Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12 Zest for Progress

Z P
Community Engagement, Solidarity &
eal of artnership

Citizenship
First Quarter- Module 2:
Various Perspectives, like Social Sciences,
Institutions, Civil Society, and
Local Grassroots Level

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Mariejane G. Revil

Editor: Florence S. Gallemit, Marirose Breto
Evaluators: Perga A. Cadiente
Florence S. Gallemit
Dr. JephoneYorong
Illustrator: Name of illustrator/Photographer
Layout Artist: Peter Alavanza, Name of layout artist
Management Team: Dr. Isabelita M. Borres, CESO III
Dr. Eugenio B. Penales
Sonia D. Gonzales
Dr. Ella Grace M. Tagupa
Dr. Jephone P. Yorong
Florence S. Gallemit
 Target
This module defines using various perspectives like social sciences,
institutions, civil society, and local/grassroots level. Just like the story of
“The Elephant and the Blind Men,” in which the message of the story is that
each one of us sees things exclusively from our own point of view. We should
then try to understand other people’s points of view. This will enable us to
get a proper perspective on different situations and events, including our
views on communities.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Ø Define the different perspectives like social sciences, institutions, civil
society, and local/grassroots level.

Review
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer among the given
choices. Write the chosen letter on your notebook as your answer sheet.

1. Why it is that a community can be considered like an organism?

A. It is a unique community power structure.

B. It can function even if people come and go.
C. It is a set of resource flows that constitute a local economy.
D. It is an underlying web of human relationships called as social
fabric.
2. How the dynamics of a community determined?

A. By its nature and structure and how it reacts with external or

internal forces.
B. By their behavior or reaction can break or make community
development interventions.
C. By the characteristics of a community may be attributed to the
combination of the communities’ human resource.
D. By structures that have impact on local communities and also
linkages that form collaborative works.

3. What will be the basis of the community engagement or action?

 A. Community briefer
B. Community Assessment
C. Community Case Analysis
D. Proposal for Youth Community Plan
4. According to Murphy and Cunningham (2003), small communities
have “defined territories and are given life by three interacting people
processes, EXCEPT?

A. A unique community power structure.

B. A set of resource flows that constitute a local economy.
C. An underlying web of human relationships called as social fabric.
D. The capacity to influence the decision-making and distribution
processes.
5. Community situations vary. Communities are generally defined based
on following, EXCEPT?

A. Beliefs
B. Language
C. Personal Interest
D. Cultural Heritage

Various Perspectives, like Social Sciences,

Lesson
Institutions, Civil Society, and
1
Local Grassroots Level

Discover
It is important to be acquainted with the different perspectives on the
community in order to appreciate why certain things are seen and done
differently when it comes to community interventions.

Several Perspectives:
1. The Social Science Perspective
From the point of view of social science, a community is a congregation of
people unified by at least one common characteristic. The people can be
unified by geography, shared interests, values, experiences, or traditions.
Generally, there is a common pattern of behaviour. The course of embracing
the behaviour patterns of the community is referred to as socialization.
Socialization starts at the early stage of life where one develops knowledge,
skills, and orientation. Also it happens during adulthood especially when
the person is placed in a new environment, and there is a need to adapt to a
new pattern of behaviour.
2. The Community-Based Perspective (Local and Grassroots Level)
In the studies reviewed by Merzel and D’Afflitti (2003) and as cited by
McLeroy (2003), community is seen as setting for intervention, target for
change, resource, and agent from the community-based perspective. Below
are the descriptions per classification. First, asa setting for intervention, the
community is mainly defined geographically. Second, as a target for change,
the community denotes the goal of creating healthy environment facilitated
by policy and community-wide institutions and services. The community is
the target beneficiary of service interventions and other services. Third, as a
resource, the community is a good material for promotion as it has a
considerable degree of “community ownership and participation.” Thus, the
situation provides a high possibility of project intervention success. Fourth,
as an agent, the focus is on “respecting and reinforcing the natural adaptive,
supportive, and developmental capacities of communities. “This means that
communities, through local institutions, provide resources for realizing
regular needs (Steuart, 1993).
This perspective, according to McLeroy, et al. (2003), requires vigilance in
assessing community structures and processes before any community
interventions.
3. The Ecological Perspectives
From this perspective, a community is a congregation of species that occur
together in time and space and have high probability for interaction. Social
ecology, as exemplified by Bronfenbrenner (1979), looks at the behavior of
individuals in a wide social context, which is comprised of the “development
history of the individuals, their psychological characteristics (norms, values,
attitudes), interpersonal relationships (family, social networks),
neighborhood, organizations, community, public policy, physical
environment, and culture.”
From the ecological perspective, behaviour is perceived not only as a product
of knowledge, values, and attitudes of individuals but also as a result of
social influences involving the family, social networks, organizations, and
public policy. Therefore, changing social behaviour necessities applying
social influences as strategies for social change. The network of social
influences at various levels may be used as the venue for social
interventions.
4. The Sectoral Perspective
From this perspective, communities are seen as a system which is
comprised of individuals and sectors with diverse characteristics and
interrelationships (Thompson, et al.,1990). The sectors are composed of
groups of individuals embodying distinct roles and interests within the
community system. According to CDCP, every sector functions within
particular margins to sustain the requirements of its members and
beneficiaries.
Each sector has its own focus which is primarily membership-and
beneficiary-driven. The sectors have roles to fulfil, and a functional seizure
means demise or closure. Thus, a breakdown of that role results to the
weakening of the sector’s community system.
To survive, communities must have well-integrated sectors- sectors that
distribute, divide, and exact accountabilities in managing the welfare and
safety of the community. The important factors to consider when attending
to community problems include teamwork, collaboration, partnership, and
coordination. To strategize and help facilitate better integration, a mapping
of the sector’s resources may be applied (Kretzman, 1993 as cited by Lian,
2015). This would help in identifying facilitating and hindering factors in
resolving community problems.
5. The Civil Society Perspective
Civil Society (CS) is generally defined as a wide array of nongovernmental
organizations and volunteer groups that are fighting for solutions to social
issues that continue to worsen the condition of the disadvantaged sectors of
society, especially the poor. According to Warwick and Voitzwinker (2014),
CS is embedded within the community system. The Civil Society views the
community as composed of people, structures, and systems endowed with
resources but is confronted with social issues as well. The CS recognizes
that those who are affected by social problems must organize and band
together to pursue and advocate for social change. Hence the goal is to
mobilize the members of the community to participate in the community’s
advocacies.
According to Henderson and Verseg (2010), community development (CD) is a
means of enhancing CS as it prioritizes and aligns community actions with
economic, political, social, and ecological policy development. CS plays a
transformative and integral role as it helps empower the community to enter
into advocacy, dialogue, and networking. It promotes a cognizant effort from
the community to build leadership, enhance organizations, and advance
community development interventions.
6. Systems Perspective
St. Paul, in 1 Corinthians 12:12 (The New American bible), using an analogy
speaks of the Church as a body, “the body is one and has many members,
but all the members, many though they are, are one body; and so it is with
Christ.” From a systems perspective, community, just like a church, is
similar to a living creature, made up of different parts that represent
individual functions, activities, each operating within specific boundaries to
meet the needs of the community. For examples, the Department of Health
focuses on the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, the
Department of Education ensures quality education, the Bureau of Revenue
collects proper taxes from the people. The key to this perspective is that to
address a community’s complex reality successfully requires proper
integration, collaboration, and constant coordination of resources from all
its parts, just like a body. Hence, from a systems perspective, collaboration
is an integral and logical element.
7. Social Perspective
This perspective describes the social and political networks that connect
individuals, organizations, and its leaders. A clear understanding of the
different networks is crucial in planning how to engage in community
activities.
8. Virtual Perspective
Today, individuals rely heavily on computer-mediated communication.
During the 60’s, I remembered my father receiving a telegram on the passing
away of one of his uncles through RCPI; the message reads “Uncle Ben
passed away yesterday.” Now the same message can be sent in less than 5
seconds through text. Technology continues to amaze me. Virtual
communities are social groups with a common interest that interact in an
organized fashion using the Internet.
9. Individual Perspective
Individuals who are living in a community have their unique sense of
membership. Some may even have a sense of belonging to more than one
community.

Analyze

Three (3) D’s

3D
EFINE
ISCUSSION
ifferentiate

Instructions:

Write your answer in your answer sheet.

1. DEFINE briefly the various perspectives.
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2. DISCUSS each perspective.

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3. DIFFERENTIATE each perspective.

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Enrichment Activity
Instructions:
1. Choose among the various perspective.
2. Draw or make a visual organizer in your answer sheet.
3. Give insights as many as you can base on the chosen perspective.

Perspective

Activity

Instructions: Using a bond paper, paste some cut-out images/pictures of

various perspective. And give a short description of each image or picture.
See example below.

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 Remember
Several Perspectives are the following:
1. The Social Science Perspective
Ø a community is a congregation of people unified by at least one
common characteristic.
2. The Community-Based Perspective (Local and Grassroots Level)
Ø community is seen as setting for intervention, target for change,
resource, and agent from the community-based perspective.
Descriptions per classification: First, asa setting for intervention,
Second, as a target for change, Third, as a resource.
3. The Ecological Perspectives
Ø a community is a congregation of species that occur together in
time and space and have high probability for interaction.
4. The Sectoral Perspective
Ø communities are seen as a system which is comprised of
individuals and sectors with diverse characteristics and
interrelationships (Thompson, et al.,1990). The sectors are
composed of groups of individuals embodying distinct roles and
interests within the community system.
5. The Civil Society Perspective
Ø Civil Society (CS) is generally defined as a wide array of
nongovernmental organizations and volunteer groups that are
fighting for solutions to social issues that continue to worsen the
condition of the disadvantaged sectors of society, especially the
poor.
6. Systems Perspective
Ø From a systems perspective, community, just like a church, is
similar to a living creature, made up of different parts that
represent individual functions, activities, each operating within
specific boundaries to meet the needs of the community.
7. Social Perspective
Ø This perspective describes the social and political networks that
connect individuals, organizations, and its leaders.
8. Virtual Perspective
Ø Individuals rely heavily on computer-mediated communication.
9. Individual Perspective
Ø Individuals who are living in a community have their unique sense
of membership.
 Evaluation
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer among the given choices. Write
the chosen letter on your notebook as your answer sheet.

1. The Philippine National Police are the armed national police force in the
Philippines, maintains peace and order, what perspective the statement describes?
A. Social Perspective
B. Virtual Perspective
C. Systems Perspective
D. Individual Perspective

2. Dapitan City Chinese School offers various styles of learning modalities in this time
of pandemic. Most of the students choose an online learning platform, what
perspective does the situation shows?
A. Social Perspective
B. Virtual Perspective
C. Systems Perspective
D. Individual Perspective

3. I grew up in Dapitan City but since 1995, I am already a resident in Lapu-lapu

City, Cebu, what perspective does the situation implies?
A. Social Perspective
B. Virtual Perspective
C. Systems Perspective
D. Individual Perspective

4. The following are the classification of the Community-Based Perspective, EXCEPT?

A. as a resource
B. as a structure
C. as a target for change
D. as a setting for intervention

5. Which of the following perspective that has a clear understanding of the different
networks is crucial in planning how to engage in community activities?
A. Social Perspective
B. Virtual Perspective
C. Systems Perspective
D. Individual Perspective

6. Why it is important to be acquainted with the different perspectives on the

community?
A. Community manifests a combination of these two patterns of behavior.
 B. In order to appreciate why certain things are seen anddone differently when it
comes to community interventions.
C. Representation of various communities as it pushes for the communities’
common interest
D. It promotes a cognizant effort from the community to build leadership, enhance
organizations, and advance community development.

7. “Respecting and reinforcing the natural adaptive, supportive and developmental

capacities of communities.” (Steuart,1993). What does this mean?
A. This means that communities, through local institutions, provide resources for
realizing regular needs.
B. A behavior which is usually associated with the community where the person
belongs to.
C. Strategize and help facilitate better integration.
D. Help in identifying facilitating and hindering factors in resolving community
problems.

8. If the behavior is perceived not only as a product of knowledge, values, and

attitudes of individuals but also as a result of social influences involving the family,
social networks, organizations, and public policy. What perspective is this?
A. The Sectoral Perspective
B. The Ecological Perspective
C. The Social Science Perspective
D. The Community-Based Perspective

9.If communities are seen as a system which is comprised of individuals and sectors
with diverse characteristics and interrelationships. What perspective is this?
A. The Sectoral Perspective
B. The Ecological Perspective
C. The Social Science Perspective
D. The Community-Based Perspective
10. If community is seen as a setting for intervention, target for change, resource,
and agent. What perspective is this?
A. The Sectoral Perspective
B. The Ecological Perspective
C. The Social Science Perspective
D. The Community-Based Perspective

Identification. Write your answer on your answer sheet. Select the correct answer
from the table below:

The Social Science Perspective The Sectoral Perspective

The Community-Based The Civil Society Perspective
Perspective
The Ecological Perspective Community Development
 1. Defined as a wide array of nongovernmental organizations and volunteer groups
that are for solutions to social issues that continue to worsen the condition of the
disadvantaged sectors of society, especially the poor.

2. These sectors composed of groups of individuals embodying distinct roles and

interests within the community system.

3. A community is a congregation of species that occur together in time and space

and have high probability for interaction.

4. This perspective requires vigilance in assessing community structures and

processes before any community interventions.

5. The people can be unified by geography, shared interests, values, experiences, or

traditions.

Additional Activity
Activity 1

Instructions:

1. On a piece of paper or in your answer sheet, write a description of a perspective on the

community. Choose from the five perspectives discussed. Write only the description
and not the term.
2. Determine the perspectives being described and discuss its main points.
3. Your output is rated in the following criteria.

RUBRICS

CRITERIA DETAILS POINTS /

PERCENTAGE

Clarity of How relevant are the content/s. 40%

Content

Communication How viable are the skills / styles 40%

Styles or usage of grammar.

Value of the How much impact can it be to 20%

Activity the reader/s.

TOTAL 100%

NOTE: This RUBRICS may apply all activities in this module.

Activity 2

Reflection Question:

Write-up of about 300 words. Differentiate the meaning of community from one perspective to
another as applied in various circumstances base in Activity 1.

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 Answers Key

Insights : connecting people through

institutions including neighborhoods, schools,

Evaluation

It is a community based perspective and this

classify as setting for intervention because
there is an interventions implemented at
Multiple Choice

churches, work areas, and community

various places within the community
1. C

Virtual Perspective
2. B

Based on the sample picture

3. D

Activity (example only)

social media
4. B
5. A

organizations.
6. B

Activity 2:
7. A

Activity 1
8. B
9. A
10. A

Identification
1. The Civil Society Perspective

(example only)
Review
2. The Sectoral Perspective
3. The Ecological Perspective 15. C
14. D
13. B
12. A
11. B
4. The Community-Based Perspective
5. The Social Science Perspective

References:

Padilla, Reynaldo A. “Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship” by JFS

Publishing Services, 2016

Melegrito, Ma. Lourdes F. and Mendoza, Diana J. “Zeal For Action – Community
Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship” by Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016
 Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land

Here the trees and flowers bloom Gallant men And Ladies fair
Here the breezes gently Blow, Linger with love and care
Here the birds sing Merrily, Golden beams of sunrise and sunset
The liberty forever Stays, Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX
Hardworking people Abound,
Here the Badjaos roam the seas
Every valleys and Dale
Here the Samals live in peace
Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
Here the Tausogs thrive so free
Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos,
With the Yakans in unity
Ilongos,
All of them are proud and true
Region IX our Eden Land
Region IX
Our..
Eden...
Land...

The Footprints Prayer Trees by Joyce Kilmer

One night I had a dream. I dreamed I think that I shall never see
that I was walking along the beach A poem lovely as a tree.
with the LORD.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
In the beach, there were two (2) sets Against the earth’s sweet flowing
of footprints – one belong to me and breast;
the other to the LORD.
A tree that looks at God all day,
Then, later, after a long walk, I And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
noticed only one set of footprints.
A tree that may in Summer wear
“And I ask the LORD. Why? Why?
A nest of robins in her hair;
Why did you leave me when I am sad
and helpless?”
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
And the LORD replied “My son, My Who intimately lives with rain.
son, I have never left you. There was
only one (1) set of footprints in the Poems are made by fools like me,
sand, because it was then that I But only God can make a tree.
CARRIED YOU!