REVIEWER BATAS MILITAR PART I

• 1969
-Marcos is elected to his second term.
-Heavy campaign causes the economy to falter.
-Inflation occured.

• 1970s
-There are some protests.
-Kumalat ang plano ni Marcos

• 1971
-Marcos Nationalists Party is defeated by the senatorial elections.
-The power of Marcos slowly erodes.

• 1973
-Marcos pushes for a constitutional convention.
-He decided to run again.
-Convention is by allegations of bribery.

• 19
-Final term:
-Marcos planned a series of events that would lead to one of the darkest chapters in the nation's
history.

Plans on how Marcos will stay in his position:

 Plan A: Change the government system from parliamentary to presidential.
 Plan B: Declare Martial Law

• During his first term, binabalaan ni Senator Benigno Aquino si Marcos na ang bansa ay unti
unting magiging isang "garrison state" A country that was controlled by the militarist forces.

Nangyari before Martial Law:

"First-Quarter Storm"
 The battle lasted the whole night

August 21, 1971

 Plaza Miranda, infront of the church in downtown manila. Dito nagtitipon ang mga
aktibista at mga politicians. The place become a symbol of democracy and freefom of
speech.
 Two political parties were slugging it out.
1. Nacionalista Party (Marcos Party)
2. The Liberal Party
 At the liberal party rally on plaza miranda, two fragmentation grenades were hurted onto
 stage.
—Nine died in the explosion.
—Hundred were injured including the liberal leaders: Senator Jovito Salonga.

 Benigno Aquino (enemy of marcos) haven't arrived in the Plaza Miranda when the
grenades exploded.
 Dahil jan, he was accused na kasabwat siya ng mga Communists.
 Isa sa pinagbibintangan ni Marcos sa pagbobomba ay ang Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) na pinamumunuan ni Jose Maria Sison.

 CPP was establishrd on December 26, 1968.

 Three months later (March 1969), nagkaron ng New People's Army (NPA).
-Ilang mga nagbuo ng NPA ay ang mga Huke.
-Ang huke ay mga armed people na nasa Central Luzon.
-Chief: Bernabe Buscayno a.k.a Commander Dante
 Nung time daw na yun lahat daw ng pangyayari ay ibinibintang sa NPA

 Marcos became the suspect of the bombing incident.

 Paniniwala rin na layunin ni Marcos na gumawa ng gulo para maipatupad ang Martial
Law.

 After ng nangyari sa Plaza Miranda, sinuspende ni Marcos ang Writ of Habeus Corpus.
—Anyone could be arrested without being brought to the court.
—Ito ay naging rehearsal para sa Martial Law

 1972
—Sunod sunod ang pagbobomba

Constitutional Convention (ConTon)

 Inihalal ang Conton para palitan ang 1935 Constitution na ginawa pa noong ang Pilipinas
ay isang kolonya ng USA

 Nanggaling ang unang tirada sa delegate Napoleon Rama. Naghanap siya ng solution
para hindi makatakbo si Marcos for the third time.
—Majority ang sumang ayon.

 Marcos' countermove were exposed by Delegate Eduardo Quintero from Leyte

 (kababayan ni Imelda Marcos)
 Inamin ni Eduardo na binigyan siya ni Imelda ng isang sobreng puno ng pera, pero
isinauli nya ito.

 Most of the delegates would sign the new constitution because they will benefit from the
transitory provisions.

 Senator Benigno Aquino exposed that there is a detailed program that would place the
country under military control.
—The program was code-named "Oplan Sagittarius"
—Oplan Sagittarious is the blueprint of Martial Law.

General Romeo Espino

 Chief of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
 He wrote the Oplan Sagittarius
 He said that the Oplan Sagittarius is a contingency plan on how to utilize the forces, the
elements of the armed forces in case of trouble.

Juan Ponce Enrile

 One of the most powerful government official after the imposition of Martial Law
 He was appointed as the martial law administrator
 in the first eight months of the military regime, he chaired cabinet meetings in Camp
Aguinaldo office
 Enrile was one of the 12 men who helped Marcos in the secret planning of martial law

Rolex Twelve
 Hindi original na rolex ang binigay ni Marcos kundi fake Omega watches
 10 milirary officials and 2 civillians

Waltzing with a Dictator by Raymond Bonner

Names of the Rolex Twelve:
1. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
2. Gen. Fabian Ver, intelligence chief
3. Gen. Romeo Espino, chief of staff AFP
4. Gen. Fidel Ramos, constabulary chief
5. Gen. Rafael Zagala, army chief
6. Gen. Ignacio Paz, chief of army intelligence
7. Gen. Jose Rancudo, airforce chief
8. Gen. Tomas Diaz of the constabulary
9. Rear Admiral Hilaro Ruiz. navy chief
10. Gen. Alfredo Montoya, chief of the Metropolitan Command
11. Col. Romeo Gatan of the constabulary
12. Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco, governor of Tarlac and cousin of Cory Aquino
  Not all of the Rolex Twelve knee everything about Oplan Sagittarius

Reuben R. Canoy
 Opposition member of the National Assembly in 1978
 He said that the plan had different parts.
 Marcos and Enrile took care of the legal aspects to legitimatize martial law while the
military officers were in charge of implementing the plan.
 Officers who opposed to martial law got yanked out in their sensitive positions.
 One of the military officers who oppose the plan is Gen. Manuel Yan and Gen. Rafael
Ileto.

September 22, 1972

 Lumabas sa tv at radio na ang kotse ni Enrile ay na ambush.
 Ang pag ambush na ito ay isa sa mga plano para madeclare ang martial law.
 Bago pa umamin si Enrile ay ibinunyag na ito ng isang journalist na si Primitivo Mijares
sa kanyang libro na The Conjugal Dictatorship.
—Bago pa daw ang ambush ay tinawagan ni Marcos si Enrile at gawin na ang
napag usapan na gagawin.
—While the incident, sinabi ni Enrile na ligtas siya kasi nakasakay siya sa kotse ng
kanyang bodyguard.
—The next day, pinatupad agad ang Martial Law.

September 23, 1972

 nalaman ng lahat ang martial law pero ang nakalagay sa proclamation ay 21.

LIFE OF MARCOS

September 11, 1917

 Birth of Marcos

 Marcos was known as one of the brightest Filipino of his generation

 When he was 21 (law student during that time), nakulong siya.

—natalo ang kanyang tatay noong nangandidato siya sa ilocos norte at ang nanalo
ay si Julio Nalundasan.
—night after the election, habang nagtotoothbrush si nalundasan, binaril siya at
namatay.
—ang pinagbintangan ay si ferdinand edralin marcos or marcos.
—Nakulong siya ng 17 years.
—Habang nakakulong, nagrereview siya para sa kanyang bar exams at naging
topnotcher siya.
—He defended himself in the Supreme Court, ang nakinig sa pagdepensa ni Marcos
ay si Jose Laurel Sr. who became the president of the puppet govt.
—Nanghinayang si Laurel kay Marcos kung mabubulok lang siya sa kulungan eh
sayang ang katalinuhan.

 During war, marami siyang victories, deserved or not.

 During world war ii, bumuo at pinamunuan nya ang isang grupong guerrilla na
tinatawag na "Maharlika"
 He gained 30 medals for war heroism kasama dito ang Congressional Medal of Honor.
 He is also a defender of Bataan.

Rep. Bonifacio Gillego

 Ang medals ni Marcos ay fake.

 Whether it is fake or not, nakatulong ito kay Marcos sa kanyang political career.

 Four years after the war, he was the representative of Ilocos Norte.
—3 terms.
—After that, he became a senator.
—He became the Senate President.

 Marcos met Imelda when he was still a representative.

—In a few days, Imelda said yes to Marcos.
—Imelda is the "Rose of Tacloban"

January 1966
 Nanumpa si Marcos bilang ika-ANIM na presidente ng pilipinas.

 During his first term, it was memorable for them becuase of the achievements in
infrastructure.
 When you travel the country you still see the foundation, like national highways.

 During the Macapagal years, 500 below classrooms were built. During the first two years
of Marcos, 17,000 classrooms were built.

1967
 Election para sa Senado
 Lahat ng partida ni Marcos ay nanalo except kay Benigno Aquino na nanalo pero sa ibang
partido.
 Sa unang speech ni Aquino ay binatikos nya ang pinapairal ni Marcos.

Dovie Beams Affair

 Hollywood starlet that came to Philippines for the movie "Maharlika"
 Nagka issue na may relasyon si Marcos at Dovie.
 Pinutol agad ni Marcos ang relasyon nila ni Dovie nung nalaman ni Imelda.
  Nagpapress conference si Dovie gawa sa lovemaking nila ni Marcos na nakalagay sa
casette tape.
 Ang scandal ay fresh padin hanggang 1969 noong election ni Marcos for his second term.
Pinakamadumi, pinakamadaya, at pinakamagastos na election.
 Nagkaroon ng inflation.

1971
 Pansin sa mga tao na nawawalan na sila ng tiwala noong election after ng plaza miranda
bombing.

 Natalo lahat ng kandidato ni Marcos

September 23, 1972

 dinampot ng mga pulis ang mga babae at lalaki na kaaway ni marcos
 kasama sa mga dinampot ay si Senator Ninoy Aquino at Jose Diokno
 in a few months, 30,000 were locked up in stockades and military camps.

 Macos closed down Congress, newspaper offices, and tv stations.

Lin Seng
 ginawang halimbawa para ipakita na seryoso ang bagong lipunan sa kampanya laban sa
kasamaan.
 nahuli siya sa paglalako ng droga at sinentence siya to death.

 As a university student, Marcos wrote a thesis on authoritarian government. In other

words, dictatorship.
 He described his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism."

 Marcos then re-convened the ConTon.

 Marcos cancelled the plebiscite and replaced it with citizens' assembly because he knew
that the people will vote for Aquino and Diokno

 The vote runs by raising of hands and not using ballots. Even kids were allowed to vote.

 In his 14 years of dictatorship, he issued 3,000 ordere and decrees.

 Before proclaiming the martial law, there is an evidence that Marcos consulted Richard
Nixon (president).

1986
 People power revolted.
  USA dropped Marcos.

 The AFP was the administrator of martial law. The AFP became more powerful.

 Marcos removed the police from the mayors. Pinailalim nya ito sa militar.

 To ensure loyalty, Marcos reshuffled the military hierarchy.

Ver headed three agencies:

1. Presidential Guard Battalion
2. Intelligence Service of the AFP.
3. National Intelligence and Security Authority

 According to Amnesty International Report, 70,000 were jailed, 34,000 were tortured,
and 3,240 were killed.

 Kasama sa nakulong si Nena Fajardo at ang kanyang asawa.

—Napagkamalan si Nena na meron siyang links with the communists. She was only
19 that time.
—Nung nakaalis na sila sa jail, they became active organizers in Manila's slums.

Compassionate society, smiling martial law that was the image the dictatorship wanted to project.
But it is not the image projected in the Primitivo Mijares Case.

Primitivo Mijares
-was the chief propagandist of the martial law regime.
-he could go into marcos' office even without any appointments
-but he fell afoul(nakaaway) of Imelda Marcos' brother, Kokoy Romualdez
-he broke off with the regime; He fled to the U. S. and published the book named "The Conjugal
Dictatorship"
-The book how Ferdinand & Imelda did Dictatorship
-In it he exposed the regime's dirt including Marcos womanizing
-Soon after it, Mijares disappeared.
-Many people believed he was killed by Marcos agents in the U.S.; but until today, nobody has
found him yet.
-A worse fate befell his son, Boyet Mijares
-Boyet Received a phone call saying that his father was alive and he wanted to talk to him but
after 2weeks Boyet's body was found dead.
-Brutally killed; His nails was all removed in his fingers, He was stabbed 33times by an ice pick
•Judge Priscilla Mijares - Wife of Primitivo Mijares

-None of the news was exposed because the regime kept a tight grip on what used to be Asia's
freest press; anti-marcos reports never came out
-Anyone who makes a joke of marcos is punished, even anti-marcos jokes is not allowed or about
the new society

-What the regime couldn't get by force... It is tried to win over a charm by Imelda Marcos

Imelda Romualdez Marcos

-Was called "Marcos secret weapon" when marcos run for President
-During Martial Law, she was called "The Iron Butterfly"
-She had the butterfly's beauty and the toughness of steel
-At first, she was contented to play the role of wife and mother
-She became Governor and Minister of human settlements. She signed treaties with China, tje
Soviet Union, Rome, Yugoslavia, Libya.
-She isn't just a first lady but She was called "the other president" She was almost as powerful as
Ferdinand Marcos
-She was famed for spending public funds on shopping, on lavish parties.
-Critics said she had an "edifice complex" because she put up all sorts of buildings. The folk art
center, Philippine International Convention Center, Heart Center, Lung Center, Kidney Center,
Film Center, autoral(mali spelling) center.
-"Cultural center is like a monument to the filipino spirit, that's where we deposit all the beauty we
have upheld."
-For her daughter Irene's wedding, Imelda reportedly spent one million US Dollars to have the
ilocos norte church repaired. Several months after the wedding an earthquake wrecked the church.
-A favorite project of Imelda's was the Manila Film Center. This was rushed for the Manila
International Film Festival.
-According to reports that never came out in the media at that time two floors collapsed while the
film Center was being Built, about 200 construction workers are believed to have died because
they we're buried in quick drying cement.
-today the Manila Film center is an empty, useless palace. It's said to be haunted by ghosts and is
scheduled for demolition.

-In his second Martial law decree marcos declared the entire country a land reform area. Lands
was to be distributed to peasants. It is said in October 21, 1972.
-When martial rule ended less than four percent of tenants farmer owned the land they tilled.
-One of those enemies was the Lopez clan. They had large sugar plantations and diverse business
interests, mines, newspaper, radio, tv, the electric company. Marcos wanted it all.
Geny lopez -Nephew of former Vice President Fernando Lopez was arrested and jailed accused of
involvement in a Marcos assassination plot.
-for him to be free, the Lopezes agreed to give Marcos sone of their businesses.
-Marcos got the electric company (meralco) and tv network (abs-cbn) but didn't keep his promise.
Geny spent five years in prison, he won his freedom only when he and Serge Osmeña escaped in a
maximum security in fort bonifacio.
-Marcos crushed the anti-marcos section of the old oligarchy, but replaced it with a new class
made up of relatives and friends called "The Cronies"
-The conies is a new system emerged corny capitalism
-Marcos' own family benefited greatly from martial law. His brother Pacifico a doctor got into
insurance, banking, real state. Also his sister, Fortuna Barba wnt into shipping. His mother, Josefa
Edralin Marcos was granted control over logging tobacco and food-processing firms. In all, the
marcos family controlled 48 companies.
-Imelda's relative were not far behind. Her favorite brother kokoy romualdez acquired 11 large
companies, lopez firms among them. kokoy een became ambassador to the U.S.
-the marcos conies included his gold buddies, former classmates, fraternity brothers, election
supporters.
-Among them, Rodolfo Cuenca contracts to build freeways, Antonio Floirendo banana plantation,
Ricardo Silverio sole distributor of toyota, Herminio Disini cigarette-filter monopoly, Robeto
Benedicto radio-tv network and one newspaper company, Eduardo Cojuangco coconut monopoly
and control of San Miguel Brewery the country's largest corporation.
-Marcos issued presidential decrees and letters of instruction favoring crony business and hobbling
the competition
-Marcos himself raked in millions in commissions and kickbacks on every single contract needing
his approval.
-at first, the economy seemed is improve. Marcos brought technocrats into government like
Vincente Paterno, Gerardo sicat, cesar virata known as professional managers who did not engage
in politicking and had a reputation for honesty. Corporate profit gew, the gross national product
rose and for the first time the country had a balance of payment surplus due to the unexpected rise
in the prices of export products particularly sugar and coconut.
-but good times didn't last for the businessmans when the middle east war caused an increase in oil
prices and a drop in export earning which causes the government became even more indebted to
the world bank and the international monetary fund.
-by 1980, the foreign debt had ballooned to $10 Billion.
-it was ordinary wage earners who suffered most when the International Monetary Fund
"stabilized" the Philippine economy.

-The communist party of the Philippines and the New People's Army grew stronger.
-In the first year of martial rule, the National Democractic front was organized as a lettist alliance
advocating armed struggle.
-At its peak the CPP-NPA-NDF combine had 20000 armed members.
-Secessionist Muslim established the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front. Supported and armed by rich Middle East Countries. Mindanao in the south
became a bloody battlefield.
-In the northern uplands, the regime planned to build a dam that would destroy entire tribal
communities. The kalinga tribe staged innovative protest actions.
-In many other creative ways filipinos showed that not all were silent or cowering in fear.
-Oppositionist politicians went into action in 1978. Prodded by the U.S. government under
President Jimmy Carter. Marcos called the long-delayed Interim National Assembly elections.
-Ninoy Aquino Launched his candidacy from his prison cell. He was allowed to run, but not to
campaign. He was permitted one TV appearance.
-The regime's New Society Movement put up a ticket headed by Imelda. Nninoy headed an
opposition alliance called Laban.
-Laban would have been happy with a 10-minute noise barrage. But it lasted all through the night
until the break of dawn.
-The noise barrage was an early manisfestation of people power. But when the counting ended,
victory went to all 20 candidates of the new society movement. Ninoy was trounced by obscure
candidates.
-The blatant cheating in 1978 led to an unexpected development the radicalication of traditional
politicians and moderate activists.
-The Light-a-Fire movement and the April 6 Movement were born with a little help from rich
Filipino exites in the U.S.
-Doris Baffrey was a government employee and a secret member of the April 6 Movement. She
smuggled in a bomb at a meeting in Manila of the American Society of Travel Agents.
-To the regime's embarrassment the bomb exploded while Marcos was delivering his speech.
Baffrey was subsequently arrested. Though her father was a Navy officer she would spend fiver
years in a military prison camp
-1981 saw a weakened economy. The U.S. had their new president who is Ronald Reagan. Pope
John Paul II was scheduled to visit the Pphilippines. Marcos was forced to loosen his grip on the
country. He formally lifted martial law and held a presidential election. The opposition boycotted
the polls, expecting the usual cheating.
-A forgotten small-time politico run against Marcos. It was widely suspected that Marcos himself
funded his opponent to make it appear that the election was genuine and free. As expected marcos
won.
-The lifting of martial law changed nothing. Marcos kept all of his Martial law powers. Anyone
could still be arrested without a warrant.
-By then, Ninoy Aquino and family were living in the U.S.. Marcos had been forced to released
his chief political rival in 1980. Ninoy needed a heart bypass and marcos feared he would be
blamed if Aquino died inside the prison.
-In the U.S., Ninoy continued to attack the Marcos dictatorship in February 15, 1981. After three
years in the U.S., ninoy made a decision to go back to the Philippines.

-Before Martial Law Ninoy Aquino was a traditional politician. A political genius, but still a
traditional politician. Like Marcos, he expertly employed the traditional instruments of Philippine
elections. Guns, goons, and gold. He left hte nacionalistas and koined the liberals when the liberal
party was in power.
-His martial law experience changed Ninoy's life and worldview. He was jailed on charges of
subversion murder, and illegal possession of firearms. He was tried by a military court and
sentenced to death.
-At one time Ninoy and Senator Jose Diokno were in solitary confinement in an army camo
outside Manila. They were held incommunicade for 43days. They saw no one but their guards and
no one knew where they were if they were dead or alive.
-But the spirit of protest remained alive. In prison, Ninoy launched a hunger strike that lasted
40days, he nearly died. He developed coronary problems that required an operations. Marcos
allowed Ninoy's U.s. Trip, perhaps hoping it would weaken the opposition and improve the
dictatorships image.
-In the U.S., Ninoy worked with anti-dictatorship exile groups such as the movement for a free
Philippines headed by Raul Manglapus and Heherson Alvarez.
-After 3years of exile, Ninoy wanted to go home. Oppositionists who remained in the Philippines
believed only Ninoy could lead and unite the traditional opposition. Without him, the Communists
would dominate and anti-dictatorship struggle.
-Ninoy's plans worried the regime. It canceled his passport and warned of attempts of his life if he
came home. Imelda told ninoy in the U.S. it was ok with the President in fact, he had been waiting
long for Ninoy's return.
-Their are different conspiracies with the regime tried to stop Ninoy was the subject of
speculation. Perhaps the regime just didn't want Ninoy around during U.S. President Reagan's
scheduled state visit. Perhanps the Government was afraid Ninoy would disrupt the National
assembly election schedule in 1984. Perhaps Imelda and Ver were planning a power grab upon
Marcos' death and were afraid that Ninoy's homecoming would ruin their plans.
-Ninoy manage to get around the obstacles placed in his way. He obtained a fake passport with
named Marcial Bonifacio and he went to other countries first to confuse the spies shadowing him.
-Ninoy was killed on the anniversary of the Plaza Miranda Bombing. The assassination of Ninoy
Aquino signaled the end of dictatorship.
-Public indignation forced Marcos to order a formal inquiry, two investigative commissions were
set up and then disbanded for lack of public credibility. The third commission, headed by Judge
Corazon Agrava, had guts. General Fabian Ver was among the suspected masterminds he would
later be charged and tried in a special court. Marcos was forced to let Ver take a vacation. The
special court acquitted Ver. Marcos Immediately reinstated him, public outrage intensified.
-Discontent spread to military ranks. The reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) was
organized.
-People of various persuasions took part in protest actions.
-In 1985 Marcos' illness was really serious and the economy was going down.

-The rulling party's candidates in the snap election were Ferdinand Marcos for President, Arturo
Tolentino for Vice-President. The united opposition fielded former housewife Cory Aquino and
Former Senator Salvador Laurel.
-Crowds turned up wherever Cory and company campaigned. Discontent with martial law was
spreading, growing stronger.
-The regime brought out all its dirty tricks violence and cheating, guns, goons and gold.
-At the commission on elections computers used to count the votes turned out to be rigged.
Computer technicians walked out in protest. The count was resumed at the National Assembly.
Over the objections of oppositionist lawmakers the ruling party proclaimed the winners: Marcos
and Tolentino.
-The Reform the Armed Forces Movement began to move against Marcos, but he got wind of the
plan to attack the presidential palace and the rebel soldiers were forced to make a stand inside
their camp. To the rebels rescue came and unexpected ally People Power.
-It was the beginning of the end for the Marcos military regime.
-At the Club Filipino, Cory Aquino was sworn in as President.
Dec. 26, 1968 - Communist Party was established
March 1969 - AFP was established
Nov. 11, 1969 - Marcos was elected for his 2nd term
Dec. 30, 1969 - Marcos was inaugurated as president
Aug. 21, 1972 - Plaza miranda bombing
Sept. 21, 1972 - marcos signed the martial law
Sept. 22, 1972 - juan ponce enrile fake accident (?)
Sept. 23, 1972 - martial law was declared
Aug. 21, 1983 - assassination of ninoy aquino
Aug. 31, 1983 - libing ni aquino
Feb 7, 1986 - Snap election marcos was elected as president for his 5th term
Feb. 21-25 1986 - People Power Revolution
Feb. 25 1986- cory was inaugurated as president (morning)
Feb. 25 1986- marcos was inaugurated as president (afternoon)
Feb. 25 1986 - marcos and his family went to hawaii (evening)
Sept. 28, 1989 - death of marcos