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Department of Education: Republic of The Philippines
Department of Education: Republic of The Philippines
A. TOPIC:
1.1. Endogenic Process
B. KEY CONCEPTS:
The Earth’s Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid, indicating that magma only
forms in special places where pre-existing solid rocks undergo melting. The
following are the specific conditions in order to form magma:
Decompression melting - Melting due to decrease in pressure. The decrease in
pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a constant temperature permits melting
forming magma. This process of hot mantle rock rising to shallower depths in the
Earth occurs in mantle plumes, beneath rifts and beneath mid-ocean ridges.
Flux melting - Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles. When volatiles mix
with hot, dry rock, the volatile decreases the rock’s melting point and they help
break the chemical bonds in the rock to allow melting.
Heat transfer melting - Melting resulting from heat transfer from rising magma. A
rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it that can melt the surrounding
rocks at the shallower depths.
Magma - a mass of molten material either below or on the earth’s crust
Lava - magma that flows on the surface of the earth
Intrusive rock - magma that cools to solid rock somewhere within the Earth’s
interior
Extrusive rock - any igneous rock that cools from extruded molten lava
Pluton - Intrusive igneous rocks formed below the surface of the Earth by
solidification of magma
Magmatic differentiation - the process of creating one or more secondary
magmas from single parent magma
a. Crystal Fractionation – a chemical process by which the composition of a
liquid, such as magma, changes due to crystallization
b. Partial Melting - as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz and muscovite
are basically the most stable minerals at the Earth’s surface, making them the first
ones to melt from the parent rock once exposed in higher temperature and/or
pressure. Partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the mantle produces a basaltic
magma.
c. Magma mixing – this may occur when two different magma rises up, with the
more buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body. Convective flow then
mixes the two magmas, generating a single, intermediate (between the two parent
magmas) magma
Magmas with low viscosity flow more easily than those with high viscosity.
Temperature, silica content and volatile content control the viscosity of magma.
Inclusion No. 9 to the Unnumbered Division Memorandum dated August 10, 2021
Re: Guidelines on the Preparation of Quick Study Notes021
Temperature, silica content and volatile content control the viscosity of magma.
Mafic magma is less viscous than silicic (felsic) magma because it is hotter and
contains less silica
Relationship of the different igneous rock types and the environment of
Formation
a. Basalt and basaltic magma: form when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and
encounter lower pressures. This leads to decompression melting (melting due to
reduced pressures). This commonly occurs along places where plates are moving
away from each other (i.e. extensional plate boundaries such as continental rifts
and hotspots. This type of magma has low viscosity, low silica, high iron and low
volatile (H2O) contents.
b. Rhyolite and rhyolitic magma: formed by either (1) melting of mantle fluxed by
water and sediments carried into the mantle in subduction zones; and /or (2)
interaction of mantle derived basaltic magmas with continental crust. The magma
is highly viscous with relatively high silica, low iron and high volatile (H2O)
contents.
c. Andesite and andesitic magma: Andesitic magmas maybe formed in a variety
of ways: some are formed when water and sediments on the ocean floor are
pushed
into the mantle along subduction zones, leading to melting in the mantle. Others
are formed when hot basaltic magma interact with continental crust on the way to
the Earth’s surface, which likewise leads to melting. The silica, iron and volatile
(H2O) contents and viscosity are intermediate between basalt and rhyolite.
C. LEARNING CHECK-UP
1. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the viscosity of magma/lava?
A. Pressure C. Temperature
B. Silica content D. Volatiles
3. What is the chemical process by which the composition of a liquid, such as magma,
changes due to crystallization?
A. Crystal Fractionation C. Magma mixing
B. Partial melting D. Foliation
4. What is formed when hot rocks in the mantle slowly rise and encounter lower
pressures?
A. Andesite C. Granite
B. Basalt D. Rhyolite
D. LEARNING INSIGHTS:
ANSWER KEY:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. D