Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Notes in Macro
Notes in Macro
- Temporary short term movement of people to destinations outside the places where
they normally live.
Hospitality – derived from the Latin word hospitare, means to receive as a guest; related Latin
words: hospital, hospice, and hostel
- The requirements in these circumstances are food, beverages, lodging, or shelter
Tourists - a person who visited a country other than that in which he or she usually resides for a
period of at least 24 hours.
Types of tourists
Tourist – Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose can be classified as:
Leisure
Business
Family
Mission
Meeting
Excursionists – temporary visitors less than 24 hours in the destination visited and not
making an overnight stay including cruise travelers, but excluding travelers in transit.
Elements of Travel
Distance
Length of stay at the destination
Residence of the traveler
Purpose of travel
Nature of a Tour
Domestic Tourism – to travel take exclusively within the national boundaries of the
travelers country.
International tourism - involves the movement of people across international
boundaries.
1. Tour operator – who organize the package tour purchases transport and hotel
accommodation in advance/manufacturer of the product
2. Travel Agent – distributor of the product
3. Package Tour – sometimes called inclusive tour
4. Independent tour – is an agreement in which the tourist buys these facilities
separately
5. Independent inclusive tour – tourist travel to his or her destination individually
6. Group inclusive tour – he or she travels in the company of other tourist
7. Tourist destination – geographical unit where the tourist visits and stays.
8. Amenities - facilities such as accommodation, food, transportation,
communication, and entertainment at the destination
9. Site attraction – an attraction in which the destination itself has appeal
10. Tourist product – consist of what the tourist buys
Service – first characteristic of a tourist product
Largely psychological in its attraction – second characteristic of tourist product
Tends to vary in standard and quality over time – characteristic of tourist
product
The supply of the product is fixed
5. Modern Tourism
(19th Century)
- Two technological developments in the early part of the 19 th century had a
great effect on the growth of tourism. These were the introduction of Railway and the
development of Steam power.
- Thomas Cook – the first and the most famous travel organizer.
(20th Century)
- Pleasure travel continued to expand
- world war I brought many changes which influenced the volume of tourism.
- World war II let to increased interest in travel
- Out come of world war 2 was the progress in aircraft technology.
HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
1. Ancient period
a) The Sumerians
- the recorded history of the hospitality industry began withe the Sumerians, a
group of people who lived in Mesopotamia.
- they invented the money and writing as a means to record and settle their
business transactions.
- “Taverns” the first hospitality business. These taverns served beers to the local
residents.
b) Early Traders
- Caravanserai – which provided foods and shelter to travelers. These were the early
examples of inns.
a) Egyptian Empire
- Ancient Egyptians, the first to see that food service and lodging should be provided to
travelers
b) Greek Empire
- Greeks were dedicated travelers.
- Inns and taverns became common in Ancient Greece
c) Roman Empire
- Inns and taverns were established throughout the empire.
- Khans – a combination of stables, sleeping accommodation, and fortress which
provided shelter from sandstorms.
3. Medieval Period
a) Dark Ages
- inn keeping almost disappeared after the fall of the Roman Empire.
- Charlemagne - established rest houses for pilgrims.
Modern Period
a) 19th Century
- By this time, the term restaurant referred to the dining room of a hotel.
- Savoy – best known hotels owned by Richard d´ Oyly in 1889
- Cesar Ritz the general manager and Auguste Escoffier the chef des cuisines.
These two men revolutionize the hotel restaurants.
- Auguste Escoffier the greatest chefs of all time; he installed the Kitchen
Brigade System. He is also known for his classic book: Le Guide Culinaire
- Delmonico – expensive and aristocratic restaurant in US; known for his bilingual
menus
b) 20th century
A more recognizable Tourism and Hospitality appeared in the Philippines when the
country was discovered by Ferdinand Magellan.
- “Colorum” means illegal tour
1. Direct providers
- includes businesses that are associated with travel, such as Airlines, hotels, restaurant,
ground transportation, travel agencies, and retail shops.
2. Support services
- lends support to direct providers
Hospitality training
- aims to motivate service providers to be hospitable in dealing with tourists
- It is assumed that providing more hospitable service will result to a more
satisfied tourist who will be inclined to return and advertise to other potential tourist
through word of mouth.
- To enable service providers to render hospitable services, it is necessary to
change their present behavior. This change of behavior is brought about by a change in
attitude and an increase in the level of knowledge.
Aspects of Attitude
1. Toward self - If an individual self- esteem or attitude toward self is low ,that individual
will tend o behave in such a way that the feedback from others will confirm the low
opinion of himself.
3. Toward the tourism and hospitality industry - A positive attitude as service providers
toward tourism can be brought about only when employees are made aware of how
important tourism and hospitality is to their country city, and community.
The main objective is to create the feeling of being welcomed for the tourist within the
community.
Land Travel
1. Taxi and limousine service
2. Bus services
3. Rail services
Accommodation
- While away from homes, we need to eat and sleep. Sleeping accommodation range from
hotels or international standards and condominiums to campgrounds and the homes od
relative and friends. For a tourist region to succeed, a sufficient quantity of accommodation of
the right quality should be provided for the needs of the tourist.
-The demand for accommodation varies according to the price the guests are willing to pay,
service required and similar consideration. An important thing to remember in marketing is that
the facilities should at least equal those provided by the competition for the same market.
-Expensive hotel accommodations may be demand by those who want the best and are willing
and able to pay accordingly. Tourist who are unable or unwilling to pay for expensive
accommodations should have aa cheap facilities available.
TYPES OF ACCOMODATIONS
1. Hotels- provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who may reserve
their accommodation in advance but need not do so.
2. CONDOMINIUM- is an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an individual but
the management and services, such a maintenance and security, are handled bu
independent company. The company often contracts to rent the condominiums when it
is not being used by the owner, each owner can sell his/her unit independently of the
owners.
3. Motels or motor hotels- provide bedrooms, bath, and parking to motorist; rooms are
usually accessible from parking lot. They usually near the highway.
4. Inns- are lodging establishment catering to transients which do not meet the minimum
requirement of an economy hotel.
5. Apartments- are hotels (appartelles) building, or edifices containing several indeoei ang
furniahi or sem- furnished apartments that regularly leased to tourist and travelers or
dwelling. On a more or less long-term basis and offering basic services to its tenants
similar to hotels.
6. Paradores - are old convents, monasteries, castles, or fortresses converted into hotels
by government and operate bye a national tourism office. PARADORES are found in
SPAIN and Ireland. They are generally priced reasonably with full-meal plans. Tourist
who would like to experience romance and ambiances of the past in a fifteenth- century
7. Pension house- A private or family-operation tourist accommodations similar to
boarding house or guest-house.
8. Bed-and-breakfast accommodation - provide a room, bath, and hearty breakfast to
tourist and travelers. They are known as B&B and are popular in BRITAIN, IRELAND and
UNITED STATES.
9. Hostels- provide minimal amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet
and bathroom. The traveler provides his/her own bedding. They appeal mostly to young
travelers.
10. Campgrounds- appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles.
11. Health spas- are hostels and resorts which are cater to individuals who go to spas or
mineral springs for weight reduction or medical treatment.
12. Private homes- provide lodging to tourists when accommodations are not available
during this peak periods.
FOOD AND BEVERAGE - More of the tourist dollar is spent on food and beverage than
on any other service. Countries which are highest in per capital eating place and sales
are also top tourist countries.
RESTAURANT
1. The facades and architectural features of the building shall be appropriately designed. It
shall be provided with a proper entrance and exit.
2. The dining room shall be adequate in size, with sufficient and well- maintained furniture
3. There shall be cuisine of good quality and presentation and served with distinction.
There shall be a menu book or card which shall be presentable, clean, and easy to read
with the menu items listed in logical sequence.
4. Adequate number of well- trained, experienced, efficient, and courteous staff shall be
employed. The bar shall be well- stocked at all times.
TOURISM ORGANIZATION (Bontia)
Membership:
• Full members
• Associate members
• Affiliate members
Role of (UNWTO)
• International travel statistics
• Travel abroad – frontier formalities
• Economic review of world tourism
• Technical bulletins
• Manuals
CTA Published :
• Brochures
• Films
• Reports
• Newsletter
• Information
• The purpose of APEC is to establish coordination of national economics for the benefit
of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole.
• The specific goals are to sustain the growth and development of capital and technology
in keeping with the principles of the General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAAT),
and to open and strengthen the multi-lateral trading system in the interest of Asia-
pacific and all other economies.
• APEC has ten (10) work groups including: Tourism, Telecommunications, and
transportation. Other groups include Human resources development, Marine sources,
Energy, Trade Promotion, Trade and Investment Data, Investment and Technology
transfer, and fisheries
• APEC has a permanent secretariat located in Singapore. The secretariat is to serve as a
coordinating body Nad the central repository for all APEC documents.
• The US Travel and Tourism Administration is the first country chair of the Tourism
Working group for APEC.
• It is working to coordinate activities with the telecommunications and transportation
groups.
• As the multi-cultural process of negotiations for tourism, Telecommunications, and
transportation services falter with the stalemate of the GATT Uruguay Board, the
importance of interregional tourism and trade agreements and organizations such as
APEC becomes apparent.
Undersecretary for tourism services – office tourism standard, national capital region of all
regional office.
TOURISM PROMOTION BOARD - responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines
domestically and internationally as a major global destination.
The Intramuros Administration was established in 1979 by virtue of Presidential Decree (PD)
No. 1616 signed by President Ferdinand Marcos on April 10, 1979.
Following are powers and functions by virtue of P.D. No. 1616 as amended by P.D. No. 1748:
• Formulate, coordinate, and execute policies on the implementation of all programs,
projects, and activities of the government relating to Intramuros;
• Enter into contracts with any private person or entity or any government agency, either
domestic or foreign, for the effective discharge of its functions, and responsibilities;
• Acquire through sale, expropriation, or other means and hold real and personal
property as it may deem necessary or convenient in the successful prosecution of its
work; lease, mortgage, sell, or dispose of such personal and real property;
• Receive, take, and hold by request, donation, gift, purchase, or lease from foreign or
domestic sources any asset, grant or property, real or personal, subject to such
limitations as are provided in existing laws and regulations;
• Initiate, plan, undertake, and supervise the restoration, upkeep and maintenance of the
Intramuros Walls including the ravelins, moat, Sunken garden and public places, plazas,
streets, and other government property situated within Intramuros;
• Prepare, adopt, revise, and enforce such rules and regulations, implementing guidelines,
and standards necessary for the effective regulation of the land use and development
activities of Intramuros;
• Expropriate property within the bounds of Intramuros;
• Sponsor, conduct, or support festivals and cultural activities in Intramuros; charges and
collect admission fees to the restored Gates and other attractions operated by the
Administration;
• Give grants, contributions, and donations for the restorations, repair, and maintenance
of historic structures outside of the Intramuros; and
• Collect reasonable amounts to be charged as filing fees, inspections fees, permit fees,
services fees necessary for effective enforcement of its laws and regulatory measures
Mandate
• The IA is “responsible for the orderly restoration and development of Intramuros as a
monument to the Hispanic period of our history. As such, it shall ensure that the general
appearance of Intramuros shall conform to the Philippine- Spanish acritude of the 16 th
to the 19th century.
Vision
• As iconic tourism site that honors the Philippines’ glorious past- a thriving and vibrant
future- proof livable, built on foundation of shared values and a genuine Filipino sense
of community.
Mission
• Implement and realize a restoration and redevelopment plan for the present and future
development, management, and promotion of Intramuros, as a national heritage site,
by forging strategic partnerships that ensure its orderly, timely, inclusive and sustainable
development.
Operations of Facilities
• The Administrations may operate museums, art galleries, theaters, and other cultural/
educational facilities that are incidental and suitable to the attainment of its objectives:
Provided, that the Administrators may operate such facilities, either directly or through
existing institutions such as the National Museum, the Cultural Centre of the Philippines,
the National Library and other agencies of the government.
Commercial Activities
• The Administrators may directly, or in association with public or private enterprises,
construct, lease, sell, and otherwise operate shopping and commercial facilities in
Intramuros. It may likewise operate guided tours and offer related tourism services.
Building Modifications
• The Administrators may require the owners of the existing structure to modify the
design of the existing building; Provided, that the subject to the approval of the Minister
of Human Settlements and availability of funds, the Administrations may utilize its funds
to undertake the modification of existing buildings, whether publicly or privately owned,
so to modify their external appearance to comply with approved designs; and provided,
further, that no changes in the external appearance of existing buildings and structures
in Intramuros, including ruins, shall be made without the approval of the Administration.
Road Maintenance
• The budgetary allocation for the maintenance of national and local roads within
Intramuros area shall be released to the Administration, which shall undertake such
road maintenance directly of by the management with the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH), the City of Manila, or the private parties capable of doing the
work, subject to applicable government rules and regulations.
Traffic Management
• The Administration shall control the nature, extent, and the timing of the access of
private and public vehicles into Intramuros. For this purpose, the approval of public
transportation routes going through Intramuros shall be subject to the concurrence of
the Administration
Construction Work
• Construction and other civil work may be undertaken directly by the Administration or
with the assistance of the Department of Public Works and Highways, Department of
Transportation, Department of Information and Communications Technology, the City
of Manila, of by private contractors, subject to applicable government rules and
regulations.
Investment Incentives
• The Administration, in consultation with the department of Trade and Industry or the
Department of Tourism, as the case may be, may extended investment incentives for
industries and enterprises established in Intramuros, not exceeding those granted for
pioneer enterprises: provided, that the industries operating shall be limited to those
that are consistent with its historical atmosphere and shall not be the source of air,
noise, or other types of pollution.
Appropriation
• The appropriation pertaining to Intramuros which are in the budget of the National
Historical Institute and the National Parks Development Committee are hereby
transferred to the Administration. The Minister of Human Settlements may fund
additional operating and capital expenditures out of the appropriations provided for the
Ministry of Human Settlements in Batas Pambansa Blg. 1.
• The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was created by
then President Corazon C. Aquino by the virtue of the Executive Order No. 90 dated
December 17, 1986. The E.O., which also abolished the Ministry of Human Settlements,
place HUDCC under the direct supervision of the office of the President to serve as the
highest policy-making body for housing and coordinates the activities of the key housing
agencies to ensure the accomplishment of the Government Shelter Program.
• On May 25, 1989 and May 28, 2001, Executive Order No. 357 and Executive Order No.
20 were issued, respectively, to strengthen HUDCC into department level organization
by conferring it with the power of to exercise overall administrative supervision over the
key housing agencies; set and ensure the attainment of the targets and objectives for
the housing sector; review the organization, programs, and projects of the key housing
agencies; and decentralize its operations and enlist the assistance of the Department of
Budget and Management in securing continuing funding support to the National Shelter
program.
• In 1992, the Urban Development and Housing Act (R.A. No. 7279) mandated the HUDCC
to direct the formulation of a National Urban Development and Housing Framework in
coordination with the local government units and other public and private sector
agencies; design of a system for the registration qualified socialized housing
beneficiaries and inventory of land suitable for socialized housing; and provide, through
its attached housing agencies, the LGU’s with support for the preparation of town and
land use plans, data for forward planning investment programming, and assistance in
obtaining funds and other resources for housing and urban development.
• From 1986 to present, there are several executive and legislative insurances including
the three laws mentioned above, that provide or authorize HUDCC with urban
development. These legal and legislative flats assigned duties and responsibilities to
HUDCC that are related to its original mandate as the lead agency in housing and urban
development.
• Revolving fund
The Administration is authorized to establish a Revolving Fund into which shall accrue
revenues from operating and commercial transactions undertaken by the
Administration. Such revenues shall be automatically appropriated to cover expenses
incurred in such commercial operations, subject to pertinent, budget compensation
accounting, and audit law and regulations.
• Domestic and Foreign Loans
The Administration is authorized to borrow funds from domestic or foreign sources
subject to applicable laws and regulations and the approval of the Minister of Finance.
• Grants Contributions
The Administration is authorized to accept and receive grants/ contributions from
private parties to the obligated and disbursed in such manner as the Authority may, in
the exercise of sound discretion, deem best to accelerate the restoration or enhance the
maintenance of the historical facilities in Intramuros and contribute to there
development and preservation.
The Administration is likewise authorized to give grants and contributions to private
parties to the restoration or maintenance of historical facilities in Intramuros. All grants
and donations to the Intramuros Administration shall be exempt from donors and other
taxes and shall be fully deductible, over and above what is ordinarily allowable under
the national internal revenue code, for purpose of computing liabilities of the donor or
income tax, estate tax, or gift or donor’s tax on other donations; Provided, that the
value or donations in kind shall be determined in consultation with the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue.
Republic Act No.6768 As amended by Republic Act No.9174 “An act institution a Balikbayan
Program”
The Balik Bayan Law
In recognition of their contribution to the economy of the country through the foreign exchange
inflow and revenues that they generate, the Balikbayan Law provides balikbayans with special
tax-free shopping privileges in government owned and controlled operate duty free shops.
• Republic Act No. 9593, also known as the Tourism Act of 2009, became an attach
agency of the Department of Tourism and was place under the supervision of the Secretary of the
department.
Mandate
To attract foreign nationals and former Filipino Citizens to retire, invest and reside in the
Philippines with a vision to make our country a leading and significant destination for the worlds
retirees, seniors, and elderly.
The Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA) has joined the Department of Tourism Campaign.
“It’s More Fun In The Philippines” and is incorporating the new adopted copy in it’s marketing
materials.
With the country’s appealing natural wonders, it’s low cost of living, attractive investment
opportunities, exciting leisure facilities including excellent medical facilities and educational
institutions, retirees may find the ideal retirement destination in the Philippines.
•The SSRV allows all it’s foreign retiree members to retire and live in the Philippines for as long
as they want.
•An SSRV holder may come in and out of the country as often as he desires, and enjoy privileges
such as exemption from securing the ACR I-Card (Alien Certificate of Registration Immigration
Card)
The National Parks Development Committee (NPDC) is a government agency that is tasked to
oversee national parks in the Philippines. It was established primarily for the purpose of
developing and maintaining national parks specifically the Rizal Park or Luneta, Paco Park, the
Pook ni Maria Makiling, and Burnham Park.
The NPDC was established on January 14, 1963 by Executive Order No. 30 for the development
of the Quezon Memorial Circle, Luneta, and other National Parks. In 1964, the committee was
then designated as the “National Parks Development Committee’’.
It was attached to the Department of Tourism in 1987 through E.O No. 120. The NPDC has the
following functions:
1. Undertake development of new parks
2. Upgrade and maintain park facilities
3. Develop and operate cultural and educational programs; and
4. Facilitate private sector participation in appropriate aspects of parks development and
maintenance.
To provide fully developed and well-maintained parks for the Filipinos wholesome
recreation and sociocultural education which will contribute toward the enrichment of the
nation identity and heritage, in partnership with concerned communities and nongovernment
organizations (NGOs).
Areas of Responsibility
1. Rizal Park 5. Pook ni Maria Makiling Park
2. Paco Park 6. Burnham Park
3. Pook Olivia De Salamanca
4. Mabini Shrine
The Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF) aims to promote, encourage and initiate research
and development projects and activities in social sciences, humanities, social and amelioration,
and allied fields.
PACEOS supports and endorses the 10-point agenda presented to the Secretary of the
Department of Tourism covering the following areas:
1. Improving the country’s image;
2. more focused and effective marketing;
3. more discriminate allocation of budget;
4. progressive liberation of aviation policies; and
5. upgrading and preservation of age-old destinations like the Banaue Rice Terraces and
Intramuros.
Network of Independent Travel Agencies (NAITAS)
The Network of Independent Travel Agencies in official association of non-IATA Travel
Agencies which was established in 1986. Its objectives are the following:
1. To unify the various non-IATA travel agents and promote a harmonious relationship
among its members;
2. To assist and lead its member toward being more professional in delivering travel and
tour-related services;
3. To contribute in the promotion of local and international travel and tourism;
4. To unify members toward speedy fair solutions to problems unique to non-IATA agents;
and
5. To have one solid voice in the tourism industry.
Membership
MITE’s members represent the forerunners of incentive travel such as hotels, tour
and transport operators, resort, airlines, marketing and creative specialists, and selected
media personalities, Its members can deliver incentive travel programs with creativity,
imagination, and professionalism.
Vision
To be the National Tour Operators’ Association of the Philippines
Mission
1. To create/organize different chapters;
2. To enhance networking between the government sector and the private sector
particularly in the tourism industry; and
3. To preserve natural tourist destination through the promotion of environment
consciousness projects.
Goals
1. To encourage and foster nationwide chapter extensions;
2. To pursue and active role in product development (emerging destinations)
3. To strive for international recognition and affiliations;
4. To upgrade industry knowledge through education/workshop;
5. To conduct national information campaign on relevant issues;
6. To develop active membership through participations and involvement in team
building activities;
7. To develop and update database;
8. To revise and amend by-laws to conform to the needs of the times;
9. To encourage sales mission;
10. To address needs and concerns of members in a timely manner; and
11. To endeavor for financial sustainability
Membership
The member-association fall in to four members, namely;
• Regular members – are firms duly licensed by the appropriate government agency as
travel and tour agencies and admitted to membership by the board of trustees;
• Associate members – are branches of regular members duly licensed by the appropriate
government agency as travel and tour agency branch offices and admitted to membership
by the Board of Trustees.
• Allied members – are airlines, convention organizers, handicraft stores, hotels, inns,
nightclubs, resorts, restaurants, shipping companies, tourist transport operators, and other
entitles related to or engaged in the tourism industry whether directly or indirectly, duly
licensed by the Department of Tourism and/or other government agencies and admitted to
membership by the Board of Trustees; and
• Affiliate members – are regional or provincial association of travel and tour agencies
duly organized as an association and registered with the appropriate government agency
and admitted to membership by the Board of Trustees.
Membership responsibilities
1. Active participation and involvement in the activities of the association, specifically in
the concerns of the communities;
2. Regular attendance at the general membership and business meetings;
3. Adherence and commitment to the PTAA Principles of Professional Conduct and Code of
Ethics;
4. Prompt payment of dues does and special assessment and other fees.
Affiliations
• The PTAA is the Philippine representative to:
1. ASEAN Tourism Association (ASEANTA);
2. Federation of ASEAN Travel Association (FATA); and
3. Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association (UFTAA);
The HRAP works partnership with the following international, regional, national organizations
to enhance the profile and competitiveness of the national hotel and restaurant industry;
• International organizations
1. Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) Philippine chapter
2. ASEAN Tourism Association (ASEANTA)
3. ASEAN Hotel and Restaurant Association (AHRA)
4. International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IHRA)
5. The Asia Foundation (TAF)
6. Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO)
• National Government Organizations
1. Department of Tourism
2. Department of Labor and Employment
3. Department of Finance
4. Department of Health
5. Department of Trade and Industry
6. Department of Education
7. Department of the Interior and Local Government/Philippine National Police
8. Senate and Congress Committees on Tourism
• Non-government Professional Organizations
1. Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP)
2. Filipino Society of Composers, Athors, and PublisherS (FSCAP)
3. Hotel and Restaurant Tripartite Consultative Board (HRTCB)
4. Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)
5. Tourism Industry Board Foundation, Inc. (TIBFI)
6. Tourism Council of the Philippines (TCP)
7. Philippine Business for the Environment (PBE)
8. Society of Association Executives (SAE)
A number of control measure’s can be adapted to decrease the negative change in area. Some
of these are:
Reducing the contact between host and guest by limiting the carrying capacity of the
destination and by the tourist flow;
Separating the host and the tourists within tourists enclaves;
Designing community education and citizen involvement programs centered on tourism and
hospitality development, policy, and regulatory issues; and
Expanding human resource development and training program in all components of the
tourism and hospitality system include social skills (interpersonal relations and networking
referral tactics).
Impact of tourism and hospitality on culture
Tourism and hospitality increase the acculturation process as well as the cultural convergence
of people. Acculturation is defined as those changes that occur in a culture through borrowing
from other culture. These changes may include technology, language and values. Cultural
convergence is the tendency of world cultures to become more alike.
Positive effects of tourism and hospitality culture
The two most important positive effects of tourism and hospitality on culture are
the promotion of intercultural communication and the renaissance of native culture.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Mobility, which is prerequisite of tourism and hospitality is necessary for different
social group, nationalities, and cultures to meet and interact. Such interaction may
contribute to the removal of social or national prejudices and the promotion of better
understanding and positive social change.
-Renaissance of Native Culture
Tourism and hospitality may be important to the host country to remind its people of its history
and culture. In Eastern and Western Europe, many traditional folk costumes and costumes are
preserved for the benefits of tourist. Folk culture festivals are organized to attract visitors.
Model cultural center is both developed and developing countries have been highly profitable
and have helped maintain interest in the cultures
In developed countries, several national parks and monuments have been created to preserve
the natural, cultural and recreational resources of the land for the enjoyment, appreciation and
education of the present and future generations. The development of parks was intended to
open up areas for viewing as well as to control the flow of traffic within the parks.
Tourism and hospitality has provided reasons for the preservation of historical buildings and
the creation of museums. At present, many developing nations are realizing that their
monuments mean tourists and income. Thus, desire to preserve their national monuments
have increased.
Tourism and hospitality has created appreciation of the environment by bringing scenic
attractions to the attention of the public. In Switzerland for example, mountain sport, and
vacations, both in winter and summer, have mushroomed as a result of rapid tourist growth.
Conservation
Conservation and preservation of the environment not only benefit the local area but they also
determine the future of tourism and hospitality. First, the local residents benefit from the
preservation. Second, tourism and hospitality, for as long as it draws tourists, will continue to
be a socio-economic and cultural assets.
Gunn (Cited by Valene, 1995)gave the following factors which led to the conservation
movement.
1. There was a social concern to which the park movement owes it beginning.
2. There was an emphasis on the efficiency of the resources being used, particularly on non-
renewable resources.
3. Conservation also incorporated aesthetic enhancement. And
4. Protecting the natural environment from irresponsible human manipulation.
Mathieson and Wall (Cited by Landberg, 1995) identified four ways in which tourism and
hospitality has been important to Conservation. These are:
1. Stimulating the rehabilitation of existing historic sites, building, and monuments.
2. Stimulating the transformation of old buildings and locations into new tourist facilities.
3. Creating the impetus for the conservation of natural resources: and
4. Bringing about the introduction of administrative and planning controls necessary to
maintain the quality of the environment to ensure a satisfying and rewarding experience for the
tourists.
Development of Attractions
Several countries around the world are identifying areas which have the potential to attract
tourists. In the Caribbean Island of St. Croix, the US National Park Service has established and
developed an underwater national park. This unique site attracts snorkelers and those
interested in corals. Its helps preserve the area and creates an awareness of the character of
the corals reefs and the sea floor.
A. Historical Preservation
Many historical sites in both urban and rural areas have been preserved to attract tourists.
Examples are Intramuros or Walled City in the Philippines, Jamestown and Colonial
Williamsburg in Virginia, USA, Mont. St. Michael in France. And the Plymouth Plantation in
Massachusetts, USA.
B. Resident Benefits
Tourism and hospitality benefits the local residents in a number of ways. The first benefits is
that the results of conversation and preservation can be enjoyed by the local community as
well as by the tourists. The creation of national parks and monuments provides quick access to
a variety of nature’s wonders and outdoor activities to both local residents and visitors.
Another benefit which results from tourism and hospitality development can be seen in coastal
areas. The development of a coastal resort allows free access to tourists and local residents.
Environmental Conflicts
Some of the problems affecting the quality of the environment are destruction of the
vegetation, pollution (air, water and noise) and the destruction of wildlife. The destruction of
the vegetation occurs because of the large number of tourists who trample on the vegetation.
· Air pollution results from the gas fumes emitted by automobiles, taxis, buses, aircraft and
factories. Areas with large numbers of vehicles usually suffer from air pollution.
· Water pollution is the results of the discharge of untreated waste from resorts or boats into
seas, rivers, lakes, and springs.
· Noise pollution is associated with traffic congestion on land and on air. Many recreational
vehicles such as motorcycles, motorboats and aircrafts cause a lot of noise.
Problems associated with wildlife results from killing of animals such as birds and the disruption
of the normal habits of feeding and breeding. A very good example is the killing of elephants for
tusks, zebras for hides, antelopes for their heads, and etc.
Geological Conflicts
Tourism and hospitality affects geological formation. Some tourists collect minerals, rocks,
fossils, and corals from tourists attractions. Others destroy natural formation by vandalising.
Residents Conflicts
A number of conflicts frequently occur between residents and tourists or tourism developers. In
cities, hotels are built at the expense of residential accommodations. The increasing value of
land often forces residents to move away from the area. Hotel development also brings traffic
congestion and air pollution. In fishing and hunting areas, the increasing demand creates
problems for local fishermen and hunters who now compete with the tourists as well as with
each other.