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    Hector Panti
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    This document provides guidelines for quick study notes on endogenic processes in Earth Science. It defines key concepts like magma formation through decompression melting, flux melting, and heat transfer melting. It describes magmatic differentiation processes and how the viscosity and composition of magma types like basalt, andesite and rhyolite determine where they are formed within the Earth. A learning check-up with multiple choice questions reviews these concepts.

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    QUICK-STUDY-NOTES-in-EARTH-SCIENCE-Q2-W2

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    This document provides guidelines for quick study notes on endogenic processes in Earth Science. It defines key concepts like magma formation through decompression melting, flux melting, and heat transfer melting. It describes magmatic differentiation processes and how the viscosity and composition of magma types like basalt, andesite and rhyolite determine where they are formed within the Earth. A learning check-up with multiple choice questions reviews these concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    78 views4 pages

    Department of Education: Republic of The Philippines

    Uploaded by

    Hector Panti
    This document provides guidelines for quick study notes on endogenic processes in Earth Science. It defines key concepts like magma formation through decompression melting, flux melting, and heat transfer melting. It describes magmatic differentiation processes and how the viscosity and composition of magma types like basalt, andesite and rhyolite determine where they are formed within the Earth. A learning check-up with multiple choice questions reviews these concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Inclusion No.

    9 to the Unnumbered Division Memorandum dated August 10, 2021


    EARTH SCIENCE
    Re: Guidelines on the Preparation of Quick Study Notes021
    Quarter 2
    Week 2

    Republic of the Philippines


    Department of Education
    REGION V (BICOL)
    SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF IRIGA CITY

    QUICK STUDY NOTES in EARTH SCIENCE


    QUARTER 2, WEEK 2

    A. TOPIC:
    1.1. Endogenic Process
    B. KEY CONCEPTS:
     The Earth’s Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid, indicating that magma only
    forms in special places where pre-existing solid rocks undergo melting. The
    following are the specific conditions in order to form magma:
     Decompression melting - Melting due to decrease in pressure. The decrease in
    pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a constant temperature permits melting
    forming magma. This process of hot mantle rock rising to shallower depths in the
    Earth occurs in mantle plumes, beneath rifts and beneath mid-ocean ridges.
     Flux melting - Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles. When volatiles mix
    with hot, dry rock, the volatile decreases the rock’s melting point and they help
    break the chemical bonds in the rock to allow melting.
     Heat transfer melting - Melting resulting from heat transfer from rising magma. A
    rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it that can melt the surrounding
    rocks at the shallower depths.
     Magma - a mass of molten material either below or on the earth’s crust
     Lava - magma that flows on the surface of the earth
     Intrusive rock - magma that cools to solid rock somewhere within the Earth’s
    interior
     Extrusive rock - any igneous rock that cools from extruded molten lava
     Pluton - Intrusive igneous rocks formed below the surface of the Earth by
    solidification of magma
     Magmatic differentiation - the process of creating one or more secondary
    magmas from single parent magma
    a. Crystal Fractionation – a chemical process by which the composition of a
    liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization
    b. Partial Melting - as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and muscovite
    are basically the most stable minerals at the Earth’s surface, making them the first
    ones to melt from the parent rock once exposed in higher temperature and/or
    pressure. Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle produces a basaltic
    magma.
    c. Magma mixing – this may occur when two different magma rises up, with the
    more buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body. Convective flow then
    mixes the two magmas, generating a single, intermediate (between the two parent
    magmas) magma
     Magmas with low viscosity flow more easily than those with high viscosity.
     Temperature, silica content and volatile content control the viscosity of magma.
    Inclusion No. 9 to the Unnumbered Division Memorandum dated August 10, 2021
    Re: Guidelines on the Preparation of Quick Study Notes021

    Republic of the Philippines


    Department of Education
    REGION V (BICOL)
    SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF IRIGA CITY

     Temperature, silica content and volatile content control the viscosity of magma.
     Mafic magma is less viscous than silicic (felsic) magma because it is hotter and
    contains less silica
     Relationship of the different igneous rock types and the environment of
    Formation
    a. Basalt and basaltic magma: form when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and
    encounter lower pressures. This leads to decompression melting (melting due to
    reduced pressures). This commonly occurs along places where plates are moving
    away from each other (i.e. extensional plate boundaries such as continental rifts
    and hotspots. This type of magma has low viscosity, low silica, high iron and low
    volatile (H2O) contents.
    b. Rhyolite and rhyolitic magma: formed by either (1) melting of mantle fluxed by
    water and sediments carried into the mantle in subduction zones; and /or (2)
    interaction of mantle derived basaltic magmas with continental crust. The magma
    is highly viscous with relatively high silica, low iron and high volatile (H2O)
    contents.
    c. Andesite and andesitic magma: Andesitic magmas maybe formed in a variety
    of ways: some are formed when water and sediments on the ocean floor are
    pushed
    into the mantle along subduction zones, leading to melting in the mantle. Others
    are formed when hot basaltic magma interact with continental crust on the way to
    the Earth’s surface, which likewise leads to melting. The silica, iron and volatile
    (H2O) contents and viscosity are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite.

    C. LEARNING CHECK-UP

    Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

    1. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the viscosity of magma/lava?
    A. Pressure C. Temperature
    B. Silica content D. Volatiles

    2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about magmatic differentiation?


    A. Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary magmas from
    single parent magma.
    B. Magmatic differentiation is the process which denser minerals crystallize first and settle
    down while the lighter minerals crystallize at the latter stages
    C. Magmatic differentiation is the process which the composition of a liquid, such as magma,
    changes due to crystallization
    D. All of these
    Inclusion No. 9 to the Unnumbered Division Memorandum dated August 10, 2021
    Re: Guidelines on the Preparation of Quick Study Notes021

    Republic of the Philippines


    Department of Education
    REGION V (BICOL)
    SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF IRIGA CITY

    3. What is the chemical process by which the composition of a liquid, such as magma,
    changes due to crystallization?
    A. Crystal Fractionation C. Magma mixing
    B. Partial melting D. Foliation

    4. What is formed when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and encounter lower
    pressures?
    A. Andesite C. Granite
    B. Basalt D. Rhyolite

    5. What happens after magma is formed?


    A. The magma can flow out to the Earth’s surface to form lava.
    B. The magma solidifies to form igneous rocks.
    C. The magma that solidifies below the surface of the Earth is also known as
    plutons.
    D. All of these.

    D. LEARNING INSIGHTS:

    My learnings about endogenic process are the following:


    ___________________________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________________________
    ___________________________________________________________________________
    Inclusion No. 9 to the Unnumbered Division Memorandum dated August 10, 2021
    Re: Guidelines on the Preparation of Quick Study Notes021

    Republic of the Philippines


    Department of Education
    REGION V (BICOL)
    SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF IRIGA CITY

    ANSWER KEY:
    1. B
    2. A
    3. A
    4. B
    5. D

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