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Institutional
Corrections
On criminology

Institutional Corrections
Institutional Corrections Definition Of Terms

Alcatraz - a US federal penitentiary, Often referred to

as "The Rock",
the small island of alcatraz was developed with
facilities for a lighthouse,
a military fortification, a military prison (1868), and a
federal prison
from 1933 until 1963.

Alexander Maconochie - was a Scottish naval officer,

geographer, and
penal reformer. He is known as the Father of Parole.

His 2 Basic Principle of Penology

1. As cruelty debases both the victim and
society, punishment
should not be vindictive but should aim at the
reform of
the convict to observe social constraints, and
2. A convict's imprisonment should consist of
task, not time
sentences, with release depending on the
performance of a
measurable amount of labour.

Auburn Prison - Constructed in 1816 ,(opened 1819)

it was the second
state prison in New York, the site of the first execution
by electric
chair in 1890. It uses the silent or congregate system.

Banishment - a punishment originating in ancient

times, that required
offenders to leave the community and live elsewhere,
commonly in the
wilderness.

BJMP - (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology)

government agency
mandated by law (RA 6975) to take operational and
administrative control
over all city, district and municipal jails.
It takes custody of detainees accused before a court
who are temporarily
confined in such jails while undergoing investigation,
waiting final

judgement and those who are serving sentence

promulgated by the court
3 years and below.

- created Jan. 2, 1991.

- Charles S. Mondejar - 1st BJMP chief.
- BJMP chief tour of duty, must not exceed 4
years, maybe
extended by President. Grounds:
1. In times of war
2. other national emergencies.
- Senior superintendent - the rank from which
the BJMP chief
is appointed. This is the rank of the BJMP
Directors of

the Directorates in the National Headquarters.

This is also

the rank of the Regional Director for Jail

Management
and Penology.
- Chief of the BJMP - Highest ranking BJMP
officer. Appointed
by the President upon recommendation of
DILG Secretary. Rank
is Director.
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Administration - the
2nd highest ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon
recommendation

of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief

Superintendent.
- BJMP Deputy Chief for Operations - the 3rd
highest ranking
BJMP officer. Appointed by the President upon
recommendation
of the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief
Superintendent.

- BJMP Chief of the Directorial Staff - the 4th

highest BJMP
officer. Appointed by the President upon
recommendation of
the DILG Secretary. Rank is Chief
Superintendents.

Borstal - a custodial institution for young offenders.

Borstal System - rehabilitation method formerly used

in Great Britain for

delinquent boys aged 16 to 21. The idea originated

(1895) with the
Gladstone Committee as an attempt to reform young
offenders. The first
institution was established (1902) at Borstal Prison,
Kent, England.

Branding - stigmatizing is the process in which a

mark, usually a symbol

or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a

living person, with
the intention that the resulting scar makes it
permanent as a punishment
or imposing masterly rights over an enslaved or
otherwise oppressed person.

Bridewell Prison and Workhouse - was the first

correctional institution

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in England and was a precursor of the modern prison.

Built initially as
a royal residence in 1523, Bridewell Palace was given
to the city of
London to serve as the foundation for as system of
Houses of Correction
known as “Bridewells.” These institutions, eventually
numbering 200 in
Britain, housed vagrants, homeless children, petty
offenders,
disorderly women, prisoners of war, soldiers, and
colonists sent
to Virginia.

Bridewell Prison and Hospital - was established in a

former royal palace
in 1553 with two purposes: the punishment of the
disorderly poor and
housing of homeless children in the City of London.

Bureau of Corrections - has for its principal task the

rehabilitation
of national prisoners, or those sentenced to serve a
term of imprisonment
of more than three years.

- has 7 prison facilities

- 1 prison institution for women
- 1 vocational training centre for juveniles.
- Classification Board - classifies inmates
according to
their security status.
- Reception and Diagnostic Centre - (RDC)
receives, studies
and classifies inmates committed to Bureau of
Corrections.
- Board of Discipline - hears complaints and
grievances with
regard to violations of prison rules and
regulations.
- Iwahig Penal Farm - established in 1904 upon
orders of Gov.
Forbes, then the Sec. of Commerce and
police.
- New Bilibid Prison - established in 1941 in
Muntinlupa
Camp Bukang Liwayway - minimum security
prison.
Camp Sampaguita - medium security prison
- Davao penal Colony - established jan 21, 1932
(RA 3732)
- Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm -
established Sept.27, 1954
(Proclamation No.72) location:Occidental
Mindoro
- Leyte Regional Prison - established Jan.16,
1973
- Old Bilibid Prison - First Penal Institution in the
Phil.
designated as insular penitentiary by Royal
Decree in 1865.

Burning at Stake - a form of ancient punishment by

tying the victim
in a vertical post and burning him/her.

Cesare Beccaria - an Italian criminologist, jurist,

philosopher and
politician best known for his treaties On Crimes and
Punishments (1764),
which condemned torture and the death penalty, and
was a founding work
in the field of penology and the Classical School of
criminology

Charles Montesquieu - a french lawyer, who

analyzed law as an expression
of justice. He is famous for his articulation of the
theory of separation
of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions
throughout the world.

Code of Justinian - formally Corpus Juris Civilis

(“Body of Civil Law”),
Justinian I the collections of laws and legal
interpretations developed
under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor
Justinian I from AD
529 to 565.

Commitment Order - is an act of sending a person to

prison by means of
such a warrant or order.

Correctional Administration - the study and practice

of a system of
managing jails and prisons and other institutions
concerned with the
custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.

Corrections - describes a variety of functions typically

carried out
by government agencies, and involving the
punishment, treatment, and
supervision of persons who have been convicted of
crimes.

Death Row - refers to incarcerated persons who have

been sentenced to
death and are awaiting execution.

Deterrence - as contended by Cesare Beccaria,

proponent of the
classical theory, that punishment is to prevent others
from
committing crime.

Director Charles S. Mondejar - the first Chief of

BJMP. He took his
oath of office on July 1 of 1991.

District Jail - is a cluster of small jails, each having a

monthly
average population of ten or less inmates, and is
located in the
vicinity of the court.

Draco - was the first legislator of ancient Athens,

Greece, 7th century
BC. He replaced the prevailing system of oral law and
blood feud by a
written code to be enforced only by a court.

Ducking Stool - a chair fastened to the end of a pole,

used formerly
to plunge offenders into a pond or river as a
punishment.

Dungeon - a dark cell, usually underground where

prisoners are confined.

Elmira Reformatory - located in new York, was

originally a prison opened
to contain Confederate prisoners of war during the
Civil War. It became
known as a “death camp” because of the squalid
conditions and high death
rate in its few years of operation. Established 1876.

Elmira System - An American penal system named

after Elmira Reformatory,
in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an
innovator in the
reformatory movement by establishing Elmira
Reformatory for young felons.
The Elmira system classified and separated various
types of prisoners,
gave them individualized treatment emphasizing
vocational training and
industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences.

Ergastulum - is a Roman prison used to confine

slaves. They were attached
to work benches and forced to do hard labor in period
of imprisonment.

Exemplarity - the criminal is punished to serve as an

example to others
to deter further commission of crime.

Expiation - (Atonement) execution of punishment

visibly or publicly for
the purpose of appeasing a social group. Expiation is
a group vengeance
as distinguished from retribution.

First Women's Prison - opened in Indiana 1873.

Based on the reformatory
model.

Four Classes of Prisoners

1. Insular or national prisoner – one who is
sentenced to a prison term
of three years and one day to death;
2. Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to a
prison term of six
months and one day to three years;
3. City prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison
term of one day
to three years; and
4. Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a
prison term of one
day to six months.

Flogging - (Flog) beat (someone) with a whip or stick

as a punishment.

Fred T. Wilkinson - last warden of the Alcatraz prison.

Galley - a low, flat ship with one or more sails and up

to three banks
of oars, chiefly used for warfare or piracy and often
manned by slaves
or criminals.

Goals of Criminal Sentencing

1. Retribution
2. Punishment
3. Deterrence
4. Incapacitation
5. Rehabilitation
6. Reintegration
7. Restoration

Golden Age Of Penology - 1870 - 1880

Guillotine - an ancient form of capital punishment by

cutting the
head.

Halfway House - a center for helping former drug

addicts, prisoners,
psychiatric patients, or others to adjust to life in
general society.

Hammurabi's Code - an ancient code which contain

both civil and criminal
law. First known codified law prior to Roman law.
Better organized and
comprehensive than biblical law. One of its law is lex
taliones (an eye
for an eye)

Hedonism - the ethical theory that pleasure (in the

sense of the
satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper
aim of human life.

Hulk - an old ship stripped of fittings and permanently

moored,
especially for use as storage or (formerly) as a prison.

Impalement - (Impaling) a form of capital punishment,

is the penetration
of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole,
spear or hook, by
complete (or partial) perforation of the body, often the
central body mass.
Killing by piercing the body with a spear or sharp pole.

Institutional Corrections - refers to those persons

housed in secure
correctional facilities.

Jail - is defined as a place of confinement for inmates

under investigation
or undergoing trial, or serving short-term sentences

Gaol - old name/term of jail.

Three Types of Detainees

1. Those undergoing investigation;
2. those awaiting or undergoing trial; and
3. those awaiting final judgment

Jails - holds
a. Convicted offenders serving short sentences
b. Convicted offenders awaiting transfer to
prison
c. Offenders who have violated their probation
or parole
d. Defendants who are awaiting trial

James V. Bennett - was a leading American penal

reformer and prison
administrator who served as director of the Federal
Bureau of Prisons
(FBOP) from 1937 to 1964. He was one of the
strongest advocates in the
movement in persuading Congress to close Alcatraz
and replace it with
a new maximum-security prison, eventually successful
in 1963 when
it closed.

January 2, 1991 - the Bureau of Jail Management and

Penology was
created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under
the Department
of Interior and Local Government.

Jean Jacques Villain - pioneered classification to

separate women and
children from hardened criminals.

Jeremy Bentham - a prison reformer, believed that

the prisoner should
suffer a severe regime, but that it should not be
detrimental to the
prisoner's health. He designed the Panopticon in 1791.

John Howard - a philanthropist and the first English

prison reformer.

Justice - crime must be punished by the state as an

act of retributive
justice, vindication of absolute right and moral law
violated by the
criminal.

lapidation - (Stoning) the act of pelting with stones;

punishment
inflicted by throwing stones at the victim.

Lex Taliones - an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Lockups - Suspects usually stay in a lockup for only

24 to 48 hours.
A suspect may later be transferred from the lockup to
the jail.

Mamertine Prison - was a prison (carcer) located in

the Comitium
in ancient Rome. It was originally created as a cistern
for a spring
in the floor of the second lower level. Prisoners were
lowered through
an opening into the lower dungeon.

Mark System - developed in Australia by Alexander

Maconochie, whereby
credits, or marks, were awarded for good behaviour, a
certain number of
marks being required for release.

Mittimus - is a process issued by the court after

conviction to carry
out the final judgment, such as commanding a prison
warden to hold the
accused, in accordance with the terms of the
judgment. Mittimus is
often attached on the commitment order issued by the
court whenever the
convict is to be transferred to prison for service of
sentence.

Mortality rate - A measure of the frequency of deaths

in a defined