Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
This section is the related literature we gather other from people who experience depression.
This is the stories or other literature that they wrote about depression.
According to Sophie (N.D) My GP was very through in his assessment and careful to
prescribe me the right medication. When I was pregnant he consulted with a psychiatrist before
prescribing my medication. At first I went to see him 3 times a week so he could monitor how I was,
and with each visit he gave me adequate time to voice my concerns. He also referred me to a
psychologist urgently when I had my first episode of antenatal depression (I had it during both
pregnancies). Over the years I have built up a very good relationship with my GP and I still see him
from time to time to touch base and discuss the issues surrounding my depression. I still take
medication and need to have a review from time to time. From Sophie’s story that the researcher have
read that for her depressions can be easy to overcome if you can talk to someone who knew about
depression. In her case she meets her GP (General Practitioner) to help her to monitor how she was
doing. And when she have an antenatal depression her GP psychologist.
Related Studies
Depression
A common mental disorder, globally more than 300 million people of
all ages suffer from depression. The leading cause of disability
worldwide, and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of
disease. Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and
short-lived emotional responses to challenges in everyday life.
Especially when long-lasting and with moderate or severe intensity,
depression may become a serious health condition. It can cause the
affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at
school and in the family. At its worst, depression can lead to suicide.
Close to 8000 0000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is
the second leading cause of death in 15-19-year-olds.
Being depressed often feels like carrying a very heavy burden, but
you are not alone in this struggle. Millions of people suffer from some
form of depression every year, making it one of the most common
mental disorders in the country. Although there known, effective
treatment for depression, fewer than half of those affected in the
world (in many country, fewer than 10% ) receive such treatments.
Gaining a deeper understanding of depression can help begin the
journey to recovery. Taking some time to learn more about to causes
and symptoms of depression will assist you greatly when it comes
time to consider methods of treatment.
Depression is more than just feeling sad. Everyone feels upset or
unmotivated from time to time, but depression is more serious. It is a
mood disorder characterized by prolonged feelings of sadness and
loss of interest in daily activities. If these symptoms persist for a
period of at least two weeks, it is considered a depressive episode.
People experience depression in different ways. It may interfere with
your daily work, resulting in lost time and lower productivity. it also
can influence relationships and some chronic health conditions.
Conditions that can get worse due to depression include:
 arthritis
 asthma
 cardiovascular disease
 cancer
 diabetes
 obesity
It’s important to realize that feeling down at times is a normal part

of life. Sad and upsetting events happen to everyone. But, if you’re
feeling miserable or hopeless on a regular basis, you could be
dealing with depression with depression.
Depression is considered a serious medical condition, and it can get
worse without proper treatment. Yet, those who seek treatment
often see improvements in just a few weeks.
Depression symptoms
Depression can be move than a constant state of sadness or feeling
‘‘blue.’’
Major depression can cause a variety of symptoms. Some affect your
mood, and also be ongoing or come and go.
Depression can affect men, women, and children differently.
Symptoms of depression in men may include:
 Mood: anger, aggressiveness, irritably, anxiousness,
restlessness
 Emotional: feeling empty. Sad, hopeless
 Behavioural: loss of interest, no longer finding pleasure in
favorite activities, feeling tired easily, thoughts of suicide,
drinking excessively, using drugs, engaging in high-risk
activities
 Sexual: reduced sexual desire, lack of sexual performance
 Cognitive: inability to concentrate, difficulty completing tasks,
delayed responses during conversations.
 Sleep: insomnia, restless sleep, excessive sleepiness, not
sleeping through night
 Physical: fatigue, pains, headache, digestive problems, changes
in appetite, weight loss or gain.
The symptoms can extend beyond your mind. These eight physical
symptoms of depression prove that depression isn’t just all in your
head.
Depression causes
There are several possible causes of depression. They can range from
biological to circumstantial.
Common causes include:
 Family history. You’re at the high risk for developing

depression or another disorder
 Early child trauma. Some events impact the that body reacts to
fear and stressful situations.
 Brain structure. There’s greater risk for depression if the
frontal lobe of your brain is less active. However, scientists
don’t know if this happens before or after onset of depression
symptoms.
 Medical condition. Certain condition may put you high risk,
such as chronic illness, insomnia, chronic pain or attention-
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
 Drug use. A history of drug or alcohol misuse can impact your
risk.
Many other people may never learn the cause of their depression.
About 30% of people who have a substance use problem also
experience depression. In addition in this causes, other risk factors of
depression include.
 Low self-esteem or being self-critical

 Personal history of mental illness
 Certain medications
 Stressful events, such as loss of love one, economic problems,
or a divorce
Many factors can influence feelings of depression, as well as who

develops it and who doesn’t. The causes of depression are often tied
to other elements of your health.
Depression test
There isn’t single test to diagnose depression. But the doctor can
diagnose base on the symptoms.
In most cases the doctor can ask a series of questions about your
moods, appetite, sleep pattern, activity level, and thoughts.
Because depression can be linked to other health problems, the doctor
may also conduct a physical examination and order blood work.
Sometimes thyroid problems or a vitamin D deficiency can trigger
symptoms of depression.
Don’t ignore symptoms of depression. If your mood doesn’t improve
or gets worse, seek medical help. Depression is a serious mental
illness with risks of complications.
If left untreated, complications include:
 Weight gain or loss

 Physical pain
 Substances use problems
 Pain attacks
 Relationship problems
 Social isolation
 Suicidal thoughts
 Self-mutilation
Major depressive disorder
This depressive disorder is the more severe form of depression. It’s
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness and,
worthlessness that don’t go away on their own.
In order to be diagnosed with clinical depression, you must be
experience 5 or more of the following symptoms over a two-week
period:
 Feeling depressed most of the day

 Loss of interest in most regular activities
 Significant weight loss or gain
 Sleeping too much or not being able to sleep
 Slowed thinking or movement
 Fatigue or low energy most days
 Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
 Loss of concentration or indecisiveness
 Recurring thoughts of death or suicide
Persistent depressive disorder

This PDD used to be called dysthymia. It’s a milder, but chronic,
form of depression.
In order the diagnosis to be made, symptoms must last for at least two
years. PDD can affect your life more than major depression because it
lasts for a longer period.
It’s common for people with PDD to:
 Lost interest in normal daily activities

 Feel hopeless
 Lack productivity
 Have low self-esteem
Depression can be treated successfully, but it’s important to stick to
your treatment plan.
Medications
The doctor may prescribe antidepressants, antianxiety, or
antipsychotic medications.
Each type of medication that’s used to treat depression has benefits
and potential risk.
Learn how to say no
Feeling overwhelmed can worsen anxiety and depression symptoms.
Setting boundaries in your professional and personal life can help you
better.
Outlook for depression
Depression can be temporary, or it can be a long-term challenge.
Treatment doesn’t always make your depression go away
completely.
But treatment often makes symptoms more manageable. Managing
symptoms of depression involves finding the right combination of
medications and therapies. If one treatment doesn’t work, you may
have better results with a different one.

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Chapter 2

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CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

It’s important to realize that feeling down at times is a normal part

 Family history. You’re at the high risk for developing

 Low self-esteem or being self-critical

Many factors can influence feelings of depression, as well as who

 Weight gain or loss

 Feeling depressed most of the day

Persistent depressive disorder

 Lost interest in normal daily activities

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