:
1. Microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases. Their informative, terms,
advantages and disadvantages:
1) microscopic;
2) pure culture method;
3) serological;
4) live animal inoculation;
5) skin allergy test;
6) genetic methods.
2. Types of specimen for microbiological research.
3. General rules of specimen sampling for bacteriological research, transportation.
Registration of accompanying documentation.
4. Rules of blood sampling and cerebrospinal fluid for bacteriological research.
4. Rules of pus sampling from the wounds, cavities and abscesses for
bacteriological research.
5. Rules of sputum sampling, smears from skin, mucous membranes for
bacteriological research.
6. Rules of urine and feces sampling for bacteriological research.
7. Features of specimen sampling for suspected especially dangerous infections,
anaerobic infection.
8. The choice of microbiological research depend on the type of specimen, nature
and period of the disease.
Lesson № 2
Topic: Staphylococci.
I. Significance of the topic: Staphylococci are members of the normal flora of the skin
and mucous membranes of humans; others cause suppuration, abscess formation, a
variety of pyogenic infections, and even fatal septicemia. Knowledge of this topic is
very important for doctors of all specialties to make correct diagnosis, treatment and
preventive measures.
II. Aim: To know the main biological features of staphylococci, their medical
significance. Be able to interpret the results of microbiological research and prevention
of diseases caused by staphylococci of clinical importance, carry out rational treatment
and prophylactic.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Lesson № 3
Topic: Streptococci.
I. Significance of the topic: The genus Streptococcus includes the large and varied
group of bacteria. Some are normal residents are agents of diseases in humans: scarlet
fever, sore throat, impetigo, sepsis. Vary dangerous are long–term complications:
rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis.
II. Aim: To know the main biological properties of streptococci, their medical
significance.
Be able to interpret the results of streptococcal infections microbiological research,
carry out rational treatment and prophylactic.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of streptococci. Difference between Streptococcus
and Enterococcus.
2. Biological features of the streptococci: morphology, culturing, stability to the
environmental factors.
3. Cell surface antigens of streptococci. Antigenic classification of streptococci:
types and groups.
4. Streptococci as residents of human body. Epidemiology of streptococcal
infections.
5. Virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes :toxins, enzymes.
6. Diseases attributable to infections with streptococci group A: scarlet fever, sore
throat, impetigo, erysipelas, sepsis. Characteristic of immunity.
7. Long – term complications of streptococcal infections: rheumatic fever, acute
glomerulonephritis. Pathogenesis.
8. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus): biological features, virulence
factors.
9. Epidemiology and pathology of Pneumococcus. The pathology of pneumonia.
10.Microbiological diagnosis of streptococcal infections.
11.Treatment and prevention of streptococcal infections.
Lesson № 4
Topic: Neisseria
MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
Semantic module 12 Pathogenic prokaryotes and eukaryotes
I. Significance of the topic: Gonococcus is a pathogen of sexually transmitted disease,
which is called gonorrhea. Another serious human pathogen is meningoccocus, usually
associated with epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and meningococcemia-the most
common complication in children. Knowledge of this topic is very important for
doctors of all specialties to make correct diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures.
II. Aim: To know the main biological features of meningococci and gonococci, their
medical significance.
Be able to interpret the results of meningococcal and gonococcal infections
microbiological research, carry out rational treatment and prophylactic.
Test questions:
1. Genus Neisseria: classification, medical significance. Biological features of
Neisseria: morphology, culturing, stability to the environmental factors.
2. Meningococcus: virulence factors.
3. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of meningococcal infection.
Characteristic of immunity.
4. Microbiological diagnosis of meningococcal infection and meningococcal
carriage. Differentiating meningoccocus and gram – negative diplococci of
nasopharynx.
5. Treatment and prevention of meningococcal infections.
6. Gonoccocus: biological features, factors contributing to gonoccocal
pathogenicity, variability of gonoccocus.
7. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms of gonorrhea. Gonococcal
ophtalmia neonatorum. Characteristic of immunity.
8. Microbiological diagnosis of gonorrhea.
9. Treatment and prevention of gonorrhea and gonococcal ophtalmia neonatorum.
Lesson №5
c.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
d.) Write down in albums microbiological research of E coli associated diarrheal
diseases.
Test questions:
1. Family Enterobacteriaceae: classification, general characteristics of its main
representatives. Medical significance of pathogenic and opportunistic enterobacteria.
Distribution and ability to survive in the environment.
2. Differential and selective media for enteric bacteria culturing, there chemical
composition and purpose (Mac Conkey’s, eosin methylene blue media, triple sugar
iron agar).
3. Antigenic structure of Enterobacteriaceae. Serological identification of
Enterobacteriaceae
4. Escherichia coli: morphology, properties. Antigenic structure.
5. Physiological role and sanitary exponential value of E. coli.
6. Escherichia coli: the pathogen of opportunistic and nosocomial infections.
Enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli: classification, antigenic structure,
virulence factors. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of E coli
associated diarrheal diseases.
7. Microbiological research of diseases caused by Escherichia coli.
8. Differentiation of Escherichia coli enteropathogenic strains.
Principles of E coli associated diarrheal diseases treatment and prevention.
Lesson №6
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Classification and morphology of shigella.
2. Cultural and biochemical properties of shigella Antigenic structure.
3. Significance of shigella in human pathology. Virulence factors.
4. Epidemiology of bacillary dysentery.
5. Pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, shigella toxins.
6. Main clinical symptoms of bacillary dysentery. Characteristic of immunity.
7. Microbiological research of bacillary dysentery.
8. Principles of bacillary dysentery treatment and prevention.
Lesson № 7
Topic: Salmonella. Typhoid fever.
I. Significance of the topic: Salmonellae are often pathogenic for humans or animals
when acquired by the oral route, cause enteritis, systemic infection. The most serious
pathogen in the genus Salmonella is S. typhi, the cause of typhoid fever - one of the
most dangerous infection diseases, which causes different complications. Knowledge
of this topic is very important for doctors of all specialties to make correct diagnosis,
treatment and preventive measures.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Lesson №8
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
c.) Write down in albums microbiological research of foodborne intoxications.
Test questions:
1. Serologic diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Dynamics of antibody
production in patients’ blood, there diagnostic titer.
2. Widal test (tube dilution agglutination test) – basic serologic method of typhoid
paratyphoid fever diagnosis.Ingredients of the reaction, technique, accounting of the
results. Positive Widal reaction in patients who recovered, and grafted individuals.
3. Serologic diagnosis of salmonella’s carriage. Vi-hemagglutination test, its
diagnostic titer.
4. Salmonellae – the pathogens of acute gastroenteritis, there biological properties.
Nosocomial salmonellosis.
5. Microbiological research of salmonellosis.
6. Treatment, principles of foodborne intoxications and nosocomial salmonellosis
prevention and control.
Lesson №9
Topic: Vibrios. Cholera.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of vibrios, historical foundations.
2. Vibrio cholera: morphology, cultural and biochemical properties.
3. Differential and selective media for vibrios.
4. Biotypes of epidemic V cholerae (classic and El – Tor).
5. Antigenic structure of vibrios, serotype O 139.
6. Virulence factors of vibrios. V cholerae exotoxin.
7. The spread of V cholerae in nature.Epidemiology of cholera.
8. Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of cholera. Clinical forms of cholera.
Immunity.
9. Microbiological research of cholera. Rules of specimen sampling and
transportation.
10.Methods of cholera rapid diagnosis. Indication of V cholerae in environment.
11.Principles of cholera treatment.
12.Prevention and control of cholera. Organization of quarantine measures.
13.Vibrio parahaemoliticus and other vibrios – the pathogens of foodborne
intoxications. Biological properties. Pathogenicity for humans. Microbiological
research.
I. Significance of the topic: Plague is very dangerous quarantine infection, that highly
contagious, lasts extremely severe and has high mortality. Due to the high virulence of
plague agent it is used in production of biological weapon for bioterrorism. Tularemia
-a severe zoonotic infection that can attack human being too. There are many clinical
types of plague and tularemia. That’s why doctors of all specialties have to know main
clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, and principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention
of these diseases.
c.) Draw up the scheme of plague microbiological research; depending on the clinical
form of the disease.
Clinical form Specimen from patient Diagnosis
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of Yersinia, historical foundations.
2. Morphology, culturing and biochemical features of Y. pestis.
3. Pathogenicity of Yersinia for animals. Epidemiology of plague.
4. Pathogenesis and main clinical symptoms of plague. Characteristic of immunity.
5. Rules of specimen sampling and transportation from patient with suspected
especially dangerous infection. Routine in the microbiological laboratory.
6. Microbiological diagnosis of plague. Criteria for identification the causative
agent of plague.
7. Treatment, prevention and control of plague.
8. Y. pseudotuberculosis: biological features. Epidemiology, pathogenesis of the
disease.
9. Y. enterocolitica: biological features. Epidemiology, pathogenesis of the disease.
10.Microbiological research of diseases caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y.
enterocolitica. Principles of treatment and prevention.
11. Biology of tularemia causative agent. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, main
clinical symptoms of tularemia. Characteristic of immunity.
12.Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tularemia.
b.)Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Taxonomy and classification of B. anthracis. Antigenic structure.
2. Epidemiology of anthrax.
3. Pathogenesis of anthrax. Toxins and enzymes of B. anthracis. Main clinical
symptoms of anthrax. Characteristic of immunity.
4. Microbiological research of anthrax.
5. Treatment and prevention of anthrax.
6. Classification and biological features of brucellosis, virulence factors.
7. Epidemiology of brucellosis.
8. Pathogenesis of brucellosis in human, clinical symptoms. Characteristic of
immunity.
9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of brucellosis.
Testquestions:
1. Corynebacterium: classification, morphological and cultural features.
2. Virulence factors of C. diphtheriae.
3. Diphtherotoxin. Toxicity as a result of phage conversion. Molecular mechanism
of diphtherotoxin action.
4. Epidemiology of diphtheria.
5. Pathogenesis of diphtheria. Main clinical symptoms of diphtheria. Characteristic
of immunity.
6. Immunological and genetic methods of C. Diphtheria toxin research.
7. Principles of diphtheria microbiological research, express methods.
8. Medicines for diphtheria treatment and specific prophylactic.
IV. Individual work at the lesson:
1. Study the morphology of C. diphtheriae. Look through a microscope and paint
in albums smears with C. diphtheriae, stained by methylene blue and Neysser
method.
2. Stain slides of diphteroides be gram method, look through microscope, paint in
albums.
3. Study the medicines for diphtheria treatment and prevention (DAT, DPT, Td
vaccine).
4. Solving situational tasks.
II. Aim: To know the main biological properties of B. pertussis, H. Influenze, there role
in human pathology. Be able to interpret the results of pertussis microbiological
research. Carry out rational treatment and prevention.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
c.) Draw up the scheme of pertussis microbiological research.
Test questions:
1. B. Pertussis: morphology, culturing, antigenic properties.
2. Pathogenesis of pertussis. Characteristic of immunity.
3. Microbiological diagnosis of pertussis.
4. Comparing of the B. Pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica.
5. Treatment and specific prophylactic of pertussis.
6. The genus Haemophilus. Classification. Biological properties of Haemophilus.
7. H. influenze – the pathogen of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections,
bacterial meningitides. Characteristic of the pathogen. Antigenic structure.
Sensitivity to the antibiotics.
8. H. ducreyi – a sexually transmitted pathogen of chancroid. Characteristic of the
pathogen.
9. Microbiological diagnoses of diseases caused by haemophilus. Treatment.
II. Aim: know the main biological properties of pathogenic clostridia, clinical
symptoms, principles of microbiological research of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene.
Cary out microbiological research of gas gangrene.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Classification and general characteristic of Clostridium.
2. Nutrient media for anaerobes, there composition and purpose.
3. The pathogens of gas gangrene, main morphological forms and properties.
4. Antigenic structure, virulence factors, toxins of gas gangrene pathogens.
5. Microbiological research, of gas gangrene, treatment and prevention.
6. Classification and biological properties of C. tetani.
7. Epidemiology, pathogenesis of tetanus. Enzymes and toxins of C. tetani.
Characteristic of immunity.
8. Microbiological research of tetanus. Treatment and prevention.
9. Biological properties of C. botulinum. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical
symptoms of botulism. Enzymes and toxins of C. botulinum. Characteristic of
immunity.
10. Microbiological research of botulism. Treatment and prevention.
Test questions:
1. General characteristic of the family Spirochaetaceae. Classification.
2. The genus Treponema. The pathogen of syphilis. Morphology, culturing.
3. Pathogenesis of syphilis. Characteristic of immunity. Microbiological research,
treatment and prevention of syphilis.
4. The pathogens of bejel, yaws, pinta. Properties. Ways of transmission. The
course of disease in human body. Microbiological research.
5. The genus Borrelia. The pathogen of relapsed fever. Pathogenesis. Characteristic
of immunity. Microbiological research, treatment, prevention and control of
relapsed fever.
6. The pathogen of Lyme disease. Diagnostic laboratory tests. Pathogenesis,
prevention.
7. The genus Leptospira, (family Leptospiraceae). Classification.
8. Other spirochetal diseases. Pathogenesis. Diagnostic laboratory tests
9. The pathogen of leptospirosis. Properties. Pathogenicity for human and animal.
Pathogenesis of leptospirosis. Immunity. Microbiological research. Specific
prevention.
I. Significance of the topic: Rickettsiae are small bacteria that are obligate intracellular
parasites and except for Q fever are transmitted to human by arthropods. Rickettsial
diseases typically exhibit fever, rashes and vasculitis. Chlamydia and mycoplasma
urethritis are today the most common sexually transmitted diseases, and lead to
infertility. Trachoma is a common worldwide disease without treatment it leads to
blindness. Chlamydial conjunctivitis and respiratory chlamydial infections are big
problem neonatology and pediatrics. Therefore, knowledge of the topic is necessary for
doctors of different specialties for early diagnosis, proper treatment and prevention of
chlamydial, mycoplasmal and rickettsial diseases.
II. Aim: know the main biological properties of chlamydia, mycoplasma and rickettsia,
role in human pathology. Interpret the results of microbiological research of diseases
caused by chlamydia, mycoplasma and rickettsia; carry out rational treatment and
prevention.
II. Aim: Know the main biological properties of actinomycetes and fungi, clinical
manifestations of diseases caused by actinomycetes and fungi, principles of diseases
caused by pathogenic actinomycetes and fungi microbiological research, treatment and
prevention. Cary out actinomycosis and fungal diseases microbiological research,
interpret the results. Perform correct antimicrobial therapy and prevention.
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Systematics and general characteristic of actinomycetes.
2. Pathogenic actinomycetes, biological properties.
3. The spread of actinomycetes. Actinomycetes as a residents of organism normal
flora. Role of actinomycetes in dental diseases pathogenesis.
3. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of actinomycosis.
Microbiological research of actinomycosis. Treatment and prevention of
actinomycosis.
5. Pathogenic fungi. Classification and medical importance of fungi. Biological
properties of fungi: morphology, types of reproduction, culturing. Pathogenicity
factors of fungi. Toxins of fungi.
6. Sensitivity of fungi to antimicrobials. Antifungal medicines, mechanism of
action.
7. Dermatophytes – pathogens of cutaneous mycoses (tenia pedis, tenia corporis,
tenia cruris, tenia capitis). Biological properties, pathogenicity for human.
Microbiological research of cutaneous mycoses. Treatment and prevention of
cutaneous mycoses.
8. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of cutaneous mycoses.
9. General characteristic of candida and other yeasts. Biological properties of
fungi: morphology, types of reproduction, culturing. Medical significance of
candida. The conditions of candidiasis origin.
10. Microbiological research of candidiasis. Treatment and prevention of
candidiasis.
11. Pathogens of aspergillosis and penicillosis. Biological properties,
pathogenicity for human, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation.
Microbiological research of aspergillosis and penicillosis.
Lesson№ 20
Topic: Ecological
microbiology. Microflora of the air, soil, water
and foodstuff. Normal microflora of the human body.
MODULE 2 Special, clinical and ecological microbiology.
Semantic module 13 Clinical and ecological microbiology
I. Significance of the topic: Microorganisms are widely spread in the environment.
They inhabit water, soil , air and food. The appearance of atypical microorganisms
or a significant increase in the number of representatives of normal microflora may
be an indicator of the environment contamination. Water, soil, air , food can act as
factors of transmission of pathogens of many infectious diseases. Knowledge of
pathogens survival terms in the environment is important for proper preventive
measures. Microflora that inhabits various habitats of the human body has a number
of important physiological functions. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative
composition of the human normal microflora arising on the background of systemic
diseases, poor antibiotic effects, harmful environmental factors. Therefore,
knowledge of this topics is necessary for doctors of various specialties to perform
nonspecific prevention of infectious diseases, diagnosis and treatment of
dysbacteriosis
II. Aim: Know the lows of microorganisms spreading in the environment. Medical
significance of air, water, soil and foodstuff on pathogens transmission. Influence of
environmental factors on pathogenic microorganisms. Physiological role of human
normal microflora. Etiological factors and clinical manifestations of dysbacteriosis.
Be able to interpret the results of dysbacteriosis microbiological research, to use
medicines for dysbacteriosis treatment.
Test questions:
1. Population, biotype, microbiocenosis. The main types of relationships in the
species biocenoses: neutralism, symbiosis (commensalism, parasitism,
mutualism) competition.
2. Microflora of soil. Influence factors on the soil microflora. Types of
microorganisms’ resistance in the soil. Soil as a transmission factor of infectious
diseases.
3. Microflora of water. Factors affecting the intensive multiplication of
microorganisms in water. Water as a factor of infectious diseases transmission.
4. Microflora of air. Air as a factor of infectious diseases transmission.
5. The microflora of foodstuff. Food as a factor of infectious diseases transmission.
6. Contamination of environment by pathogens and opportunistic microorganisms.
Factors that determine the intensity of microbial contamination of the
environment.
7. Involvement of microorganisms in circulation nutrients, microbial degradation
of organic and inorganic substances, national economic materials.
8. Microbiological aspects of environmental protection. Biological and man-made
pollution. Problems of the biosphere protection from artificial mutants and the "
space " microbes.
9. Normal microflora of the human body, its role in physiological processes and
manifestation of disease. Methods for studying the physiological role of normal
microflora.
10.The main representatives of the resident microflora of different habitats of the
human body ( skin, gastrointestinal tract, upper respiratory tract, urinary tract).
Changes of normal microflora in different age periods.
11.Factors that affect the quantity and quality of human microflora. The concept of
colonization resistance and its role in infectious diseases.
12.Dysbacteriosis: etiology, classification (agent and localization), clinical
manifestations.
13.Microbiological diagnosis of dysbacteriosis.
14.Methods of dysbacteriosis correction. Probiotics (eubiotics), prebiotics.
Lesson№ 21
Topic: Clinical
microbiology. Opportunistic microorganisms
(Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella). Hospital infections.
III.Tasksforself-preparingtothelesson:
a) Recall the following:
1. Microflora in different habitats of the human body, its physiological
significance (General Microbiology course).
2. Types of infections (General Microbiology course).
3. Methods of infectious diseases microbiological diagnosis (General
Microbiology course).
4. Groups of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, antiseptics (General
Microbiology course).
5. Resistance of the microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs, types, mechanisms,
diagnosis, prevention (General Microbiology course).
6. Aseptic measures (General Microbiology course).
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.
Test questions:
1. Clinical Microbiology, its object and tasks.
2. Opportunistic and nosocomial infections, the conditions of their occurrence,
epidemiological and clinical features. Properties of microorganisms’ hospital strains.
3. The main nosocomial pathogens: Staphylococcus, E. coli, Proteus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
4. Microbiological diagnosis of inflammatory, wound and burn infections caused by
hospital strains of microorganisms.
5. Nosocomial strains of microorganisns.
6. Sepsis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms.
7. Principles of opportunistic and nosocomial infections rational treatment and
prevention.
Lesson№ 22
b.) Study topical material from: textbooks, lecture notes, Internet sources. Check your
knowledge by test questions.